Amaxabiso Angcono kakhulu I-Plant Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

UNature

I-Indoleacetic acid yinto yendalo. Iimveliso ezicocekileyo ziikristale zamagqabi ezingenambala okanye iipowder zekristale. Ijika ibe rosy xa ivezwa ekukhanyeni. Iqondo lokunyibilika yi-165-166℃ (168-170℃). Inyibilika kwi-anhydrous ethanol, i-ethyl acetate, i-dichloroethane, inyibilika kwi-ether kunye ne-acetone. Ayinyibiliki kwi-benzene, i-toluene, ipetroli kunye ne-chloroform. Ayinyibiliki emanzini, isisombululo sayo samanzi sinokubola ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa izinzile ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo. Ityuwa yesodium kunye netyuwa ye-potassium zizinzile ngakumbi kune-asidi ngokwayo kwaye zinyibilika lula emanzini. Isuswa kwi-carboxy kwi-3-methylindole (skatine) ngokulula. Inobubini ekukhuleni kwesityalo, kwaye iindawo ezahlukeneyo zesityalo zinobunjani obahlukileyo kuyo, ngokubanzi ingcambu inkulu kune-bud inkulu kunesiqu. Izityalo ezahlukeneyo zinobunjani obahlukileyo kuyo.

Indlela yokulungiselela

I-3-indole acetonitrile yenziwa yimpendulo ye-indole, i-formaldehyde kunye ne-potassium cyanide kwi-150℃, 0.9~1MPa, ize emva koko i-hydrolyzed yi-potassium hydroxide. Okanye yimpendulo ye-indole ene-glycolic acid. Kwi-autoclave yentsimbi engatyiwayo ye-3L, kongezwa i-270g(4.1mol)85% ye-potassium hydroxide, i-351g(3mol) i-indole, kwaye emva koko kongezwa isisombululo samanzi se-360g(3.3mol)70% se-hydroxyacetic acid kancinci kancinci. Vala ubushushu ukuya kwi-250℃, uvuselela iiyure ezili-18. Pholisa ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-50℃, yongeza amanzi angama-500ml, kwaye uvuselele kwi-100℃ imizuzu engama-30 ukuze unyibilikise i-potassium indole-3-acetate. Pholisa ukuya kwi-25℃, galela izinto ze-autoclave emanzini, kwaye wongeze amanzi ude umthamo uwonke ube yi-3L. Umaleko wamanzi ukhutshwe nge-500ml ye-ethyl ether, wafakwa i-asidi nge-hydrochloric acid kwi-20-30℃, waza wagalelwa nge-indole-3-acetic acid. Hluza, uhlambe emanzini abandayo, womise kude nokukhanya, imveliso engama-455-490g.

Ukubaluleka kwebhayoloji

Ipropati

Ibola lula ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni, ayigcinwa ixesha elide. Ikhuselekile ebantwini nakwizilwanyana. Inyibilika emanzini ashushu, i-ethanol, i-acetone, i-ether kunye ne-ethyl acetate, inyibilika kancinci emanzini, i-benzene, i-chloroform; Izinzile kwisisombululo se-alkaline kwaye kuqala inyibilika kwi-95% yotywala encinci ize inyibilike emanzini ukuya kumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo xa ilungiswa nge-crystallization yemveliso ecocekileyo.

Sebenzisa

Isetyenziswa njengesikhuthazi sokukhula kwezityalo kunye ne-reagent yohlalutyo. I-3-indole acetic acid kunye nezinye izinto ze-auxin ezifana ne-3-indole acetaldehyde, i-3-indole acetonitrile kunye ne-ascorbic acid zikho ngokwendalo kwindalo. Isandulela se-3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis kwizityalo yi-tryptophan. Indima esisiseko ye-auxin kukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, kungekuphela nje ukukhuthaza ukukhula, kodwa nokuthintela ukukhula kunye nokwakhiwa kwamalungu omzimba. I-Auxin ayikho kuphela kwimeko ekhululekileyo kwiiseli zezityalo, kodwa ikwakho nakwi-bound auxin ebotshelelwe kakhulu kwi-biopolymeric acid, njl. I-Auxin ikwadala ukudibana nezinto ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-indole-acetyl asparagine, i-apentose indole-acetyl glucose, njl. Le inokuba yindlela yokugcina i-auxin kwiseli, kunye nendlela yokukhupha ubuthi be-auxin engaphezulu.

Isiphumo

I-Plant auxin. Eyona hormone yendalo yokukhula kwizityalo yi-indoleacetic acid. I-indoleacetic acid inokukhuthaza ukwakheka kwesiphelo se-top bud kwihlumela lezityalo, amahlumela, izithole, njl.njl. I-precursor yayo yi-tryptophan. I-indoleacetic acid yi-i-hormone yokukhula kwezityalo. ISomatin ineziphumo ezininzi zomzimba, ezinxulumene noxinzelelo lwayo. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lunokukhuthaza ukukhula, uxinzelelo oluphezulu luya kuthintela ukukhula kwaye lwenze isityalo sife, olu thintelo lunxulumene nokuba lunokubangela ukwakheka kwe-ethylene. Iziphumo zomzimba ze-auxin zibonakala kumanqanaba amabini. Kwinqanaba leseli, i-auxin inokukhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli ze-cambium; Ukukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli zesebe kunye nokuthintela ukukhula kweeseli zengcambu; Ukukhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli ze-xylem kunye ne-phloem, ukukhuthaza iingcambu ezisikwa iinwele kunye nokulawula i-callus morphogenesis. Kwinqanaba lesitho kunye nesityalo siphela, i-auxin isebenza ukusuka kwimbewu ukuya ekuvuthweni kwesiqhamo. I-Auxin ilawula ukwanda kwe-mesocotyl yembewu kunye nothintelo lokukhanya okubomvu olubuyiselwayo; Xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elingezantsi lesebe, isebe liya kuvelisa i-geotropism. I-Phototropism yenzeka xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elingasemva lamasebe. I-indoleacetic acid ibangele ulawulo lwe-apex. Ukulibaziseka kokukhula kwamagqabi; I-Auxin efakwe kumagqabi yayithintela ukuqunjelwa, ngelixa i-auxin efakwe kwisiphelo esikufutshane sokuqunjelwa yayikhuthaza ukuqunjelwa. I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukudubula kweentyatyambo, ikhuthaza uphuhliso lwe-parthenocarpy, kwaye ilibazise ukuvuthwa kweziqhamo.

Faka isicelo

I-Indoleacetic acid ineentlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi, kodwa ayisetyenziswa rhoqo kuba kulula ukuyitshabalalisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezityalo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, yayisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-parthenocarpous kunye nokubeka iziqhamo kwiitamati. Kwinqanaba lokudubula, iintyatyambo zazimanziswa yi-3000 mg/l ulwelo ukwenza isiqhamo seetamati esingenambewu kunye nokuphucula izinga lokubekwa kweziqhamo. Enye yezona ndlela zokuqala zokusetyenziswa yayikukukhuthaza ukuhluma kweengcambu zezityalo. Ukumanzisa isiseko sezityalo nge-100 ukuya kwi-1000 mg/l yesisombululo samayeza kunokukhuthaza ukwakheka kweengcambu ezikhulayo zeti, umthi wegum, umthi wom-oki, i-metasequoia, ipepile kunye nezinye izityalo, kwaye kukhawulezise izinga lokuzala kwesondlo. I-1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid kunye ne-10 mg/L oxamyline zasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukuhluma kweengcambu kwizityalo zerayisi. I-25 ukuya kwi-400 mg/l ye-chrysanthemum yolwelo olutshiziweyo kanye (kwiiyure ezi-9 ze-photoperiod), inokuthintela ukuvela kweentyantyambo, ilibazise ukuhluma. Ukukhula elangeni elide ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 -5 mol/l xa kutshizwa kube kanye, kunokunyusa iintyatyambo eziziinkozo. Ukunyanga imbewu yebhitrudi kukhuthaza ukuhluma kwaye kwandisa isivuno seebhatata zeengcambu kunye nomthamo weswekile.

Intshayelelo kwi-auxin
Intshayelelo

I-Auxin (auxin) ludidi lwee-hormones zendalo eziqulethe i-ring enuka kamnandi engagcwaliyo kunye ne-acetic acid side chain, isifinyezo sesiNgesi i-IAA, esiqhelekileyo samazwe ngamazwe, yi-indole acetic acid (IAA). Ngo-1934, uGuo Ge nabanye bayichonge njenge-indole acetic acid, ngoko ke kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa i-indole acetic acid njengegama elifanayo ne-auxin. I-Auxin yenziwa kumagqabi amatsha amade kunye ne-apical meristem, kwaye iqokelelwa ukusuka phezulu ukuya kwisiseko ngokuthuthwa kwe-phloem ukusuka emgama omde. Iingcambu zikwavelisa i-auxin, ethuthwa ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu. I-Auxin kwizityalo yenziwa nge-tryptophan ngothotho lwezinto eziphakathi. Indlela ephambili yi-indoleacetaldehyde. I-Indole acetaldehyde inokwenziwa yi-oxidation kunye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan ukuya kwi-indole pyruvate ize emva koko i-decarboxylated, okanye inokwenziwa yi-oxidation kunye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan ukuya kwi-tryptamine. I-indole acetaldehyde iphinda i-oxidized ibe yi-indole acetic acid. Enye indlela enokwenzeka yokwenziwa kukuguqulwa kwe-tryptophan ukusuka kwi-indole acetonitrile ukuya kwi-indole acetic acid. I-indoleacetic acid ingasetyenziswa ngokubopha ne-aspartic acid ukuya kwi-indoleacetylaspartic acid, i-inositol ukuya kwi-indoleacetic acid ukuya kwi-inositol, i-glucose ukuya kwi-glucoside, kunye neproteni ukuya kwi-indoleacetic acid-protein complex kwizityalo. I-indoleacetic acid edibeneyo idla ngokuba yi-50-90% ye-indoleacetic acid kwizityalo, enokuba yindlela yokugcina i-auxin kwizicubu zezityalo. I-indoleacetic acid inokubola ngokubola kwe-indoleacetic acid, exhaphakileyo kwizicubu zezityalo. Ii-Auxins zineziphumo ezininzi zomzimba, ezinxulumene noxinzelelo lwazo. Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lunokukhuthaza ukukhula, uxinzelelo oluphezulu luya kuthintela ukukhula kwaye lude lwenze isityalo sife, olu thintelo lunxulumene nokuba lunokubangela ukwakheka kwe-ethylene na. Iziphumo zomzimba ze-auxin zibonakala kumanqanaba amabini. Kwinqanaba leeseli, i-auxin inokukhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli ze-cambium; Ivuselela ukwandiswa kweeseli zesebe kwaye ithintele ukukhula kweeseli zengcambu; Ikhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli ze-xylem kunye ne-phloem, ikhuthaze iingcambu ezisikwa iinwele kwaye ilawule i-callus morphogenesis. Kwinqanaba lesitho kunye nesityalo siphela, i-auxin isebenza ukusuka kwisithombo ukuya ekuvuthweni kwesiqhamo. I-Auxin ilawula ukwandiswa kwe-mesocotyl yesithombo ngokuthintela ukukhanya okubomvu okuguquguqukayo; Xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elisezantsi lesebe, isebe liya kuvelisa i-geotropism. I-Phototropism yenzeka xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elingasemva lamasebe. I-indoleacetic acid ibangele ulawulo lwe-apex. Ukulibaziseka kokukhula kwamagqabi; I-Auxin efakwe kumagqabi ithintele ukungabikho kwe-abscission, ngelixa i-auxin isetyenziswa kwisiphelo esikufutshane se-abscission ikhuthaza ukungabikho kwe-abscission. I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukudubula, ikhuthaza uphuhliso lwe-parthenocarpy, kwaye ilibazise ukuvuthwa kweziqhamo. Omnye umntu weza nengcamango yee-receptors zehomoni. I-hormone receptor yinxalenye enkulu yeseli yemolekyuli ebopha ngokukodwa kwihomoni ehambelanayo ize iqalise uthotho lweempendulo. I-complex ye-indoleacetic acid kunye ne-receptor ineziphumo ezimbini: okokuqala, isebenza kwiiproteni ze-membrane, ichaphazela i-asidi ephakathi, ukuthuthwa kwepompo ye-ion kunye notshintsho loxinzelelo, oluyimpendulo ekhawulezayo (< imizuzu eli-10); Okwesibini kukusebenza kwi-nucleic acids, okubangela utshintsho eludongeni lweseli kunye nokwenziwa kweproteni, okuyindlela ecothayo yokusabela (imizuzu eli-10). I-acidification ephakathi yimeko ebalulekileyo yokukhula kweseli. I-indoleacetic acid ingenza i-enzyme ye-ATP(adenosine triphosphate) kwi-plasma membrane, ivuselele ii-ion ze-hydrogen ukuba ziphume kwiseli, inciphise ixabiso le-pH le-medium, ukuze i-enzyme isebenze, i-hydrolyze i-polysaccharide yodonga lweseli, ukuze udonga lweseli luthambe kwaye iseli yande. Ukulawulwa kwe-indoleacetic acid kubangele ukubonakala kwe-messences ethile ye-messenger RNA (mRNA), eyatshintsha ukwenziwa kweproteni. Unyango lwe-indoleacetic acid lukwatshintshe ukuqina kodonga lweseli, okuvumela ukukhula kweseli ukuba kuqhubeke. Isiphumo sokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-auxin ngokuyintloko kukukhuthaza ukukhula kweeseli, ngakumbi ukwanda kweeseli, kwaye asinampembelelo ekwahlulweni kweseli. Inxalenye yesityalo eva ukukhuthazwa kokukhanya ikwincam yesiqu, kodwa inxalenye egobileyo ikwincam esezantsi yencam, oku kungenxa yokuba iiseli ezingaphantsi kwencam ziyakhula kwaye ziyanda, kwaye lelona xesha linzima kakhulu kwi-auxin, ngoko ke i-auxin inempembelelo enkulu ekukhuleni kwayo. I-hormone yokukhula kwezicubu ezigugileyo ayisebenzi. Isizathu sokuba i-auxin inokukhuthaza uphuhliso lweziqhamo kunye nokuhluma kweengcambu zeziqwenga kukuba i-auxin inokutshintsha ukusasazwa kwezondlo kwisityalo, kwaye izondlo ezingaphezulu zifunyanwa kwincam enokusasazwa kwe-auxin etyebileyo, okwenza iziko lokusasazwa. I-Auxin inokubangela ukwakheka kweetamatisi ezingenambewu kuba emva kokunyanga amahlumela eetamatisi angachumiswanga nge-auxin, i-ovary yehlumela leetamatisi iba liziko lokusasazwa kwezondlo, kwaye izondlo eziveliswa yi-photosynthesis yamagqabi ziyaqhubeka zithuthwa ziye kwi-ovary, kwaye i-ovary iyakhula.

Ukuveliswa, ukuthuthwa kunye nokusasazwa

Iindawo eziphambili zokwenziwa kwe-auxin ziithishu ze-meristant, ikakhulu amahlumela amatsha, amagqabi, kunye nembewu ekhulayo. I-Auxin isasazwa kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba wesityalo, kodwa igxile kakhulu kwiindawo ezikhula ngamandla, ezifana ne-coleopedia, amahlumela, i-root apex meristem, i-cambium, imbewu ekhulayo kunye neziqhamo. Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokuthutha i-auxin kwizityalo: ukuthutha ecaleni, ukuthutha kwi-polar kunye nokuthutha okungeyo-polar. Ukuthutha ecaleni (ukuthutha kwe-auxin ngasemva kwincam ye-coleoptile okubangelwa kukukhanya ecaleni, ukuthutha ecaleni kwe-auxin kufutshane nomhlaba kwiingcambu kunye neziqu zezityalo xa zinqamlezile). Ukuthutha kwi-polar (ukusuka kwisiphelo esiphezulu se-morphology ukuya kwisiphelo esisezantsi se-morphology). Ukuthutha okungeyo-polar (kwizicubu ezivuthiweyo, i-auxin inokuhanjiswa ngaphandle kwe-polar nge-phloem).

Ubumbano besenzo somzimba

Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lukhuthaza ukukhula, uxinano oluphezulu luthintela ukukhula. Izitho ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo zoxinano olufanelekileyo lwe-auxin. Uxinano olufanelekileyo lwalumalunga ne-10E-10mol/L kwiingcambu, i-10E-8mol/L kwiziqu kunye ne-10E-5mol/L kwiziqu. Ii-Auxin analogues (ezifana ne-naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, njl.njl.) zihlala zisetyenziswa kwimveliso ukulawula ukukhula kwesityalo. Umzekelo, xa kuveliswa ihlumelo leembotyi, uxinano olufanelekileyo lokukhula kwesiqu lusetyenziselwa ukunyanga ihlumelo leembotyi. Ngenxa yoko, iingcambu kunye namahlumelo ziyathintelwa, kwaye iziqu eziphuhliswe kwi-hypocotyl ziphuhlisiwe kakhulu. Inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu sesityalo imiselwa ziimpawu zokuthutha zezityalo ze-auxin kunye nobunzima beziphumo ze-auxin physiological. I-apex bud yesityalo yeyona nxalenye isebenzayo kakhulu kwimveliso ye-auxin, kodwa uxinzelelo lwe-auxin oluveliswa kwi-apex bud luhlala luthuthwa luye kwisiqu ngothutho olusebenzayo, ngoko ke uxinzelelo lwe-auxin kwi-apex bud ngokwayo aluphezulu, ngelixa uxinzelelo kwisiqu esincinci luphezulu. Lufanelekile kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesiqu, kodwa lunefuthe lokuthintela amahlumela. Okukhona uxinzelelo lwe-auxin luphezulu kwindawo ekufutshane nehlumela eliphezulu, kokukhona umphumo wokuthintela kwihlumela elisecaleni uqina, yiyo loo nto izityalo ezininzi ezinde zenza imo ye-pagoda. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke izityalo ezinamandla okulawula i-apex, kwaye ezinye izihlahla ziqala ukonakala okanye zinciphe emva kokuphuhliswa kwehlumela eliphambili ixesha elithile, zilahlekelwa ngamandla okuqala e-apex, ngoko ke imo yomthi wesihlahla ayisiyo-pagoda. Ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-auxin lunefuthe lokuthintela ukukhula kwesityalo, imveliso yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwee-analogues ze-auxin nayo inokusetyenziswa njengeyeza lokubulala ukhula, ngakumbi kwiikhula ezidicotyledonous.

Ii-analogues ze-Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Ngenxa yokuba i-auxin ikhona ngobuninzi kwizityalo, kwaye akulula ukuyigcina. Ukuze kulawulwe ukukhula kwezityalo, ngokusebenzisa ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, abantu bafumene ii-analogues ze-auxin, ezineziphumo ezifanayo kwaye zinokuveliswa ngobuninzi, kwaye zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwimveliso yezolimo. Impembelelo yomxhuzulane womhlaba ekusasazweni kwe-auxin: ukukhula kwemvelaphi yeziqu kunye nokukhula komhlaba kweengcambu kubangelwa ngumxhuzulane womhlaba, isizathu kukuba umxhuzulane womhlaba ubangela ukusasazwa okungalinganiyo kwe-auxin, esasazeke ngakumbi kwicala elikufutshane lesiqu kwaye ingasasazeki kangako kwicala elingasemva. Ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo olufanelekileyo lwe-auxin kwisiqu lwaluphezulu, i-auxin engaphezulu kwicala elikufutshane lesiqu yayikhuthaza, ngoko icala elikufutshane lesiqu lakhula ngokukhawuleza kunecala elingasemva, kwaye lagcina ukukhula okuphezulu kwesiqu. Kwiingcambu, kuba uxinaniso olufanelekileyo lwe-auxin kwiingcambu luphantsi kakhulu, i-auxin engaphezulu ecaleni komhlaba inefuthe lokuthintela ukukhula kweeseli zengcambu, ngoko ke ukukhula kufutshane necala lomhlaba kuhamba kancinci kunokwecala elingasemva, kwaye ukukhula kweengcambu kuyagcinwa. Ngaphandle koburhabaxa, iingcambu azikhuli ngokuyimfuneko. Isiphumo sokungabi nabunzima ekukhuleni kwezityalo: ukukhula kweengcambu emhlabeni kunye nokukhula kwesiqu kude nomhlaba kubangelwa buburhabaxa bomhlaba, obubangelwa kukusasazwa okungalinganiyo kwe-auxin phantsi kokungeniswa koburhabaxa bomhlaba. Kwimeko engenabunzima yendawo, ngenxa yokulahleka koburhabaxa, ukukhula kwesiqu kuya kulahlekelwa buburhabaxa baso, kwaye iingcambu ziya kulahlekelwa ziimpawu zokukhula komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu isasekho, kwaye ukuthuthwa kwe-auxin kwi-polar akuchaphazeleki buburhabaxa.