Amaxabiso angcono kakhulu okutyalwa kweHormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

I-Indoleacetic acid yinto ephilayo.Iimveliso ezicocekileyo ziikristale zamagqabi angenambala okanye i-crystalline powders.Ijike ibe rozi xa ibekwe ekukhanyeni.Indawo yokunyibilika 165-166℃(168-170℃).Inyibilika kwi-ethanol e-anhydrous, i-ethyl acetate, i-dichloroethane, i-soluble kwi-ether kunye ne-acetone.Ayinyibiliki kwibenzene, toluene, petroli kunye nekloroform.I-insoluble emanzini, isisombululo sayo samanzi sinokuchithwa ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa izinzile ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo.Ityuwa yesodium kunye netyuwa ye-potassium zizinzile ngakumbi kune-asidi ngokwayo kwaye zinyibilika ngokulula emanzini.I-decarboxylated ngokulula kwi-3-methylindole (skatine).Inobumbini ekukhuleni kwesityalo, kwaye iindawo ezahlukeneyo zesityalo zinovakalelo olwahlukileyo kuyo, ngokubanzi ingcambu inkulu kunokuba ihlumela likhulu kunesiqu.Izityalo ezahlukeneyo zinovakalelo olwahlukileyo kuyo.

Indlela yokulungiselela

I-3-indole acetonitrile yenziwa ngokusabela kwe-indole, i-formaldehyde kunye ne-potassium cyanide kwi-150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, kwaye emva koko i-hydrolyzed yi-potassium hydroxide.Okanye ngokusabela kwe-indole nge-glycolic acid.Kwi-autoclave ye-3L yensimbi engenasici, i-270g (4.1mol) i-85% ye-potassium hydroxide, i-351g (i-3mol) i-indole yongezwa, kwaye emva koko i-360g (3.3mol) i-70% ye-hydroxy acetic acid isisombululo samanzi songezwa kancinci.Ukufudumeza okuvaliweyo ukuya kwi-250℃, ivuselela i-18h.Ukupholisa ngaphantsi kwe-50℃, yongeza i-500ml yamanzi, kwaye ugxobhoze kwi-100℃ nge-30min ukunyibilikisa i-potassium indole-3-acetate.Phola ukuya kwi-25℃, galela imathiriyeli ye-autoclave emanzini, kwaye wongeze amanzi de umthamo uphelele ube yi-3L.I-aqueous layer ikhutshwe nge-500ml ethyl ether, i-acidified nge-hydrochloric acid kwi-20-30 ℃, kunye ne-indole-3-acetic acid.Isihluzo, uhlambe emanzini abandayo, womise kude nokukhanya, imveliso 455-490g.

Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo

Ipropati

Ibole ngokulula ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni, hayi indawo yokugcina ixesha elide.Ikhuselekile ebantwini nakwizilwanyana.Inyibilika emanzini ashushu, i-ethanol, i-acetone, i-ether kunye ne-ethyl acetate, i-soluble kancinane emanzini, ibenzene, i-chloroform;Izinzile kwisisombululo se-alkali kwaye iqala ukuchithwa kwixabiso elincinci le-95% yotywala kwaye emva koko ichithwe emanzini ukuya kwisixa esifanelekileyo xa ilungiselelwe nge-crystallization yemveliso ecocekileyo.

Sebenzisa

Isetyenziswa njengento ekhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo kunye ne-reagent yokuhlalutya.I-3-indole i-acetic acid kunye nezinye izinto ze-auxin ezifana ne-3-indole acetaldehyde, i-3-indole i-acetonitrile kunye ne-ascorbic acid zikhona ngokwemvelo kwindalo.I-precursor ye-3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis kwizityalo yi-tryptophan.Indima eyisiseko ye-auxin kukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, kungekhona nje ukukhuthaza ukukhula, kodwa nokuvimbela ukukhula kunye nokwakhiwa kwamalungu.I-Auxin ayikho kuphela kwimeko yamahhala kwiiseli zezityalo, kodwa ikhona kwi-auxin eboshiweyo ebophelelwe ngamandla kwi-biopolymeric acid, njl. Oku kunokuba yindlela yokugcina i-auxin kwiseli, kunye nendlela yokukhupha i-detoxification yokususa ubuthi be-auxin engaphezulu.

Isiphumo

I-auxin yokutyala.I-hormone yokukhula yendalo eqhelekileyo kwizityalo i-indoleacetic acid.I-asidi ye-Indoleacetic inokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-top bud ekupheleni kwamahlumela ezityalo, amahlumela, izithole, njl njl. I-precursor yayo yi-tryptophan.Indoleacetic acid yi aihomoni yokukhula kwezityalo.I-Somatin ineempembelelo ezininzi ze-physiological, ezihambelana nokugxila kwayo.Ukugxininiswa okuphantsi kunokukhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxininiswa okuphezulu kuya kuthintela ukukhula kunye nokwenza ukuba isityalo sife, oku kuthintela kuhambelana nokuba kunokubangela ukubunjwa kwe-ethylene.Iziphumo zomzimba ze-auxin zibonakaliswa kumanqanaba amabini.Kwinqanaba leselula, i-auxin inokuvuselela ukuhlukana kweeseli ze-cambium;Ukukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli zesebe kunye nokuthintela ukukhula kweengcambu;Khuthaza ukwahlukana kwe-xylem kunye ne-phloem yeseli, ukukhuthaza iingcambu zokucheba iinwele kunye nokulawula i-callus morphogenesis.Kwi-organ kunye nenqanaba lesityalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza ukusuka kwizithole ukuya ekuvuthweni kwesiqhamo.I-Auxin elawulwa yimbewu ye-mesocotyl elongation kunye nokuthintela ukukhanya okubomvu okubuyisela;Xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elingezantsi lesebe, isebe liya kuvelisa i-geotropism.I-Phototropism yenzeka xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elingasemva lamasebe.I-Indoleacetic acid ibangele ukongamela okuphezulu.Ukulibazisa ukuvela kwamagqabi;I-Auxin isetyenziswe kumagqabi athintelweyo abscission, ngelixa i-auxin isetyenziswa kwisiphelo esisekude sokukrala ikhuthaza ukukrazula.I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukudubula kweentyatyambo, ikhuthaza ukukhula kweparthenocarpy, kwaye ilibazise ukuvuthwa kweziqhamo.

Faka isicelo

I-asidi ye-Indoleacetic ine-spectrum ebanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa okuninzi, kodwa ayiqhelekanga ukusetyenziswa kuba kulula ukuthotywa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezityalo.Kwinqanaba lokuqala, yayisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-parthenocarpous kunye nokusetwa kweziqhamo kweetumato.Kwinqanaba leentyantyambo, iintyatyambo zimanziswe ngolwelo lwe-3000 mg/l ukwenza isiqhamo setumata esingenazimbewu kunye nokuphucula izinga lokumiselwa kweziqhamo.Olunye lweendlela zokuqala zokusetyenziswa kukukhuthaza ukuchetywa kweengcambu.Ukucwina isiseko se-cuttings kunye ne-100 kwi-1000 mg / l yesisombululo sonyango kunokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kweengcambu ze-adventitious of tea tree, gum tree, umthi we-oki, i-metasequoia, i-pepper kunye nezinye izityalo, kunye nokukhawulezisa izinga lokuzala kwesondlo.I-1 ~ 10 mg / l i-indoleacetic acid kunye ne-10 mg / L i-oxamyline yayisetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukuhluma kwezithole zerayisi.I-25 ukuya kwi-400 mg / l ye-chrysanthemum yolwelo yokutshiza kanye (kwiiyure ezi-9 zefotoperiod), inokuthintela ukuvela kweentyatyambo, ukulibazisa ukudubula.Ukukhula kwilanga elide ukuya kwi-10 -5 mol / l yoxinaniso olufafazwe kanye, kunokunyusa iintyatyambo zabasetyhini.Ukunyanga imbewu yebeet ikhuthaza ukuntshula kwaye kwandisa isivuno se-root tube kunye nomxholo weswekile.

Intshayelelo kwi auxin
Intshayelelo

I-Auxin (i-auxin) yiklasi yeehomoni ze-endogenous equkethe i-acetic acid engaxutywanga kunye ne-acetic side chain, isishunqulelo sesiNgesi IAA, isiqhelo samazwe ngamazwe, yi-indole acetic acid (IAA).Ngowe-1934, uGuo Ge et al.ichonge njenge-indole acetic acid, ngoko ke kuqhelekile ukusebenzisa i-indole acetic acid njengesithethantonye se-auxin.I-Auxin yenziwa kumagqabi amatsha awandisiweyo kunye ne-apical meristem, kwaye iqokelelwa ukusuka phezulu ukuya kwisiseko ngokuthuthwa komgama omde we-phloem.Iingcambu zikwavelisa i-auxin, ehanjiswa ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu.I-Auxin kwizityalo yenziwa kwi-tryptophan ngoluhlu lwe-intermediates.Eyona ndlela ihamba nge-indoleacetaldehyde.I-Indole acetaldehyde inokubunjwa nge-oxidation kunye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan kwi-indole pyruvate kwaye emva koko i-decarboxylated, okanye inokubunjwa nge-oxidation kunye ne-deamination ye-tryptophan kwi-tryptamine.I-acetaldehyde ye-indole iphinda ifakwe kwi-indole acetic acid.Enye indlela enokwenzeka yokwenziwa kukuguqulwa kwe-tryptophan ukusuka kwi-indole acetonitrile ukuya kwi-indole acetic acid.I-indoleacetic acid inokuthi ingasebenzi ngokubopha nge-aspartic acid kwi-indoleacetylaspartic acid, i-inositol kwi-indoleacetic acid kwi-inositol, i-glucose kwi-glucoside, kunye neprotheni kwi-indoleacetic acid-protein complex kwizityalo.I-asidi eboshiweyo ye-indoleacetic ngokuqhelekileyo i-akhawunti ye-50-90% ye-indoleacetic acid kwizityalo, ezinokuthi zibe yindlela yokugcina i-auxin kwizicubu zezityalo.I-asidi ye-Indoleacetic inokuchithwa nge-oxidation ye-indoleacetic acid, eqhelekileyo kwizicubu zezityalo.I-Auxins ineempembelelo ezininzi ze-physiological, ezihambelana nokugxila kwazo.Ukugxininiswa okuphantsi kunokukhuthaza ukukhula, ukugxininiswa okuphezulu kuya kuthintela ukukhula kunye nokwenza ukuba isityalo sife, oku kuthintela kuhambelana nokuba kunokubangela ukubunjwa kwe-ethylene.Iziphumo zomzimba ze-auxin zibonakaliswa kumanqanaba amabini.Kwinqanaba leselula, i-auxin inokuvuselela ukuhlukana kweeseli ze-cambium;Ukukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli zesebe kunye nokuthintela ukukhula kweengcambu;Khuthaza ukwahlukana kwe-xylem kunye ne-phloem yeseli, ukukhuthaza iingcambu zokucheba iinwele kunye nokulawula i-callus morphogenesis.Kwi-organ kunye nenqanaba lesityalo sonke, i-auxin isebenza ukusuka kwizithole ukuya ekuvuthweni kwesiqhamo.I-Auxin elawulwa yimbewu ye-mesocotyl elongation kunye nokuthintela ukukhanya okubomvu okubuyisela;Xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elingezantsi lesebe, isebe liya kuvelisa i-geotropism.I-Phototropism yenzeka xa i-indoleacetic acid idluliselwa kwicala elingasemva lamasebe.I-Indoleacetic acid ibangele ukongamela okuphezulu.Ukulibazisa ukuvela kwamagqabi;I-Auxin isetyenziswe kumagqabi athintelweyo abscission, ngelixa i-auxin isetyenziswa kwisiphelo esisekude sokukrala ikhuthaza ukukrazula.I-Auxin ikhuthaza ukudubula kweentyatyambo, ikhuthaza ukukhula kweparthenocarpy, kwaye ilibazise ukuvuthwa kweziqhamo.Omnye weza nombono we-hormone receptors.I-hormone receptor yinxalenye enkulu yeeseli zemolekyuli ezibophelela ngokuthe ngqo kwihomoni ehambelanayo kwaye emva koko iqalise uthotho lweempendulo.I-complex ye-indoleacetic acid kunye ne-receptor ineempembelelo ezimbini: okokuqala, isebenza kwiiprotheni ze-membrane, ezichaphazela i-asidi ephakathi, ukuthuthwa kwepompo ye-ion kunye nokutshintsha koxinzelelo, oku kusabela ngokukhawuleza (< 10 imizuzu);Okwesibini kukusebenza kwi-nucleic acids, ebangela ukuguqulwa kweendonga zeseli kunye ne-protein synthesis, okuyi-reaction slow (imizuzu eyi-10).I-acidification ephakathi yimeko ebalulekileyo yokukhula kweeseli.I-Indoleacetic acid inokusebenzisa i-enzyme ye-ATP (i-adenosine triphosphate) kwi-membrane yeplasma, ivuselele i-ion ye-hydrogen ukuba iphume kwiseli, inciphise ixabiso le-pH lephakathi, ukuze i-enzyme isebenze, i-hydrolyze i-polysaccharide yodonga lweseli, ukuba udonga lweseli luthambekile kwaye iseli yandisiwe.Ukulawulwa kwe-indoleacetic acid kubangele ukubonakala kwesithunywa esithile se-RNA (mRNA) ulandelelwano, olutshintshe iprotheni synthesis.Unyango lwe-Indoleacetic acid luye lwatshintsha ukuqina kodonga lweseli, luvumela ukukhula kweeseli ukuba kuqhubeke.Isiphumo sokukhulisa ukukhula kwe-auxin ikakhulu kukukhuthaza ukukhula kweeseli, ngakumbi ukwanda kweeseli, kwaye akukho mpembelelo kulwahlulo lweeseli.Inxalenye yesityalo esiva ukuvuselela ukukhanya ikwincam yesiqu, kodwa indawo egobayo ikwindawo esezantsi yencam, oko kungenxa yokuba iiseli ezingezantsi kwencam ziyakhula kwaye ziyanda, kwaye yeyona ibuthathaka kakhulu. ixesha ukuya kwi-auxin, ngoko ke i-auxin inempembelelo enkulu ekukhuleni kwayo.Ihomoni yokukhula kwezicubu ezigugayo ayisebenzi.Isizathu sokuba i-auxin inokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweziqhamo kunye ne-rooting ye-cuttings kukuba i-auxin inokutshintsha ukuhanjiswa kwezondlo kwisityalo, kwaye izondlo ezininzi zifumaneka kwinxalenye kunye nokusabalalisa i-auxin ecebileyo, ukwenza iziko lokusabalalisa.I-Auxin inokuphembelela ukwakheka kweetumato ezingenambewu kuba emva kokunyanga iintyatyambo zetumata ezingavundiswanga nge-auxin, i-ovary ye-tomato bud iba liziko lokuhambisa izondlo, kwaye izondlo eziveliswa yi-photosynthesis yamagqabi zihanjiswa ngokuqhubekayo kwi-ovary, kwaye i-ovary iyakhula. .

Isizukulwana, uthutho kunye nokusasazwa

Ezona ndawo ziphambili ze-auxin synthesis zizicubu ezihambelanayo, ubukhulu becala amagqabi amancinci, amagqabi, kunye nembewu ekhulayo.I-Auxin isasazwa kuwo onke amalungu omzimba wesityalo, kodwa igxininiswe kwiindawo zokukhula ngamandla, njenge-coleopedia, i-buds, i-root apex meristem, i-cambium, ukukhula kwembewu kunye neziqhamo.Kukho iindlela ezintathu zothutho lwe-auxin kwizityalo: ukuthuthwa kwecala, ukuthuthwa kwe-polar kunye ne-non-polar transport.Ukuthuthwa kwe-Lateral (ukuthuthwa kwe-backlight ye-auxin kwincam ye-coleoptile ebangelwa ukukhanya kwe-unilateral, ukuhanjiswa kwecala elikufutshane ne-auxin kwiingcambu kunye neziqu zezityalo xa zidlula).Ukuthuthwa kwe-polar (ukusuka ekupheleni kwe-morphology ukuya ekupheleni kwe-morphology).Ukuthuthwa kwe-non-polar (kwizicubu ezivuthiweyo, i-auxin inokuthi i-non-polar ihanjiswe nge-phloem).

Ubumbini besenzo somzimba

Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lukhuthaza ukukhula, ugxininiso oluphezulu luvimbela ukukhula.Izitho ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-auxin.Ugxininiso oluphezulu lwalumalunga ne-10E-10mol / L kwiingcambu, i-10E-8mol / L ye-buds kunye ne-10E-5mol / L yeziqu.I-Auxin analogues (efana ne-naphthalene acetic acid, i-2, i-4-D, njl.) isoloko isetyenziswa kwimveliso yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo.Umzekelo, xa kuveliswa izihluma zembotyi, ugxininiso olulungele ukukhula kwesikhondo lusetyenziselwa ukunyanga izihluma zeembotyi.Ngenxa yoko, iingcambu kunye ne-buds zivinjelwe, kwaye iziqu eziphuhliswe kwi-hypocotyl ziphuhliswe kakhulu.Uncedo oluphezulu lokukhula kwesiqu sesityalo lumiselwa ziimpawu zothutho zezityalo ze-auxin kunye nobunye beziphumo ze-auxin zomzimba.I-apex bud yesityalo sesityalo yeyona nto isebenzayo kwimveliso ye-auxin, kodwa ukuxinwa kwe-auxin eveliswa kwi-apex bud ihlala ihanjiswa kwi-stem ngothutho olusebenzayo, ngoko ke ukuxinwa kwe-auxin kwi-apex bud ngokwayo ayiphezulu. ngelixa ukugxila kwisiqu esincinci kuphezulu.Iyona nto ifanelekileyo ekukhuleni kwesiqu, kodwa inefuthe elithintelayo kwi-buds.Ukuphakama kwe-auxin kwindawo esondeleyo kwi-bud ephezulu, i-inhibitory effect inamandla kwi-side bud, yingakho izityalo ezininzi ezide zenza i-pagoda shape.Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke izityalo ezinobukhosi obunamandla obuphezulu, kwaye ezinye izihlahla ziqala ukuthotywa okanye ziyancipha emva kokuphuhliswa kwe-apex bud ixesha elithile, zilahlekelwa yi-apex dominance, ngoko ke umthi we-shrub awuyiyo i-pagoda. .Ngenxa yokuba ukuxinana okuphezulu kwe-auxin kunempembelelo yokuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo, ukuveliswa koxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-auxin analogues kunokusetyenziswa njengeyeza lokutshabalalisa ukhula, ngakumbi ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous.

I-Auxin analogues: NAA, 2, 4-D.Ngenxa yokuba i-auxin ikhona ngexabiso elincinci kwizityalo, kwaye akulula ukuyigcina.Ukuze kulawulwe ukukhula kwezityalo, ngokusebenzisa i-chemical synthesis, abantu baye bafumana i-auxin analogues, enemiphumo efanayo kwaye inokuveliswa ngobuninzi, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezolimo.Isiphumo somhlaba womxhuzulane ekusasazeni i-auxin: ukukhula kwemvelaphi yeziqu kunye nokukhula komhlaba kweengcambu kubangelwa ngumxhuzulane womhlaba, isizathu kukuba umxhuzulane womhlaba ubangela ulwabiwo olungalinganiyo lwe-auxin, esasazwa ngakumbi kwicala elikufutshane le-auxin. isiqu kunye nokusasazwa kancinci kwicala elingasemva.Ngenxa yokuba owona mxube we-auxin esiqwini wawuphezulu, i-auxin eninzi kwicala elikufutshane lesiqu iyayikhuthaza, ngoko ke icala elikufutshane lesikhondo lakhula ngokukhawuleza kunecala elingasemva, kwaye ligcina ukukhula okunyukayo kwesiqu.Kwiingcambu, ngenxa yokuba i-auxin igxininise kwiingcambu iphantsi kakhulu, i-auxin eninzi kufuphi necala lomhlaba inempembelelo yokuthintela ekukhuleni kweengcambu zeengcambu, ngoko ke ukukhula kwecala lomhlaba kuhamba kancinci kunelo cala elingasemva, kwaye ukukhula kweengcambu ze-geotropic kugcinwa.Ngaphandle komxhuzulane, iingcambu azikhuli phantsi.Isiphumo sokungabi nabunzima ekukhuleni kwesityalo: ukukhula kweengcambu emhlabeni kunye nokukhula kwesiqu kude nomhlaba kubangelwa ngumxhuzulane womhlaba, obangelwa kukusasazwa okungalinganiyo kwe-auxin phantsi kokungeniswa komxhuzulane womhlaba.Kwimeko yobunzima bendawo, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngumtsalane, ukukhula kwesiqu kuya kulahlekelwa ngasemva, kwaye iingcambu nazo ziya kulahlekelwa iimpawu zokukhula komhlaba.Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu yokukhula kwesiqu isekhona, kwaye ukuthuthwa kwepolar ye-auxin akuchatshazelwa ngumxhuzulane.