I-Chlormequat yi-umlawuli wokukhula kwezityaloUkusetyenziswa kwayo kwizityalo eziziinkozo kuyanda eMntla Melika. Izifundo zetyhefu zibonise ukuba ukuchatshazelwa yi-chlormequat kunokunciphisa ukuzala kwaye kubangele umonakalo kwimveku esakhulayo kwiidosi ezingaphantsi kwedosi yemihla ngemihla evunyelweyo emiselwe ziigunya ezilawulayo. Apha, sixela ubukho be-chlormequat kwiisampulu zomchamo eziqokelelwe kubemi base-US, kunye namazinga okufunyaniswa angama-69%, 74%, kunye nama-90% kwiisampulu eziqokelelwe ngo-2017, 2018–2022, kunye no-2023, ngokulandelelana. Ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2022, amazinga aphantsi e-chlormequat afunyenwe kwiisampulu, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2023, amazinga e-chlormequat kwiisampulu anyuke kakhulu. Sikwaqaphele ukuba i-chlormequat ifunyenwe rhoqo kwiimveliso ze-oat. Ezi ziphumo kunye nedatha yetyhefu ye-chlormequat ziphakamisa iinkxalabo malunga namanqanaba okuvezwa okwangoku kwaye zifuna uvavanyo olubanzi lwetyhefu, ukujonga ukutya, kunye nezifundo ze-epidemiological ukuvavanya impembelelo yokuvezwa kwe-chlormequat kwimpilo yabantu.
Olu phononongo lubika ukufunyanwa kokuqala kwe-chlormequat, ikhemikhali yezolimo enetyhefu yophuhliso kunye nokuzala, kubemi baseMelika nakwindawo yokutya yaseMelika. Ngelixa amanqanaba afanayo ekhemikhali afunyenwe kwiisampuli zomchamo ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2022, amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu afunyenwe kwisampuli ka-2023. Lo msebenzi ugxininisa imfuneko yokujonga ngokubanzi i-chlormequat kwiisampuli zokutya kunye nabantu eMelika, kunye ne-toxicology kunye ne-toxicology. Izifundo ze-Epidemiological ze-chlormequat, njengoko le khemikhali ingungcolisi ovelayo eneziphumo ezibi zempilo ezibhaliweyo kwiidosi eziphantsi kwizifundo zezilwanyana.
I-Chlormequat yikhemikhali yezolimo eyabhaliswa okokuqala eMelika ngo-1962 njengomlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo. Nangona okwangoku ivunyelwe ukusetyenziswa kwizityalo zokuhombisa eMelika kuphela, isigqibo se-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sika-2018 savumela ukungeniswa kweemveliso zokutya (ingakumbi iinkozo) eziphathwe nge-chlormequat [1]. Kwi-EU, e-UK naseKhanada, i-chlormequat ivunyiwe ukusetyenziswa kwizityalo zokutya, ikakhulu ingqolowa, i-oats kunye nerhasi. I-Chlormequat inokunciphisa ubude besiqu, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa amathuba okuba isityalo sijijeke, okwenza kube nzima ukuvuna. Kwi-UK nakwi-EU, i-chlormequat ngokubanzi yeyona ntsalela yezinambuzane efunyenwe kakhulu kwiinkozo kunye neenkozo, njengoko kubhaliwe kwizifundo zokubeka esweni ixesha elide [2, 3].
Nangona i-chlormequat ivunyiwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwizityalo kwiindawo ezithile zaseYurophu naseMntla Melika, ibonisa iimpawu zetyhefu ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zezilwanyana zovavanyo zembali nezapapashwa kutshanje. Iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-chlormequat kwityhefu yokuzala kunye nokuzala zachazwa okokuqala kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ngabalimi beehagu baseDenmark ababone ukusebenza okuphantsi kokuzala kwiihagu ezikhuliswe kwingqolowa ephathwe nge-chlormequat. Ezi ngqwalasela zahlolwa kamva kwiimvavanyo zelebhu ezilawulwayo kwiihagu kunye neempuku, apho iihagu eziziinkozo eziphathwe nge-chlormequat zabonisa ukuphazamiseka kwimijikelo ye-estrous kunye nokuzala xa kuthelekiswa nezilwanyana ezilawulwayo ezitya ukutya ngaphandle kwe-chlormequat. Ukongeza, iimpuku eziziinkunzi ezivezwe kwi-chlormequat ngokutya okanye emanzini okusela ngexesha lokukhula zibonise ukwehla kwamandla okuchumisa isidoda kwi-vitro. Izifundo zakutshanje zetyhefu yokuzala kwi-chlormequat zibonise ukuba ukuvezwa kweempuku kwi-chlormequat ngexesha lokukhula okubuthathaka, kubandakanya ukukhulelwa kunye nobomi bokuqala, kubangele ukufikisa okulibazisekayo, ukwehla kokuhamba kwesidoda, ukwehla kobunzima bamalungu okuzala esilisa, kunye nokwehla kwamanqanaba e-testosterone. Izifundo zetyhefu yophuhliso zikwabonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwi-chlormequat ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunokubangela ukukhula kosana kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic. Ezinye izifundo azifumananga mpembelelo ye-chlormequat kumsebenzi wokuzala kwiimpuku eziziimazi kunye neehagu eziziinkunzi, kwaye akukho zifundo zilandelayo ezifumene impembelelo ye-chlormequat ekuzaleni kweimpuku eziziinkunzi ezivezwe kwi-chlormequat ngexesha lophuhliso kunye nobomi emva kokuzalwa. Idatha engalinganiyo kwi-chlormequat kwiincwadi zetyhefu inokuba ngenxa yomahluko kwiidosi zovavanyo kunye nomlinganiselo, kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziphilayo zemodeli kunye nesini sezilwanyana zovavanyo. Ke ngoko, uphando olongezelelweyo lufanelekile.
Nangona izifundo zakutshanje zetyhefu zibonise imiphumo ye-chlormequat kuphuhliso, ukuzala kunye nenkqubo ye-endocrine, iindlela ezenzeka ngazo ezi ziphumo zetyhefu azaziwa. Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba i-chlormequat isenokungasebenzi ngeendlela ezichazwe kakuhle zeekhemikhali eziphazamisa i-endocrine, kuquka i-estrogen okanye i-androgen receptors, kwaye ayitshintshi umsebenzi we-aromatase. Obunye ubungqina bubonisa ukuba i-chlormequat inokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngokutshintsha i-steroid biosynthesis kwaye ibangele uxinzelelo lwe-endoplasmic reticulum.
Nangona i-chlormequat ikhona kuyo yonke indawo ekutyeni okuqhelekileyo kwaseYurophu, inani lezifundo ze-biomonitoring ezivavanya ukuvezwa kwabantu kwi-chlormequat lincinci kakhulu. I-Chlormequat inobomi obufutshane emzimbeni, malunga neeyure ezi-2-3, kwaye kwizifundo ezibandakanya abantu abazithandelayo, uninzi lweedosi zovavanyo zasuswa emzimbeni kwiiyure ezingama-24. Kwiisampulu zabemi ngokubanzi ezivela e-UK naseSweden, i-chlormequat yafunyanwa kumchamo wabathathi-nxaxheba abaphantse babe yi-100% kumaxesha aphezulu kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo kunezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezifana ne-chlorpyrifos, i-pyrethroids, i-thiabendazole kunye ne-mancozeb metabolites. Izifundo kwiihagu zibonise ukuba i-chlormequat inokufumaneka nakwi-serum kwaye inokudluliselwa kubisi, kodwa ezi matrices azikafundwa ebantwini okanye kwezinye iimodeli zezilwanyana zovavanyo, nangona ubukho bayo kwi-serum nobisi bunokunxulunyaniswa nomonakalo wokuzala ovela kwiikhemikhali. . Kukho iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuvezwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa nakwiintsana.
Ngo-Epreli ka-2018, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US yabhengeza amanqanaba okunyamezela ukutya amkelekileyo kwi-chlormequat kwii-oats, ingqolowa, irhasi, kunye neemveliso ezithile zezilwanyana ezingenisiweyo, nto leyo evumela ukuba i-chlormequat ingeniswe kubonelelo lokutya lwase-US. Umxholo we-oat ovumelekileyo wandiswa kamva ngo-2020. Ukuze kuchazwe impembelelo yezi zigqibo ekuveleni nasekuxhaphakeni kwe-chlormequat kubantu abadala base-US, olu phononongo lovavanyo lulinganise ubungakanani be-chlormequat kumchamo wabantu abavela kwiindawo ezintathu zase-US ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2023 kwaye kwakhona ngo-2022. kunye nomxholo we-chlormequat weemveliso ze-oat kunye nengqolowa ezithengwe e-United States ngo-2023.
Iisampulu eziqokelelwe kwiindawo ezintathu zejografi phakathi kowama-2017 nowama-2023 zisetyenziselwe ukulinganisa amanqanaba omchamo we-chlormequat kubemi baseMelika. Iisampulu zomchamo ezingamashumi amabini ananye ziqokelelwe kubafazi abakhulelweyo abangaziwayo abavumile ngexesha lokubeleka ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo evunyiweyo yiBhodi yoHlolo lweZiko (IRB) ka-2017 evela kwiYunivesithi yezeMpilo yaseSouth Carolina (MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA). Iisampulu zigcinwe kwi-4°C ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezi-4, emva koko zahlulwahlulwa zaza zaqandiswa kwi--80°C. Iisampulu zomchamo zabantu abadala ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu zithengwe kwiLee Biosolutions, Inc (Maryland Heights, MO, USA) ngoNovemba 2022, ezimele isampulu enye eqokelelwe ukususela ngo-Okthobha 2017 ukuya kuSeptemba 2022, kwaye zaqokelelwa kubantu abazithandelayo (amadoda ali-13 kunye nabafazi abali-12). ) ngemboleko kwiqoqo laseMaryland Heights, eMissouri. Iisampulu zigcinwe kwi--20°C emva nje kokuqokelelwa. Ukongeza, iisampuli zomchamo ezingama-50 eziqokelelwe kwiivolontiya zaseFlorida (amadoda angama-25, abafazi abangama-25) ngoJuni 2023 zathengwa kwiBioIVT, LLC (eWestbury, NY, e-USA). Iisampuli zigcinwe kwi-4°C de zonke iisampuli ziqokelelwe, emva koko zahlulwahlulwa zaza zaqandwa kwi--20°C. Inkampani yomthengisi ifumene imvume ye-IRB efunekayo yokucubungula iisampuli zabantu kunye nemvume yokuqokelelwa kweesampuli. Akukho lwazi lomntu olunikiweyo kuyo nayiphi na iisampulu ezivavanyiweyo. Zonke iisampuli zithunyelwe ziqandisiwe ukuze zihlalutywe. Ulwazi oluneenkcukacha lwesampulu lunokufumaneka kwiTheyibhile yoLwazi oluXhasayo S1.
Ukulinganiswa kwe-chlormequat kwiisampuli zomchamo womntu kumiselwe yi-LC-MS/MS kwi-HSE Research Laboratory (eBuxton, e-UK) ngokwendlela epapashwe nguLindh et al. Yatshintshwa kancinci ngo-2011. Ngamafutshane, iisampuli zalungiswa ngokuxuba i-200 μl yomchamo ongahluzwanga kunye ne-1.8 ml ye-0.01 M ammonium acetate equlethe umgangatho wangaphakathi. Isampuli emva koko yakhutshwa kusetyenziswa ikholamu ye-HCX-Q, yafakwa kuqala kwi-methanol, yaza yahlanjwa nge-0.01 M ammonium acetate, yaza yasuswa nge-1% formic acid kwi-methanol. Iisampuli zaza zafakwa kwikholamu ye-C18 LC (Synergi 4 µ Hydro-RP 150 × 2 mm; Phenomenex, e-UK) zaza zahlulwa kusetyenziswa isigaba se-isocratic mobile esiquka i-0.1% formic acid:methanol 80:20 kwisantya sokuhamba esingu-0.2. ml/min. Utshintsho lwe-reaction olukhethwe yi-mass spectrometry luchazwe nguLindh et al. 2011. Umda wokufumanisa yayiyi-0.1 μg/L njengoko kubikwe kwezinye izifundo.
Uxinzelelo lwe-chlormequat yomchamo lubonakaliswa njenge-μmol chlormequat/mol creatinine kwaye luguqulwa lube yi-μg chlormequat/g creatinine njengoko kubikwe kwizifundo zangaphambili (phinda-phinda nge-1.08).
I-Anresco Laboratories, LLC ivavanye iisampulu zokutya ze-oats (ezingama-25 zesiqhelo kunye nezisi-8 ze-organic) kunye nengqolowa (ezingama-9 zesiqhelo) ze-chlormequat (eSan Francisco, CA, e-USA). Iisampulu zahlalutywa ngotshintsho ngokweendlela ezipapashwe [19]. I-LOD/LOQ yeesampulu ze-oat ngo-2022 kunye nazo zonke iisampulu zengqolowa kunye ne-oat ngo-2023 zibekwe kwi-10/100 ppb kunye ne-3/40 ppb, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ulwazi oluneenkcukacha lwesampulu lunokufumaneka kwiTheyibhile yoLwazi oluXhasayo S2.
Amanqanaba e-chlormequat yomchamo ahlelwe ngokwendawo kunye nonyaka wokuqokelelwa, ngaphandle kweesampuli ezimbini eziqokelelwe ngo-2017 ezivela eMaryland Heights, eMissouri, ezaqokelelwa nezinye iisampuli zika-2017 ezivela eCharleston, eSouth Carolina. Iisampuli ezingaphantsi komda wokufunyanwa kwe-chlormequat ziphathwe njengokufunyanwa kwepesenti okwahlulwe ngengcambu yesikwere ye-2. Idatha yayingasasazwa rhoqo, ngoko uvavanyo lwe-nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis kunye novavanyo lwe-Dunn lokuthelekisa okuninzi zisetyenziselwe ukuthelekisa i-medians phakathi kwamaqela. Zonke izibalo zenziwe kwiGraphPad Prism (eBoston, MA).
I-Chlormequat ifunyenwe kwiisampuli zomchamo ezingama-77 kwezingama-96, ezimele i-80% yazo zonke iisampuli zomchamo. Xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2017 nowama-2018–2022, iisampuli ezingama-2023 zifunyenwe rhoqo: iisampuli ezili-16 kwezingama-23 (okanye i-69%) kunye neesampuli ezili-17 kwezingama-23 (okanye i-74%), ngokulandelanayo, kunye neesampuli ezingama-45 kwezingama-50 (oko kukuthi i-90%). ) zavavanywa (Itheyibhile 1). Ngaphambi kowama-2023, amazinga e-chlormequat afunyenwe kumaqela amabini ayelingana, ngelixa amazinga e-chlormequat afunyenwe kwiisampuli zika-2023 ayephezulu kakhulu kuneesampuli zeminyaka edlulileyo (Umfanekiso 1A,B). Uluhlu loxinaniso olubonakalayo kwiisampuli zika-2017, 2018–2022, kunye no-2023 lwaluyi-0.22 ukuya kwi-5.4, 0.11 ukuya kwi-4.3, kunye ne-0.27 ukuya kwi-52.8 micrograms ze-chlormequat ngegram nganye ye-creatinine, ngokwahlukeneyo. Amaxabiso aphakathi kuzo zonke iisampuli ngo-2017, 2018–2022, kunye no-2023 yi-0.46, 0.30, kunye ne-1.4, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ezi datha zibonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kunokuqhubeka ngenxa yobomi obufutshane be-chlormequat emzimbeni, kunye namanqanaba aphantsi okuvezwa phakathi kuka-2017 no-2022 kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okuvezwa ngo-2023.
Uxinzelelo lwe-chlormequat kwisampuli nganye yomchamo luboniswa njengenqaku elinye elineebha ezingaphezulu kwe-mean kunye neebha ze-error ezimele i-+/- standard error. Uxinzelelo lwe-chlormequat yomchamo lubonakaliswa kwi-mcg ye-chlormequat ngegram nganye ye-creatinine kwisikali esithe ngqo kunye nesikali se-logarithmic. Uhlalutyo lwe-Kruskal-Wallis olungelulo lwe-parametric lokwahluka ngovavanyo lukaDunn lokuthelekisa okuninzi lusetyenziselwe ukuvavanya ukubaluleka kwezibalo.
Iisampulu zokutya ezithengwe eMelika ngo-2022 nango-2023 zibonise amanqanaba e-chlormequat abonakalayo kuzo zonke ngaphandle kwezimbini kwezingama-25 iimveliso ze-oat zemveli, kunye noxinzelelo oluqala kokungabonwa ukuya kwi-291 μg/kg, nto leyo ebonisa i-chlormequat kwi-oats. Ukuxhaphaka kokutya imifuno kuphezulu. Iisampulu eziqokelelwe ngo-2022 nango-2023 zazinamanqanaba afanayo aphakathi: 90 µg/kg kunye ne-114 µg/kg, ngokwahlukeneyo. Isampulu enye kuphela yeemveliso ze-oat zendalo ezisibhozo eyayinomxholo we-chlormequat obonakalayo we-17 µg/kg. Sikwabone noxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-chlormequat kwiimveliso ezimbini zengqolowa ezilithoba ezivavanyiweyo: 3.5 kunye ne-12.6 μg/kg, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Le yingxelo yokuqala yokulinganiswa kwe-chlormequat yomchamo kubantu abadala abahlala eMelika nakubemi abangaphandle kwe-United Kingdom neSweden. Iindlela zokujonga i-biosensitive phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo abangaphezu kwe-1,000 eSweden zirekhode izinga lokufunyaniswa kwe-chlormequat eliyi-100% ukusuka ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2017. Uxinaniso oluqhelekileyo ngo-2017 yayiyi-0.86 micrograms ye-chlormequat ngegram ye-creatinine kwaye kubonakala ngathi yehlile ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunye nenqanaba eliphakathi eliphezulu liyi-2.77 ngo-2009. E-UK, i-biosensitive ifumene uxinaniso oluphezulu kakhulu lwe-chlormequat lwe-15.1 micrograms ye-chlormequat ngegram ye-creatinine phakathi ko-2011 no-2012, nangona ezi sampuli ziqokelelwe kubantu abahlala kwiindawo zezolimo. bekungekho mahluko ekubonakalisweni. Isiganeko sokutshiza[15]. Uphononongo lwethu lwesampulu yaseMelika ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2022 lufumanise amanqanaba aphakathi aphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo zangaphambili eYurophu, ngelixa kwisampulu yango-2023 amanqanaba aphakathi ayefana nesampulu yaseSweden kodwa aphantsi kunesampulu yase-UK.
Olu mahluko ekuvezweni phakathi kwemimandla kunye namaxesha anokubonisa umahluko kwimisebenzi yezolimo kunye nemeko yokulawula ye-chlormequat, ekugqibeleni echaphazela amanqanaba e-chlormequat kwiimveliso zokutya. Umzekelo, ukuxinana kwe-chlormequat kwiisampulu zomchamo kwakuphezulu kakhulu ngo-2023 xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka edlulileyo, okunokubonakalisa utshintsho olunxulumene nezenzo zolawulo lwe-EPA ezinxulumene ne-chlormequat (kubandakanya imida yokutya ye-chlormequat ngo-2018). Ukubonelela ngokutya e-US kungekudala. Ukuphakamisa imigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwe-oat ngo-2020. Ezi zenzo zivumela ukungeniswa kunye nokuthengiswa kweemveliso zezolimo eziphathwe nge-chlormequat, umzekelo, ezivela eKhanada. Ukulibaziseka phakathi kotshintsho lolawulo lwe-EPA kunye nokuxinana okuphezulu kwe-chlormequat efunyenwe kwiisampulu zomchamo ngo-2023 kunokucaciswa ziimeko ezininzi, ezinje ngokulibaziseka ekwamkelweni kweendlela zezolimo ezisebenzisa i-chlormequat, ukulibaziseka kweenkampani zase-US ekuxoxisaneni ngezivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye nabantu abazimeleyo. bafumana ukulibaziseka ekuthengeni ii-oats ngenxa yokuphela kwesitokhwe semveliso endala kunye/okanye ngenxa yobomi obude beshelufu yeemveliso ze-oat.
Ukuze sifumanise ukuba uxinaniso olubonwe kwiisampuli zomchamo zase-US lubonisa ukuba kukho ukuvezwa okunokwenzeka kwi-chlormequat ekutyeni, silinganise i-chlormequat kwiimveliso ze-oat kunye nengqolowa ezithengwe e-US ngo-2022 nango-2023. Iimveliso ze-oat ziqulathe i-chlormequat rhoqo kuneemveliso zengqolowa, kwaye ubungakanani be-chlormequat kwiimveliso ze-oat ezahlukeneyo buyahluka, ngenqanaba eliphakathi le-104 ppb, mhlawumbi ngenxa yobonelelo oluvela e-United States naseKhanada, olunokubonisa umahluko ekusetyenzisweni okanye ekungasetyenziswani. phakathi kweemveliso eziveliswe kwii-oats eziphathwe nge-chlormequat. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwiisampuli zokutya zase-UK, i-chlormequat ininzi kakhulu kwiimveliso ezisekelwe kwingqolowa ezifana nesonka, kwaye i-chlormequat ifunyenwe kwi-90% yeesampuli eziqokelelwe e-UK phakathi kukaJulayi noSeptemba 2022. Uxinaniso oluphakathi yi-60 ppb. Ngokufanayo, i-chlormequat ikwafunyenwe kwi-82% yeesampuli ze-oat zase-UK kumlinganiselo ophakathi we-1650 ppb, ngaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezili-15 ngaphezulu kuneesampuli zase-US, nto leyo enokuchaza ubuninzi bomchamo obubonwe kwiisampuli zase-UK.
Iziphumo zethu zokujonga ukutya zibonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwi-chlormequat kwenzeke ngaphambi kowama-2018, nangona ukunyamezela ukutya kwi-chlormequat kungekamiselwa. Nangona i-chlormequat ingalawulwa ekutyeni e-United States, kwaye akukho datha yembali malunga noxinzelelo lwe-chlormequat ekutyeni okuthengiswa e-United States, ngenxa yobomi obufutshane be-chlormequat, sicinga ukuba olu xinzelelo lunokuba lolwezondlo. Ukongeza, izinto ezisandula ukuveliswa kwi-choline kwiimveliso zengqolowa kunye neempuphu zamaqanda zenza i-chlormequat ngokwendalo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, njengalawo asetyenziswa ekulungisweni nasekuvelisweni kokutya, nto leyo ebangela uxinano lwe-chlormequat oluqala kwi-5 ukuya kwi-40 ng/g. Iziphumo zethu zovavanyo lokutya zibonisa ukuba ezinye iisampulu, kuquka imveliso ye-oat yendalo, zazine-chlormequat kumanqanaba afana nalawo axelwe kwizifundo ze-chlormequat eyenzeka ngokwendalo, ngelixa ezinye iisampulu ezininzi zazinezinga eliphezulu le-chlormequat. Ke ngoko, amanqanaba esiwabonileyo kumchamo ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2023 kusenokwenzeka ukuba abangelwa kukuvezwa kokutya kwi-chlormequat eveliswa ngexesha lokucubungula ukutya kunye nokuvelisa ukutya. Amanqanaba aqatshelweyo ngo-2023 kusenokwenzeka ukuba abangelwa kukutya okubangelwa yi-chlormequat eveliswe ngokuzenzekelayo kunye neemveliso ezingenisiweyo eziphathwe nge-chlormequat kwezolimo. Umahluko ekutyeni okubangelwa yi-chlormequat phakathi kweesampulu zethu unokubangelwa yindawo esikuyo, iipatheni ezahlukeneyo zokutya, okanye ukuvezwa yi-chlormequat emsebenzini xa isetyenziswa kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo nakwiindawo zokugcina izityalo.
Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa ukuba kufuneka ubungakanani obukhulu beesampulu kunye nesampulu ezahlukeneyo zokutya okuphathwe nge-chlormequat ukuze kuvavanywe ngokupheleleyo imithombo yokutya enokubakho ye-chlormequat kubantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kuquka uhlalutyo lweesampulu zomchamo nokutya, imibuzo yokutya kunye nomsebenzi, ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo kwe-chlormequat kukutya okuqhelekileyo kunye nokwendalo eMelika, kunye neesampulu zokujonga izinto eziphilayo kuya kunceda ukucacisa izinto eziqhelekileyo zokubonakaliswa kwe-chlormequat kubemi base-US.
Amathuba okwanda kwamanqanaba e-chlormequat kumchamo kunye neesampuli zokutya eMelika kwiminyaka ezayo asaza kuqinisekiswa. E-United States, i-chlormequat okwangoku ivunyelwe kuphela kwiimveliso ze-oat kunye nengqolowa ezingenisiweyo, kodwa i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo okwangoku icinga ngokusetyenziswa kwayo kwezolimo kwizityalo zasekhaya ezingezizo ezendalo. Ukuba ukusetyenziswa okunjalo kwasekhaya kuyavunywa kunye nenkqubo yezolimo ebanzi ye-chlormequat kwamanye amazwe nasekhaya, amanqanaba e-chlormequat kwi-oats, ingqolowa, kunye nezinye iimveliso zengqolowa angaqhubeka nokunyuka, okukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okuvezwa kwe-chlormequat. Inani lilonke labemi base-US.
Ubuninzi be-chlormequat kumchamo okwangoku kolu phando nakwezinye zibonisa ukuba abanikeli beesampulu ngabanye babechatshazelwe kwi-chlormequat kumanqanaba angaphantsi kwedosi yesalathiso se-US Environmental Protection Agency (RfD) epapashwe (0.05 mg/kg ubunzima bomzimba ngosuku), ngoko ke yamkelekile. Ukutya kwemihla ngemihla kungaphantsi kakhulu kunexabiso lokutya elipapashwe yi-European Food Safety Authority (ADI) (0.04 mg/kg ubunzima bomzimba/ngosuku). Nangona kunjalo, siqaphela ukuba izifundo ze-toxicology ezipapashweyo ze-chlormequat zibonisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kwakhona kwezi milinganiselo zokhuseleko kunokuba yimfuneko. Umzekelo, iimpuku neehagu ezichatshazelwe kwiidosi ezingaphantsi kwe-RfD yangoku kunye ne-ADI (0.024 kunye ne-0.0023 mg/kg ubunzima bomzimba/ngosuku, ngokulandelelana) zibonise ukuncipha kokuzala. Kolunye uphando lwe-toxicology, ukuvezwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwiidosi ezilingana nenqanaba lesiphumo esibi elingabonwanga (NOAEL) le-5 mg/kg (elisetyenziselwa ukubala idosi yesalathiso se-US Environmental Protection Agency) kubangele utshintsho ekukhuleni komntwana kunye ne-metabolism, kunye notshintsho kulwakhiwo lomzimba. Iimpuku ezisandula ukuzalwa. Ukongeza, imiqathango yokulawula ayithatheli ngqalelo imiphumo emibi yemixube yeekhemikhali enokuchaphazela inkqubo yokuzala, ebonakaliswe ukuba inemiphumo eyongezelelweyo okanye ehambelanayo kwimilinganiselo ephantsi kunokuvezwa kwiikhemikhali nganye, nto leyo ebangela iingxaki ezinokubakho kwimpilo yokuzala. Inkxalabo malunga nemiphumo enxulumene namanqanaba okuvezwa okwangoku, ingakumbi kwabo banamanqanaba aphezulu okuvezwa kuluntu ngokubanzi eYurophu nase-US.
Olu phononongo lovavanyo lokuvezwa kweekhemikhali ezintsha eMelika lubonisa ukuba i-chlormequat ikhona ekutyeni kwaseMelika, ngakumbi kwiimveliso ze-oat, kunye nakwinkoliso yeesampuli zomchamo ezifunyenweyo eziqokelelwe kubantu abaphantse babe yi-100 eMelika, nto leyo ebonisa ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo kwi-chlormequat. Ngaphezu koko, iindlela ezikule datha zibonisa ukuba amanqanaba okuvezwa anyukile kwaye anokuqhubeka enyuka kwixesha elizayo. Ngenxa yenkxalabo yetyhefu enxulumene nokuvezwa kwe-chlormequat kwizifundo zezilwanyana, kunye nokuvezwa okubanzi kwabantu ngokubanzi kwi-chlormequat kumazwe aseYurophu (kwaye ngoku kusenokwenzeka ukuba eMelika), kunye nezifundo ze-epidemiological kunye nezilwanyana, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokubeka esweni i-chlormequat ekutyeni nakubantu i-Chlormequat. Kubalulekile ukuqonda iingozi ezinokubakho kwimpilo zale khemikhali yezolimo kumanqanaba okuvezwa okubalulekileyo kwindalo, ngakumbi ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-04-2024