I-Chlormequat yiumlawuli wokukhula kwezityalookusetyenziswa kwayo kwizityalo ze-cereal kuyanda kuMntla Melika.Uphononongo lwe-Toxicology lubonise ukuba ukuba sesichengeni kwi-chlormequat kunokunciphisa ukuchuma kwaye kubangele ukwenzakala kusana olukhulayo olungekazalwa ngeedosi ezingaphantsi kwethamo lemihla ngemihla elivunyelweyo elimiselwe ngabasemagunyeni abalawulayo.Apha, sixela ubukho be-chlormequat kwiisampulu zomchamo eziqokelelwe kubemi base-US, kunye namazinga okufumanisa i-69%, i-74%, kunye ne-90% kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe ngo-2017, 2018-2022, kunye no-2023, ngokulandelanayo.Ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2022, ukugxininiswa okuphantsi kwe-chlormequat kufunyenwe kwiisampuli, kwaye ukusuka kwi-2023, ukugxilwa kwe-chlormequat kwiisampuli kunyuke kakhulu.Siphinde saqaphela ukuba i-chlormequat ifunyenwe rhoqo kwiimveliso ze-oat.Ezi ziphumo kunye nedatha yetyhefu ye-chlormequat iphakamisa inkxalabo malunga namanqanaba akhoyo okuvezwa kwaye ibize uvavanyo olubanzi lwetyhefu, uphononongo lokutya, kunye nezifundo ze-epidemiological ukuvavanya impembelelo yokuvezwa kwe-chlormequat kwimpilo yabantu.
Olu phononongo lubika ukufunyanwa kokuqala kwe-chlormequat, i-agrochemical enetyhefu yophuhliso kunye nokuzala, kubemi base-US nakwi-US yokutya.Nangona amanqanaba afanayo ekhemikhali afunyenwe kwiisampuli zomchamo ukusuka kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-2022, amanqanaba aphakamileyo aphezulu afunyenwe kwisampuli ye-2023.Lo msebenzi ubalaselisa imfuneko yokubekwa esweni okubanzi kwechlormequat ekutyeni nakwisampulu zabantu e-United States, kunye ne-toxicology kunye ne-toxicology.Izifundo ze-Epidemiological ze-chlormequat, njengoko le khemikhali ingungcoliseko oluvelayo oluneziphumo ezibi zempilo ezibhaliweyo kwiidosi eziphantsi kwizifundo zezilwanyana.
I-Chlormequat yikhemikhali yezolimo eyabhaliswa okokuqala e-United States ngo-1962 njengomlawuli wokukhula kwezityalo.Nangona okwangoku kuvunyelwe kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwizityalo zokuhombisa e-United States, isigqibo se-2018 ye-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (EPA) savumela ukungeniswa kweemveliso zokutya (ubukhulu becala iinkozo) eziphathwe nge-chlormequat [1].Kwi-EU, e-UK naseKhanada, i-chlormequat ivunyiwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwizityalo zokutya, ikakhulu ingqolowa, i-oats kunye nebhali.I-Chlormequat inokunciphisa ubude besiqu, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa amathuba okuba isityalo sijije, nto leyo eyenza ukuvuna kube nzima.E-UK nase-EU, i-chlormequat yeyona ntsalela ifunyenweyo yesibulali-zinambuzane kwiisiriyeli kunye neesiriyeli, njengoko kubhaliwe kwizifundo zokuhlola ixesha elide [2, 3].
Nangona i-chlormequat ivunyiwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwizityalo kwiindawo zaseYurophu nakuMntla Melika, ibonisa iipropathi zetyhefu ezisekelwe kwimbali kunye nezifundo zovavanyo zezilwanyana ezipapashwe kutshanje.Iziphumo zokuvezwa kwechlormequat kwityhefu yokuzala kunye nokuchuma zaqala ukuchazwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 ngamafama eehagu aseDanish abone ukuncipha kokuzala kweehagu ezikhuliswe ngeenkozo ezineklomequat.Olu qwalaselo lwaye lwavavanywa kamva kuvavanyo lwelabhoratri elawulwayo kwiihagu kunye neempuku, apho iihagu ezimazi zityise ukutya okuziinkozo okunyangwa nge-chlormequat kubonise ukuphazamiseka kwimijikelo ye-estrous kunye nokukhwelana xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwezilwanyana ezondla ukutya ngaphandle kwe-chlormequat.Ukongeza, iimpuku zamadoda ezivezwe kwi-chlormequat ngokutya okanye ngamanzi okusela ngexesha lophuhliso zibonise ukuncipha kokukwazi ukuchumisa isidoda kwi-vitro.Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lwetyhefu yokuzala ye-chlormequat lubonise ukuba ukuvezwa kweempuku kwi-chlormequat ngamaxesha abuthathaka ophuhliso, kubandakanya ukukhulelwa kunye nobomi bokuqala, kubangele ukulibaziseka kokufikisa, ukuncipha kokuhamba kwesidoda, ukuncipha kobunzima belungu lokuzala, kunye nokuncipha kwamanqanaba e-testosterone.Uphononongo lwetyhefu oluphuhlisayo lukwabonisa ukuba ukuchanabeka kwi-chlormequat ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunokubangela ukukhula komntwana kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwe-metabolic.Olunye uphononongo alufumananga siphumo se-chlormequat ekusebenzeni kokuzala kwiimpuku zabasetyhini kunye neehagu ezingamadoda, kwaye akukho zifundo zilandelayo zifumene isiphumo se-chlormequat ekuchumeni kweempuku zamadoda ezivezwe kwi-chlormequat ngexesha lophuhliso kunye nobomi basemva kokubeleka.Idatha elinganayo kwi-chlormequat kuncwadi lwe-toxicological inokuba ngenxa yokwahlukana kwiidosi zovavanyo kunye nemilinganiselo, kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziphilayo zemodeli kunye nesondo sezilwanyana zokulinga.Ngoko ke, uphando olongezelelweyo lufanelekile.
Nangona uphando lwamva nje lwe-toxicological lubonise iziphumo ze-chlormequat kuphuhliso, ukuveliswa kunye nenkqubo ye-endocrine, iindlela ezenza ngayo ezi ziphumo ze-toxicological aziwa.Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba i-chlormequat ayinakusebenza ngeendlela ezichazwe kakuhle zeekhemikhali eziphazamisa i-endocrine, kuquka i-estrogen okanye i-androgen receptors, kwaye ayiguquli umsebenzi we-aromatase.Obunye ubungqina bubonisa ukuba i-chlormequat inokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngokuguqula i-steroid biosynthesis kwaye ibangele uxinzelelo lwe-endoplasmic reticulum.
Nangona i-chlormequat ikhona kwindawo yonke ekutyeni okuqhelekileyo kwaseYurophu, inani lezifundo ze-biomonitoring ezivavanya ukuvezwa komntu kwi-chlormequat lincinci.I-Chlormequat inobomi obufutshane obufutshane emzimbeni, malunga neeyure ze-2-3, kwaye kwizifundo ezibandakanya amavolontiya abantu, uninzi lweedosi zokulinga zacinywa emzimbeni kwiiyure ezingama-24.Kwiisampulu zabemi ngokubanzi abavela e-UK naseSweden, i-chlormequat yabhaqwa kumchamo ophantse ube yi-100% yabathathi-nxaxheba bophononongo kwizandi eziphakamileyo kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo kunezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezifana ne-chlorpyrifos, i-pyrethroids, i-thiabendazole kunye ne-mancozeb metabolites.Uphononongo kwiihagu lubonise ukuba i-chlormequat nayo inokufumaneka kwiserum kwaye inokutshintshelwa ebisini, kodwa ezi matrices azikhange zifundwe ebantwini okanye kwezinye iimodeli zezilwanyana zovavanyo, nangona ubukho bayo kwiserum kunye nobisi bunokunxulunyaniswa nomonakalo wokuzala ovela kwintsholongwane. iikhemikhali..Kukho imiphumo ebalulekileyo yokuvezwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunye nakwiintsana .
Ngo-Epreli ka-2018, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US ibhengeze amanqanaba amkelekileyo okunyamezela ukutya kwi-chlormequat kwi-oats ethunyelwa ngaphandle, ingqolowa, ibhali, kunye nemveliso ethile yezilwanyana, evumela ukuba i-chlormequat ingeniswe kwi-US yokutya.Isiqulatho se-oat esivumelekileyo siye sanyuka emva koko ngo-2020. Ukubonakalisa impembelelo yezi zigqibo malunga nokwenzeka kunye nokuxhaphaka kwe-chlormequat kubantu abadala base-US, olu phononongo lokulinga lulinganise isixa se-chlormequat kumchamo wabantu abavela kwimimandla emithathu yase-US ukusuka kwi-2017. ukuya ku-2023 kwaye kwakhona ngo-2022. kunye nomxholo we-chlormequat we-oat kunye neemveliso zengqolowa ezithengiweyo e-United States ngo-2023.
Iisampulu eziqokelelwe kwimimandla emithathu yejografi phakathi kuka-2017 kunye no-2023 zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amanqanaba omchamo we-chlormequat kubahlali base-US.Iisampulu ezingamashumi amabini ananye zomchamo zaqokelelwa kubafazi abakhulelweyo abangabonakaliyo abavumayo ngexesha lokunikezelwa ngokweBhodi yokuHlola yeZiko (IRB) evunyiweyo ye-2017 evela kwi-Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA).Iisampulu zigcinwe kwi-4 ° C ukuya kwiiyure ze-4, emva koko zicatshulwa kwaye zikhenkcezwe ku -80 ° C.Iisampulu ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu zomchamo wabantu abadala zathengwa ku-Lee Biosolutions, Inc (Maryland Heights, MO, USA) ngoNovemba 2022, emele isampuli enye eqokelelwe ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2017 ukuya kuSeptemba 2022, kwaye yaqokelelwa kumavolontiya (amadoda ayi-13 kunye nabasetyhini be-12).) ngemboleko kwingqokelela yeMaryland Heights, eMissouri.Iisampulu zagcinwa kwi -20°C ngoko nangoko emva kokuqokelela.Ukongeza, iisampulu ze-50 zomchamo eziqokelelwe kumavolontiya aseFlorida (amadoda angama-25, amabhinqa angama-25) ngoJuni 2023 zathengwa kwi-BioIVT, LLC (Westbury, NY, USA).Iisampulu zagcinwa kwi-4°C de zonke iisampulu ziqokelelwe, emva koko zicatshulwe kwaye zikhenkcezwe ku -20°C.Inkampani yababoneleli ifumene imvume eyimfuneko ye-IRB ukuze isebenze iisampulu zabantu kunye nemvume yokuqokelela isampulu.Akukho lwazi lobuqu lunikezelweyo kuyo nayiphi na iisampulu ezivavanyiweyo.Zonke iisampulu zithunyelwe emkhenkceni ukuze zihlalutywe.Ulwazi lwesampulu eneenkcukacha inokufumaneka kwiTheyibhile yoLwazi oluXhasa iS1.
Ubungakanani be-chlormequat kwiisampuli zomchamo womntu zinqunywe yi-LC-MS / MS kwi-HSE Research Laboratory (Buxton, UK) ngokwendlela epapashwe nguLindh et al.Iguqulwe kancinane kwi-2011.Ngokufutshane, iisampuli zalungiswa ngokuxuba i-200 μl yomchamo ongahluzwanga kunye ne-1.8 ml ye-0.01 M i-acetate ye-ammonium equlethe umgangatho wangaphakathi.Isampuli yabe ikhutshwe kusetyenziswa ikholomu ye-HCX-Q, ifakwe kuqala nge-methanol, emva koko nge-0.01 M ammonium acetate, ihlanjwe nge-0.01 M ammonium acetate, kwaye ikhutshwe nge-1% ye-asidi ye-formic kwi-methanol.Iisampulu zaye zalayishwa kwikholamu ye-C18 LC (i-Synergi 4 µ Hydro-RP 150 × 2 mm; i-Phenomenex, e-UK) kwaye yahlula ngokusebenzisa isigaba se-isocratic esine-0.1% ye-asidi ye-acid: i-methanol 80: i-20 kwinqanaba lokuhamba kwe-0.2.ml/min.Ukutshintshwa kweempendulo ezikhethwe yi-mass spectrometry zichazwe nguLindh et al.2011. Umda wokufumanisa wawuyi-0.1 μg / L njengoko kuchazwe kwezinye izifundo.
Uxinzelelo lwe-chlormequat ye-Urinary lubonakaliswa njenge-μmol chlormequat / i-mol creatinine kwaye iguqulelwe kwi-μg chlormequat / g creatinine njengoko kuchazwe kwizifundo zangaphambili (ziphindaphinda nge-1.08).
I-Anresco Laboratories, LLC ivavanye iisampulu zokutya ze-oats (i-25 yesiqhelo kunye ne-8 ye-organic) kunye nengqolowa (i-9 eqhelekileyo) ye-chlormequat (eSan Francisco, CA, USA).Iisampulu zahlalutywa ngohlengahlengiso ngokweendlela ezipapashiweyo [19].I-LOD/LOQ yeesampulu ze-oat ngo-2022 kunye nazo zonke iisampuli zengqolowa kunye ne-oat ngo-2023 zamiselwa kwi-10/100 ppb kunye ne-3/40 ppb ngokulandelelanayo.Ulwazi oluneenkcukacha lwesampulu lunokufumaneka kwiNkxaso yoLwazi lweThebhile S2.
Ukugxininiswa kwe-Chlomequat ye-Urinary kwahlanganiswa ngendawo yendawo kunye nonyaka wokuqokelela, ngaphandle kweesampuli ezimbini eziqokelelwe kwi-2017 ukusuka e-Maryland Heights, e-Missouri, ezihlanganiswe kunye nezinye iisampuli ze-2017 ezivela eCharleston, eSouth Carolina.Iisampulu ezingaphantsi komda wokufumanisa i-chlormequat ziphathwe njengepesenti zokufumanisa i-square root ye-2. Idatha ayizange isasazwe ngokuqhelekileyo, ngoko ke uvavanyo lwe-Kruskal-Wallis lwe-nonparametric kunye novavanyo lokuthelekisa oluphindaphindiweyo lukaDunn lusetyenzisiwe ukuthelekisa i-medians phakathi kwamaqela.Zonke izibalo zenziwa kwiGraphPad Prism (Boston, MA).
I-Chlormequat yafunyanwa kwi-77 ye-96 yeesampuli zomchamo, ezimele i-80% yazo zonke iisampuli zomchamo.Xa kuthelekiswa no-2017 kunye no-2018-2022, iisampuli ze-2023 zifunyenwe rhoqo: i-16 kwiisampuli ze-23 (okanye i-69%) kunye ne-17 kwiisampuli ze-23 (okanye i-74%), ngokulandelanayo, kunye ne-45 kwiisampuli ze-50 (okt 90%). .) zavavanywa (Itheyibhile 1).Phambi kowama-2023, ugxininiso lwechlormequat oluchongiweyo kumaqela amabini lwalulingana, kanti ugxininiso lwechlormequat olufunyenwe kwiisampulu zika-2023 lwaluphezulu kakhulu kunesampulu kwiminyaka edlulileyo (Umfanekiso 1A, B).Uluhlu lokuxilonga olubonakalayo lwe-2017, i-2018-2022, kunye neesampuli ze-2023 zaziyi-0.22 ukuya kwi-5.4, i-0.11 ukuya kwi-4.3, kunye ne-0.27 ukuya kwi-52.8 micrograms ye-chlormequat ngegram ye-creatinine, ngokulandelanayo.Amaxabiso aphakathi kuzo zonke iisampuli kwi-2017, 2018-2022, kunye ne-2023 yi-0.46, 0.30, kunye ne-1.4, ngokulandelanayo.Ezi datha zibonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kunokuqhubeka kunikwa isiqingatha sobomi obufutshane be-chlormequat emzimbeni, kunye namanqanaba asezantsi okuvezwa phakathi kwe-2017 kunye ne-2022 kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okuvezwa ngo-2023.
Uxinaniso lwechlormequat kwisampulu yomchamo ngamnye inikezelwa njengenqaku elinye elineentsimbi ezingaphezulu kwentsingiselo kunye neempazamo ezimele impazamo eqhelekileyo.Uxinzelelo lwe-chlormequat yomchamo lubonakaliswa kwi-mcg ye-chlormequat ngegram ye-creatinine kwi-linear scale kunye ne-logarithmic scale.Uhlalutyo lwe-Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis yomahluko kunye novavanyo lothelekiso oluninzi lukaDunn lusetyenziselwe ukuvavanya ukubaluleka kwamanani .
Iisampulu zokutya ezithengiweyo e-United States ngo-2022 kunye no-2023 zibonise amanqanaba abonakalayo e-chlormequat kuzo zonke kodwa ezimbini zeemveliso ze-oat zemveli ze-25, kunye nogxininiso oluvela kwi-291 μg / kg, ebonisa i-chlormequat kwi-oats.Ukuxhaphaka kokutya imifuno kuphezulu.Iisampulu eziqokelelwe ngo-2022 kunye no-2023 zinemigangatho efanayo ephakathi: 90 µg/kg kunye ne-114 µg/kg, ngokulandelelanayo.Inye kuphela isampuli yeemveliso ezisibhozo ze-oat ephilayo enomxholo obonwayo we-chlormequat we-17 µg/kg.Siphinde sabona ukugxininiswa okuphantsi kwe-chlormequat kwiimveliso ezimbini zengqolowa ezilithoba ezivavanyiweyo: 3.5 kunye ne-12.6 μg / kg, ngokulandelanayo.
Le yingxelo yokuqala yokulinganisa i-chlormequat yomchamo kubantu abadala abahlala e-United States kunye nabemi abangaphandle kwe-United Kingdom ne-Sweden.Iimpawu zokujonga i-Pesticide biomonitoring phakathi kolutsha olungaphezulu kwe-1,000 e-Sweden lirekhode i-100% izinga lokufunyanwa kwe-chlormequat ukusuka ku-2000 ukuya ku-2017. Umyinge woxinaniso ngo-2017 wawuyi-0.86 micrograms ye-chlormequat ngegram ye-creatinine kwaye ibonakala iyancipha i-avareji yezinga ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunye neqondo eliphezulu ukuba yi-2.77 ngo-2009.E-UK, i-biomonitoring ifumene i-avareji ephezulu ye-chlormequat yoxinaniso lwe-15.1 micrograms ye-chlormequat ngegram ye-creatinine phakathi kuka-2011 kunye no-2012, nangona ezi sampuli zaqokelelwa kubantu abahlala kwimimandla yezolimo.kwakungekho mahluko ekuvezweni.Isiganeko sokutshiza[15].Uphononongo lwethu lwesampulu yase-US ukusuka kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-2022 ifumene amanqanaba asezantsi aphakathi xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo zangaphambili eYurophu, ngelixa kwi-2023 isampula ye-median amanqanaba athelekiseka kwisampulu yaseSweden kodwa ephantsi kunesampulu yase-UK.
Lo mahluko wokuvezwa phakathi kwemimandla kunye namanqaku exesha angabonisa umahluko kwindlela yokusebenza kwezolimo kunye nenqanaba lolawulo lwe-chlormequat, ethi ekugqibeleni ibe nefuthe kumanqanaba e-chlormequat kwiimveliso zokutya.Ngokomzekelo, ukugxininiswa kwe-chlormequat kwiisampuli zomchamo kwakuphezulu kakhulu kwi-2023 xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka edlulileyo, enokuthi ibonise utshintsho olunxulumene nezenzo zokulawula ze-EPA ezinxulumene ne-chlormequat (kubandakanywa nemida yokutya ye-chlormequat kwi-2018).Ukubonelela ngokutya kwe-US kwikamva elikufutshane.Phakamisa imigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwe-oat ngo-2020. Ezi zenzo zivumela ukungenisa kunye nokuthengiswa kweemveliso zezolimo eziphathwa nge-chlormequat, umzekelo, ukusuka eCanada.I-lag phakathi kweenguqu zolawulo lwe-EPA kunye noxinzelelo oluphakamileyo lwe-chlormequat efunyenwe kwiisampulu zomchamo ngo-2023 inokuchazwa ngenani leemeko, ezifana nokulibaziseka kokwamkelwa kweendlela zolimo ezisebenzisa i-chlormequat, ukulibaziseka kweenkampani zase-US kwiingxoxo zezivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye abantu abazimeleyo.bafumana ukulibaziseka ekuthengeni i-oats ngenxa yokuncipha kwempahla endala yemveliso kunye/okanye ngenxa yobomi obude beshelufu yeemveliso ze-oat.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ugxininiso olujongwe kwiisampulu zomchamo zase-US lubonisa ukubakho kokutya okunokubakho kwi-chlormequat, silinganise i-chlormequat kwi-oat kunye neemveliso zengqolowa ezithengiweyo e-US ngo-2022 kunye no-2023. Iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ze-oat ziyahluka, kunye nenqanaba eliphakathi kwe-104 ppb, mhlawumbi ngenxa yobonelelo oluvela e-United States naseKhanada, enokuthi ibonise iyantlukwano ekusebenziseni okanye ukungasetyenziswa.phakathi kweemveliso eziveliswa kwi-oats eziphathwe nge-chlormequat.Ngokwahlukileyo, kwiisampuli zokutya zase-UK, i-chlormequat ininzi kakhulu kwiimveliso ezisekelwe kwingqolowa ezifana nesonka, kunye ne-chlormequat efunyenwe kwi-90% yeesampuli eziqokelelwe e-UK phakathi kukaJulayi noSeptemba 2022. Umyinge woxinzelelo ngu-60 ppb.Ngokufanayo, i-chlormequat iye yabhaqwa kwi-82% yeesampulu ze-oat yase-UK kumndilili woxinzelelo we-1650 ppb, ngaphezulu kwamaxesha ali-15 ngaphezulu kweesampulu zase-US, ezinokucacisa ukugxilwa komchamo okuphezulu okubonwa kwiisampulu zase-UK.
Iziphumo zethu ze-biomonitoring zibonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwe-chlormequat kwenzeka ngaphambi kwe-2018, nangona ukunyamezela kokutya kwi-chlormequat akuzange kusekwe.Nangona i-chlormequat ingalawulwa kukutya e-United States, kwaye akukho datha yembali malunga nokugxininiswa kwe-chlormequat ekutyeni okuthengiswa e-United States, kunikwe i-half-life ye-chlormequat, sikrokrela ukuba oku kubonakaliswa kunokuba kukutya.Ukongezelela, i-choline precursors kwiimveliso zengqolowa kunye neepowder zeqanda ngokwemvelo zenza i-chlormequat kumaqondo aphezulu, njengalawo asetyenziselwa ukutya kunye nokuvelisa, okubangelwa ukugxilwa kwe-chlormequat ukusuka kwi-5 ukuya kwi-40 ng / g.Iziphumo zethu zovavanyo lokutya zibonisa ukuba ezinye iisampulu, kubandakanywa imveliso ye-oat ephilayo, iqulethe i-chlormequat kumanqanaba afana nalawo axelwe kwizifundo ze-chlormequat yendalo, ngelixa ezinye iisampulu ziqulethe amanqanaba aphezulu e-chlormequat.Ke, amanqanaba esiwabonileyo kumchamo ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2023 asenokuba ngenxa yokuvezwa kokutya kwi-chlormequat eveliswe ngexesha lokwenziwa kokutya kunye nokuveliswa.Amanqanaba aqwalaselweyo ngo-2023 kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yokuvezwa kokutya kwiklorimequat eveliswa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye neemveliso ezivela kumazwe angaphandle eziphathwe ngechlormequat kwezolimo.Umahluko ekuvezweni kwechlormequat phakathi kweesampulu zethu kusenokubakho ngenxa yeendawo ezikuyo, iipatheni ezahlukeneyo zokutya, okanye ukuvezwa kwechlormequat emsebenzini xa isetyenziswa kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo.
Uphononongo lwethu lucebisa ukuba ubungakanani besampulu ezinkulu kunye nesampulu eyohlukeneyo yokutya okunyangwa nge-chlormequat iyafuneka ukuze kuvavanywe ngokupheleleyo imithombo yokutya ye-chlormequat enokubakho kubantu abatyhilekileyo.Izifundo zexesha elizayo ezibandakanya uhlalutyo lomchamo wembali kunye neesampulu zokutya, i-questionnaire yokutya kunye nomsebenzi, ukujonga okuqhubekayo kwe-chlormequat kukutya okuqhelekileyo kunye nokutya okuphilayo e-United States, kunye neesampuli ze-biomonitoring ziya kunceda ukucacisa izinto eziqhelekileyo zokuvezwa kwe-chlormequat kubemi base-US.
Amathuba okunyuka kwamanqanaba e-chlormequat kumchamo kunye neesampulu zokutya e-United States kwiminyaka ezayo kusafuneka kumiselwe.EUnited States, i-chlormequat okwangoku ivunyelwe kuphela kwimveliso ye-oat kunye nengqolowa, kodwa i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo okwangoku iqwalasela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezolimo kwizityalo ezingezona eziphilayo zasekhaya.Ukuba usetyenziso olunjalo lwasekhaya luvunyiwe kunye nenkqubo yezolimo exhaphakileyo ye-chlormequat ngaphandle nasekhaya, amanqanaba e-chlormequat kwi-oats, ingqolowa, kunye nezinye iimveliso eziziinkozo zinokuqhubeka nokunyuka, okukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okuvezwa kwe-chlormequat.Bebonke abantu base-US.
Uxinzelelo lwangoku lomchamo lwechlormequat kolu nolunye uphononongo lubonisa ukuba abanikeli besampulu ngabanye baye basesichengeni sechlormequat kumanqanaba awayengaphantsi kwe-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo yase-US epapashiweyo idosi yesalathiso (RfD) (0.05 mg/kg ubunzima bomzimba ngosuku), ngoko ke yamkelekile. .Ukutya kwansuku zonke yimiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu obuphantsi kunexabiso lokuthatha elipapashwe yi-European Food Safety Authority (ADI) (0.04 mg / kg ubunzima bomzimba / ngosuku).Nangona kunjalo, siqaphela ukuba uphando lwe-toxicology olupapashiweyo lwe-chlormequat lucebisa ukuba ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwale miqobo yokhuseleko kunokuba yimfuneko.Umzekelo, iimpuku kunye neehagu ezivezwe kwiidosi ezingaphantsi kwe-RfD yangoku kunye ne-ADI (0.024 kunye ne-0.0023 mg / kg ubunzima bomzimba / ngosuku, ngokulandelanayo) ibonise ukuzala okuhla.Kwesinye isifundo se-toxicology, ukuvezwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwiidosi ezilingana nenqanaba lesiphumo esibi esingabonwayo (NOAEL) se-5 mg / kg (esetyenziselwa ukubala idosi yereferensi ye-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US) kubangele utshintsho ekukhuleni komntwana kunye nemetabolism, ngokunjalo. njengotshintsho ekubunjweni komzimba.Iimpuku ezisanda kuzalwa .Ukongeza, imida yolawulo ayithatheli ngqalelo iziphumo ezibi zemixube yeekhemikhali ezinokuchaphazela inkqubo yokuzala, eziye zaboniswa zineempembelelo ezongezelelweyo okanye ze-synergistic kwiidosi ezisezantsi kunokuvezwa kwimichiza nganye, ebangela iingxaki ezinokubakho kwimpilo yokuzala.impilo.Iinkxalabo malunga neziphumo ezinxulumene namanqanaba angoku okuvezwa, ngakumbi abo banamanqanaba aphezulu okuba sesichengeni kubemi ngokubanzi eYurophu nase-US.
Olu phononongo lokulinga lokuvezwa kwemichiza emitsha e-United States lubonisa ukuba i-chlormequat ikhona kukutya kwase-US, ngokuyintloko kwiimveliso ze-oat, kunye noninzi lweesampulu zomchamo ezifunyenweyo eziqokelelwe kubantu abaphantse babe yi-100 e-US, ebonisa ukubonakaliswa okuqhubekayo kwi-chlormequat.Ngaphezu koko, iintsingiselo kwezi datha zibonisa ukuba amanqanaba okuvezwa anyukile kwaye angaqhubeka nokukhula kwixesha elizayo.Ngenxa yeenkxalabo ezinobungozi ezinxulumene nokuvezwa kwechlormequat kwizifundo zezilwanyana, kunye nokuvezwa ngokubanzi kwabantu ngokubanzi kwichlormequat kumazwe aseYurophu (kwaye ngoku kunokwenzeka ukuba eUnited States), kudityaniswa nezifundo ze-epidemiological kunye nezilwanyana, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuHlola i-chlormequat ukutya kunye nabantu Chlormequat.Kubalulekile ukuqonda iingozi zempilo ezinokuthi zibe kho zale khemikhali yezolimo kumanqanaba okuvezwa kokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-04-2024