Iyahlohlaisibulali zinambuzaneiinetha zeefestile (ITNs) kwimiva evulekileyo, iifestile, kunye nemingxuma eludongeni kumakhaya angaqiniswanga yindlela enokubakho yokulawula isifo seengcongconi. Ingaukuthintela iingcongconiukusuka ekungeneni ekhaya, ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezibulalayo kunye neziyingozi kwi-malaria vectors kunye nokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwemalariya. Ngoko ke, senze uphando lwe-epidemiological kwimizi yaseTanzania ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-insecticide-treated window nets (ITNs) ekukhuseleni ukusuleleka kwi-malaria kunye ne-vectors ngaphakathi.
KwiSithili saseCharinze, eTanzania, iintsapho ezingama-421 zabelwa amaqela amabini ngokungacwangciswanga. Ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuJulayi 2021, inethi zeengcongconi ezine-deltamethrin kunye ne-synergist zifakwe kwi-eaves, iifestile, kunye nokuvuleka kwendonga kwiqela elinye, ngelixa elinye iqela lingazange. Ukulandela ukufakwa, ekupheleni kwexesha elide lemvula (Juni / Julayi 2022, isiphumo sokuqala) kunye nexesha elifutshane lemvula (ngoJanuwari/Februwari 2022, isiphumo sesibini), onke amalungu athatha inxaxheba (abaneminyaka ≥6 iinyanga) baye bafumana uvavanyo lwe-PCR lobuninzi bosulelo lwemalariya. Iziphumo zasesekondari zibandakanya ukubalwa kweengcongconi zizonke ngomgibe ngobusuku (ngoJuni/Julayi 2022), iziphumo ezibi kwinyanga enye emva kokubekwa komnatha (ngo-Agasti 2021), kunye nokufumaneka kwe-chemobioavailability kunye nentsalela kunyaka omnye emva kokusetyenziswa kwenethi (Juni/Julayi 2022). Ekupheleni kovavanyo, iqela lolawulo lafumana nenethi zengcongconi.
Uphononongo alukwazanga ukwenza izigqibo ngenxa yobungakanani besampulu enganelanga ngenxa yokwala kwabahlali abathile ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Uvavanyo olulawulwayo lweqela elikhulu, olubandakanya ukufakwa kwezikrini zefestile eziphathwe nge-insecticide ehlala ixesha elide, kuyadingeka ukuvavanya olu ngenelelo.
Idatha yokuxhaphaka kwesifo seengcongconi yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa indlela yeprotocol, okuthetha ukuba abantu ababehambe kwiiveki ezimbini ngaphambi kophando okanye bathathe amayeza okulwa nemalariya babengabandakanywa kuhlalutyo.
Ngenxa yokuba inani leengcongconi ezibanjiweyo ngexesha lovavanyo lalincinci, kuphela imodeli engalungiswanga engalungiswanga ye-binomial yokubuyisela inani leengcongconi ezibanjwe ngobusuku ngumgibe ngamnye wasetyenziselwa ukumisela inani leengcongconi kwigumbi.
Kumakhaya afanelekileyo angama-450 akhethwe kuzo zonke iilali ezilithoba, ezisithoba zazingabandakanywanga ngenxa yokuba zazingenalo uphahla oluvulekileyo okanye iifestile ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe irandom. NgoMeyi ka-2021, amakhaya angama-441 aphantsi kwe-randomization elula ehlelwe yilali: amakhaya angama-221 abelwa kwiqela le-intelligent ventilation system (IVS), kunye ne-220 eseleyo kwiqela lolawulo. Ekugqibeleni, i-208 yezindlu ezikhethiweyo zagqiba ukufakwa kwe-IVS, ngelixa i-195 yahlala kwiqela lokulawula (Umfanekiso 3).
Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba i-ITS inokusebenza ngakumbi ekukhuseleni isifo seengcongconi kumaqela athile eminyaka ubudala, izakhiwo zezindlu, okanye xa isetyenziswa nenethi zokuthintela iingcongconi. Ufikelelo kwimpahla yokulawula isifo seengcongconi, ingakumbi inethi zeengcongconi, kuxelwe ukuba kunqongophele, ngakumbi kubantwana abasahamba isikolo.[46] Ukufumaneka okuphantsi kweminatha ezindlini kunegalelo ekusetyenzisweni okulinganiselweyo kwenetha kumakhaya, kwaye abantwana abakwiminyaka yobudala besikolo bahlala bengahoywa, ngaloo ndlela beba ngumthombo wosulelo oluqhubekayo lwemalariya. kunye nenyaniso yokuba eli qela linokufumana ubunzima obuninzi bokufikelela kwiinetha, i-ITS inokuthi inike ukhuseleko kweli qela, ngaloo ndlela izalise isithuba sokukhusela ekusetyenzisweni komnatha. Izakhiwo zezindlu ziye zadityaniswa ngaphambili ekwandeni kosulelo lwemalariya; umzekelo, iintanda kwiindonga zodaka kunye nemingxuma kuphahla lwemveli lula ukungena iingcongconi.[8] Nangona kunjalo, abukho ubungqina obuxhasa eli bango; uhlalutyo lwamaqela okufunda ngohlobo lwendonga, uhlobo lwephahla, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kwe-ITN kubonise ukuba akukho mahluko phakathi kweqela lolawulo kunye neqela le-ITN.
Nangona amakhaya asebenzisa inkqubo yokulawula iingcongconi yangaphakathi (ITS) ayenengcongconi ezimbalwa ze-Anopheles ezibanjwa ngomgibe ubusuku bonke, umahluko ubumncinci xa kuthelekiswa namakhaya angenayo i-ITS. Izinga elisezantsi lokubanjwa kumakhaya asebenzisa i-ITS lisenokuba ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kwiintlobo zeengcongconi eziphambili ezitya kwaye zihlale ngaphakathi (umzekelo, i-Anopheles gambiae [50]) kodwa isenokungasebenzi kakuhle kwiintlobo zeengcongconi ekunokwenzeka ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle (umz., i-Anopheles africanus). Ngaphaya koko, ii-ITS zangoku zisenokungaqulathanga izigxina zepyrethroids kunye nePBO, ngoko ke, zisenokungasebenzi ngokwaneleyo ngokuchasene nepyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae, njengoko kubonisiwe kuphononongo oluphakathi [Odufuwa, oluzayo]. Esi siphumo sinokubangelwa kukungonelanga kwamandla ezibalo. Ukubona umehluko we-10% phakathi kweqela le-ITS kunye neqela lolawulo kunye ne-80% yamandla ezibalo, amakhaya angama-500 afunekayo kwiqela ngalinye. Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, uphononongo lwangqamana nemozulu engaqhelekanga eTanzania ngaloo nyaka, ngamaqondo obushushu anyukileyo kunye nokuncipha kwemvula[51], enokuthi ibe nefuthe elibi kubukho kunye nokusinda kweengcongconi ze-Anopheles[52] kwaye ibinokukhokelela ekwehleni kobalo lweengcongconi lulonke ngexesha lophononongo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, bekukho umahluko omncinci kumndilili wobuninzi bemihla ngemihla yeCulex pipiens pallens kwizindlu ezine-ITS xa kuthelekiswa nezindlu ezingenayo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili [Odufuwa, ezayo], le nto inokuthi ibangelwa iteknoloji ethile yokongeza i-pyrethroids kunye ne-PBO kwi-ITS, ekhawulela umphumo wabo we-insecticidal kwi-Culex pipiens. Ngaphaya koko, ngokungafaniyo neengcongconi ze-Anopheles, i-Culex pipiens inokungena kwizakhiwo ngeengcango, njengoko ifunyenwe kuphononongo lwaseKenya[24] kunye nophononongo lwe-entomological eTanzania[53]. Ukufakela iingcango zesikrini kusenokungenzeki kwaye kuya konyusa umngcipheko wokuchanabeka komhlali kwimichiza yokubulala izinambuzane. Iingcongconi ze-Anopheles zingena ikakhulu ngemivambo[54], kwaye ungenelelo olukhulu lunokuba nempembelelo enkulu ekuxinaniseni kweengcongconi, njengoko kubonisiwe ngokwenziwa kwemodeli ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-SFS[Odufuwa, ezayo].
Iimpendulo ezimbi ezichazwe ngabachwephesha kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba babehambelana neempendulo ezaziwayo kwi-pyrethroid exposure [55]. Okuqaphelekayo, uninzi lweziphumo ezibi ezixeliweyo zisonjululwe kwiiyure ezingama-72 zokuvezwa, njengoko kuphela linani elincinci kakhulu (6%) lamalungu osapho afune unyango, kwaye bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana unyango simahla. Izehlo eziphezulu zokuthimla ezibonwe phakathi kwamagcisa ali-13 (65%) zayanyaniswa nokusilela ukusebenzisa iimaski ezibonelelweyo, kuchazwa ukungonwabi kunye nekhonkco elinokubakho kwi-COVID-19. Izifundo zexesha elizayo zinokuthathela ingqalelo ukunxitywa kwemaski.
KwiSithili saseCharinze, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo abonwe kumazinga ezehlo zesifo seengcongconi okanye inani leengcongconi zangaphakathi phakathi kwamakhaya anezikrini zefestile ezinezibulali zinambuzane (ITS). Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yoyilo lophononongo, iipropati zesitshabalalisi kunye neentsalela, kunye nokuthotywa okuphezulu komthathi-nxaxheba. Ngaphandle kokungabikho kweyantlukwano ebonakalayo, ukwehla kweziganeko zezifunxi-gazi kumakhaya kuye kwaphawulwa ngexesha leemvula ezinde, ngakumbi kubantwana abasahamba isikolo. Inani leengcongconi ezingaphakathi endlini ye-Anopheles nalo liye lehla, nto leyo ebonisa imfuneko yophando oluqhubekayo. Ngoko ke, ukuqinisekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba okuqhubekayo, uyilo olulawulwayo lweqela elingenamkhethe, oludityaniswe nothethathethwano olusebenzayo loluntu kunye nokufikelela, kuyacetyiswa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-21-2025