Njengesiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sezityalo ezizinzileyo nezininzi, imichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi idlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo kulawulo lwezinambuzane.I-Neonicotinoids zezona zibulali zinambuzane zibalulekileyo emhlabeni.Babhaliselwe ukusetyenziswa e-China kunye namazwe angaphezu kwe-120 kuquka i-European Union, i-United States, ne-Canada.Isabelo semarike sibalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-25% yehlabathi.Ilawula ngokukhethekileyo i-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) kwinkqubo ye-nervous system, ikhubaza inkqubo ye-nervous ephakathi kwaye ibangele ukufa kwezinambuzane, kwaye inemiphumo emihle yokulawula i-Homoptera, i-Coleoptera, i-Lepidoptera, kunye nezinambuzane ezijoliswe kuzo.Ukususela ngoSeptemba 2021, kukho ii-pesticides ze-12 ze-neonicotinoid ezibhalisiweyo kwilizwe lam, ezizezi imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam, i-acetamiprid, i-clothianidin, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram, i-thiacloprid, i-sflufenamid Kukho ngaphezu kwe-3,400 iintlobo ze-fluoporodloprile, i-fluoporodloprine, imveliso yokulungiselela, i-fluoroloprine kunye ne-flufenamide enye , phakathi kwazo amalungiselelo ekhompawundi akhawunti ngaphezu kwe-31%.Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram njalo njalo.
Ngotyalo-mali olukhulu oluqhubekayo lwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kwindawo yendalo yezolimo, uthotho lweengxaki zenzululwazi ezifana nokuchasa okujoliswe kuko, imingcipheko yendalo, kunye nempilo yabantu nazo ziye zavela.Ngo-2018, i-cotton aphid aphid kwingingqi ye-Xinjiang yaphuhlisa amanqanaba aphakathi kwaye aphezulu okumelana ne-neonicotinoid insecticide, phakathi kwayo ukuchasana kwe-imidacloprid, acetamiprid kunye ne-thiamethoxam kunyuke ngamaxesha angama-85.2-412 kunye namaxesha angama-221-777, ngokulandelelana kunye ne-1,295 ukuya kwayi-1,295. .Uphononongo lwamazwe ngamazwe malunga noxhathiso lwamachiza eBemisia tabaci populations luphinde lwachaza ukuba ukusuka ku-2007 ukuya ku-2010, i-Bemisia tabaci ibonise ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwi-neonicotinoid pesticides, ngakumbi imidacloprid kunye ne-thiacloprid.Okwesibini, izinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid azichaphazeli kakhulu ukuxinana kwabemi kuphela, ukuziphatha kokutya, ukuguquguquka kwendawo kunye ne-thermoregulation yeenyosi, kodwa zinefuthe elibi kakhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokuzala kwemisundululu.Ukongezelela, ukusuka kwi-1994 ukuya kwi-2011, izinga lokubona i-pesticides ye-neonicotinoid kumchamo womntu landa kakhulu, ebonisa ukuba ukungenisa okungathanga ngqo kunye nokuqokelela komzimba we-neonicotinoid pesticides kwanda unyaka nonyaka.Ngokusebenzisa i-microdialysis kwingqondo yegundane, kwafunyaniswa ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-clothianidin kunye ne-thiamethoxam lunokubangela ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine kwiimpuku, kwaye i-thiacloprid inokukhuthaza ukonyuka kwamanqanaba e-thyroid gland kwi-plasma yegundane.Kucingelwa ukuba i-neonicotinoid pesticides inokuchaphazela ukuncancisa Umonakalo kwiinkqubo ze-nervous kunye ne-endocrine yezilwanyana.Uphononongo lwemodeli ye-in vitro yomongo wethambo lomntu i-mesenchymal stem cell iqinisekisile ukuba i-nitenpyram inokubangela umonakalo we-DNA kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-chromosomal, okukhokelela ekwandeni kweentlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo ye-intracellular, echaphazela ukuhlukana kwe-osteogenic.Ngokusekelwe kule nto, i-Arhente yoLawulo lwezilwanyana zaseCanada (PMRA) iqalise inkqubo yokuhlola kwakhona ezinye i-neonicotinoid insecticides, kunye ne-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nayo yavala kwaye inqande imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-clothianidin.
Ukudityaniswa kwezitshabalalisi ezahlukeneyo akunakulibazisa kuphela ukuxhathisa isibulali-zinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo kwaye kuphucule umsebenzi wezitshabalalisi, kodwa kwakhona kunciphise ubungakanani bemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwendalo, kubonelela ngamathemba abanzi okunciphisa ezi ngxaki zenzululwazi zingasentla kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuchaphazeleka kwezenzululwazi. ukusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane.Ke ngoko, eli phepha lijolise ekuchazeni uphando malunga nokudityaniswa kwe-neonicotinoid pesticides kunye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yezolimo eyiyo, egubungela i-organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, pyrethroids Ukuze kunikezelwe ireferensi yesayensi yokusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lwe-neonicotinoid. izibulali zinambuzane.
1 Inkqubela phambili yokudityaniswa nezitshabalalisi ze-organophosphorus
Izitshabalalisi ze-Organophosphorus zizibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo kulawulo lwezinambuzane kwangethuba kwilizwe lam.Zithintela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase kwaye zichaphazela i-neurotransmission eqhelekileyo, ekhokelela ekufeni kwezinambuzane.Izitshabalalisi ze-Organophosphorus zinexesha elide lokuhlala, kwaye iingxaki ze-ecological toxicity kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu kunye nezilwanyana zivelele.Ukuzidibanisa ne-neonicotinoid pesticides kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo ezi ngxaki zingentla zenzululwazi.Xa i-compound ratio ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-organophosphorus pesticides eqhelekileyo i-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos kunye ne-phoxim yi-1: 40-1: 5, umphumo wokulawula kwiimpethu ze-leek ungcono, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient ingafikelela kwi-122.6-338.6 (jonga iThebhile 1)..Phakathi kwazo, impembelelo yokulawula intsimi ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-phoxim kwi-aphids yodlwengulo iphezulu ukuya kuma-90.7% ukuya kwi-95.3%, kwaye ixesha elisebenzayo lingaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-7.Ngelo xesha, ukulungiswa kwe-compound ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-phoxim (igama lokurhweba le-Diphimide) lisetyenziswe kwi-900 g / hm2, kwaye impembelelo yokulawula kwi-aphids yokudlwengulwa kulo lonke ixesha lokukhula yayingaphezu kwe-90%.Ukulungiswa kwe-compound ye-thiamethoxam, i-acephalate kunye ne-chlorpyrifos inomsebenzi omhle we-insecticidal ngokuchasene neklabishi, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient ifikelela kwi-131.1 ukuya kwi-459.0.Ukongezelela, xa umlinganiselo we-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorpyrifos ngu-1: 16, i-concentration ye-half-lethal (ixabiso le-LC50) ye-S. striatellus yayingu-8.0 mg / L, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient yi-201.12;Isiphumo esihle kakhulu.Xa i-compound ratio ye-nitenpyram kunye ne-chlorpyrifos yayingu-1∶30, yaba nefuthe elihle le-synergistic kulawulo lweplantathopper emqolo emhlophe, kwaye ixabiso le-LC50 laliyi-1.3 mg/L kuphela.Indibaniselwano ye-cyclopentapyr, i-chlorpyrifos, i-triazophos, kunye ne-dichlorvos inefuthe elihle le-synergistic ekulawuleni i-aphids yengqolowa, i-cotton bollworm kunye ne-flea beetle, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient yi-134.0-280.0.Xa i-fluoropyranone kunye ne-phoxim zixutywe kumlinganiselo we-1: 4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-176.8, ebonisa umphumo ocacileyo we-synergistic ekulawuleni iimpethu ze-leek ezineminyaka emi-4 ubudala.
Ukushwankathela, i-pesticides ye-neonicotinoid ihlala idibaniswa kunye ne-organophosphorus pesticides ezifana ne-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos, i-phoxim, i-acephate, i-triazophos, i-dichlorvos, njl.Kunconywa ukuqhubela phambili ukuphuhlisa ukulungiswa kwe-compound ye-neonicotinoid insecticides, i-phoxim kunye ne-malathion, kwaye iqhube ngakumbi izibonelelo zolawulo lwamalungiselelo adibeneyo.
2 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni nezibulali zinambuzane ze-carbamate
I-Carbamate pesticides isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezolimo, amahlathi, kunye nokufuywa kwezilwanyana ngokuthintela imisebenzi ye-insect acetylcholinease kunye ne-carboxylesterase, okukhokelela ekuqokeleleni kwe-acetylcholine kunye ne-carboxylesterase kunye nokubulala izinambuzane.Ixesha lifutshane, kwaye ingxaki yokuxhathisa izinambuzane inzima.Ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-carbamate pesticides linokwandiswa ngokudibanisa ne-neonicotinoid pesticides.Xa i-imidacloprid kunye ne-isoprocarb zisetyenziswe ekulawuleni i-planthopper e-white-backed planthopper kwi-7: 400, i-co-toxicity coefficient ifikelele phezulu, eyayiyi-638.1 (jonga iThebhile 1).Xa umlinganiselo we-imidacloprid kunye ne-iprocarb wawuyi-1∶16, isiphumo sokulawula i-rice planthopper yayiyeyona icacileyo, icoefficient ye-co-toxicity yayiyi-178.1, kwaye ubude besiphumo babubude kunobo bedosi enye.Uphononongo lukwabonise ukuba i-13% ye-microencapsulated suspension ye-thiamethoxam kunye ne-carbosulfan inefuthe elihle lokulawula kunye nokhuseleko kwi-aphids yengqolowa entsimini.inyuke ukusuka kuma-97.7 ukuya kuma-98.6%.Emva kwe-48% ye-acetamiprid kunye ne-carbosulfan dispersible oil suspension yafakwa kwi-36～60 g ai/hm2, impembelelo yolawulo kwintwala yomqhaphu ibingama-87.1% -96.9%, kwaye ixesha elisebenzayo linokufikelela kwiintsuku ezili-14, kwaye iintshaba zendalo zeAphid zomqhaphu zikhuselekile. .
Ukushwankathela, izitshabalalisi ze-neonicotinoid zihlala zidityaniswe ne-isoprocarb, i-carbosulfan, njl., ezinokulibazisa ukuxhathisa izitshabalalisi ezijoliswe kuzo ezifana ne-Bemisia tabaci kunye nentwala, kwaye inokwandisa ixesha lokubulala izitshabalalisi., impembelelo yokulawula ukulungiswa kwekhompawundi ingcono kakhulu kune-arhente enye, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezolimo yokwenene.Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba uqaphele i-carbosulfur, imveliso yokuthotywa kwe-carbosulfan, enetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ivaliwe ekulinyweni kwemifuno.
3 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni nezibulali-zinambuzane zepyrethroid
Izinambuzane zePyrethroid zibangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurotransmission ngokuchaphazela i-sodium ion channels kwiinwebu zemithambo-luvo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni kwezinambuzane.Ngenxa yotyalo-mali olugqithisileyo, amandla okuphelisa ubutyhefu kunye nemetabolism yezitshabalalisi ziyaphucuka, uvakalelo ekujoliswe kulo luyancitshiswa, kwaye ukuxhathisa kumachiza kuveliswa ngokulula.Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kwe-imidacloprid kunye ne-fenvalerate kunempembelelo engcono yokulawula kwi-aphid yamazambane, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient ye-2: 3 ratio ifikelela kwi-276.8.Ukulungiswa kwekhompawundi ye-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-etherethrin yindlela esebenzayo yokuthintela ukukhukhula kwe-brown planthopper, apho i-imidacloprid kunye ne-etherethrin zixutywe kakuhle kumlinganiselo we-5: 1, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-etherethrin kumlinganiselo we-7: 1 Ukuxuba eyona nto ingcono, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient yi-174.3-188.7.I-microcapsule suspension compound ye-13% ye-thiamethoxam kunye ne-9% ye-beta-cyhalothrin inempembelelo ebalulekileyo ye-synergistic, kunye ne-coefficient ye-co-toxicity yi-232, ephakathi kwe-123.6- Ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-169.5 g / hm2, umphumo wokulawula Intwala yecuba ingafikelela kumashumi alithoba ekhulwini (90%), kwaye sesona sibulali zinambuzane sihlanganisiweyo sokulawula izitshabalalisi zecuba.Xa i-clothianidin kunye ne-beta-cyhalothrin idityaniswe kwi-1: 9, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-flea beetle yayiphezulu (210.5), eyalibazisa ukwenzeka kwe-clothianidin ukumelana.Xa umlinganiselo we-acetamiprid kwi-bifenthrin, i-beta-cypermethrin kunye ne-fenvalerate yi-1: 2, 1: 4 kunye ne-1: 4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiphezulu, ukusuka ku-409.0 ukuya kwi-630.6.Xa umlinganiselo we-thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin zonke ziyi-5:1, i-co-toxicity coefficients yayiyi-414.0 kunye ne-706.0, ngokulandelanayo, kunye nempembelelo yokulawula edibeneyo kwi-aphids yayibaluleke kakhulu.Impembelelo yokulawula i-clothianidin kunye ne-beta-cyhalothrin umxube (ixabiso le-LC50 le-1.4-4.1 mg / L) kwi-melon aphid yayiphezulu kakhulu kune-agent enye (ixabiso le-LC50 42.7 mg / L), kunye nefuthe lokulawula kwiintsuku ze-7 emva kokuba unyango lwaluyi. ngaphezulu kwama-92%.
Okwangoku, itekhnoloji ehlanganisiweyo ye-neonicotinoid pesticides kunye ne-pyrethroid pesticides ikhulile, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuthintelo kunye nolawulo lwezifo kunye nezinambuzane kwilizwe lam, elilibazisa ukuchasana okujoliswe kuko kwe-pyrethroid pesticides kunye nokunciphisa amayeza e-neonicotinoid.intsalela ephezulu kunye netyhefu ekujoliswe kuyo.Ukongeza, usetyenziso oludityanisiweyo lwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye ne-deltamethrin, i-butoxide, njl.ukubaluleka.
4 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni nezibulali zinambuzane i-amide
I-Amide insecticide inqanda ubukhulu becala i-fish nitin receptors yezinambuzane, ezibangela ukuba izinambuzane ziqhubeke zikhonkotha kwaye ziqinise imisipha yazo kwaye zife.Indibaniselwano yezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye nokudibanisa kwazo kunokunciphisa ukuxhathisa izinambuzane kunye nokwandisa umjikelo wabo wobomi.Ukulawula izinambuzane ezijoliswe kuzo, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-121.0 ukuya kwi-183.0 (jonga iThebhile 2).Xa i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorantraniliprole zadityaniswa ne-15∶11 ukulawula imibungu ye-B. citricarpa, i-coefficient ye-co-toxicity iphezulu yayiyi-157.9;I-thiamethoxam, i-clothianidin kunye ne-nitenpyram zixutywe kunye ne-snailamide Xa umlinganiselo wawuyi-10: 1, i-coefficient ye-co-toxicity ifikelele kwi-170.2-194.1, kwaye xa umlinganiselo we-dinotefuran kunye ne-spirulina yayingu-1: 1, i-coefficient ye-co-toxicity yayiphezulu, kwaye impembelelo yolawulo kwi-N. lugens yayiphawuleka.Xa i-ratios ye-imidacloprid, i-clothianidin, i-dinotefuran kunye ne-sflufenamid yayingu-5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 kunye ne-10: 1, ngokulandelanayo, umphumo wokulawula wawungcono kakhulu, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingcono kakhulu.Babeyi-245.5, 697.8, 198.6 kunye ne-403.8, ngokulandelanayo.Impembelelo yokulawula ngokuchasene nentwala yomqhaphu (iintsuku ezisi-7) inokufikelela kwi-92.4% ukuya kwi-98.1%, kwaye isiphumo solawulo ngokuchasene nenundu ye-diamondback (iintsuku ezisi-7) inokufikelela kuma-91.9% ukuya kuma-96.8%, kwaye amandla esicelo ayemkhulu.
Ukushwankathela, ukudityaniswa kwe-neonicotinoid kunye ne-amide pesticides akugcini nje ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa kwamachiza kwizinambuzane ezijoliswe kuzo, kodwa kunciphisa umthamo wokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kunciphisa iindleko zezoqoqosho, kwaye kukhuthaze uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kunye ne-ecosystem environment.Izitshabalalisi ze-Amide zibalasele kulawulo lwezitshabalalisi ekujoliswe kuzo ezixhathisayo, kwaye zinesiphumo esilungileyo sokutshintsha ezinye izitshabalalisi ezinetyhefu ephezulu kunye nexesha elide lokushiyeka.Isabelo semarike sikhula ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye banethemba elibanzi lophuhliso kwimveliso yezolimo.
5 Inkqubela phambili yokudityaniswa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea
I-Benzoylurea insecticides yi-chitinase synthesis inhibitors, etshabalalisa izinambuzane ngokuchaphazela uphuhliso lwabo oluqhelekileyo.Akulula ukuvelisa ukuchasana nezinye iintlobo zezitshabalalisi, kwaye inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo izitshabalalisi ekujoliswe kuzo ezichasene ne-organophosphorus kunye ne-pyrethroid pesticides.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-neonicotinoid pesticide formulations.Ingabonwa kwiThebhile 2: ukudibanisa kwe-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-diflubenzuron inefuthe elihle le-synergistic ekulawuleni izibungu ze-leek, kwaye umphumo ungcono kakhulu xa i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-diflubenzuron zixutywe kwi-5: 1.I-poison factor iphezulu njenge-207.4.Xa umlinganiselo wokuxuba we-clothianidin kunye ne-flufenoxuron ngu-2: 1, i-co-toxicity coefficient ngokumelene ne-larvae ye-leek leek yayiyi-176.5, kwaye umphumo wokulawula kwintsimi ufikelele kwi-94.4%.Indibaniselwano ye-cyclofenapyr kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezahlukeneyo ze-benzoylurea ezifana ne-polyflubenzuron kunye ne-flufenoxuron inefuthe elihle lokulawula kwi-diamondback moth kunye ne-rice leaf roller, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient ye-100.7 ukuya kwi-228.9, enokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo utyalo-mali lwe-pesticides ubuninzi.
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-organophosphorus kunye ne-pyrethroid pesticides, ukusetyenziswa okuhlangeneyo kwe-pesticides ye-neonicotinoid kunye ne-benzoylurea ye-pesticides ihambelana ngakumbi nengcamango yophuhliso ye-pesticides eluhlaza, enokwandisa ngokufanelekileyo i-spectrum yokulawula kunye nokunciphisa igalelo le-pesticides.Indalo engqongileyo nayo ikhuselekile.
6 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni nezibulali-zinambuzane ezinecrotoxin
Izinambuzane ze-Neretoxin ziyi-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, ezinokubangela ityhefu yezinambuzane kunye nokufa ngokuthintela ukuhanjiswa okuqhelekileyo kwee-neurotransmitters.Ngenxa yosetyenziso olubanzi, akukho lufunxa lwenkqubo kunye nokufunxa, kulula ukuphuhlisa ukuxhathisa.Impembelelo yokulawula i-rice stem borer kunye ne-tri stem borer yabantu abaye bahlakulela ukuxhathisa ngokudibanisa ne-neonicotinoid insecticide ilungile.Itheyibhile ye-2 ibonisa: xa i-imidacloprid kunye ne-insecticidal single idibaniswe kwi-2: 68, umphumo wokulawula kwiinambuzane ze-Diploxin iyona nto ibhetele, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-146.7.Xa umlinganiselo we-thiamethoxam kunye ne-agent enye ye-insecticidal yi-1: 1, kukho impembelelo ebalulekileyo ye-synergistic kwi-aphids yombona, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient yi-214.2.Impembelelo yolawulo lwe-40% ye-thiamethoxam·insecticide enye i-arhente yokunqunyanyiswa isephezulu njenge-15th day 93.0%～97.0%, isiphumo esihlala ixesha elide, kwaye ikhuselekile ekukhuleni kombona.I-50% imidacloprid · insecticide ring powder enyibilikayo inefuthe elihle kakhulu lokulawula kwinundu yomgca wegolide we-apile, kwaye isiphumo solawulo siphezulu njenge-79.8% ukuya kwi-91.7% emva kweentsuku ezili-15 emva kokuba isitshabalalisi siqhakazile.
Njengesibulali-zinambuzane esiphuhliswe ngokuzimeleyo lilizwe lam, isibulali-zinambuzane sinovelwano kwingca, esinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukusa kumkhamo othile.Indibaniselwano ye-necrotoxin ye-pesticides kunye ne-neonicotinoid pesticides inika izisombululo ezingaphezulu zokulawula izitshabalalisi ezijoliswe kuyo kwimveliso yangempela, kwaye ikwayimeko yesicelo esihle kuhambo lophuhliso lwe-pesticide compounding.
7 Inkqubela phambili yokudibanisa kunye ne-heterocyclic pesticides
I-Heterocyclic pesticides yiyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kunye nenani elikhulu le-pesticides kwimveliso yezolimo, kwaye uninzi lwazo lunexesha elide lokuhlala kwindawo kwaye kunzima ukuthotywa.Ukudibanisa kunye ne-neonicotinoid pesticides kunokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo i-dosage ye-heterocyclic pesticides kunye nokunciphisa i-phytotoxicity, kunye nokudibanisa i-pesticides ye-dose ephantsi kunokudlala umphumo we-synergistic.Inokubonwa kwiThebhile 3: xa i-compound ratio ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-pymetrozine yi-1: 3, i-co-toxicity coefficient ifikelela kwi-616.2 ephezulu;Ulawulo lwePlanthopper lusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye luhlala luhleli.I-Imidacloprid, i-dinotefuran kunye ne-thiacloprid zadityaniswa kunye ne-mesylconazole ngokulandelelana ukulawula imibungu ye-gill black gill beetle, i-larvae ye-cutworm encinci, kunye ne-beetle ye-ditch.I-Thiacloprid, i-nitenpyram kunye ne-chlorothiline zaye zadibaniswa ngokulandelanayo kunye Ukudibanisa i-mesylconazole inefuthe elihle kakhulu lokulawula kwi-citrus psyllids.Ukudibanisa i-7 neonicotinoid insecticides ezifana ne-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorfenapyr ibe nefuthe le-synergistic ekulawuleni iimpethu ze-leek.Xa umlinganiselo wokudibanisa we-thiamethoxam kunye ne-fipronil ngu-2: 1-71: 1, i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-152.2-519.2, i-compounding ratio ye-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorfenapyr yi-217: 1, kunye ne-coefficient ye-co-toxicity yi-857.4 ebonakalayo, icacile ifuthe lokulawula iintubi.Indibaniselwano ye-thiamethoxam kunye ne-fipronil njenge-ejenti yonyango lwembewu inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuxinana kwezinambuzane zengqolowa entsimini kwaye ikhusele imbewu yesityalo kunye nezithole ezintshulayo.Xa umlinganiselo oxutyiweyo we-acetamiprid kunye ne-fipronil wawuyi-1:10, ulawulo lwe-synergistic lwempukane yasendlini enganyangekiyo ngamachiza yayiyeyona ibalulekileyo.
Isishwankathelo, amalungiselelo e-heterocyclic pesticide compounds ikakhulu yi-fungicides, kuquka i-pyridines, i-pyrroles kunye ne-pyrazoles.Idla ngokusetyenziswa kwimveliso yezolimo ukunxibisa imbewu, ukuphucula izinga lokuntshula, nokunciphisa izinambuzane nezifo.Ikhuselekile ngokwentelekiso kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana ezingajoliswanga.I-Heterocyclic pesticides, njengamalungiselelo adibeneyo okuthintela kunye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo, zinendima enhle ekukhuthazeni ukuphuhliswa kwezolimo eziluhlaza, ezibonisa iingenelo zokulondoloza ixesha, umsebenzi, uqoqosho kunye nokwandisa imveliso.
8 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaneni nezibulali zinambuzane zebhayoloji kunye namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwezolimo
Izibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji kunye nezibulala-ntsholongwane zezolimo ziyacotha ukusebenza, zinexesha elifutshane lokusebenza, kwaye zichatshazelwa kakhulu yimekobume.Ngokudibanisa kunye ne-neonicotinoid pesticides, banokudlala umphumo omhle we-synergistic, ukwandisa i-spectrum yokulawula, kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokusebenza kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza.Inokubonwa kwiThebhile 3 ukuba ukudibanisa imidacloprid kunye neBeauveria bassiana okanye i-Metarhizium anisopliae yandisa umsebenzi we-insecticidal nge-60.0% kunye ne-50.6% ngokulandelanayo emva kwe-96 h xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-Beauveria bassiana kunye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae yodwa.Indibaniselwano ye-thiamethoxam kunye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae inokonyusa ngokufanelekileyo inani lokusweleka lilonke kunye nezinga losulelo lomngundo kwiincukuthu.Okwesibini, ukudibanisa kwe-imidacloprid kunye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ibe nefuthe elibonakalayo kwi-synergistic ekulawulweni kweebhungane ezide, nangona inani le-fungal conidia lancitshiswa.Ukusetyenziswa okuxutyiweyo kwe-imidacloprid kunye ne-nematodes kunokunyusa izinga losulelo lwe-sandflies, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukuzingisa kwabo kwintsimi kunye namandla okulawula i-biological.Ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe-7 ye-neonicotinoid pesticides kunye ne-oxymatrine ibe nefuthe elihle lokulawula kwi-rice planthopper, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-123.2-173.0.Ukongeza, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-clothianidin kunye ne-abamectin kumxube we-4: 1 ukuya kwi-Bemisia tabaci yayiyi-171.3, kwaye i-synergy yayibalulekile.Xa i-compound ratio ye-nitenpyram kunye ne-abamectin yayingu-1:4, impembelelo yokulawula kwi-N. lugens iintsuku ezisi-7 inokufikelela kuma-93.1%.Xa umlinganiselo we-clothianidin ukuya kwi-spinosad wawuyi-5∶44, umphumo wokulawula wawungowona ungcono kubantu abadala be-B. citricarpa, kunye ne-coefficient ye-co-toxicity ye-169.8, kwaye akukho crossover phakathi kwe-spinosad kunye ne-neonicotinoids eninzi eboniswe ukuxhathisa, kunye nesiphumo esihle sokulawula. .
Ulawulo oludibeneyo lwezitshabalalisi zebhayoloji yindawo eshushu ekuphuhlisweni kwezolimo eziluhlaza.I-Beauveria bassiana eqhelekileyo kunye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae zineempembelelo ezilungileyo zokulawula i-synergistic kunye nee-agent agents.I-agent enye yezinto eziphilayo ichaphazeleka lula yimozulu, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo akuzinzile.Ukudibanisa kunye neonicotinoid insecticide yoyisa le ntsilelo.Ngelixa ukunciphisa inani leekhemikhali zeekhemikhali, liqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza kunye nesiphumo esisisigxina samalungiselelo adibeneyo.I-spectrum yokuthintela kunye nokulawula yandisiwe, kwaye umthwalo wokusingqongileyo uncitshisiwe.Ukudityaniswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji kunye nezitshabalalisi zemichiza zibonelela ngombono omtsha wophuhliso lwezitshabalalisi eziluhlaza, kwaye ithemba lesicelo likhulu.
9 Inkqubela phambili yokudibanisa nezinye izitshabalalisi
Indibaniselwano ye-neonicotinoid zinambuzane kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi nazo zibonise iziphumo ezigqwesileyo zolawulo.Inokubonwa kwiThebhile 3 ukuba xa i-imidacloprid kunye ne-thiamethoxam zidibene ne-tebuconazole njengee-agent zonyango zembewu, iimpembelelo zokulawula kwi-wheat aphid zazihle kakhulu, kwaye i-Biosafety engajoliswanga ngelixa iphucula izinga lokuhluma kwembewu.Ukulungiswa kwekhompawundi ye-imidacloprid, i-triazolone kunye ne-dinconazole ibonise umphumo omuhle ekulawuleni izifo zengqolowa kunye nezinambuzane.%～99.1%.Indibaniselwano ye-neonicotinoid insecticide kunye nesyringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) inefuthe elicacileyo le-synergistic kwi-cotton aphid.Xa ubukhulu be-thiamethoxam, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram kunye ne-penpyramid yi-50: 1-1: 50, i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-129.0-186.0, enokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokulawula izinambuzane zomlomo ezihlabayo.Xa umlinganiselo we-epoxifen kunye ne-phenoxycarb wawuyi-1: 4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingu-250.0, kwaye umphumo wokulawula kwi-rice planthopper wawungcono kakhulu.Indibaniselwano ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-amitimidine yayinempembelelo ecacileyo yokuthintela kwi-cotton aphid, kwaye izinga le-synergy laliphezulu xa i-imidacloprid yayiyeyona idosi ephantsi ye-LC10.Xa ubuninzi be-thiamethoxam kunye ne-spirotetramat yi-10: 30-30: 10, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-109.8-246.5, kwaye kwakungekho umphumo we-phytotoxic.Ukongezelela, i-pesticides yeoli yamaminerali eluhlaza, umhlaba we-diatomaceous kunye nezinye i-pesticides okanye i-adjuvants edibeneyo ne-neonicotinoid ye-pesticides inokuphucula impembelelo yokulawula kwizinambuzane ezijoliswe kuyo.
Ukusetyenziswa komxube wezinye izitshabalalisi ikakhulu kubandakanya i-triazoles, i-methoxyacrylates, i-nitro-aminoguanidines, i-amitraz, i-quaternary keto acids, i-oyile yamaminerali kunye nomhlaba we-diatomaceous, njl. iintlobo zezitshabalalisi.Imizekelo eyongezelelekileyo ikwabonisa ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zokubulala izitshabalalisi zinokudityaniswa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, zibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi zokulawula izinambuzane.
10 Isiphelo kunye neNjongo
Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-neonicotinoid pesticides kukhokelele ekwandeni okukhulu ekuchaseni izitshabalalisi ekujoliswe kuzo, kunye nokungalungi kwazo kwendalo kunye neengozi zokuvezwa kwempilo ziye zaba ziindawo zophando lwangoku kunye nobunzima bokusetyenziswa.Ukudityaniswa okusengqiqweni kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane okanye uphuhliso lwearhente yokubulala izinambuzane ngumlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokulibazisa ukunganyangeki kumachiza, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nesicwangciso esingundoqo sokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwezo zibulali-zinambuzane kwimveliso yezolimo yokwenene.Eli phepha liphonononga inkqubela yokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo ze-neonicotinoid ngokudityaniswa nezinye iintlobo zezitshabalalisi, kwaye licacisa iingenelo zokudityaniswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane: ① ukulibazisa ukuxhathisa kumachiza;② ukuphucula isiphumo solawulo;③ ukwandisa i-spectrum yolawulo;④ ukwandisa ixesha lesiphumo;⑤ ukuphucula isiphumo esikhawulezileyo ⑥ Lawula ukukhula kwesityalo;⑦ Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi;⑧ Ukuphucula imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo;⑨ Ukunciphisa iindleko zoqoqosho;⑩ Phucula amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi.Kwangaxeshanye, ingqwalasela ephezulu kufuneka ihlawulwe ekuvezweni kokusingqongileyo okudityanisiweyo kokuqulunqwa, ngakumbi ukhuseleko lwezidalwa ezingajoliswanga (umzekelo, iintshaba zendalo zezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo) kunye nezityalo ezinovakalelo kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokukhula, kunye nemiba yesayensi njengomahluko kwiimpembelelo zokulawula ezibangelwa utshintsho kwiimpawu zemichiza ye-pesticides.Ukwenziwa kwezilwanyana zendabuko kudla ixesha kunye nomsebenzi onzima, kunye neendleko eziphezulu kunye nophando olude kunye nomjikelezo wophuhliso.Njengenye indlela esebenzayo, ukudityaniswa kwesibulali zinambuzane, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okunengqiqo, kwenzululwazi kunye nokusemgangathweni akugcini nje ukwandisa umjikelo wokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane, kodwa kukwakhuthaza umjikelo olungileyo wolawulo lwezinambuzane.Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lokusingqongileyo kwendalo lubonelela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-23-2022