Njengesiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sezityalo ezizinzileyo nezichumayo, izibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali zidlala indima engenakutshintshwa ekulawuleni izinambuzane. IiNeonicotinoids zezona zibulali-zinambuzane zekhemikhali zibalulekileyo kwihlabathi. Zibhalisiwe ukuba zisetyenziswe eTshayina nakwamanye amazwe angaphezu kwe-120 kuquka i-European Union, i-United States, ne-Canada. Isabelo semarike simalunga ne-25% yehlabathi. Ilawula ngokukhetha ii-receptors ze-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase (nAChRs) kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo yezinambuzane, ikhubaza inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi kwaye ibangele ukufa kwezinambuzane, kwaye ineziphumo ezilungileyo zokulawula kwiHomoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, kwanezinambuzane ezichaseneyo. Ukusukela ngoSeptemba 2021, kukho izibulali-zinambuzane ezili-12 ze-neonicotinoid ezibhalisiweyo kwilizwe lam, ezizezi: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-3,400 zeemveliso zokulungiselela kuquka i-nitrile, i-piperazine, i-chlorothiline, i-cycloploprid kunye ne-fluoropyranone, apho amalungiselelo adibeneyo enza ngaphezulu kwama-31%. I-Amine, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram njalo njalo.
Ngenxa yotyalo-mali olukhulu oluqhubekayo lwezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kwindawo yezolimo, uthotho lweengxaki zesayensi ezifana nokuchasana okujoliswe kuko, iingozi zendalo, kunye nempilo yabantu nazo ziye zabonakala. Ngo-2018, inani lee-cotton aphid kwintsimi yaseXinjiang laphuhlisa amanqanaba aphakathi naphezulu okuchasana nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, phakathi kwazo ukuchasana ne-imidacloprid, i-acetamiprid kunye ne-thiamethoxam kwanda ngamaxesha angama-85.2-412 kunye namaxesha angama-221-777, ngokwahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha ali-122 ukuya kwi-1,095. Izifundo zamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokuchasana namayeza e-Bemisia tabaci zabonisa nokuba ukususela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2010, i-Bemisia tabaci ibonakalise ukuchasana okuphezulu nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, ngakumbi i-imidacloprid kunye ne-thiacloprid. Okwesibini, izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid azichaphazeli kakhulu kuphela ubuninzi babantu, indlela yokutya, amandla omhlaba kunye nokulawula ukushisa kweenyosi, kodwa zikwanefuthe elibi kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni nasekuzaleni kwezibungu zomhlaba. Ukongeza, ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-2011, izinga lokufunyaniswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kumchamo womntu landa kakhulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukungena ngokungathanga ngqo kunye nokuqokelelwa komzimba kwezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kwanda minyaka le. Ngokusebenzisa i-microdialysis kwingqondo yeempuku, kwafunyaniswa ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-clothianidin kunye ne-thiamethoxam lunokubangela ukukhululwa kwe-dopamine kwiimpuku, kwaye i-thiacloprid inokubangela ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-thyroid hormone kwi-plasma yeempuku. Kucingelwa ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zinokuchaphazela ukuncancisa Umonakalo kwiinkqubo zemithambo-luvo kunye ne-endocrine zezilwanyana. Uphononongo lwemodeli ye-in vitro lweeseli ze-mesenchymal stem ze-human bone marrow luqinisekisile ukuba i-nitenpyram inokubangela umonakalo we-DNA kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-chromosomal, okubangela ukwanda kweentlobo ze-oxygen ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kweseli, nto leyo echaphazela ukwahluka kwe-osteogenic. Ngokusekelwe koku, i-Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) yaqalisa inkqubo yokuvavanya kwakhona ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, kwaye i-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nayo yavala kwaye yathintela i-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-clothianidin.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ezahlukeneyo akunakulibazisa nje kuphela ukumelana kwento enye ekujoliswe kuyo izibulali zinambuzane kwaye kuphucule umsebenzi wezibulali zinambuzane, kodwa kukwanciphisa inani lezibulali zinambuzane kwaye kunciphise umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwendalo, kubonelela ngamathuba abanzi okunciphisa iingxaki zesayensi ezingentla kunye nokusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kwezibulali zinambuzane. Ke ngoko, eli phepha lijolise ekuchazeni uphando malunga nokuhlanganiswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye nezinye izibulali zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yokwenyani yezolimo, kuquka izibulali zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, izibulali zinambuzane ze-carbamate, ii-pyrethroids Ukuze kubonelelwe ngereferensi yesayensi yokusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lwezibulali zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid.
1 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus
Izibulali-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphorus zizinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izinambuzane kwangethuba kwilizwe lam. Zithintela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase kwaye zichaphazela ukudluliselwa kwe-neurotransmission eqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni kwezinambuzane. Izibulali-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphorus zinexesha elide eliseleyo, kwaye iingxaki zetyhefu yendalo kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu nezilwanyana ziyabonakala. Ukuzidibanisa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo iingxaki zesayensi ezingentla. Xa umlinganiselo we-compound we-imidacloprid kunye ne-organophosphorus pesticides eqhelekileyo ye-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos kunye ne-phoxim ingu-1:40-1:5, isiphumo solawulo kwi-leek peggots singcono, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient inokufikelela kwi-122.6-338.6 (jonga iTheyibhile 1). . Phakathi kwazo, isiphumo solawulo lwasentsimini se-imidacloprid kunye ne-phoxim kwi-rape aphids siphezulu njenge-90.7% ukuya kwi-95.3%, kwaye ixesha elisebenzayo lingaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-7. Kwangaxeshanye, ukulungiswa kwe-compound ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-phoxim (igama lorhwebo le-Diphimide) kusetyenziswe kwi-900 g/hm2, kwaye isiphumo sokulawula kwi-rape aphids kwixesha lonke lokukhula sasingaphezulu kwe-90%. Ukulungiswa kwe-compound ye-thiamethoxam, i-acephate kunye ne-chlorpyrifos kunomsebenzi omhle wokubulala izinambuzane ngokuchasene nekhaphetshu, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient ifikelela kwi-131.1 ukuya kwi-459.0. Ukongeza, xa umlinganiselo we-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorpyrifos wawuyi-1:16, uxinzelelo oluyi-half-death (ixabiso le-LC50) kwi-S. striatellus yayiyi-8.0 mg/L, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-201.12; Isiphumo esihle kakhulu. Xa umlinganiselo we-compound we-nitenpyram kunye ne-chlorpyrifos wawuyi-1∶30, waba nesiphumo esihle sokusebenzisana ekulawuleni i-white-backed planthopper, kwaye ixabiso le-LC50 laliyi-1.3 mg/L kuphela. Ukudibanisa i-cyclopentapyr, i-chlorpyrifos, i-triazophos, kunye ne-dichlorvos kunempembelelo entle yokusebenzisana ekulawuleni ii-wheat aphids, i-cotton bollworm kunye ne-flea beetle, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-134.0-280.0. Xa i-fluoropyranone kunye ne-phoxim zixutywe ngomlinganiselo we-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-176.8, eyabonisa impembelelo ecacileyo yokusebenzisana ekulawuleni iimpethu ze-leek ezineminyaka emi-4 ubudala.
Ngamafutshane, izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zihlala zidityaniswa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus ezifana ne-malathion, i-chlorpyrifos, i-phoxim, i-acephate, i-triazophos, i-dichlorvos, njl. Ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo kuyaphucuka, kwaye impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo iyancitshiswa ngempumelelo. Kucetyiswa ukuba kuphuculwe ngakumbi ukulungiswa kwe-compound kwezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, i-phoxim kunye ne-malathion, kwaye kusetyenziswe ngakumbi iingenelo zolawulo lokulungiswa kwe-compound.
2 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane ze-carbamate
Izibulali-zinambuzane zeCarbamate zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, emahlathini, nakwimfuyo ngokuthintela imisebenzi yezinambuzane ze-acetylcholinease kunye ne-carboxylesterase, nto leyo ebangela ukuqokelelwa kwe-acetylcholine kunye ne-carboxylesterase kunye nokubulala izinambuzane. Eli xesha lifutshane, kwaye ingxaki yokumelana nezinambuzane inzima. Ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ze-carbamate linokwandiswa ngokudityaniswa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid. Xa imidacloprid kunye ne-isoprocarb zisetyenziswa ekulawuleni i-white-backed planthopper kumlinganiselo we-7:400, i-co-toxicity coefficient yafikelela kweyona iphezulu, eyayiyi-638.1 (jonga iTheyibhile 1). Xa umlinganiselo we-imidacloprid kunye ne-iprocarb wawuyi-1∶16, isiphumo sokulawula i-rice planthopper sasicacile, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-178.1, kwaye ubude besiphumo babubude kuneso sedosi enye. Olu phononongo lukwabonise ukuba i-13% microencapsulated suspension ye-thiamethoxam kunye ne-carbosulfan inempembelelo entle yokulawula kunye nokhuseleko kwi-wheat aphids endle. d inyuke ukusuka kwi-97.7% ukuya kwi-98.6%. Emva kokuba i-48% ye-acetamiprid kunye ne-carbosulfan dispersible oil suspension isetyenziswe kwi-36 ～60 g ai/hm2, impembelelo yokulawula kwi-cotton aphids yayiyi-87.1% ～96.9%, kwaye ixesha elisebenzayo linokufikelela kwiintsuku ezili-14, kwaye iintshaba zendalo ze-cotton Aphid zikhuselekile.
Ngamafutshane, izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid zihlala zidityaniswa ne-isoprocarb, i-carbosulfan, njl.njl., ezinokulibazisa ukumelana kwezinambuzane ezijoliswe kuzo ezifana ne-Bemisia tabaci kunye ne-aphids, kwaye zinokwandisa ixesha lezinambuzane. , isiphumo solawulo lokulungiswa kwe-compound singcono kakhulu kuneso se-single agent, kwaye sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yokwenyani yezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela i-carbosulfur, imveliso yokuwohloka kwe-carbosulfan, enetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ithintelwe ekulimeni imifuno.
3 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid
Izibulali-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid zibangela iingxaki zokudluliselwa kwe-neurotransmission ngokuchaphazela imijelo ye-sodium ion kwii-nerve membranes, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni kwezinambuzane. Ngenxa yotyalo-mali olugqithisileyo, amandla okukhupha ubuthi kunye ne-metabolism yezinambuzane ayandiswa, uvakalelo olujoliswe kuyo luyancitshiswa, kwaye ukumelana namayeza kwenziwa lula. Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa ukuba indibaniselwano ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-fenvalerate inefuthe elingcono lokulawula i-aphid yetapile, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-2:3 ratio ifikelela kwi-276.8. Ukulungiswa kwe-compound ye-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-etherethrin yindlela esebenzayo yokuthintela ukugcwala kwe-brown planthopper population, apho i-imidacloprid kunye ne-etherethrin zixutywe ngcono kumlinganiselo we-5:1, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-etherethrin kumlinganiselo we-7:1 Ukuxuba yeyona nto ilungileyo, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-174.3-188.7. I-microcapsule suspension compound ye-13% thiamethoxam kunye ne-9% beta-cyhalothrin inefuthe elibalulekileyo le-synergistic, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-232, ekwi-123.6- Ngaphakathi kwe-169.5 g/hm2, isiphumo solawulo kwi-cuba aphids sinokufikelela kwi-90%, kwaye yeyona composite pesticide iphambili yokulawula izinambuzane zecuba. Xa i-clothianidin kunye ne-beta-cyhalothrin zazidityaniswe kwi-1:9, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-flea beetle yayiyeyona iphezulu (210.5), eyalibazisa ukwenzeka kwe-clothianidin resistance. Xa i-ratios ye-acetamiprid kwi-bifenthrin, i-beta-cypermethrin kunye ne-fenvalerate yayiyi-1:2, 1:4 kunye ne-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyeyona iphezulu, ukusuka kwi-409.0 ukuya kwi-630.6. Xa imilinganiselo ye-thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin yonke yayiyi-5:1, ii-coefficients ze-co-toxicity zaziyi-414.0 kunye ne-706.0, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye isiphumo solawulo esidibeneyo kwi-aphids yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Isiphumo solawulo se-clothianidin kunye nomxube we-beta-cyhalothrin (ixabiso le-LC50 1.4-4.1 mg/L) kwi-aphid ye-melon sasiphezulu kakhulu kuneso se-single agent (ixabiso le-LC50 42.7 mg/L), kwaye isiphumo solawulo kwiintsuku ezi-7 emva konyango sasingaphezulu kwe-92%.
Okwangoku, iteknoloji edibeneyo yezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye ne-pyrethroid pesticides sele ikhulile, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo kunye nezinambuzane eziyingozi kwilizwe lam, nto leyo ebambezela ukumelana okujoliswe kuko kwezinambuzane ze-pyrethroid kwaye inciphise ityhefu ephezulu eseleyo kunye ne-non-target pesticides. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwezinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye ne-deltamethrin, i-butoxide, njl. kunokulawula i-Aedes aegypti kunye ne-Anopheles gambiae, ezimelana nezinambuzane ze-pyrethroid, kwaye zibonelele ngesikhokelo sokuthintela nokulawula izinambuzane ezinobungozi kwihlabathi liphela.
4 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane ze-amide
Izibulali-zinambuzane ze-Amide zithintela ikakhulu ii-receptor ze-nitin zeentlanzi zezinambuzane, zibangela ukuba izinambuzane ziqhubeke zincipha kwaye ziqinise izihlunu zazo zize zife. Ukudibanisa izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye nokudibanisa kwazo kunokunciphisa ukumelana nezinambuzane kwaye kwandise umjikelo wobomi bazo. Ukulawula izinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-121.0 ukuya kwi-183.0 (jonga iTheyibhile 2). Xa i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorantraniliprole zixutywe ne-15∶11 ukulawula izibungu ze-B. citricarpa, i-co-toxicity coefficient ephezulu yayiyi-157.9; i-thiamethoxam, i-clothianidin kunye ne-nitenpyram zixutywe ne-snainamide Xa umlinganiselo wawuyi-10:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient ifikelele kwi-170.2-194.1, kwaye xa umlinganiselo we-dinotefuran kunye ne-spirulina wawuyi-1:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyeyona iphezulu, kwaye isiphumo solawulo kwi-N. lugens sasimangalisa. Xa imilinganiselo ye-imidacloprid, i-clothianidin, i-dinotefuran kunye ne-sflufenamid yayiyi-5:1, 5:1, 1:5 kunye ne-10:1, ngokulandelanayo, isiphumo solawulo sasingcono kakhulu, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yayingcono kakhulu. Yayiyi-245.5, 697.8, 198.6 kunye ne-403.8, ngokulandelanayo. Isiphumo solawulo ngokuchasene ne-cotton aphid (iintsuku ezi-7) singafikelela kwi-92.4% ukuya kwi-98.1%, kwaye isiphumo solawulo ngokuchasene ne-diamondback moth (iintsuku ezi-7) singafikelela kwi-91.9% ukuya kwi-96.8%, kwaye amandla okusetyenziswa ayemakhulu.
Ngamafutshane, ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye ne-amide akupheleli nje ekunciphiseni ukumelana namayeza kwizinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo, kodwa kukwanciphisa nokusetyenziswa kwamayeza, kunciphisa iindleko zoqoqosho, kwaye kukhuthaza uphuhliso oluhambelanayo nokusingqongileyo. Izibulali zinambuzane ze-Amide zibalulekile ekulawuleni izinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo ezichaseneyo, kwaye zinefuthe elihle lokutshintsha ezinye izibulali zinambuzane ezinetyhefu ephezulu kunye nexesha elide eliseleyo. Isabelo semarike sikhula kancinci kancinci, kwaye zinamathuba abanzi ophuhliso kwimveliso yokwenyani yezolimo.
5 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea
Izinambuzane zeBenzoylurea zizithinteli zokwenziwa kwe-chitinase, ezitshabalalisa izinambuzane ngokuchaphazela uphuhliso lwazo oluqhelekileyo. Akulula ukuvelisa ukumelana nezinye iintlobo zezinambuzane, kwaye zinokulawula ngempumelelo izinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo ezichasene ne-organophosphorus kunye ne-pyrethroid pesticides. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-neonicotinoid pesticides formulations. Ingabonwa kwiTheyibhile 2: indibaniselwano ye-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-diflubenzuron inefuthe elihle lokusebenzisana ekulawuleni i-leek larvae, kwaye isiphumo singcono kakhulu xa i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-diflubenzuron zidibene kwi-5:1. I-poison factor iphezulu njenge-207.4. Xa umlinganiselo wokuxuba we-clothianidin kunye ne-flufenoxuron yayiyi-2:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient ngokuchasene ne-larvae ye-leek larvae yayiyi-176.5, kwaye isiphumo sokulawula kwintsimi sifikelele kwi-94.4%. Ukudibanisa i-cyclofenapyr kunye nezinye iintlobo zezibulali-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea ezifana ne-polyflubenzuron kunye ne-flufenoxuron kunempembelelo entle yokulawula i-diamondback moth kunye ne-rice leaf roller, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient ye-100.7 ukuya kwi-228.9, enokunciphisa ngempumelelo utyalo-mali lobuninzi bezibulali-zinambuzane.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus kunye ne-pyrethroid, ukusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-benzoylurea kuhambelana ngakumbi nombono wophuhliso lwezibulala-zinambuzane eziluhlaza, ezinokwandisa ngempumelelo ububanzi bolawulo kwaye zinciphise igalelo lezibulala-zinambuzane. Indalo esingqongileyo ikwakhuselekile.
6 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane ze-necrotoxin
Izinambuzane zeNeretoxin zi-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, ezinokubangela ityhefu yezinambuzane kunye nokufa ngokuthintela ukudluliselwa okuqhelekileyo kwee-neurotransmitters. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi, akukho kufunxwa kunye nokufunxwa kwenkqubo, kulula ukuvelisa ukumelana. Isiphumo solawulo lwe-rice stem borer kunye ne-tri stem borer eziye zavelisa ukumelana ngokudityaniswa ne-neonicotinoid insecticides zilungile. Itheyibhile 2 ibonisa: xa i-imidacloprid kunye ne-insecticidal single zihlanganiswe ngomlinganiselo we-2:68, isiphumo solawulo kwizinambuzane zeDiploxin sesona silungileyo, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-146.7. Xa umlinganiselo we-thiamethoxam kunye ne-insecticidal single agent yi-1:1, kukho isiphumo esibalulekileyo sokusebenzisana kwi-corn aphids, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-214.2. Isiphumo solawulo se-40% ye-thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent sisafikelela kwi-93.0% ～97.0% yosuku lwe-15, sisiphumo esihlala ixesha elide, kwaye sikhuselekile ekukhuleni kombona. I-50% ye-imidacloprid·insecticide ring powder enyibilikayo inesiphumo esihle kakhulu solawulo kwi-apple golden stripe moth, kwaye isiphumo solawulo sifikelela kwi-79.8% ukuya kwi-91.7% kwiintsuku ezili-15 emva kokuba izinambuzane ziqhakazile.
Njengesibulali-zinambuzane esakhiwe ngokuzimeleyo lilizwe lam, isibulali-zinambuzane sinobuthathaka kwiingca, nto leyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwaso ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile. Ukudibanisa izibulali-zinambuzane ze-necrotoxin kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kubonelela ngezisombululo zolawulo ezingakumbi zokulawula izinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo kwimveliso yokwenyani, kwaye ikwayindlela elungileyo yokusebenzisa kuhambo lophuhliso lokuhlanganiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
7 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane ezinganyangekiyo
Izibulali-zinambuzane ze-Heterocyclic zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zininzi kakhulu kwiimveliso zezolimo, kwaye uninzi lwazo lunexesha elide eliseleyo kwindalo kwaye kunzima ukulitshabalalisa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo umthamo wezibulali-zinambuzane ze-heterocyclic kwaye kunciphise ubuthi be-phytotoxicity, kwaye ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zedosi ephantsi kunokudlala isiphumo sokusebenzisana. Oku kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 3: xa umlinganiselo we-compound we-imidacloprid kunye ne-pymetrozine uyi-1:3, i-co-toxicity coefficient ifikelela kwi-616.2 ephezulu; Ulawulo lwe-Planthopper lusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye luhlala ixesha elide. I-Imidacloprid, i-dinotefuran kunye ne-thiacloprid zidityaniswe ne-mesylconazole ngokulandelelana ukulawula izibungu ze-giant black gill beetle, izibungu ze-small cutworm, kunye ne-ditch beetle. I-Thiacloprid, i-nitenpyram kunye ne-chlorothiline zidityaniswe ngokulandelelana kunye Ukudibanisa kwe-mesylconazole kunempembelelo entle yokulawula kwi-citrus psyllids. Ukudibanisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezisi-7 ze-neonicotinoid ezifana ne-imidacloprid, i-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorfenapyr kube nefuthe elihambelanayo ekulawuleni iimpethu ze-leek. Xa umlinganiselo wokudibanisa we-thiamethoxam kunye ne-fipronil uyi-2:1-71:1, i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-152.2-519.2, umlinganiselo wokudibanisa we-thiamethoxam kunye ne-chlorfenapyr yi-217:1, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-857.4, inefuthe elicacileyo lokulawula kwii-termites. Ukudibanisa kwe-thiamethoxam kunye ne-fipronil njenge-arhente yonyango lwembewu kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo uxinano lwezinambuzane zengqolowa endle kwaye kukhusele imbewu yezityalo kunye nezithole ezihlumayo. Xa umlinganiselo odibeneyo we-acetamiprid kunye ne-fipronil wawuyi-1:10, ulawulo oluhambelanayo lweempukane zasekhaya ezinganyangekiyo ngamayeza yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo.
Ngamafutshane, amalungiselelo e-heterocyclic pesticide compound ikakhulu zii-fungicides, kuquka ii-pyridines, ii-pyrroles kunye nee-pyrazoles. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwimveliso yezolimo ukuthambisa imbewu, ukuphucula izinga lokuhluma, kunye nokunciphisa izinambuzane nezifo. Ikhuselekile kwizityalo nakwizinto eziphilayo ezingajoliswanga. I-heterocyclic pesticides, njengamalungiselelo adibeneyo okuthintela nokulawula izinambuzane nezifo, inendima entle ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso lwezolimo oluluhlaza, ibonisa iingenelo zokonga ixesha, abasebenzi, uqoqosho kunye nokwandisa imveliso.
8 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni izibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane zezolimo
Izibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane zezolimo zicotha ukusebenza, zinexesha elifutshane lokusebenza, kwaye zichaphazeleka kakhulu yindalo esingqongileyo. Ngokudityaniswa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, zinokudlala isiphumo esihle sokusebenzisana, zandise i-spectrum yolawulo, kwaye zandise ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye ziphucule uzinzo. Kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 3 ukuba indibaniselwano ye-imidacloprid kunye neBeauveria bassiana okanye iMetarhizium anisopliae yonyuse umsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane ngama-60.0% kunye nama-50.6% ngokulandelelana emva kweeyure ezingama-96 xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kweBeauveria bassiana kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae zodwa. Indibaniselwano ye-thiamethoxam kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae inokunyusa ngempumelelo ukufa ngokubanzi kunye nesantya sosulelo lwefungus lweencukuthu. Okwesibini, indibaniselwano ye-imidacloprid kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae ibe nesiphumo esibalulekileyo sokusebenzisana ekulawuleni iincukuthu ezineempondo ezinde, nangona inani le-fungi conidia linciphile. Ukusetyenziswa okuxutyiweyo kwe-imidacloprid kunye ne-nematodes kunokunyusa izinga losulelo lweempukane zesanti, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukuqina kwazo emasimini kunye namandla okulawula izinto eziphilayo. Ukusetyenziswa okuxutyiweyo kwe-7 neonicotinoid pesticides kunye ne-oxymatrine kube nefuthe elihle lokulawula irayisi planthopper, kwaye i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-123.2-173.0. Ukongeza, i-co-toxicity coefficient ye-clothianidin kunye ne-abamectin kumxube we-4:1 kwi-Bemisia tabaci yayiyi-171.3, kwaye i-synergy yayibalulekile. Xa umlinganiselo we-compound we-nitenpyram kunye ne-abamectin yayiyi-1:4, isiphumo sokulawula kwi-N. lugens kangangeentsuku ezi-7 sinokufikelela kwi-93.1%. Xa umlinganiselo we-clothianidin kwi-spinosad yayiyi-5∶44, isiphumo sokulawula sasingcono kakhulu ngokuchasene ne-B. citricarpa yabantu abadala, kunye ne-co-toxicity coefficient eyi-169.8, kwaye akukho crossover phakathi kwe-spinosad kunye ne-neonicotinoids ezininzi ibonakalisiwe Ichasene, idibene nefuthe elihle lokulawula.
Ulawulo oludibeneyo lwezibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji luyindawo eshushu kuphuhliso lwezolimo oluluhlaza. I-Common Beauveria bassiana kunye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae zinemiphumo emihle yokulawula ngokusebenzisana kunye neearhente zeekhemikhali. Iarhente enye yebhayoloji ichaphazeleka lula yimozulu, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo akuzinzanga. Ukudibanisa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kuyayoyisa le ngxaki. Ngelixa kunciphisa inani leearhente zeekhemikhali, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza nokuhlala ixesha elide kwamalungiselelo adibeneyo. Ububanzi bokuthintela nokulawula buye bandiswa, kwaye umthwalo wokusingqongileyo uncitshisiwe. Ukudibanisa izibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane zekhemikhali kunika ingcamango entsha yophuhliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji, kwaye amathuba okusetyenziswa makhulu.
9 Inkqubela phambili ekudibaniseni nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane
Ukudibanisa izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane kubonakalise iziphumo ezilungileyo zokulawula. Kuyabonakala kwiTheyibhile 3 ukuba xa imidacloprid kunye ne-thiamethoxam zidityaniswe ne-tebuconazole njengeearhente zonyango lwembewu, iziphumo zokulawula kwi-wheat aphid zazibalasele, kwaye azikhange zijolise kwi-Biosafety ngelixa ziphucula izinga lokuhluma kwembewu. Ukulungiswa kwe-imidacloprid, i-triazolone kunye ne-dinconazole kubonise iziphumo ezilungileyo ekulawuleni izifo zengqolowa kunye nezinambuzane eziyingozi. % ～99.1%. Ukudibanisa izibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kunye ne-syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) kunempembelelo ecacileyo yokusebenzisana kwi-cotton aphid. Xa umlinganiselo wobunzima be-thiamethoxam, i-dinotefuran, i-nitenpyram kunye ne-penpyramid ingu-50:1-1:50, i-co-toxicity coefficient yi-129.0-186.0, enokuthintela ngempumelelo kwaye ilawule izinambuzane ezifunxa umlomo ezihlabayo. Xa umlinganiselo we-epoxifen kunye ne-phenoxycarb wawuyi-1:4, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-250.0, kwaye isiphumo sokulawula kwi-rice planthopper yayiyeyona ilungileyo. Ukudibanisa i-imidacloprid kunye ne-amitimidine kwaba nesiphumo esicacileyo sokuthintela i-cotton aphid, kwaye izinga le-synergy laliphezulu xa i-imidacloprid yayiyeyona dosi iphantsi ye-LC10. Xa umlinganiselo wobunzima be-thiamethoxam kunye ne-spirotetramat wawuyi-10:30-30:10, i-co-toxicity coefficient yayiyi-109.8-246.5, kwaye kwakungekho siphumo se-phytotoxic. Ukongeza, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-oyile yeminerali i-greengrass, i-diatomaceous earth kunye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane okanye izincedisi ezidityaniswe nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid nazo zinokuphucula isiphumo sokulawula kwizinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweminye imithi yokubulala izinambuzane ngokudibeneyo kubandakanya ikakhulu ii-triazoles, ii-methoxyacrylates, ii-nitro-aminoguanidines, ii-amitraz, ii-quaternary keto acids, ii-mineral oils kunye ne-diatomaceous earth, njl. Xa sihlola imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, kufuneka siqaphele ingxaki ye-phytotoxicity kwaye sichonge ngokufanelekileyo iimpendulo phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezibulali-zinambuzane. Imizekelo edibeneyo ikwabonisa ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zezibulali-zinambuzane zinokudityaniswa nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid, nto leyo ebonelela ngeendlela ezininzi zokulawula izinambuzane.
10 Isiphelo kunye neNgqondo
Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezibulali zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid kukhokelele ekwandeni okukhulu kokuxhathisa kwezitshabalalisi ekujoliswe kuzo, kwaye iingxaki zazo kwindalo kunye nemingcipheko yokuchaphazeleka kwimpilo ziye zaba ziindawo eziphambili zophando kunye nobunzima bokusetyenziswa. Ukuhlanganiswa okunengqiqo kwezibulali zinambuzane ezahlukeneyo okanye uphuhliso lwee-arhente ezibulala izinambuzane yindlela ebalulekileyo yokulibazisa ukuxhathisa amayeza, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kwaye ikwalicebo eliphambili lokusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kwezibulali zinambuzane kwimveliso yokwenyani yezolimo. Eli phepha liphonononga inkqubela phambili yokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo ze-neonicotinoid kunye nezinye iintlobo zezibulali zinambuzane, kwaye licacisa iingenelo zokuhlanganiswa kwezibulali zinambuzane: ① ukulibazisa ukuxhathisa amayeza; ② ukuphucula impembelelo yolawulo; ③ ukwandisa uluhlu lolawulo; ④ ukwandisa ixesha lokusebenza; ⑤ ukuphucula impembelelo ekhawulezayo ⑥ Ukulawula ukukhula kwesityalo; ⑦ Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane; ⑧ Ukuphucula iingozi kwindalo; ⑨ Ukunciphisa iindleko zoqoqosho; ⑩ Ukuphucula izibulali zinambuzane zamakhemikhali. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kakhulu ukuvezwa kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo kwindalo, ngakumbi ukhuseleko lwezinto eziphilayo ezingajoliswanga kuzo (umzekelo, iintshaba zendalo zezinambuzane) kunye nezityalo ezinobuthathaka kumanqanaba okukhula ahlukeneyo, kunye nemiba yesayensi efana nomahluko kwimiphumo yolawulo ebangelwa lutshintsho kwiimpawu zeekhemikhali zezinambuzane. Ukudalwa kwezinambuzane zemveli kuthatha ixesha kwaye kufuna umsebenzi omninzi, ngeendleko eziphezulu kunye nomjikelo omde wophando nophuhliso. Njengendlela esebenzayo yokulinganisa, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinambuzane, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okunengqiqo, kwesayensi kunye nokusemgangathweni akupheleli nje ekwandiseni umjikelo wokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane, kodwa kukwakhuthaza umjikelo olungileyo wolawulo lwezinambuzane. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwendalo esingqongileyo lubonelela ngenkxaso enamandla.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Meyi-23-2022