Ukuthatha umzekelo ka-2014, intengiso yehlabathi ye-aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides yayiyi-US$1.217 yeebhiliyoni, i-4.6% yemarike yehlabathi ye-US$26.440 yeebhiliyoni kunye ne-1.9% yemarike yehlabathi ye-US$63.212 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. Nangona ingekho mhle njenge-herbicides ezifana ne-amino acids kunye ne-sulfonylureas, ikwanendawo kwimarike ye-herbicides (ibekwe kwindawo yesithandathu kwintengiso yehlabathi).
Iiherbicides ze-Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni ukhula lwengca. Yafunyanwa ngeminyaka yoo-1960 xa uHoechst (eJamani) watshintsha iqela le-phenyl kwisakhiwo se-2,4-D nge-diphenyl ether waza waphuhlisa isizukulwana sokuqala se-aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides. "Grass Ling". Ngo-1971, kwafunyaniswa ukuba isakhiwo sendandatho yomzali siquka u-A kunye no-B. Iiherbicides ezilandelayo zolu hlobo zatshintshwa ngokusekelwe kuso, zatshintsha indandatho ye-A benzene kwelinye icala yaba yindandatho ye-heterocyclic okanye edibeneyo, zaza zangenisa amaqela asebenzayo afana nee-athomu ze-F kwindandatho, nto leyo eyabangela uthotho lweemveliso ezinomsebenzi ophezulu. , iiherbicides ezikhethiweyo ngakumbi.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-APP yokubulala ukhula
Imbali yophuhliso lwe-propionic acid herbicides
Indlela yokusebenza
Ii-herbicides ze-Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid zizinto ezithintela i-acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), ngaloo ndlela zithintela ukwenziwa kwee-fatty acids, nto leyo ebangela ukwenziwa kwe-oleic acid, i-linoleic acid, i-linolenic acid, kunye neengqimba ze-waxy kunye neenkqubo ze-cuticle ziyavalwa, nto leyo ebangela ukutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwesakhiwo se-membrane yesityalo, ukwanda kokungena kwamanzi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukufa kwesityalo.
Iimpawu zayo zokusebenza kakuhle, ubuthi obuphantsi, ukukhetha okuphezulu, ukhuseleko lwezityalo kunye nokuwohloka okulula zikhuthaze kakhulu uphuhliso lwemithi yokubulala ukhula ekhethiweyo.
Olunye uphawu lwe-AAP herbicides kukuba zisebenza ngokubonakalayo, nto leyo ebonakaliswa zii-isomers ezahlukeneyo phantsi kwesakhiwo seekhemikhali esifanayo, kwaye ii-isomers ezahlukeneyo zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokubulala ukhula. Phakathi kwazo, i-R(-)-isomer inokuthintela ngempumelelo umsebenzi we-enzyme ekujoliswe kuyo, ithintele ukwakheka kwe-auxin kunye ne-gibberellin kukhula, kwaye ibonise umsebenzi omhle wokubulala ukhula, ngelixa i-S(+)-isomer ngokusisiseko ingasebenzi. Umahluko ekusebenzeni phakathi kwezi zimbini uphindwe ka-8-12.
Ii-APP zokubulala ukhula ezithengiswayo zihlala zicutshungulwa zibe zii-esters, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zifunxwe lula lukhula; nangona kunjalo, ii-esters zihlala zinyibilika kancinci kwaye zifunxwa ngamandla, ngoko ke azilula ukuzikhupha kwaye zifunxwa lula lukhula emhlabeni.
I-Clodinafop-propargyl
I-Propargyl sisibulali-zinambuzane se-phenoxypropionate esaphuhliswa yi-ciba-Geigy ngo-1981. Igama layo lezorhwebo yi-Topic kwaye igama layo lekhemikhali yi-(R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
I-Propargyl sisibulali-zinambuzane esiqulathe i-fluorine, esisebenza ngokubonakalayo njenge-aryloxyphenoxypropionate. Sisetyenziselwa unyango lwesiqu namagqabi emva kokuhluma ukulawula ukhula oluyi-gramineous kwingqolowa, i-rye, i-triticale kunye nezinye iintsimi zengqolowa, ngakumbi kwi-wheatgrass kunye ne-wheatgrass. Sisebenza kakuhle ekulawuleni ukhula olunzima njenge-wild oats. Sisetyenziselwa unyango lwesiqu namagqabi emva kokuhluma ukulawula ukhula lwengca lonyaka, njenge-wild oats, i-black oat grass, i-foxtail grass, i-field grass, kunye ne-wheatgrass. Umthamo yi-30~60g/hm2. Indlela ethile yokusebenzisa yile: ukusuka kwinqanaba lamagqabi ama-2 engqolowa ukuya kwinqanaba lokudibana, faka isibulali-zinambuzane kukhula kwinqanaba lamagqabi ama-2-8. Ebusika, sebenzisa iigram ezingama-20-30 zeMaiji (15% ye-clofenacetate wettable powder) ngehektare nganye. I-30-40g ye-extremely (15% ye-clodinafop-propargyl wettable powder), yongeza i-15-30kg yamanzi kwaye utshize ngokulinganayo.
Indlela yokusebenza kunye neempawu ze-clodinafop-propargyl zi-acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors kunye ne-systemic conductive herbicides. Eli yeza lifunxwa ngamagqabi kunye neengxobo zamagqabi esityalo, liqhutywa yi-phloem, kwaye liqokelele kwi-meristem yesityalo, lithintela i-acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor. I-Coenzyme A carboxylase iyayimisa i-fatty acid synthesis, ithintela ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kweeseli kunye nokwahlukana, kwaye itshabalalisa izakhiwo eziqulethe ii-lipid ezifana neenkqubo ze-membrane, ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekufeni kwezityalo. Ixesha ukusuka kwi-clodinafop-propargyl ukuya ekufeni kokhula licotha kakhulu, ngokubanzi lithatha iiveki ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3.
Iifomyula eziphambili ze-clodinafop-propargyl yi-8%, 15%, 20%, kunye ne-30% ye-emulsions yamanzi, i-15% kunye ne-24% ye-microemulsions, i-15% kunye ne-20% ye-powders emanzi, kunye ne-8% kunye ne-14% ye-dispersible oil suspensions. I-24% yekrimu.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto
I-(R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid iqala iveliswe yi-reaction ye-α-chloropropionic acid kunye ne-hydroquinone, ize i-etherized ngokongeza i-5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine ngaphandle kokuhlukana. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, isabela kunye ne-chloropropyne ukuze ifumane i-clodinafop-propargyl. Emva kwe-crystallization, umxholo wemveliso ufikelela kwi-97% ukuya kwi-98%, kwaye isivuno sisonke sifikelela kwi-85%.
Imeko yokuthumela ngaphandle
Idatha yezerhafu ibonisa ukuba ngo-2019, ilizwe lam lithumele ngaphandle isimbuku seedola zaseMelika ezingama-35.77 ezigidi (izibalo ezingaphelelanga, kuquka amalungiselelo kunye namayeza obuchwephesha). Phakathi kwazo, ilizwe lokuqala elingenisa impahla yiKazakhstan, engenisa impahla ikakhulu, enexabiso leedola zaseMelika ezingama-8.6515 ezigidi, ilandelwa yiRashiya, kunye namalungiselelo Kukho imfuno yamayeza kunye nezinto zokwenza imveliso, kunye nomthamo wokungenisa we-US $3.6481 yezigidi. Indawo yesithathu yiNetherlands, kunye nomthamo wokungenisa we-US $3.582 yezigidi. Ukongeza, iKhanada, iIndiya, i-Israel, iSudan kunye namanye amazwe nazo zezona ndawo ziphambili zokuthumela impahla ngaphandle kwe-clodinafop-propargyl.
I-Cyhalofop-butyl
I-Cyhalofop-ethyl sisibulali-zinambuzane esikhethekileyo ngerayisi esaphuhliswa saza saveliswa yiDow AgroSciences e-United States ngo-1987. Kwakhona sisifo sokubulala izinambuzane esibizwa ngokuba yi-aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid esikhuselekileyo kakhulu kwirayisi. Ngo-1998, iDow AgroSciences yase-United States yayiyeyokuqala ukubhalisa i-cyhalofop technical kwilizwe lam. Ilungelo lomenzi laphelelwa lixesha ngo-2006, kwaye ubhaliso lwasekhaya lwaqala olunye emva kolunye. Ngo-2007, ishishini lasekhaya (iShanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) labhalisa okokuqala.
Igama lezorhwebo likaDow yiClincher, kwaye igama lekhemikhali yalo yi-(R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iDow AgroSciences' Qianjin (isithako esisebenzayo: 10% cyhalomefen EC) kunye neDaoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), eziye zathandwa kakhulu kwimarike yaseTshayina, zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zikhuselekile. Zithatha indawo ephambili kwimarike yerayisi emasimini kwilizwe lam.
I-Cyhalofop-ethyl, efana nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ze-aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid, sisithinteli sokwenziwa kwe-fatty acid kwaye sithintela i-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Ifunxwa kakhulu ngamagqabi kwaye ayinamsebenzi womhlaba. I-Cyhalofop-ethyl iyasebenza emzimbeni kwaye ifunxwa ngokukhawuleza ngamathambo ezityalo. Emva konyango lweekhemikhali, ukhula lwengca luyeka ukukhula ngoko nangoko, lutyheli luvela kwiintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-7, kwaye isityalo sonke siyafa kwaye sife kwiiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3.
I-Cyhalofop isetyenziswa emva kokuhluma ukulawula ukhula oluyi-gramineous emasimini erayisi. Umlinganiselo werayisi yetropiki yi-75-100g/hm2, kwaye umlinganiselo werayisi epholileyo yi-180-310g/hm2. Isebenza kakhulu kwi-Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Small chaff grass, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, Heart-leaf millet, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, njl.njl.
Umzekelo, sebenzisa i-cyhalofop-ethyl EC eyi-15%. Kwinqanaba lamagqabi eli-1.5-2.5 le-barnyardgrass emasimini eembewu zerayisi kunye nenqanaba lamagqabi ama-2-3 e-stephanotis emasimini eerayisi atyalwe ngqo, iziqu kunye namagqabi ziyatshizwa kwaye zitshizwe ngokulinganayo ngenkungu encinci. Hluza amanzi ngaphambi kokufaka isibulali-zinambuzane ukuze ngaphezulu kwe-2/3 yeziqu zokhula kunye namagqabi avele emanzini. Nkcenkceshela zingadlulanga iiyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-72 emva kokusetyenziswa kwesibulali-zinambuzane, kwaye ugcine umaleko wamanzi oyi-3-5 cm kangangeentsuku ezi-5-7. Sebenzisa ungadluli kanye ngexesha lokukhula kwerayisi. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eli yeza liyingozi kakhulu kwi-arthropods zasemanzini, ngoko ke kuphephe ukungena kwiindawo zokulima aquaculture. Xa zidityaniswe nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezinamagqabi abanzi, zinokubonisa iziphumo ezichaseneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwe-cyhalofop.
Iifom zayo eziphambili zedosi zezi: i-cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), umgubo we-cyhalofop-methyl wettable (20%), i-cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), i-cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), i-cyhalofop oil suspension (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), i-cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible oil suspension (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); ii-compound agents ziquka i-oxafop-propyl kunye ne-penoxsufen Compound ye-amine, i-pyrazosulfuron-methyl, i-bispyrfen, njl.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-24-2024