Indoor residual spraying (IRS) yeyona nto ingundoqo kwiinzame zokulawula i-visceral leishmaniasis (VL) eIndiya.Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nefuthe lolawulo lwe-IRS kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemizi.Apha sivavanya ukuba ngaba i-IRS isebenzisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane inentsalela efanayo kunye neziphumo zongenelelo kuzo zonke iindidi zemizi kwilali.Siye savelisa iimephu ezidityanisiweyo zomngcipheko wendawo kunye neemodeli zohlalutyo loxinaniso lwengcongconi olusekwe kwiimpawu zasekhaya, ubuntununtunu bokubulala izitshabalalisi, kunye nenqanaba le-IRS ukuvavanya ukusasazwa kwendawo yezityalo kwinqanaba le-microscale.
Uphononongo lwenziwe kwiilali ezimbini zebhloko yeMahnar kwisithili saseVaishali saseBihar.Ukulawulwa kwee-VL vectors (P. argentipes) nge-IRS usebenzisa i-insecticides ezimbini [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) kunye ne-synthetic pyrethroids (SP 5%)] yavavanywa.Ukusebenza okwethutyana okushiyekileyo kwamayeza okubulala izinambuzane kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeendonga kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa indlela yecone bioassay njengoko kucetyiswa nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi.Uvakalelo lwentlanzi yendalo yesilivere kwimichiza yokubulala izinambuzane yavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-in vitro bioassay.Uxinaniso lweengcongconi zangaphambi nangemva kwe-IRS kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo zokukhusela izilwanyana zibekwe esweni kusetyenziswa imigibe yokukhanya efakwe ngamaZiko oLawulo lweSifo ukusuka kwi-6: 00 pm ukuya kwi-6: 00 am Eyona modeli ifanelekileyo yokuhlalutya ukuxinana kweengcongconi yaphuhliswa ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezininzi. uhlalutyo.Itekhnoloji yohlalutyo lwendawo esekelwe kwi-GIS isetyenziselwe ukwenza imephu yokusasazwa kwe-vector pesticide ngohlobo lwendlu, kwaye imeko ye-IRS yasekhaya yayisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukuhanjiswa kwe-spatiotemporal ye-shrimp yesilivere.
Iingcongconi zeSilver zinovelwano kakhulu kwi-SP (100%), kodwa zibonisa ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwi-DDT, kunye nezinga lokufa lika-49.1%.I-SP-IRS ixelwe ukuba inokwamkelwa ngcono kuluntu kune-DDT-IRS phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zemizi.Ukusebenza okushiyekileyo kwahluka kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yodonga;akukho nasinye isibulali-zinambuzane esadibana ne-IRS ecetyiswayo yoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi wexesha lesenzo.Kuwo onke amaxesha asemva kwe-IRS, ukucutheka kwebug ngenxa ye-SP-IRS bekukukhulu phakathi kwamaqela osapho (oko kukuthi, izitshizi kunye nabalindi) kune-DDT-IRS.Imephu yomngcipheko wendawo edibeneyo ibonisa ukuba i-SP-IRS inefuthe elingcono lokulawula kwiingcongconi kune-DDT-IRS kuzo zonke iindawo ezinobungozi bekhaya.Uhlalutyo lwe-Multilevel logistic regression analysis luchonge izinto ezintlanu zomngcipheko eziye zanxulunyaniswa ngamandla nokuxinana kwe-shrimp yesilivere.
Iziphumo ziya kunika ukuqonda okungcono kweendlela ze-IRS ekulawuleni i-visceral leishmaniasis e-Bihar, enokunceda ukukhokela iinzame ezizayo zokuphucula imeko.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), ekwaziwa njenge-kala-azar, sisifo esingahoyekanga esisasazwa zizilwanyana ezibangelwa zizifunxi-gazi zeprotozoan zohlobo lweLeishmania.Kwi-Indian subcontinent (IS), apho abantu bakuphela komgcini wedama, i-parasite (okt Leishmania donovani) idluliselwa ebantwini ngokulunywa ziingcongconi zabasetyhini (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2].EIndiya, iVL ifumaneka ikakhulu kumazwe amane asembindini nasempuma: iBihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal kunye ne-Uttar Pradesh.Okunye ukuqhambuka kuye kwaxelwa eMadhya Pradesh (kuMbindi weIndiya), eGujarat (eNtshona Indiya), eTamil Nadu naseKerala (eMazantsi eIndiya), kunye nakwimimandla engaphantsi kweHimalayan emantla eIndiya, kubandakanya i-Himachal Pradesh kunye neJammu kunye neKashmir.3].Phakathi kwamazwe agqugqisayo, iBihar ixhaphake kakhulu kwizithili ezingama-33 ezichatshazelwa yi-VL engaphezulu kwe-70% yamatyala ewonke eIndiya minyaka le [4].Ngokumalunga ne-99 yezigidi zabantu kulo mmandla basengozini, kunye nesiganeko esiqhelekileyo sonyaka samatyala angama-6,752 (2013-2017).
E-Bihar nakwezinye iindawo zaseIndiya, iinzame zokulawula i-VL zixhomekeke kwiindlela ezintathu eziphambili: ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili, unyango olusebenzayo, kunye nokulawulwa kwe-vector usebenzisa ukutshiza i-insecticide yangaphakathi (IRS) kumakhaya nakwiindawo zokuhlala zezilwanyana [4, 5].Njengomphumo wecala lemikhankaso ye-antimalarial, i-IRS ilawula ngempumelelo i-VL kwiminyaka ye-1960 isebenzisa i-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai / m2), kunye nolawulo lweprogram olulawula ngempumelelo i-VL kwi-1977 kunye ne-1992 [5, 6].Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwamva nje luqinisekisile ukuba i-silverbellied shrimp iye yavelisa ukuxhathisa ngokubanzi kwi-DDT [4,7,8].Kwi-2015, iNkqubo yeSizwe yoLawulo lweZifo zeVector (i-NVBDCP, eNew Delhi) yatshintsha i-IRS ukusuka kwi-DDT ukuya kwi-synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai / m2) [7, 9].UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) umisele injongo yokuphelisa i-VL ngo-2020 (okt
Uphononongo lwenziwe kwibhloko ye-Mahnar yesithili saseVaishali kwibhanki esenyakatho yeGanga (Umfanekiso 1).I-Makhnar yindawo exhaphake kakhulu, kunye ne-avareji yeemeko ze-56.7 ze-VL ngonyaka (iimeko ze-170 kwi-2012-2014), izinga leziganeko zonyaka yi-2.5-3.7 iimeko kwi-10,000 yabantu;Kukhethwe iidolophana ezimbini: i-Chakeso njengendawo yokulawula (umzobo 1d1; akukho ziganeko ze-VL kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo) kunye neLavapur Mahanar njengendawo ehlala kuyo (umzobo we-1d2; i-endemic kakhulu, kunye neemeko ezi-5 okanye ngaphezulu kwi-1000 yabantu ngonyaka. ).kule minyaka mi-5 idlulileyo).Iilali zakhethwa ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezingundoqo ezintathu: indawo kunye nokufikeleleka (okt ibekwe phezu komlambo ofikeleleka lula unyaka wonke), iimpawu zenani labantu kunye nenani lamakhaya (okt ubuncinane amakhaya angama-200; i-Chaqueso inamakhaya angama-202 kunye nama-204 anomlinganiselo wobukhulu bemizi) .I-4.9 kunye ne-5.1 abantu) kunye neLavapur Mahanar ngokulandelanayo) kunye nohlobo lwendlu (HT) kunye nohlobo lokusabalalisa kwabo (oko kukuthi i-HT exutywe ngokungaqhelekanga).Zombini iilali zophononongo zibekwe ngaphakathi kwe-500 m yedolophu yaseMakhnar kunye nesibhedlele sesithili.Uphononongo lubonise ukuba abahlali beelali zophononongo babandakanyeka kakhulu kwimisebenzi yophando.Izindlu ezikwilali yoqeqesho [ezinegumbi lokulala eli-1-2 elinebalcony encanyathiselweyo, ikhitshi eli-1, igumbi lokuhlambela eli-1 kunye neshedi e-1 (encamatheleyo okanye ecandiweyo)] ineendonga zezitena/zodaka kunye nemigangatho yeadobe, iindonga zezitena ezinodaka lwesamente yekalika.kunye nemigangatho yesamente, iindonga zezitena ezingatyatywanga nezingapeyintwanga, imigangatho yodongwe nophahla lwengca.Ummandla wonke weVaishali unemozulu efumileyo enexesha lemvula (ngoJulayi ukuya kuAgasti) kunye nexesha elomileyo (ngoNovemba ukuya kuDisemba).Umyinge wonyaka wemvula yi-720.4 mm (uluhlu lwe-736.5-1076.7 mm), ukufuma okuhambelana ne-65±5% (uluhlu lwe-16-79%), ubushushu benyanga obuphakathi kwe-17.2-32.4 ° C.UMeyi noJuni zezona nyanga zishushu (amaqondo obushushu 39–44 °C), ngelixa uJanuwari yeyona ngqele (7–22 °C).
Imephu yendawo yokufunda ibonisa indawo yeBihar kwimephu yaseIndiya (a) kunye nendawo yesithili saseVaishali kwimephu yaseBihar (b).IMakhnar Block (c) Iilali ezimbini zakhethwa kuphononongo: iChakeso njengendawo yolawulo kunye neLavapur Makhnar njengendawo yongenelelo.
Njengenxalenye yeNkqubo yeSizwe yoLawulo lweKalaazar, iBhodi yezeMpilo ye-Bihar Society (SHSB) iqhube imijikelo emibini ye-IRS yonyaka ngexesha le-2015 kunye ne-2016 (umjikelo wokuqala, ngoFebruwari-Matshi; umjikelo wesibini, ngoJuni-Julayi) [4].Ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kwayo yonke imisebenzi ye-IRS, isicwangciso sesenzo esincinci silungiselelwe yi-Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), i-Patna, i-subsidiary ye-Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi).iziko nodal.Iilali ze-IRS zakhethwa ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezimbini eziphambili: imbali yamatyala e-VL kunye ne-retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) kwidolophana (okt, iilali ezine-1 okanye ngaphezulu kwamatyala ngalo naliphi na ixesha kwiminyaka emi-3 edlulileyo, kubandakanywa unyaka wokuphunyezwa. )., iilali ezingaguqukiyo ezingqonge “iindawo ezishushu” (okt iilali ezithe gqolo zaxela amatyala ≥ 2 iminyaka okanye ≥ 2 iimeko ngabantu abali-1000) kunye neelali ezintsha ezigqugqisayo (akukho ziganeko kwiminyaka emi-3 edlulileyo) kwiilali kunyaka ophelileyo Ukuphunyezwa konyaka kuxelwe [17].Iilali ezingabamelwane eziphumeza umjikelo wokuqala werhafu yelizwe, iilali ezintsha nazo zibandakanyiwe kumjikelo wesibini wesicwangciso senkqubo yerhafu yesizwe.Ngo-2015, imijikelo emibini ye-IRS esebenzisa iDDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) yaqhutywa kwiilali zophando zongenelelo.Ukususela ngo-2016, i-IRS yenziwe ngokusebenzisa i-pyrethroids yokwenziwa (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai / m2).Ukutshiza kuqhutywe kusetyenziswa ipompo ye-Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) kunye neskrini soxinzelelo, i-valve eguquguqukayo (i-1.5 bar) kunye ne-8002 ye-jet nozzle ye-flat flat for porous surfaces [27].I-ICMR-RMRIMS, i-Patna (Bihar) ibeke iliso kwi-IRS kwinqanaba lekhaya kunye nelali kwaye yanikezela ngolwazi lokuqala malunga ne-IRS kubahlali belali ngeemakrofoni kwiintsuku zokuqala ze-1-2.Iqela ngalinye le-IRS lixhotyiswe nge-monitor (ebonelelwe yi-RMRIMS) ukujonga ukusebenza kweqela le-IRS.I-Ombudsmen, kunye namaqela e-IRS, zisasazwa kuzo zonke izindlu ukuze zazise kwaye ziqinisekise iintloko zemizi malunga nemiphumo emihle ye-IRS.Ngexesha lemijikelo emibini yovavanyo lwe-IRS, ukugqunywa kwemizi ngokubanzi kwiilali zophononongo kufikelele ubuncinci kwi-80% [4].Ubume bokutshiza (okt, ukungatshizi, ukutshiza ngokuyinxenye, kunye nokutshiza ngokupheleleyo; kuchazwe kwifayile eyoNgezelelweyo 1: Uluhlu S1) lwarekhodwa kuyo yonke imizi kwilali yongenelelo ngexesha lemijikelo yomibini ye-IRS.
Uphononongo lwenziwe ukususela ngoJuni 2015 ukuya kuJulayi 2016. I-IRS isebenzise amaziko esifo sokungenelela kwangaphambili (oko kukuthi, iiveki ze-2 ngaphambi kokungenelela; uphando olusisiseko) kunye nokungenelela emva kokungenelela (oko kukuthi, i-2, i-4, kunye neeveki ze-12 emva kokungenelela; ulandelelaniso lwesaveyi) ukubeka iliso, ukulawula ukuxinana, kunye nothintelo lweempukane zesanti kumjikelo ngamnye we-IRS.kwikhaya ngalinye Ubusuku obunye (okt ukususela ngo-18:00 ukuya ku-6:00) isibatha esilula [28].Izibatha ezikhanyayo zifakwe kumagumbi okulala kunye neendawo zokuhlala zezilwanyana.Kwidolophana apho uphando longenelelo lwenziwa khona, amakhaya angama-48 avavanyelwa ukuxinana kweempukane zesanti ngaphambi kwe-IRS (amakhaya ali-12 ngosuku ngeentsuku ezi-4 ezilandelelanayo ukuya kumhla ongaphambi komhla we-IRS).I-12 yakhethwa kwiqela ngalinye kumakhaya amane angundoqo (okt udaka lodongwe olungaxutywanga (PMP), udaka lwesamente kunye nolugqume lwekalika (CPLC), izindlu zezitena ezingatyabekanga nezingapeyintwanga (BUU) kunye nophahla lwengca (TH) izindlu).Emva koko, kuphela imizi ye-12 (ngaphandle kwe-48 yamakhaya angaphambi kwe-IRS) yakhethwa ukuba iqhubeke nokuqokelela idatha yobuninzi beengcongconi emva kwentlanganiso ye-IRS.Ngokweengcebiso ze-WHO, amakhaya angama-6 akhethwa kwiqela longenelelo (amakhaya afumana unyango lwe-IRS) kunye neqela labalindi (amakhaya kwiilali zokungenelela, abo banini abala imvume ye-IRS) [28].Phakathi kweqela lolawulo (amakhaya kwiilali ezingabamelwane ezingazange zingene kwi-IRS ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-VL), yimizi emi-6 kuphela ekhethiweyo ukuba ihlole ukuxinana kweengcongconi ngaphambi nangemva kweeseshoni ezimbini ze-IRS.Kuwo omathathu amaqela okubeka esweni ingxinano yeengcongconi (okt, ungenelelo, umlindi nolawulo), amakhaya akhethwa kumaqela amathathu enqanaba lomngcipheko (okt, ophantsi, ophakathi nophezulu; amakhaya amabini kwinqanaba ngalinye lomngcipheko) kunye neempawu zomngcipheko weHT zahlelwa (iimodyuli kunye nezakhiwo zifakiwe. kuboniswe kwiThebhile 1 kunye neThebhile 2, ngokulandelanayo) [29, 30].Amakhaya amabini kwinqanaba ngalinye lomngcipheko aye akhethwa ukunqanda uqikelelo lokuxinana kweengcongconi olucalucalulo kunye nothelekiso phakathi kwamaqela.Kwiqela lokungenelela, ukuxinana kweengcongconi ze-post-IRS zibekwe iliso kwiintlobo ezimbini zemizi ye-IRS: iphathwa ngokupheleleyo (n = 3; indlu ye-1 kwinqanaba leqela lomngcipheko) kwaye iphathwa ngokuyinxenye (n = 3; 1 ikhaya ngalinye kwinqanaba leqela lomngcipheko).).iqela lomngcipheko).
Zonke iingcongconi ezibanjelwe emasimini eziqokelelwe kwiityhubhu zovavanyo zatshintshelwa elabhoratri, kwaye iityhubhu zovavanyo zabulawa kusetyenziswa uboya bekotoni obufakwe kwiklorofomu.Iimpukane zesilivere zaye zahlulwa ngesondo kwaye zahlulwa kwezinye izinambuzane kunye neengcongconi ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ze-morphological usebenzisa iikhowudi zokuchonga eziqhelekileyo [31].Zonke iishrimps zesilivere zamadoda nabasetyhini zaza zafakwa enkonkxeni ngokwahlukeneyo kwi-80% yotywala.Ubuninzi bengcongconi ngomgibe/ubusuku bubalwa kusetyenziswa le fomula ilandelayo: inani elipheleleyo leengcongconi eziqokelelweyo/inani lemigibe yokukhanya esetwe ngobusuku.Utshintsho lwepesenti kubuninzi beengcongconi (SFC) ngenxa ye-IRS esebenzisa i-DDT kunye ne-SP yaqikelelwa kusetyenziswa le fomula ilandelayo [32]:
apho u-A esisiseko esithetha i-SFC yeentsapho zongenelelo, B yi-IRS ithetha i-SFC yeentsapho zongenelelo, u-C sisiseko esithetha i-SFC kumakhaya olawulo/abalindi, kwaye u-D ngumlinganiselo we-SFC wolawulo lwe-IRS/unogada kumakhaya.
Iziphumo zesiphumo songenelelo, ezibhalwe njengexabiso elibi kunye nelungileyo, zibonisa ukuhla kunye nokunyuka kwe-SFC emva kwe-IRS, ngokulandelanayo.Ukuba i-SFC emva kwe-IRS yahlala ifana ne-SFC esisiseko, umphumo wongenelelo ubalwa njengoziro.
Ngokwe-World Health Organisation Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), ubuntununtunu be-silvelleg shrimp kwi-pesticides i-DDT kunye ne-SP yavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-in vitro bioassays esemgangathweni [33].I-shrimp yesilivere esempilweni kunye nengondliwayo yabasetyhini (i-18-25 SF ngeqela ngalinye) yavezwa kwizitshabalalisi ezifunyenwe kwi-Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; iququzelelwa nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi) usebenzisa i-World Health Organisation Pesticide Sensitivity Test Kit [4,9, 33 , 34].Iseti nganye ye-bioassays ye-pesticide yavavanywa amaxesha asibhozo (i-replicates zovavanyo, nganye iqhutywe ngaxeshanye nolawulo).Iimvavanyo zokulawula zenziwa ngokusebenzisa iphepha elifakwe ngaphambili kunye ne-risella (ye-DDT) kunye neoli ye-silicone (ye-SP) enikezelwa yi-USM.Emva kwemizuzu engama-60 yokuvezwa, iingcongconi zafakwa kwiityhubhu ze-WHO kwaye zanikwa uboya bekotoni obufunxayo obufakwe kwisisombululo seswekile se-10%.Inani leemiyane ezibulewe emva kweyure ye-1 kunye nokufa kokugqibela emva kweeyure ze-24 zabonwa.Isimo sokuchasa sichazwa ngokwemigaqo ye-World Health Organization: ukufa kwe-98-100% kubonisa ukunyanzeliswa, i-90-98% ibonisa ukuchasana okunokwenzeka okudinga ukuqinisekiswa, kwaye <90% ibonisa ukuchasana [33, 34].Ngenxa yokuba ukusweleka kwiqela lolawulo ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-5%, akukho luhlengahlengiso lokufa lwenziwa.
I-bioefficacy kunye nentsalela yeziphumo zemichiza yokubulala izinambuzane kwiintubi zendalo phantsi kweemeko zentsimi ziye zavavanywa.Kumakhaya amathathu ongenelelo (inye inodaka lodongwe olungenanto okanye iPMP, udaka lwesamente kunye nokwaleka kwekalika okanye i-CPLC, izitena ezingatyabekanga nezingapeyintwanga okanye iBUU) kwiiveki ezi-2, 4 kunye ne-12 emva kokutshiza.Uvavanyo lwebhayoloji oluqhelekileyo lwe-WHO lwenziwa kwiicones ezinemigibe yokukhanya.isekwe [27, 32].Ukufudumala kwekhaya bekungabandakanywa ngenxa yeendonga ezingalinganiyo.Kuhlalutyo ngalunye, ii-cones ze-12 zisetyenzisiwe kuwo onke amakhaya ovavanyo (ii-cones ezine kwikhaya ngalinye, enye yohlobo ngalunye lomphezulu wodonga).Namathisela iicones eludongeni ngalunye lwegumbi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo: enye kwinqanaba lentloko (ukusuka kwi-1.7 ukuya kwi-1.8 m), ezimbini ezinqeni (ukusuka kwi-0.9 ukuya kwi-1 m) kunye nenye ngaphantsi kwedolo (ukusuka kwi-0.3 ukuya kwi-0.5 m).Iingcongconi ezizimazi ezilishumi ezingatyiswanga (i-10 ngekowuni nganye; ziqokelelwe kwindawo yokulawula kusetyenziswa i-aspirator) zafakwa kwigumbi ngalinye leplastiki le-WHO lekhowuni yeplastiki (ikhowuni enye ngohlobo ngalunye lwekhaya) njengolawulo.Emva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokuvezwa, susa ngokucophelela iingcongconi kuyo;igumbi elicolekileyo kusetyenziswa i-elbow aspirator kwaye idluliselwe kwiityhubhu ze-WHO ezine-10% yesisombululo seswekile sokutyisa.Ukusweleka kokugqibela emva kweeyure ezingama-24 kwarekhodwa kwi-27 ± 2°C kunye nama-80 ± 10% ukufuma okunxulumeneyo.Amazinga okufa okunamanqaku aphakathi kwe-5% kunye ne-20% ahlengahlengiswa kusetyenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott [27] ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
apho i-P ikukufa okuhlengahlengisiweyo, i-P1 yipesenti yokufa okuqatshelweyo, kwaye i-C yipesenti yolawulo lokufa.Izilingo ezinolawulo lokufa> i-20% yalahlwa kwaye iphinda iqhutywe [27, 33].
Uvavanyo lwekhaya olubanzi lwenziwa kwilali yongenelelo.Indawo ye-GPS yekhaya ngalinye yarekhodwa kunye noyilo kunye nohlobo lwemathiriyeli, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nobume bongenelelo.Iqonga le-GIS liphuhlise i-geodatabase yedijithali ebandakanya imigangatho yemida kwidolophana, isithili, isithili kunye namanqanaba karhulumente.Zonke iindawo zamakhaya zifakwe kwi-geotagged kusetyenziswa i-GIS yomgangatho welali, kwaye ulwazi lwabo lophawu ludityanisiwe kwaye luhlaziywa.Kwindawo nganye yendlu, umngcipheko uhlolwe ngokusekelwe kwi-HT, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-insecticide vector, kunye nesimo se-IRS (Itheyibhile 1) [11, 26, 29, 30].Zonke iindawo zasekhaya zaye zaguqulwa zaba ziimephu ezinemixholo kusetyenziswa ubungakanani bomgama oguqukayo (IDW; isisombululo esisekwe kumndilili wendawo yendlu ye-6 m2, amandla 2, inani elimiselweyo lamanqaku ajikelezileyo = 10, kusetyenziswa iradiyasi yokukhangela eguquguqukayo, isihluzo sokupasa esisezantsi).kunye ne-cubic convolution mapping) iteknoloji yongenelelo lwesithuba [35].Iintlobo ezimbini zeemephu ezisemngciphekweni womhlaba zenziwe: iimephu ezisekelwe kwi-HT ezisekelwe kwi-HT kunye novakalelo lwe-pesticide vector kunye nobume be-IRS (ISV kunye ne-IRSS) iimephu ezinesihloko.Iimephu ezimbini zemingcipheko yemingcipheko zaye zadityaniswa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo olungqingqwa [36].Ngethuba lale nkqubo, iileya ze-raster zahlelwa kwakhona kwiiklasi ezikhethiweyo eziqhelekileyo kumanqanaba omngcipheko ahlukeneyo (oko kukuthi, aphezulu, aphakathi, kunye naphantsi / akukho mngcipheko).Umaleko ngamnye we-raster ohlaziywe ngokutsha waphinda-phinda ngobunzima obunikezelweyo ngokusekelwe kukubaluleka kweeparamitha ezixhasa ubuninzi bengcongconi (ngokusekelwe kubuninzi beelali zokufunda, iindawo zokuzalela iingcongconi, kunye nokuphumla kunye nokuziphatha kokutyisa) [26, 29]., 30, 37].Zombini iimephu zengozi yesifundo zilinganiswe 50:50 njengoko zenza igalelo elilinganayo kubuninzi beengcongconi (Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Itheyibhile S2).Ngokushwankathela iimephu ezinemixholo eyalekeneyo, imephu yomngcipheko ehlanganisiweyo yokugqibela iyadalwa kwaye ibonwa kwiqonga leGIS.Imephu yokugqibela yomngcipheko inikezelwe kwaye ichazwe ngokwemigaqo yeSand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) amaxabiso abalwe kusetyenziswa le fomula ilandelayo:
Kwifomula, u-P lixabiso lesalathiso somngcipheko, L lixabiso lomngcipheko lilonke kwindawo yekhaya ngalinye, kwaye H lelona xabiso liphezulu lomngcipheko kumzi kwindawo yophononongo.Silungiselele kwaye senza iileyile ze-GIS kunye nohlalutyo sisebenzisa i-ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) ukudala iimephu zomngcipheko.
Senze ukuhlalutya okuphindaphindiweyo ukuhlola iziphumo ezidibeneyo ze-HT, i-ISV, kunye ne-IRSS (njengoko kuchazwe kwiThebhile 1) kwi-mosquito densities (n = 24).Iimpawu zezindlu kunye nemingcipheko esekelwe kwi-IRS yongenelelo ebhalwe kwisifundo yayiphathwa njengeenguqu ezichazayo, kwaye ubuninzi beemiyane busetyenziswe njengempendulo eguquguqukayo.Univariate uhlalutyo lwe-Poisson regression lwenziwa kwi-variable nganye echazayo ehambelana nokuxinana kwe-sandfly.Ngethuba lokuhlalutya univariate, iinguqu ezazingabalulekanga kwaye zinexabiso le-P elikhulu kune-15% lisuswe kuhlalutyo lokuphindaphinda.Ukuphonononga ukusebenzisana, imigaqo yokusebenzisana kuyo yonke inhlanganisela enokwenzeka yezinto eziguquguqukayo (ezifunyenwe kuhlalutyo olungaguqukiyo) zifakwe ngaxeshanye kuhlalutyo oluninzi lokubuyisela, kwaye amagama angenamsebenzi asuswe kumzekelo ngendlela yokunyathela ukudala imodeli yokugqibela.
Uvavanyo lomngcipheko wenqanaba lekhaya lwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini: uvavanyo lomngcipheko wekhaya kunye novavanyo oludibeneyo lwesithuba semimandla yomngcipheko kwimephu.Uqikelelo lwenqanaba lomngcipheko wemizi luqikelelwa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso phakathi koqikelelo lomngcipheko wekhaya kunye noxinaniso lweempukane zesanti (eziqokelelwe kumakhaya ama-6 abathunywa kunye nemizi yongenelelo eyi-6; iiveki ngaphambi nangemva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS).Iindawo zomngcipheko wesithuba zaqikelelwa kusetyenziswa umndilili wenani leengcongconi eziqokelelwe kumakhaya ahlukeneyo kwaye zithelekiswe phakathi kwamaqela asemngciphekweni (okt. iindawo ezinomngcipheko ophantsi, ophakathi nophezulu).Kumjikelo ngamnye we-IRS, amakhaya ali-12 (amakhaya ama-4 kwinqanaba ngalinye lemimandla yomngcipheko; ingqokelela yasebusuku iqhutywa rhoqo emva kwe-2, 4, kunye neeveki ze-12 emva kwe-IRS) zikhethwe ngokungenamkhethe ukuqokelela iingcongconi ukuvavanya imephu yomngcipheko obanzi.Idatha yendlu efanayo (okt HT, VSI, IRSS kunye nobuninzi beengcongconi) zasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya imodeli yokugqibela yokubuyisela.Uhlalutyo olulula lolungelelwaniso lwenziwe phakathi koqwalaselo lwasendle kunye noxinaniso lweengcongconi ezixelwe yimodeli yasekhaya.
Izibalo ezichazayo ezifana nentsingiselo, ubuncinci, ubuninzi, i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba (CI) kunye neepesenti zibalwe ukushwankathela idatha ye-entomological kunye ne-IRS.I-avareji yenani/uxinano kunye nokufa kweebugs zesilivere (intsalela ye-agent ye-insecticidal) kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo zeparametric [iisampulu ezidityanisiweyo t-test (yedatha eqhelekileyo esasazwayo)] kunye novavanyo olungeyo-parametric (inqanaba esayiniweyo iWilcoxon) ukuthelekisa ukusebenza phakathi kweentlobo zomhlaba ezindlini (okt. , BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, kunye ne-CPLC vs. PMP) uvavanyo lwedatha engasasazwanga ngokuqhelekileyo).Lonke uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-SPSS v.20 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Ukhuseleko lwamakhaya kwiilali zongenelelo ngexesha le-IRS DDT kunye nemijikelo ye-SP yabalwa.Amakhaya angama-205 ewonke afumene i-IRS kumjikelo ngamnye, kubandakanywa amakhaya angama-179 (87.3%) kumjikelo weDDT kunye namakhaya angama-194 (94.6%) kumjikelo weSP kulawulo lweVector yeVL.Umyinge wemizi enyangwe ngokupheleleyo ngezibulali-zinambuzane wawuphezulu ngexesha le-SP-IRS (86.3%) kunexesha le-DDT-IRS (52.7%).Inani lemizi ethe yaphuma kwi-IRS ngexesha le-DDT yayingama-26 (12.7%) kwaye inani lemizi ethe yaphuma kwi-IRS ngexesha le-SP yayili-11 (5.4%).Ngexesha lemijikelo ye-DDT ne-SP, inani lemizi enganyangekiyo ebhalisiweyo yayingama-71 (34.6% ewonke amakhaya anyangwayo) kunye ne-17 (i-8.3% yezindlu zizonke ezinyangweyo), ngokulandelelanayo.
Ngokwezikhokelo ze-WHO zokuchasana ne-pesticide, inani le-shrimp yesilivere kwindawo yokungenelela yayichaphazeleka ngokupheleleyo kwi-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) njengoko umyinge wokufa ochazwe ngexesha lolingo (iiyure ezingama-24) yayiyi-100%.Izinga lokuthotywa eliqatshelweyo laliyi-85.9% (95% CI: 81.1-90.6%).Kwi-DDT, izinga lokubethelwa kwiiyure ze-24 laliyi-22.8% (95% CI: 11.5-34.1%), kwaye i-medium test electronic mortality yi-49.1% (95% CI: 41.9-56.3%).Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-silverfoots yavelisa ukuchasana ngokupheleleyo ne-DDT kwindawo yokungenelela.
Kwitheyibhile ye-3 ishwankathela iziphumo ze-bioanalysis ye-cones kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemigangatho (ixesha elahlukileyo emva kwe-IRS) enyangwa nge-DDT kunye ne-SP.Idatha yethu ibonise ukuba emva kweeyure ze-24, zombini i-insecticides (BUU vs. CPLC: t (2) = - 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t (2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t ( 2) = 1.03, P = 0.41 (ye-DDT-IRS kunye ne-BUU) CPLC: t (2) = - 5.86, P = 0.03 kunye ne-PMP: t (2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; (2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 kunye ne-SP: t (2) = 9.70, P = 0.01 amazinga okufa ancipha ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-SP-IRS: iiveki ezi-2 emva kokutshiza kuzo zonke iintlobo zodonga (okt 95.6% jikelele). kunye neeveki ezi-4 emva kokutshiza kwiindonga ze-CPLC kuphela (okt 82.5 kwiqela le-DDT, ukufa kwakungaphantsi kwe-70% kuzo zonke iindidi zendonga emva kwe-IRS bioassay rates yokufa kwe-DDT kunye ne-SP emva kwe-12). iiveki zokutshiza zaziyi-25.1% kunye ne-63.2%, iindidi ezintathu zomhlaba, izinga eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu kunye ne-DDT yi-61.1% (kwii-PMP iiveki ze-2 emva kwe-IRS), i-36.9% (kwii-CPLC ze-4 iiveki emva kwe-IRS), kunye ne-28.9% (i-28.9%). kwiiveki ze-CPLC ze-4 emva kwe-IRS .I-US IRS).Kwi-SP, izinga eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu kuzo zonke iintlobo zomhlaba ngu-97.2% (kwi-CPLC, iiveki ze-2 emva kwe-IRS), i-82.5% (kwi-CPLC, iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS), kunye ne-67.5% (kwi-CPLC, iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS).Iiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-IRS).I-US IRS).iiveki emva kwe-IRS);amaxabiso aphantsi ayengama-94.4% (kwi-BUU, iiveki ze-2 emva kwe-IRS), i-75% (ye-PMP, iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS), kunye ne-58.3% (ye-PMP, iiveki ze-12 emva kwe-IRS).Kuzo zombini izitshabalalisi, ukufa kwindawo enyangelwe nge-PMP kuye kwatshintsha ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha kune-CPLC- kunye ne-BUU enyangwayo.
Itheyibhile 4 ishwankathela imiphumo yokungenelela (oko kukuthi, utshintsho lwe-post-IRS kwi-mosquito abundance) ye-DDT- kunye ne-SP-based based IRS rounds (Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Umfanekiso we-S1).Kwi-DDT-IRS, ipesenti yokunciphisa i-silverlegged beetles emva kwexesha le-IRS yayingama-34.1% (kwiiveki ezi-2), i-25.9% (kwiiveki ezi-4), kunye ne-14.1% (kwiiveki ze-12).Kwi-SP-IRS, amazinga okunciphisa ayengama-90.5% (kwiiveki ze-2), i-66.7% (kwiiveki ze-4), kunye ne-55.6% (kwiiveki ze-12).Okona kuhla kukhulu kubuninzi be-shrimp yesilivere kumakhaya abathunywa ngexesha lokunika ingxelo nge-DDT kunye ne-SP IRS yayiyi-2.8% (kwiiveki ezi-2) kunye ne-49.1% (kwiiveki ezi-2), ngokulandelelanayo.Ngethuba lexesha le-SP-IRS, ukuhla (ngaphambi nangemva) kweepheasants ezimhlophe ezimhlophe kwakufana nezindlu zokutshiza (t (2) = - 9.09, P <0.001) kunye nezindlu ze-sentinel (t (2) = - 1.29, P = 0.33).Ephakamileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-DDT-IRS kuwo onke amaxesha e-3 emva kwe-IRS.Kuwo omabini amayeza okubulala izinambuzane, ubuninzi bebug yesilivere bunyukile kumakhaya abalindi kwiiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-IRS (okt, i-3.6% kunye ne-9.9% ye-SP kunye ne-DDT, ngokulandelelanayo).Ngexesha le-SP kunye ne-DDT ilandela iintlanganiso ze-IRS, i-112 kunye ne-161 i-shrimp yesilivere yaqokelelwa kwiifama zabalindi, ngokulandelelanayo.
Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo ekuxinaniseni kwemfanzi esilver wabonwa phakathi kwamaqela asekhaya (okt ukutshiza vs sentinel: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs control: t(2) = – 2.03 , P = 0.18; sentinel vs. control : ngeeveki ze-IRS emva kweDDT, t (2) = - 0.59, P = 0.62).Ngokwahlukileyo, ulwahlulo oluphawulekayo kubuninzi be-shrimp yesilivere luye lwabonwa phakathi kweqela lokutshiza kunye neqela lokulawula (t (2) = - 11.28, P = 0.01) naphakathi kweqela lokutshiza kunye neqela lokulawula (t (2) = - 4, 42, P = 0,05).IRS kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kwe-SP.Kwi-SP-IRS, akukho ntlukwano ebonakalayo phakathi kweentsapho zabalindi kunye nolawulo (t (2) = -0.48, P = 0.68).Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa i-avareji yoxinaniso lwe-silver-bellied pheasant olujongwe kwiifama ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngokuyinxenye zinyangwe ngamavili e-IRS.Kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo ekuxinaniseni kweepheasants ezilawulwa ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwemizi elawulwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngokuyinxenye (ithetha i-7.3 kunye ne-2.7 ngomgibe / ubusuku).I-DDT-IRS kunye ne-SP-IRS, ngokulandelanayo), kwaye ezinye izindlu zafafazwa ngazo zombini ii-insecticides (zithetha i-7.5 kunye ne-4.4 ngobusuku nge-DDT-IRS kunye ne-SP-IRS, ngokulandelanayo) (t (2) ≤ 1.0, P> 0.2).Nangona kunjalo, ingxinano ye-shrimp yesilivere kwiifama ezifafaziwe ngokupheleleyo kunye nenxalenye yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-SP kunye ne-DDT IRS imijikelo (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Uqikelelo oluqikelelweyo lweencukuthu ezinamaphiko esilivere kumakhaya anyangwe ngokupheleleyo nakancinci kwilali yaseMahanar, eLavapur, ngexesha leveki ezi-2 phambi kwe-IRS kunye ne-2, 4 kunye ne-12 yeeveki emva kwemijikelo ye-IRS, DDT kunye ne-SP.
Imephu ebanzi yomngcipheko womhlaba (ilali yaseLavapur Mahanar; indawo iyonke: i-26,723 km2) yaphuhliswa ukuchonga iindawo ezinobungozi obuphantsi, obuphakathi kunye nobukhulu obuphezulu ukujonga ukuvela kunye nokuvela kwakhona kwe-shrimp yesilivere ngaphambi kunye neeveki ezininzi emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS (Imifanekiso 3). , 4)...Awona manqaku aphezulu asemngciphekweni kumakhaya ngexesha lokuyilwa kwemephu yomngcipheko wendawo alinganiswe njenge "12" (okt, "8" yeemephu zomngcipheko ezisekelwe kwiHT kunye ne "4" ye-VSI- kunye neemephu zomngcipheko ezisekelwe kwi-IRSS).Ubuncinci obaliweyo umngcipheko wokubalwa ngu "zero" okanye "akukho mngcipheko" ngaphandle kweDDT-VSI kunye neemephu ze-IRSS ezinomlinganiselo omncinci we-1. Imephu yomngcipheko esekelwe kwiHT ibonise ukuba indawo enkulu (okt 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) yeLavapur Ilali yaseMahanar yindawo esemngciphekweni omkhulu apho abahlali banokudibana khona kwaye baphinde bavele kwiingcongconi.Ubungakanani bommandla buhluka phakathi kophezulu (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), phakathi (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi/akukho mngcipheko (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) ( t (2) = 12.7, P <0.05) phakathi kweegrafu zengozi yeDDT kunye ne-SP-IS kunye ne-IRSS (Umfanekiso 3, 4).Imephu yokugqibela edibeneyo yomngcipheko ephuhlisiwe ibonise ukuba i-SP-IRS inamandla okukhusela angcono kune-DDT-IRS kuwo onke amanqanaba e-HT enobungozi.Umngcipheko ophezulu we-HT wancitshiswa waba ngaphantsi kwe-7% (1837.3 km2) emva kwe-SP-IRS kwaye ininzi yendawo (okt 53.6%) yaba yindawo ephantsi yomngcipheko.Ngethuba lexesha le-DDT-IRS, ipesenteji yeendawo ezinobungozi obuphezulu kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi ohlolwe yimephu yengozi edibeneyo yayiyi-35.5% (9498.1 km2) kunye ne-16.2% (4342.4 km2), ngokulandelanayo.Ukuxinana kweempukane zesanti kulinganiswe kumakhaya aphathwayo kunye nabalindi ngaphambili kunye neeveki ezininzi emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS kwacwangciswa kwaye kwabonwa kwimephu yomngcipheko odibeneyo kumjikelo ngamnye we-IRS (okt, DDT kunye ne-SP) (Imifanekiso 3, 4).Kwakukho isivumelwano esihle phakathi kwamanqaku omngcipheko wekhaya kunye ne-avareji yoxinaniso lwe-shrimp yesilivere erekhodiweyo ngaphambi nangemva kwe-IRS (umzobo 5).Amaxabiso e-R2 (P <0.05) yohlalutyo oluhambelanayo olubalwe kwimijikelo emibini ye-IRS yayi: 0.78 2 iiveki phambi kweDDT, 0.81 2 iiveki emva kweDDT, 0.78 4 iiveki emva kweDDT, 0.83 emva kweeveki zeDDT-DDT 12, DDT Iyonke emva kwe-SP yayingu-0.85, 0.82 iiveki ezi-2 ngaphambi kwe-SP, 0.38 iiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-SP, i-0.56 iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-SP, i-0.81 iiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-SP kunye ne-0.79 iiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-SP iyonke (ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: I-Table S3).Iziphumo zibonise ukuba isiphumo songenelelo lwe-SP-IRS kuzo zonke ii-HTs zandiswa kwiiveki ze-4 ezilandela i-IRS.I-DDT-IRS yahlala ingasebenzi kuzo zonke iiHTs ngamaxesha onke emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS.Iziphumo zovavanyo lwentsimi yendawo yemephu edibeneyo yomngcipheko zishwankathelwa kwiThebhile 5. Kwimijikelezo ye-IRS, ithetha ukuba i-silverbellied shrimp ininzi kunye nepesenti yobuninzi obupheleleyo kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu (okt, > 55%) yayiphezulu kune-low- kunye iindawo ezinomngcipheko ophakathi kuzo zonke iindawo zexesha le-post-IRS.Iindawo zeentsapho ze-entomological (okt ezo zikhethelwe ukuqokelelwa kweengcongconi) zenziwe ngemephu kwaye ziboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Umfanekiso S2.
Iintlobo ezintathu zeemephu ze-GIS ezisekelwe kumngcipheko wendawo (okt HT, IS kunye ne-IRSS kunye nendibaniselwano ye-HT, IS kunye ne-IRSS) ukuchonga iindawo ezinobungozi be-bug phambi nasemva kwe-DDT-IRS kwilali yaseMahnar, eLavapur, kwisithili saseVaishali (Bihar)
Iintlobo ezintathu zeemephu ze-GIS ezisekelwe kumngcipheko wendawo (oko kukuthi, i-HT, i-IS kunye ne-IRSS kunye nendibaniselwano ye-HT, IS kunye ne-IRSS) ukuchonga iindawo zomngcipheko we-shrimp (xa kuthelekiswa ne-Kharbang)
Impembelelo yeDDT-(a, c, e, g, i) kunye ne-SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ohlobo lwamaqela asemngciphekweni wosapho ibalwe ngokuqikelela “R2” phakathi kwemingcipheko yasekhaya. .Uqikelelo lwezibonakaliso zendlu kunye nobuninzi obuphakathi kwe-P. argentipes kwiiveki ezi-2 ngaphambi kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS kunye ne-2, i-4 kunye neeveki ze-12 emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS kwidolophana yaseLavapur Mahnar, kwisithili saseVaishali, eBihar.
Itheyibhile 6 ishwankathela iziphumo zohlalutyo olungaguqukiyo lwazo zonke izinto ezinobungozi ezichaphazela ukuxinana kweflake.Zonke izinto ezinobungozi (n = 6) zifunyenwe zihambelana kakhulu noxinaniso lweengcongconi zekhaya.Kwaphawulwa ukuba inqanaba lokubaluleka lazo zonke iinguqu ezifanelekileyo zivelise amaxabiso e-P ngaphantsi kwe-0.15.Ngaloo ndlela, zonke iinguqu ezichazayo zigcinwe ukuhlalutya uhlaziyo oluninzi.Inhlanganisela efanelekileyo kakhulu yemodeli yokugqibela yenziwe ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezinobungozi ezintlanu: TF, TW, DS, ISV, kunye ne-IRSS.Itheyibhile yesi-7 idwelisa iinkcukacha zeeparamitha ezikhethiweyo kwimodeli yokugqibela, kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa kwemilinganiselo, i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba (CIs), kunye nexabiso le-P.Imodeli yokugqibela ibaluleke kakhulu, ngexabiso le-R2 lika-0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
I-TR yayingabandakanywanga kwimodeli yokugqibela kuba yayingabalulekanga (P = 0.46) kunye nezinye iinguqu ezichazayo.Imodeli ephuhlisiweyo isetyenziselwe ukuqikelela ukuxinana kweempukane zesanti ngokusekwe kulwazi olusuka kumakhaya ali-12 awohlukeneyo.Iziphumo zokuqinisekisa zibonise ulungelelwaniso oluqinileyo phakathi koxinzelelo lweengcongconi olubonwa kwintsimi kunye noxinzelelo lweengcongconi oluxelwe kwangaphambili ngumzekelo (r = 0.91, P <0.001).
Injongo kukuphelisa i-VL kwiindawo ezihlala zikho eIndiya ngo-2020 [10].Ukususela kwi-2012, i-Indiya yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu ekunciphiseni iziganeko kunye nokufa kwe-VL [10].Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwi-DDT ukuya kwi-SP kwi-2015 yayiyinguqu enkulu kwimbali ye-IRS e-Bihar, eIndiya [38].Ukuqonda umngcipheko wendawo we-VL kunye nobuninzi bee-vectors zayo, izifundo ezininzi zomgangatho ophezulu zenziwe.Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukusasazwa kwendawo yokuxhaphaka kwe-VL kufumene ingqwalasela eyongezelelweyo kwilizwe lonke, uphando oluncinci luye lwenziwa kwinqanaba elincinci.Ngaphezu koko, kwinqanaba elincinci, idatha ayihambelani kwaye kunzima ukuyihlalutya nokuqonda.Okona kulungileyo kolwazi lwethu, olu pho nonongo luyingxelo yokuqala yokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle okushiyekileyo kunye nefuthe lokungenelela kwe-IRS usebenzisa i-insecticide DDT kunye ne-SP phakathi kwe-HTs phantsi kweNkqubo yeSizwe yoLawulo lweVector ye-VL e-Bihar (India).Oku kukwalinge lokuqala lokuphuhlisa imephu yomngcipheko wendawo kunye nemodeli yohlalutyo lobuninzi beengcongconi ukuveza usasazo lwe-spatiotemporal yeengcongconi kwi-microscale phantsi kweemeko zongenelelo ze-IRS.
Iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba ukwamkelwa kwe-SP-IRS kumakhaya kuphezulu kuwo onke amakhaya kwaye uninzi lwamakhaya lwalusetyenzwe ngokupheleleyo.Iziphumo zovavanyo lwebhayoloji zibonise ukuba iimpukane zesanti yesilivere kwilali yophononongo zazinovakalelo kakhulu kwi-beta-cypermethrin kodwa zisezantsi kwi-DDT.Umyinge wokufa kwe-shrimp yesilivere evela kwi-DDT ingaphantsi kwama-50%, ebonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuchasana ne-DDT.Oku kuhambelana neziphumo zezifundo zangaphambili eziqhutywe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwiidolophana ezahlukeneyo ze-VL-endemic states of India, kuquka i-Bihar [8,9,39,40].Ukongeza kubuzaza bezinambuzane, ukusebenza okushiyekileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye neziphumo zongenelelo nazo zilulwazi olubalulekileyo.Ubude beziphumo ezishiyekileyo zibalulekile kumjikelo weprogram.Imisela izithuba phakathi kwemijikelo ye-IRS ukuze abantu bahlale bekhuselekile kude kube sisitshizi esilandelayo.Iziphumo zecone bioassay zibonakalise umahluko omkhulu wokufa phakathi kweentlobo zodonga lomphezulu ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo emva kwe-IRS.Ukufa kwiindawo eziphathwe nge-DDT kwakusoloko kungaphantsi kwenqanaba elanelisayo le-WHO (okt, ≥80%), kanti kwiindonga eziphathwe nge-SP, ukufa kwahlala kukwanelisayo kwada kwayiveki yesine emva kwe-IRS;Ukusuka kwezi ziphumo, kucacile ukuba nangona i-shrimp ye-silverleg efunyenwe kwindawo yokufunda inomdla kakhulu kwi-SP, ukusebenza okushiyekileyo kwe-SP kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwi-HT.Njenge-DDT, i-SP nayo ayihlangabezani nobude bexesha lokusebenza elichazwe kwizikhokelo ze-WHO [41, 42].Oku kungasebenzi kakuhle kusenokubangelwa kukungafezeki kakuhle kwe-IRS (okt ukushukuma impompo ngesantya esifanelekileyo, umgama ukusuka eludongeni, isantya sokukhutshelwa kunye nobukhulu bamathontsi amanzi kunye nokubekwa kwawo eludongeni), kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokungekho bulumko kwezibulali zinambuzane (okt. ukulungiswa kwesisombululo) [11,28,43].Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni olu phononongo luqhutywe phantsi kweliso elibukhali kunye nolawulo, esinye isizathu sokungahlangani noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ocetyiswayo umhla wokuphelelwa kwexesha unokuba ngumgangatho we-SP (oko kukuthi, ipesenti yesithako esisebenzayo okanye "AI") eyenza i-QC.
Kwezi ntlobo zintathu zomphezulu ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuzingisa kwezitshabalalisi, umahluko omkhulu wokusweleka uye wabonwa phakathi kwe-BUU kunye ne-CPLC kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezimbini.Esinye isiphumo esitsha kukuba i-CPLC ibonise ukusebenza okungcono kwentsalela phantse kuwo onke amaxesha emva kokutshiza kulandelwe yiBUU kunye ne-PMP.Nangona kunjalo, kwiiveki ezimbini emva kwe-IRS, i-PMP irekhode awona mazinga aphezulu kunye nesibini aphezulu okusweleka ukusuka kwi-DDT kunye ne-SP, ngokulandelelanayo.Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba i-pesticide efakwe kumphezulu we-PMP ayiqhubeki ixesha elide.Lo mahluko ekusebenzeni kweentsalela zezitshabalalisi phakathi kweentlobo zodonga usenokuba ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokubunjwa kweekhemikhali eludongeni (i-pH eyandisiweyo ebangela ukuba ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ziqhekeke ngokukhawuleza), izinga lokufunxa (eliphezulu kwiindonga zomhlaba), ukufumaneka. yokubola kwebhaktheriya kunye nezinga lokuthotywa kwezinto zodonga, kunye nobushushu kunye nomswakama [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].Iziphumo zethu zixhasa ezinye iiphononongo ezininzi malunga nokusebenza okushiyekileyo kwendawo enyangelwe ngama-insecticide ngokuchasene nezifo ezahlukeneyo zezifo [45, 46, 50, 51].
Uqikelelo lokunciphisa i-mosquito kumakhaya aphathwayo lubonise ukuba i-SP-IRS yayisebenza ngakumbi kune-DDT-IRS ekulawuleni iimiyane kuzo zonke izithuba ze-post-IRS (P <0.001).Kwimijikelezo ye-SP-IRS kunye ne-DDT-IRS, amaxabiso okuhla kwimizi ephathwayo ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwiiveki ze-12 yayingu-55.6-90.5% kunye ne-14.1-34.1%, ngokulandelanayo.Ezi ziphumo zibonise ukuba iziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwi-P. argentipes ubuninzi kwimizi ye-sentinel zabonwa kwiiveki ze-4 zokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS;i-argentipes yanda kwimijikelo yomibini ye-IRS kwiiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-IRS;Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho mmahluko obalulekileyo kwinani leengcongconi kwimizi ye-sentinel phakathi kwemijikelezo emibini ye-IRS (P = 0.33).Iziphumo ezisuka kuhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani zokuxinana kweembazi zesilivere phakathi kwamaqela osapho kumjikelo ngamnye nazo zibonise ukuba akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo kwi-DDT kuwo onke amaqela amakhaya amane (oko kukuthi, ukutshizwa kuthelekiswa noonogada; ukutshizwa ngokuchasene nolawulo; umlindi ngokuchasene nolawulo; gqibezela ngokuchasene nenxalenye).).Amaqela amabini osapho i-IRS kunye ne-SP-IRS (oko kukuthi, umlindi vs. ulawulo kunye ngokupheleleyo vs. inxalenye).Nangona kunjalo, umahluko obonakalayo wokuxinana kwe-shrimp yesilivere phakathi kwemijikelo ye-DDT kunye ne-SP-IRS yabonwa kwiifama ezitshizwe ngokuyinxenye kunye nezitshizwe ngokupheleleyo.Olu qwalaselo, ludityaniswe nenyaniso yokuba iziphumo zongenelelo zibalwe amaxesha amaninzi emva kwe-IRS, icebisa ukuba i-SP iyasebenza kulawulo lweengcongconi kumakhaya aphethwe ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo, kodwa anganyangwanga.Nangona kunjalo, nangona bekungekho nantlukwano ephawulekayo kwinani leengcongconi kwizindlu zabalindi phakathi kwe-DDT-IRS kunye ne-SP IRS ngeenxa zonke, umyinge wenani leengcongconi eziqokelelwe ngexesha lomjikelo we-DDT-IRS wawuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nomjikelo we-SP-IRS..Ubungakanani bugqithise ubuninzi.Esi siphumo sicebisa ukuba isitshabalalisi esingavani nentsholongwane nesona sigqubuthelo se-IRS siphezulu phakathi kwabemi basekhaya sinokuba nefuthe loluntu kulawulo lweengcongconi kumakhaya angakhange atshizwe.Ngokweziphumo, i-SP yaba nefuthe elingcono lokuthintela ukulunywa ziingcongconi kune-DDT kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kwe-IRS.Ukongezelela, i-alpha-cypermethrin iyingxenye yeqela le-SP, inomsindo wokuqhagamshelana kunye ne-toxicity ngqo kwiimiyane kwaye ifanelekile kwi-IRS [51, 52].Oku kunokuba sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni i-alpha-cypermethrin inefuthe elincinci kwiindawo ezingaphandle.Olunye uphononongo [52] lufumene ukuba nangona i-alpha-cypermethrin ibonise iimpendulo ezikhoyo kunye namazinga aphezulu e-knockdown kwiimvavanyo zebhubhoratri nakwii-huts, i-compound ayizange ivelise impendulo yokugxotha kwiingcongconi phantsi kweemeko zebhubhoratri ezilawulwayo.ikhabhathi.iwebhusayithi.
Kolu phononongo, kwaphuhliswa iintlobo ezintathu zeemephu zomngcipheko wendawo;Uqikelelo lwemingcipheko yomgangatho wekhaya kunye nenqanaba lendawo lommandla luvavanyiwe ngokuqwalaselwa kwentsimi yoxinzelelo lwe-silverleg shrimp.Uhlalutyo lwemimandla yomngcipheko esekelwe kwi-HT lubonise ukuba uninzi lweendawo zedolophana (> 78%) zaseLavapur-Mahanara zikwelona nqanaba liphezulu lomngcipheko wokuvela kwe-sandfly kunye nokuvela kwakhona.Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba kutheni iRawalpur Mahanar VL ithandwa kangaka.I-ISV jikelele kunye ne-IRSS, kunye nemephu yokugqibela edibeneyo yomngcipheko, yafunyanwa ukuba ivelise ipesenti ephantsi yeendawo eziphantsi kweendawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu ngexesha le-SP-IRS ngeenxa zonke (kodwa kungekhona i-DDT-IRS ngeenxa zonke).Emva kwe-SP-IRS, imimandla emikhulu yemimandla yomngcipheko ophezulu kunye nephakathi esekelwe kwi-GT yaguqulelwa kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ophantsi (okt 60.5%; uqikelelo lwemephu yomngcipheko oludibeneyo), oluphantse lube ngaphantsi ngokuphindwe kane (16.2%) kune-DDT.– Imeko ikwi-IRS portfolio risk chart above.Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba i-IRS ilukhetho olufanelekileyo lokulawula ingcongconi, kodwa iqondo lokukhusela lixhomekeke kumgangatho we-insecticide, uvakalelo (kwi-vector ekujoliswe kuyo), ukwamkelwa (ngexesha le-IRS) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo;
Iziphumo zovavanyo lomngcipheko lwasekhaya zibonise isivumelwano esihle (P <0.05) phakathi koqikelelo lomngcipheko kunye noxinaniso lwe-silverleg shrimp eqokelelwe kwimizi eyahlukeneyo.Oku kuphakamisa ukuba iiparamitha zomngcipheko wekhaya ezichongiweyo kunye namanqaku awo omngcipheko wecandelo afaneleke kakuhle ukuqikelela ubuninzi bendawo yeeshrimps zesilivere.Ixabiso le-R2 le-post-IRS DDT yohlalutyo lwesivumelwano yayingu-≥ 0.78, eyayilingana okanye inkulu kunexabiso langaphambili le-IRS (oko kukuthi, i-0.78).Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-DDT-IRS yayisebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zomngcipheko weHT (oko kukuthi, phezulu, phakathi, naphantsi).Kumjikelo we-SP-IRS, safumanisa ukuba ixabiso le-R2 litshintshile kwiveki yesibini neyesine emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS, amaxabiso kwiiveki ezimbini ngaphambi kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS kunye neeveki ezili-12 emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS phantse ziyafana;Esi siphumo sibonisa isiphumo esibalulekileyo sokuvezwa kwe-SP-IRS kwiingcongconi, ebonise ukwehla kwendlela kunye nekhefu lexesha emva kwe-IRS.Impembelelo ye-SP-IRS ibonakaliswe kwaye ixutyushwa kwizahluko ezidlulileyo.
Iziphumo ezivela kuphicotho-zincwadi lwemimandla yomngcipheko wemephu edibeneyo zibonise ukuba ngexesha le-IRS ngeenxa zonke, amanani aphezulu e-shrimp yesilivere aqokelelwa kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu (okt,> 55%), elandelwa yimimandla ephakathi kunye nephantsi.Ngamafutshane, uvavanyo lomngcipheko wendawo olusekwe kwi-GIS lubonakalise ukuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokuthatha isigqibo sokudibanisa iileya ezahlukeneyo zedatha yendawo nganye okanye ngokudityanisiweyo ukuchonga iindawo ezinomngcipheko weempukane zesanti.Imephu ephuhlisiwe yomngcipheko inikezela ukuqonda okubanzi kweemeko zangaphambili kunye nasemva kokungenelela (oko kukuthi, uhlobo lwendlu, isimo se-IRS, kunye nemiphumo yokungenelela) kwindawo yokufunda efuna isenzo esiphuthumayo okanye ukuphuculwa, ngakumbi kwinqanaba elincinci.Imeko ethandwa kakhulu.Enyanisweni, uphando oluninzi luye lwasebenzisa izixhobo ze-GIS ukwenza imephu yengozi yeendawo zokuzalisa i-vector kunye nokusabalalisa indawo yezifo kwinqanaba le-macro [24, 26, 37].
Iimpawu zezindlu kunye nemingcipheko yongenelelo olusekwe kwi-IRS zavavanywa ngokwezibalo ukuze zisetyenziswe kuhlalutyo lwe-shrimp yesilivere.Nangona zonke izinto ezintandathu (oko kukuthi, i-TF, i-TW, i-TR, i-DS, i-ISV, kunye ne-IRSS) yayinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nobuninzi bendawo ye-silverleg shrimp kuhlalutyo olungaguquguqukiyo, inye kuphela kubo ekhethiweyo kwimodeli yokugqibela yokubuyisela ngaphezulu kwezintlanu.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iimpawu zolawulo oluthinjiweyo kunye nezinto zokungenelela ze-IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, njl. kwindawo yokufunda zifanelekile ukujonga ukuvela, ukubuyisela kunye nokuveliswa kwe-shrimp yesilivere.Kuhlalutyo oluninzi lokubuyisela, i-TR ayizange ifunyanwe ibalulekile kwaye ngoko ayizange ikhethwe kwimodeli yokugqibela.Imodeli yokugqibela yayibaluleke kakhulu, kunye neeparamitha ezikhethiweyo ezichaza i-89% ye-silverleg shrimp density.Iziphumo zokuchaneka kwemodeli zibonise ulungelelwaniso olomeleleyo phakathi koxinzelelo oluqikelelweyo kunye nokubonwa kwesilivere ye-shrimp.Iziphumo zethu zikwaxhasa izifundo zangaphambili ezixubushe imiba yomngcipheko wentlalontle kunye nezindlu ezinxulumene nokuxhaphaka kwe-VL kunye nokusabalalisa kwendawo ye-vector kwi-Bihar yasemaphandleni [15, 29].
Kolu phononongo, asikhange sivavanye ukubekwa kwesibulali-zinambuzane kwiindonga ezitshiziweyo kunye nomgangatho (okt) wesibulali-zinambuzane esisetyenziselwa i-IRS.Iiyantlukwano kumgangatho kunye nobuninzi bezibulali-zinambuzane zinokuchaphazela ukufa kweengcongconi kunye nokusebenza kongenelelo lwe-IRS.Ke ngoko, ukufa okuqikelelweyo phakathi kweentlobo zomphezulu kunye neziphumo zongenelelo phakathi kwamaqela osapho zinokwahluka kwiziphumo zokwenyani.Ukuqwalasela ezi ngongoma, kunokucetywa isifundo esitsha.Uvavanyo lommandla uwonke osemngciphekweni (usebenzisa imephu ye-GIS yomngcipheko) weelali zophononongo ziquka iindawo ezivulekileyo phakathi kweelali, eziphembelela ukuhlelwa kwemimandla yomngcipheko (okt ukuchongwa kwemimandla) kwaye inabela kwimimandla yomngcipheko eyahlukeneyo;Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo luqhutywe kwinqanaba elincinci, ngoko ke umhlaba ongenamntu unempembelelo encinci kuphela ekuhleleni iindawo ezinobungozi;Ukongeza, ukuchonga kunye nokuvavanya iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomngcipheko ngaphakathi kwendawo yonke yelali kunokubonelela ngethuba lokukhetha iindawo zokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezitsha zexesha elizayo (ingakumbi ukukhethwa kweendawo ezinomngcipheko ophantsi).Ngokubanzi, iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonelela ngolwazi olwahlukeneyo olungazange lufundwe kwinqanaba le-microscopic ngaphambili.Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukumelwa kwesithuba semephu yomngcipheko welali kunceda ekuchongeni nasekuhlanganiseni amakhaya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomngcipheko, xa kuthelekiswa novavanyo oluqhelekileyo lomhlaba, le ndlela ilula, ifanelekile, ingabizi kakhulu kwaye ayisebenzisi kakhulu, inika ulwazi kubenzi bezigqibo.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba i-silverfish yemveli kwilali yophononongo iphuhlise ukuxhathisa (okt, ixhathisa kakhulu) kwi-DDT, kwaye ukuvela kweengcongconi kwabonwa kwangoko emva kwe-IRS;I-Alpha-cypermethrin ibonakala ilukhetho olufanelekileyo kulawulo lwe-IRS lweVL vectors ngenxa yokufa kwayo kwe-100% kunye nokungenelela okungcono kokungenelela ngokuchasene ne-silverflies, kunye nokwamkelwa koluntu olungcono xa kuthelekiswa ne-DDT-IRS.Nangona kunjalo, siye safumanisa ukuba ukufa kweengcongconi kwiindonga eziphathwe nge-SP zahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomphezulu;Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwentsalela kwabonwa kwaye i-WHO yacebisa ixesha emva kokuba i-IRS ingaphunyezwanga.Olu phononongo lubonelela ngesiqalo esihle sengxoxo, kwaye iziphumo zalo zifuna uphononongo oluthe kratya ukuchonga oonobangela bokwenyani.Ukuchaneka kwangaphambili kwemodeli yohlalutyo loxinaniso lwesanti lubonise ukuba indibaniselwano yeempawu zezindlu, uvakalelo lwesitshabalalisi sezinambuzane kunye nobume be-IRS bunokusetyenziswa ukuqikelela ingxinano yeempukane zesanti kwiilali ezihlala zikho kwi-VL e-Bihar.Uphononongo lwethu lukwabonisa ukuba i-GIS-based based spatial risk mapping (inqanaba le-macro) ingaba sisixhobo esiluncedo ekuchongeni iindawo ezinobungozi ukujonga ukuvela kunye nokuvela kwakhona kweentlabathi zesanti ngaphambi nangemva kweentlanganiso ze-IRS.Ukongeza, iimephu zomngcipheko wendawo zibonelela ngokuqonda ngokubanzi ubungakanani kunye nohlobo lwemimandla yomngcipheko kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, angenakufundwa ngophando lwamasiko kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuqokelela idatha.Ulwazi lwemingcipheko yeMicrospatial eqokelelwe ngeemephu ze-GIS inokunceda izazinzulu kunye nabaphandi bempilo yoluntu baphuhlise kwaye basebenzise iindlela ezintsha zokulawula (okt ungenelelo olunye okanye ulawulo oluhlanganisiweyo lwe-vector) ukufikelela kumaqela ahlukeneyo amakhaya ngokuxhomekeke kubume bamanqanaba omngcipheko.Ukongezelela, imephu yomngcipheko inceda ukwandisa ulwabiwo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulawula ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nendawo yokuphucula ukusebenza kweprogram.
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