Ukutshiza okusele ngaphakathi (IRS) yeyona nto iphambili kwimizamo yokulawula i-visceral leishmaniasis (VL) vector eIndiya. Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nempembelelo yolawulo lwe-IRS kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemizi. Apha sivavanya ukuba i-IRS esebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane inemiphumo efanayo naleyo yokungenelela kuzo zonke iintlobo zemizi kwilali. Sikwaphuhlise iimaphu zomngcipheko wendawo kunye neemodeli zohlalutyo lobuninzi beengcongconi ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zemizi, uvakalelo lwezinambuzane, kunye nesimo se-IRS ukuhlola ukusasazwa kwe-spatiotemporal kwee-vectors kwinqanaba le-microscale.
Olu phononongo lwenziwe kwiilali ezimbini zeMahnar block kwisithili saseVaishali eBihar. Ulawulo lwee-VL vectors (P. argentipes) yi-IRS isebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezimbini [i-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) kunye ne-synthetic pyrethroids (SP 5%)] luvavanyiwe. Ukusebenza okushiyekileyo kwexesha lee-insecticide kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendonga kuhlolwe kusetyenziswa indlela ye-cone bioassay njengoko icetyisiwe yi-World Health Organisation. Uvakalelo lwe-silverfish yendalo kwi-insecticide luhlolwe kusetyenziswa i-in vitro bioassay. Ubuninzi be-insecticide ngaphambi nasemva kwe-IRS kwiindawo zokuhlala nakwiindawo zokuhlala zezilwanyana bujongwe kusetyenziswa imigibe yokukhanya efakwe yiZiko loLawulo lweZifo ukususela ngentsimbi yesi-6:00 emva kwemini ukuya kweyesi-6:00 kusasa. Imodeli efanelekileyo kakhulu yohlalutyo lobuninzi be-insecticide yaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo oluninzi lwe-logistic regression. Itekhnoloji yohlalutyo lwendawo esekwe kwi-GIS isetyenzisiwe ukulinganisa ukusasazwa kovakalelo lwe-vector pesticide ngokohlobo lwendlu, kwaye imeko ye-IRS yendlu isetyenzisiwe ukuchaza ukusasazwa kwe-silver shrimp ngokwendawo.
Iingcongconi zesilivere zinovelwano kakhulu kwi-SP (100%), kodwa zibonisa ukumelana okuphezulu kwi-DDT, kunye nezinga lokufa eliyi-49.1%. I-SP-IRS ibikwa ukuba yamkelwe ngcono luluntu kune-DDT-IRS phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zeentsapho. Ukusebenza kweentsalela kwahluka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zodonga; akukho nanye kwezi zinambuzane ezihlangabezana nexesha elicetyisiweyo yi-IRS ye-World Health Organisation. Kuzo zonke iindawo zexesha emva kwe-IRS, ukunciphisa izinambuzane ezinukayo ngenxa ye-SP-IRS kwakukhulu phakathi kwamaqela eentsapho (oko kukuthi, izitshizi kunye nabagcini) kune-DDT-IRS. Imephu yomngcipheko wendawo edibeneyo ibonisa ukuba i-SP-IRS inefuthe elingcono lokulawula kwiingcongconi kune-DDT-IRS kuzo zonke iindawo zomngcipheko zeentsapho. Uhlalutyo lohlengahlengiso lwe-Multilevel logistic luchonge izinto ezintlanu zomngcipheko ezazinxulunyaniswa kakhulu noxinano lwe-silver shrimp.
Iziphumo ziya kubonelela ngokuqonda okungcono iindlela ze-IRS zokulawula i-visceral leishmaniasis eBihar, nto leyo enokunceda ekukhokeleni imizamo yexesha elizayo yokuphucula imeko.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-kala-azar, sisifo esithwalwa yi-tropical vector esisasazekileyo esibangelwa zii-protozoan parasite ze-genus Leishmania. Kwilizwekazi laseIndiya (IS), apho abantu bekuphela kwendawo yokugcina amanzi, i-parasite (oko kukuthi iLeishmania donovani) idluliselwa ebantwini ngokulunywa ziingcongconi ezibhinqileyo ezinegciwane (iPhlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2]. EIndiya, i-VL ifumaneka kakhulu kumazwe amane asembindini nasempuma: iBihar, iJharkhand, iWest Bengal kunye ne-Uttar Pradesh. Ezinye izifo ziye zaxelwa eMadhya Pradesh (eCentral India), eGujarat (eNtshona India), eTamil Nadu naseKerala (eMzantsi India), kunye nakwiindawo ezingaphantsi kweHimalaya emantla eIndiya, kubandakanya iHimachal Pradesh kunye neJammu neKashmir. 3]. Phakathi kwamazwe ahlala ekhona, iBihar inabantu abaninzi abaphila e-VL, apho izithili ezingama-33 ezichaphazeleka yi-VL zingaphezulu kwe-70% yamatyala ewonke eIndiya minyaka le [4]. Malunga nezigidi ezingama-99 zabantu kulo mmandla basengozini, kwaye umyinge weziganeko zaminyaka le ezingama-6,752 (2013-2017).
EBihar nakwezinye iindawo zaseIndiya, imizamo yokulawula i-VL ixhomekeke kwiindlela ezintathu eziphambili: ukufunyanwa kwangethuba, unyango olusebenzayo, kunye nolawulo lwe-vector ngokusebenzisa ukutshiza izinambuzane zangaphakathi (IRS) emakhayeni nakwiindawo zokugcina izilwanyana [4, 5]. Njengesiphumo esibi seephulo zokulwa nemalariya, i-IRS yalawula ngempumelelo i-VL ngeminyaka yoo-1960 isebenzisa i-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo lwalawula ngempumelelo i-VL ngo-1977 nango-1992 [5, 6]. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zakutshanje ziqinisekisile ukuba i-silverbellied shrimp ikhule ukuxhathisa ngokubanzi kwi-DDT [4,7,8]. Ngo-2015, iNational Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP, eNew Delhi) yatshintsha i-IRS ukusuka kwi-DDT ukuya kwi-synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9]. I-World Health Organisation (WHO) ibeke usukelo lokuphelisa i-VL ngo-2020 (oko kukuthi
Olu phononongo lwenziwe kwibhloko yaseMahnar kwisithili saseVaishali kunxweme olusemantla lweGanga (Umfanekiso 1). IMakhnar yindawo exhaphake kakhulu, enomyinge weemeko ezingama-56.7 ze-VL ngonyaka (iimeko ezili-170 ngo-2012-2014), izinga lokwenzeka ngonyaka liphakathi kweemeko ezingama-2.5–3.7 kubantu abali-10,000; Kukhethwe iilali ezimbini: iChakeso njengendawo yokulawula (Umfanekiso 1d1; akukho matyala e-VL kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo) kunye neLavapur Mahanar njengendawo exhaphake kakhulu (Umfanekiso 1d2; exhaphake kakhulu, enamatyala ama-5 nangaphezulu kubantu abali-1000 ngonyaka). kwiminyaka emi-5 edlulileyo). Iilali zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezintathu eziphambili: indawo kunye nokufikeleleka (oko kukuthi, zifumaneka emlanjeni onokufikeleleka lula unyaka wonke), iimpawu zabantu kunye nenani leekhaya (oko kukuthi, ubuncinane iintsapho ezingama-200; iChaqueso ineentsapho ezingama-202 kunye nama-204 ezinobukhulu obuphakathi bekhaya). Abantu abayi-4.9 kunye ne-5.1) kunye neLavapur Mahanar ngokulandelelana) kunye nohlobo lwasekhaya (HT) kunye nohlobo losasazo lwazo (oko kukuthi, i-HT exutyiweyo esasazwe ngokungacwangciswanga). Zombini iilali zophando zikwi-500 m ukusuka kwidolophu yaseMakhnar kunye nesibhedlele sesithili. Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba abemi beelali zophando babebandakanyeka kakhulu kwimisebenzi yophando. Izindlu ezikwilali yoqeqesho [eziquka amagumbi okulala ali-1-2 anebhalkhoni enye eqhotyoshelweyo, ikhitshi eli-1, igumbi lokuhlambela eli-1 kunye neshelufu eli-1 (eliqhotyoshelweyo okanye elihlukanisiweyo)] zineendonga zezitena/zodaka kunye nemigangatho ye-adobe, iindonga zezitena ezineplasta yesamente yelayimu. kunye nemigangatho yesamente, iindonga zezitena ezingaplastwanga nezingapeyintwanga, imigangatho yodongwe kunye nophahla lwengca. Lonke ummandla waseVaishali unemozulu efumileyo eshushu enexesha lemvula (Julayi ukuya ku-Agasti) kunye nexesha elomileyo (Novemba ukuya kuDisemba). Imvula eqhelekileyo yonyaka yi-720.4 mm (ububanzi 736.5-1076.7 mm), umswakama ohambelanayo yi-65±5% (ububanzi 16-79%), ubushushu obuqhelekileyo benyanga yi-17.2-32.4°C. UMeyi noJuni zezona nyanga zishushu kakhulu (ubushushu 39–44°C), ngelixa uJanuwari ubanda kakhulu (7–22°C).
Imephu yendawo yophando ibonisa indawo yaseBihar kwimephu yaseIndiya (a) kunye nendawo yesithili saseVaishali kwimephu yaseBihar (b). Ibhloko yaseMakhnar (c) Kukhethwe iilali ezimbini kolu phando: iChakeso njengendawo yokulawula kunye neLavapur Makhnar njengendawo yokungenelela.
Njengenxalenye yeNkqubo yoLawulo lweSizwe yeKalaazar, iBhodi yezeMpilo yeBihar Society (SHSB) iqhube imijikelo emibini ye-IRS yonyaka ngo-2015 nango-2016 (umjikelo wokuqala, ngoFebruwari-Matshi; umjikelo wesibini, ngoJuni-Julayi)[4]. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwayo yonke imisebenzi ye-IRS, isicwangciso sesenzo esincinci silungiselelwe yiRajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), ePatna, inkampani engaphantsi kwe-Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi). Iilali ze-IRS zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezimbini eziphambili: imbali yamatyala e-VL kunye ne-retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) kwilali (oko kukuthi, iilali ezine-1 okanye ngaphezulu kwimeko ngexesha elithile kwiminyaka emi-3 edlulileyo, kuquka nonyaka wokuphunyezwa). , iilali ezingezizo ezihlala zingqonge "iindawo ezishushu" (oko kukuthi iilali eziye zaxela amatyala ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka eyi-≥ emi-2 okanye ≥ amatyala ama-2 kubantu abayi-1000) kunye neelali ezintsha ezihlala zingqonge (akukho matyala kwiminyaka emi-3 edlulileyo) iilali kunyaka wokugqibela wonyaka wokuphunyezwa ezixelwe kwi [17]. Iilali ezikufutshane ezisebenzisa umjikelo wokuqala werhafu kazwelonke, iilali ezintsha nazo zibandakanyiwe kumjikelo wesibini wesicwangciso sesenzo serhafu kazwelonke. Ngo-2015, imijikelo emibini ye-IRS esebenzisa i-DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) yenziwe kwiilali zophando lokungenelela. Ukusukela ngo-2016, i-IRS ibisenziwa kusetyenziswa ii-synthetic pyrethroids (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2). Ukutshiza kwenziwe kusetyenziswa ipompo yeHudson Xpert (13.4 L) enesikrini soxinzelelo, ivalvu yokuhamba eguquguqukayo (1.5 bar) kunye nomlomo we-flat jet ongu-8002 kwiindawo ezinemingxuma [27]. I-ICMR-RMRIMS, iPatna (Bihar) ijonge i-IRS kwinqanaba lekhaya nelali kwaye inike ulwazi lokuqala malunga ne-IRS kubantu belali ngeemakrofoni kwiintsuku zokuqala ezi-1-2. Iqela ngalinye le-IRS lixhotyiswe ngemonitha (ebonelelwa yi-RMRIMS) ukujonga ukusebenza kweqela le-IRS. Ii-Ombudsmen, kunye namaqela e-IRS, zithunyelwa kuzo zonke iintsapho ukwazisa nokuqinisekisa iintloko zeentsapho malunga nemiphumo emihle ye-IRS. Ngexesha lee-rounds ezimbini zophando lwe-IRS, ukugubungela kweentsapho ngokubanzi kwiilali zophando kufikelele ubuncinane kwi-80% [4]. Imeko yokutshiza (oko kukuthi, ukungatshizi, ukutshiza okuncinci, kunye nokutshiza okupheleleyo; kuchaziwe kwiFayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Itheyibhile S1) yarekhodwa kuzo zonke iintsapho kwilali yokungenelela kuzo zombini ii-rounds ze-IRS.
Olu phononongo lwenziwe ukususela ngoJuni 2015 ukuya kuJulayi 2016. I-IRS isebenzise amaziko ezifo ngaphambi kokungenelela (oko kukuthi, iiveki ezi-2 ngaphambi kokungenelela; uphando olusisiseko) kunye nokungenelela emva kokungenelela (oko kukuthi, iiveki ezi-2, ezi-4, kunye nezi-12 emva kokungenelela; uphando olulandelayo) ukubeka esweni, ukulawula uxinano, kunye nokuthintela iimpukane zesanti kumjikelo ngamnye we-IRS. kusapho ngalunye. Ubusuku obunye (oko kukuthi, ukususela ngo-18:00 ukuya ku-6:00) umgibe wokukhanya [28]. Imigibe yokukhanya ifakwe kumagumbi okulala nakwiindawo zokugcina izilwanyana. Kwilali apho uphando lokungenelela lwenziwe khona, amakhaya angama-48 avavanywa uxinano lwempukane yesanti ngaphambi kwe-IRS (amakhaya ali-12 ngosuku kangangeentsuku ezi-4 ezilandelelanayo ukuya kuthi ga kusuku olungaphambi kosuku lwe-IRS). Ezili-12 zikhethwe kwiqela ngalinye lamaqela amane aphambili eentsapho (oko kukuthi, iplasta yodongwe olucacileyo (PMP), iplasta yesamente kunye nelayisi yelayimu (CPLC), amakhaya angenaplasta kwaye angapeyintwanga (BUU) kunye namakhaya ophahla lwengca (TH). Emva koko, yimizi eli-12 kuphela (kwiintsapho ezingama-48 zangaphambi kwe-IRS) eyakhethwa ukuba iqhubeke nokuqokelela idatha yobuninzi beengcongconi emva kwentlanganiso ye-IRS. Ngokweengcebiso ze-WHO, yimizi emi-6 eyakhethwa kwiqela longenelelo (iintsapho ezifumana unyango lwe-IRS) kunye neqela labagcini (iintsapho ezikwiilali zongenelelo, abo banini abangazange bavume imvume ye-IRS) [28]. Phakathi kweqela lolawulo (iintsapho ezikwiilali ezikufutshane ezingazange zingene kwi-IRS ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-VL), yimizi emi-6 kuphela eyakhethwa ukuba ijonge ubuninzi beengcongconi ngaphambi nasemva kweeseshoni ezimbini ze-IRS. Kuzo zonke amaqela amathathu okubeka esweni ubuninzi beengcongconi (oko kukuthi ukungenelela, ukuba ngabagcini kunye nolawulo), iintsapho zakhethwa kumaqela amathathu amanqanaba omngcipheko (oko kukuthi aphantsi, aphakathi kunye naphezulu; iintsapho ezimbini kwinqanaba ngalinye lomngcipheko) kwaye iimpawu zomngcipheko we-HT zahlulwahlulwa (iimodyuli kunye nezakhiwo ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 1 kunye neTheyibhile 2, ngokulandelelana) [29, 30]. Imizi emibini kwinqanaba ngalinye lomngcipheko yakhethwa ukuze kuthintelwe uqikelelo lobuninzi beengcongconi olukhethayo kunye nothelekiso phakathi kwamaqela. Kwiqela longenelelo, ubuninzi beengcongconi emva kwe-IRS bujongiwe kwiintlobo ezimbini zeentsapho ze-IRS: unyango olupheleleyo (n = 3; ikhaya eli-1 kwinqanaba leqela elisemngciphekweni) kunye nonyango oluncinci (n = 3; ikhaya eli-1 kwinqanaba leqela elisemngciphekweni). ). iqela elisemngciphekweni).
Zonke iingcongconi ezibanjwe emasimini eziqokelelwe kwiityhubhu zovavanyo zithunyelwe kwilebhu, kwaye iityhubhu zovavanyo zabulawa kusetyenziswa uboya bekotoni obufakwe kwi-chloroform. Iimpukane zesilivere zahlulwa ngokwesini zaza zahlulwa kwezinye izinambuzane kunye neengcongconi ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zesimo kusetyenziswa iikhowudi zokuchonga eziqhelekileyo [31]. Zonke iintlanzi zesilivere ezingamadoda nezibhinqileyo zaze zafakwa kwiinkonkxa ngokwahlukeneyo kwi-80% yotywala. Ubuninzi beengcongconi ngomgibe/ngobusuku babalwe kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo: inani lilonke leengcongconi eziqokelelweyo/inani leengcongconi ezikhanyayo ezibekwe ngobusuku. Utshintsho lwepesenti kubuninzi beengcongconi (SFC) ngenxa ye-IRS esebenzisa i-DDT kunye ne-SP luqikelelwe kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo [32]:
apho u-A eyi-SFC esisiseko kwiintsapho ezingenelelayo, u-B yi-SFC esisiseko kwiintsapho ezingenelelayo, u-C yi-SFC esisiseko kwiintsapho ezilawulayo/ezilimeleyo, kwaye u-D yi-SFC esisiseko kwiintsapho ezilawulayo/ezilimeleyo.
Iziphumo zempembelelo yokungenelela, ezirekhodwe njengexabiso elibi nelihle, zibonisa ukwehla nokunyuka kwe-SFC emva kwe-IRS, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukuba i-SFC emva kwe-IRS ihlala ifana ne-SFC esisiseko, isiphumo sokungenelela sibalwe njenge-zero.
Ngokwe-World Health Organisation Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), uvakalelo lwe-silverleg shrimp yendalo kwi-pesticides DDT kunye ne-SP luhlolwe kusetyenziswa i-in vitro bioassays eqhelekileyo [33]. I-silver shrimp esempilweni nengatyalwanga (18–25 SF kwiqela ngalinye) ibonakaliswe kwi-pesticides efunyenwe kwi-Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; eququzelelwa yi-World Health Organisation) kusetyenziswa i-World Health Organisation Pesticide Sensitivity Test Kit [4,9, 33,34]. Iseti nganye ye-pesticides bioassays ivavanywe izihlandlo ezisibhozo (iikopi ezine zovavanyo, nganye iqhutywa ngaxeshanye nolawulo). Uvavanyo lolawulo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa iphepha elifakwe i-risella (ye-DDT) kunye ne-silicone oil (ye-SP) ebonelelwe yi-USM. Emva kwemizuzu engama-60 yokuvezwa, iingcongconi zibekwe kwiityhubhu ze-WHO kwaye zinikwe uboya bekotoni obufunxayo obufakwe kwisisombululo seswekile se-10%. Inani leengcongconi ezibuleweyo emva kweyure e-1 kunye nokufa kokugqibela emva kweeyure ezingama-24 kwabonwa. Imeko yokuxhathisa ichazwe ngokwezikhokelo ze-World Health Organisation: ukufa kwe-98–100% kubonisa ukuba sesichengeni, i-90–98% ibonisa ukuxhathisa okunokwenzeka okufuna ukuqinisekiswa, kwaye i-<90% ibonisa ukuxhathisa [33, 34]. Ngenxa yokuba ukufa kwiqela lolawulo kwakuphakathi kwe-0 ukuya kwi-5%, akukho hlengahlengiso lokufa lwenziweyo.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nemiphumo eseleyo yezinambuzane kwiintubi zendalo phantsi kweemeko zasentsimini ihlolwe. Kwimizi emithathu yokungenelela (enye nganye ineplasta yodongwe olucacileyo okanye i-PMP, iplasta yesamente kunye nelayisi okanye i-CPLC, izitena ezingaplastwanga nezingapeyintwanga okanye i-BUU) kwiiveki ezi-2, ezi-4 kunye nezi-12 emva kokutshiza. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwe-WHO lwenziwa kwiikhowuni ezineemigibe zokukhanya. yasekwa [27, 32]. Ukufudumeza indlu akukhange kukhutshwe ngenxa yokungalingani kweendonga. Kuhlalutyo ngalunye, iikhowuni ezili-12 zisetyenzisiwe kuzo zonke izindlu zovavanyo (iikhowuni ezine ngendlu nganye, enye yohlobo ngalunye lomphezulu wodonga). Namathisela iikhowuni eludongeni ngalunye lwegumbi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuphakama: enye kwinqanaba lentloko (ukusuka kwi-1.7 ukuya kwi-1.8 m), ezimbini kwinqanaba lesinqe (ukusuka kwi-0.9 ukuya kwi-1 m) kunye nenye engaphantsi kwedolo (ukusuka kwi-0.3 ukuya kwi-0.5 m). Iingcongconi ezilishumi ezingondliyo (ezili-10 ngekhowuni nganye; eziqokelelwe kwiploti yokulawula kusetyenziswa i-aspirator) zibekwe kwigumbi ngalinye lekhowuni yeplastiki ye-WHO (ikhowuni enye ngohlobo lwendlu nganye) njengezilawuli. Emva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokuvezwa, susa ngononophelo iingcongconi kuyo; faka igumbi eliyi-conical usebenzisa i-elbow aspirator uze uzifake kwiityhubhu ze-WHO eziqulethe isisombululo seswekile se-10% ukuze zondliwe. Ukufa kokugqibela emva kweeyure ezingama-24 kubhalwe kwi-27 ± 2°C kunye ne-80 ± 10% yomswakama ohambelanayo. Amazinga okufa anamanqaku aphakathi kwe-5% kunye ne-20% alungiswa kusetyenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott [27] ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
apho i-P ikukusweleka okulungisiweyo, i-P1 yipesenti yokufa ebonwayo, kwaye i-C yipesenti yokufa okulawulwayo. Uvavanyo olune-control mortgage >20% luye lwalahlwa lwaza lwaphinda lwaqhutywa [27, 33].
Uphando olupheleleyo lwekhaya lwenziwe kwilali yongenelelo. Indawo yeGPS yekhaya ngalinye yarekhodwa kunye noyilo lwayo kunye nohlobo lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nemeko yongenelelo. Iqonga le-GIS liphuhlise i-geodatabase yedijithali equka iileya zemida kwinqanaba lelali, isithili, isithili kunye nelizwe. Zonke iindawo zekhaya ziphawulwe nge-geotagged kusetyenziswa iileya ze-GIS point layers kwinqanaba lelali, kwaye ulwazi lwazo luqhagamshelwe kwaye luhlaziywe. Kwindawo nganye yekhaya, umngcipheko uvavanywe ngokusekelwe kwi-HT, ukuchaneka kwevektha yezinambuzane, kunye nemeko ye-IRS (Itheyibhile 1) [11, 26, 29, 30]. Zonke iindawo zekhaya zaguqulwa zaba yimephu yezihloko kusetyenziswa ubunzima bomgama ochaseneyo (IDW; isisombululo esisekelwe kwindawo yekhaya ephakathi ye-6 m2, amandla 2, inani elimiselweyo lamanqaku angqongileyo = 10, kusetyenziswa i-variable search radius, i-low pass filter). kunye ne-cubic convolution mapping) spatial interpolation technology [35]. Iindidi ezimbini zeemaphu ze-thematic spatial risk maps zenziwe: iimaphu ze-thematic ezisekelwe kwi-HT kunye ne-pesticide vector sensitivity kunye ne-IRS status (ISV kunye ne-IRSS) thematic maps. Iimaphu ezimbini zomngcipheko ezinomxholo zadityaniswa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-weighted overlay [36]. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, ii-raster laye zahlulwahlulwa zibe ziiklasi zokukhetha ngokubanzi kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo omngcipheko (oko kukuthi, umngcipheko ophezulu, ophakathi, kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi/ongenawo). I-raster laye yahlulwahlulwa ngobunzima obunikwe yona ngokusekelwe ekubalulekeni kweeparameter ezixhasa ubuninzi beengcongconi (ngokusekelwe kubuninzi kwiilali zophando, iindawo zokuzalela iingcongconi, kunye nokuziphatha kokuphumla nokondla) [26, 29]. , 30, 37]. Zombini iimaphu zomngcipheko wesifundo zahlulwahlulwa ngo-50:50 njengoko zinegalelo ngokulinganayo kubuninzi beengcongconi (Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Itheyibhile S2). Ngokushwankathela iimaphu ze-weighted overlay thematic, imephu yokugqibela yomngcipheko edibeneyo iyadalwa kwaye iboniswe kwiqonga le-GIS. Imephu yokugqibela yomngcipheko iboniswa kwaye ichazwe ngokwexabiso le-Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) elibalwe kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo:
Kwifomyula, u-P lixabiso lesalathisi somngcipheko, u-L lixabiso lomngcipheko lilonke kwindawo yekhaya ngalinye, kwaye u-H lixabiso lomngcipheko eliphezulu kwikhaya kwindawo yophando. Silungiselele kwaye senza iileya ze-GIS kunye nohlalutyo sisebenzisa i-ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) ukwenza iimephu zomngcipheko.
Senze uhlalutyo oluninzi lokubuyela umva ukuze sihlole iziphumo ezidibeneyo ze-HT, ISV, kunye ne-IRSS (njengoko kuchaziwe kwiTheyibhile 1) kwinani leengcongconi zasekhaya (n = 24). Iimpawu zezindlu kunye nezinto ezinobungozi ezisekelwe kungenelelo lwe-IRS olubhalwe kolu phononongo ziphathwe njengeenguqu ezichazayo, kwaye uxinano lweengcongconi lusetyenziswe njengenguqu ephendulayo. Uhlalutyo lokubuyela umva lwe-Univariate Poisson lwenziwe kwinguqu echazayo nganye enxulumene noxinano lwe-sandfly. Ngexesha lohlalutyo lwe-univariate, iinguqu ezazingabalulekanga kwaye zinexabiso le-P elingaphezulu kwe-15% zisusiwe kuhlalutyo lokubuyela umva oluphindaphindeneyo. Ukuhlola ukusebenzisana, amagama okusebenzisana kuzo zonke iindibaniselwano ezinokwenzeka zeenguqu eziphawulekayo (ezifumaneka kuhlalutyo lwe-univariate) afakwe ngaxeshanye kuhlalutyo lokubuyela umva oluphindaphindeneyo, kwaye amagama angenamsebenzi asusiwe kwimodeli ngendlela elandelelanayo ukwenza imodeli yokugqibela.
Uvavanyo lomngcipheko wendlu luye lwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini: uvavanyo lomngcipheko wendlu kunye novavanyo oludibeneyo lweendawo zomngcipheko kwimephu. Uqikelelo lomngcipheko wendlu luye lwaqikelelwa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lolwalamano phakathi koqikelelo lomngcipheko wendlu kunye nobuninzi beenkumbi zesanti (eziqokelelwe kwimizi emi-6 elindileyo kunye nemizi emi-6 yokungenelela; iiveki ngaphambi nasemva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS). Iindawo zomngcipheko wendaweni ziqikelelwe kusetyenziswa inani eliqhelekileyo leengcongconi eziqokelelwe kwimizi eyahlukeneyo kwaye zithelekiswa phakathi kwamaqela omngcipheko (oko kukuthi iindawo eziphantsi, eziphakathi kunye neziphezulu). Kwi-IRS round nganye, imizi eli-12 (imizi emi-4 kwinqanaba ngalinye kwezithathu zeendawo zomngcipheko; ukuqokelelwa kobusuku kwenziwa rhoqo emva kweeveki ezi-2, ezi-4, kunye nezi-12 emva kwe-IRS) zikhethwe ngokungacwangciswanga ukuqokelela iingcongconi ukuvavanya imephu yomngcipheko opheleleyo. Idatha efanayo yendlu (oko kukuthi i-HT, i-VSI, i-IRSS kunye nobuninzi beengcongconi) yasetyenziswa ukuvavanya imodeli yokugqibela yokubuyela umva. Uhlalutyo olulula lolwalamano lwenziwe phakathi kokuqwalaselwa kwentsimi kunye nobuninzi beengcongconi zendlu obuqikelelwe yimodeli.
Izibalo ezichazayo ezifana ne-avareji, ubuncinci, ubuninzi, i-95% confidence intervals (CI) kunye neepesenti zibalwe ukushwankathela idatha enxulumene ne-entomological kunye ne-IRS. Inani eliphakathi/ubuninzi kunye nokufa kwezinambuzane zesilivere (ii-residues ze-insecticidal agent residues) kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo ze-parametric [iisampuli ezidibeneyo zovavanyo lwe-t (lwedatha esasazwa rhoqo)] kunye novavanyo olungelulo lwe-parametric (isikhundla esisayinwe yiWilcoxon) ukuthelekisa ukusebenza phakathi kweentlobo zomphezulu emakhaya (umz., uvavanyo lwe-BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, kunye ne-CPLC vs. PMP) lwedatha esasazwa rhoqo). Zonke ii-analysis zenziwe kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Ugutyungelwe yimizi kwiilali zokungenelela ngexesha le-IRS DDT kunye ne-SP rounds kubalwe. Imizi engama-205 iyonke ifumene i-IRS kumjikelo ngamnye, kuquka imizi eli-179 (87.3%) kumjikelo we-DDT kunye nemizi eli-194 (94.6%) kumjikelo we-SP wolawulo lwe-VL vector. Umlinganiselo wemizi enyangwe ngokupheleleyo ngezibulali-zinambuzane wawuphezulu ngexesha le-SP-IRS (86.3%) kunangexesha le-DDT-IRS (52.7%). Inani lemizi ekhethe ukuphuma kwi-IRS ngexesha le-DDT yayingama-26 (12.7%) kwaye inani lemizi ekhethe ukuphuma kwi-IRS ngexesha le-SP yayili-11 (5.4%). Ngexesha le-DDT kunye ne-SP rounds, inani lemizi enyangwe kancinci ebhalisiweyo yayiyi-71 (34.6% yemizi iyonke enyangiweyo) kunye nemizi eli-17 (8.3% yemizi iyonke enyangiweyo), ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngokwezikhokelo ze-WHO zokuchasana nezibulala-zinambuzane, inani lee-silver shrimp kwindawo yokungenelela lalichaphazeleka ngokupheleleyo yi-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) njengoko umndilili wokufa okubikwe ngexesha lovavanyo (iiyure ezingama-24) yayiyi-100%. Izinga lokuchasana elibonweyo yayiyi-85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%). Kwi-DDT, izinga lokuchasana kwiiyure ezingama-24 yayiyi-22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), kwaye umndilili wokufa kovavanyo lwe-elektroniki yayiyi-49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%). Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ii-silverfoots zafumana ukumelana okupheleleyo kwi-DDT kwindawo yokungenelela.
Kwitheyibhile 3 ishwankathela iziphumo zohlalutyo lwebhayoloji lweekhowuni kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendawo (amaxesha ahlukeneyo emva kwe-IRS) eziphathwe nge-DDT kunye ne-SP. Idatha yethu ibonise ukuba emva kweeyure ezingama-24, zombini ezi zinambuzane (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs. PMP: t(2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (kwi-DDT-IRS kunye ne-BUU) CPLC: t(2)= − 5.86, P = 0.03 kunye ne-PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC kunye ne-PMP: t(2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 kunye ne-SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; amazinga okufa ayehla kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwi-SP-IRS: iiveki ezi-2 emva kokutshizwa kuzo zonke iintlobo zodonga (oko kukuthi, i-95.6% iyonke) kunye neeveki ezi-4. emva kokutshiza iindonga ze-CPLC kuphela (oko kukuthi, 82.5). Kwiqela le-DDT, ukufa bekungaphantsi kwe-70% kuzo zonke iintlobo zodonga ngamaxesha onke emva kovavanyo lwe-IRS. Amanani okufa okuqhelekileyo ovavanyo lwe-DDT kunye ne-SP emva kweeveki ezili-12 zokutshiza yayiyi-25.1% kunye ne-63.2%, ngokwahlukeneyo. Iintlobo ezintathu zomphezulu, amazinga aphezulu okufa aphakathi kunye ne-DDT yayiyi-61.1% (kwi-PMP kwiiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-IRS), 36.9% (kwi-CPLC iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS), kunye ne-28.9% (kwi-CPLC iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS). Amanani aphantsi yi-55% (kwi-BUU, kwiiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-IRS), 32.5% (kwi-PMP, kwiiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS) kunye ne-20% (kwi-PMP, kwiiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS); i-US IRS). Kwi-SP, amazinga aphezulu okufa aphakathi kuzo zonke iintlobo zomphezulu yayiyi-97.2% (kwi-CPLC, kwiiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-IRS), i-82.5% (kwi-CPLC, kwiiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS), kunye ne-67.5% (kwi-CPLC, kwiiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS). Iiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-IRS). I-US IRS). Iiveki emva kwe-IRS); amazinga aphantsi yayiyi-94.4% (kwi-BUU, kwiiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-IRS), i-75% (kwi-PMP, kwiiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS), kunye ne-58.3% (kwi-PMP, kwiiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-IRS). Kuzo zombini izibulali-zinambuzane, ukufa kwiindawo eziphathwe yi-PMP kwahluka ngokukhawuleza ngokuhamba kwexesha kunakwiindawo eziphathwe yi-CPLC kunye ne-BUU.
Itheyibhile 4 ishwankathela iziphumo zokungenelela (oko kukuthi, utshintsho emva kwe-IRS kubuninzi beengcongconi) kwimijikelo ye-IRS esekelwe kwi-DDT kunye ne-SP (Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Umfanekiso S1). Kwi-DDT-IRS, ukwehla kwepesenti kwi-silverlegged beetle emva kwexesha le-IRS yayiyi-34.1% (kwiiveki ezi-2), i-25.9% (kwiiveki ezi-4), kunye ne-14.1% (kwiiveki ezili-12). Kwi-SP-IRS, amazinga okunciphisa ayeyi-90.5% (kwiiveki ezi-2), i-66.7% (kwiiveki ezi-4), kunye ne-55.6% (kwiiveki ezili-12). Ukwehla okukhulu kobuninzi be-silver shrimp kwimizi ye-sentinel ngexesha leengxelo ze-DDT kunye ne-SP IRS yayiyi-2.8% (kwiiveki ezi-2) kunye ne-49.1% (kwiiveki ezi-2), ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngexesha le-SP-IRS, ukwehla (ngaphambi nasemva) kwe-white-belly pheasants kwakufana kwimizi yokutshiza (t(2)= – 9.09, P < 0.001) kunye nemizi ye-sentinel (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33). Kuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-DDT-IRS kuzo zonke izihlandlo ezi-3 emva kwe-IRS. Kuzo zombini izibulali-zinambuzane, ubuninzi be-silver bug bande kwimizi ye-sentinel kwiiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-IRS (oko kukuthi, i-3.6% kunye ne-9.9% kwi-SP kunye ne-DDT, ngokwahlukeneyo). Ngexesha le-SP kunye ne-DDT emva kweentlanganiso ze-IRS, ii-silver shrimp ezili-112 kunye ne-161 zaqokelelwa kwiifama ze-sentinel, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Akukho mahluko abalulekileyo kuxinano lwe-silver shrimp olubonwe phakathi kwamaqela eentsapho (oko kukuthi, i-spray vs sentinel: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; i-spray vs control: t(2) = – 2.03 , P = 0.18; i-sentinel vs. control: ngexesha leeveki ze-IRS emva kwe-DDT, t(2) = − 0.59, P = 0.62). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umahluko obalulekileyo kuxinano lwe-silver shrimp lubonwe phakathi kweqela le-spray kunye neqela lolawulo (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) kunye naphakathi kweqela le-spray kunye neqela lolawulo (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05). IRS kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kwe-SP. Kwi-SP-IRS, akukho mahluko abalulekileyo abonwe phakathi kweentsapho ze-sentinel kunye neentsapho zolawulo (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68). Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa ubuninzi be-pheasant yesilivere efunyenwe kwiifama ezinyangwe ngokupheleleyo nangokungaphelelanga ngamavili e-IRS. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kubuninzi be-pheasant elawulwa ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwemizi elawulwa ngokupheleleyo nangokungaphelelanga (umyinge we-7.3 kunye no-2.7 ngomgibe/ngobusuku). I-DDT-IRS kunye ne-SP-IRS, ngokwahlukeneyo), kwaye eminye imizi yatshizwa ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane omabini (umyinge we-7.5 kunye no-4.4 ngobusuku kwi-DDT-IRS kunye ne-SP-IRS, ngokwahlukeneyo) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P > 0.2). Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi be-silver shrimp kwiifama ezitshizwe ngokupheleleyo nangokungaphelelanga bahluke kakhulu phakathi kwe-SP kunye ne-DDT IRS rounds (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Uqikelelo lobuninzi obuqikelelweyo bezinambuzane ezinukayo ezinamaphiko esilivere kwimizi enyangwe ngokupheleleyo nangokungaphelelanga kwilali yaseMahanar, eLavapur, kwiiveki ezi-2 ngaphambi kwe-IRS kunye neeveki ezi-2, ezi-4 nezi-12 emva kwe-IRS, i-DDT kunye ne-SP.
Imephu ebanzi yomngcipheko wendawo (ilali yaseLavapur Mahanar; indawo iyonke: 26,723 km2) yaphuhliswa ukuze ichonge iindawo ezinobungozi obuphantsi, obuphakathi nobuphezulu ukuze kujongwe ukuvela nokuvela kwakhona kwe-silver shrimp ngaphambi nangeeveki ezimbalwa emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-IRS (Iifig. 3, 4). . . Amanqaku aphezulu omngcipheko kwiintsapho ngexesha lokudalwa kwemephu yomngcipheko wendawo alinganiswe njenge-"12" (oko kukuthi, "8" kwiimephu zomngcipheko ezisekelwe kwi-HT kunye ne-"4" kwiimephu zomngcipheko ezisekelwe kwi-VSI kunye ne-IRSS). Amanqaku amancinci omngcipheko abaliweyo "ngu-zero" okanye "akukho mngcipheko" ngaphandle kweemephu ze-DDT-VSI kunye ne-IRSS ezinamanqaku amancinci e-1. Imephu yomngcipheko esekwe kwi-HT ibonise ukuba indawo enkulu (oko kukuthi i-19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) yelali yaseLavapur Mahanar yindawo enobungozi obukhulu apho abemi banokudibana neengcongconi kwaye baphinde bavele. Indawo egutyungelweyo iyahluka phakathi kweendawo eziphezulu (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), eziphakathi (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) kunye neendawo ezinobungozi obuphantsi/obungenabungozi (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) (t (2) = 12.7, P < 0.05) phakathi kweegrafu zomngcipheko we-DDT kunye ne-SP-IS kunye ne-IRSS (Umzobo 3, 4). Imephu yokugqibela yomngcipheko odibeneyo eyenziweyo ibonise ukuba i-SP-IRS yayinamandla okukhusela angcono kune-DDT-IRS kuwo onke amanqanaba eendawo ezinobungozi be-HT. Indawo enobungozi obukhulu be-HT yehlisiwe yaya ngaphantsi kwe-7% (1837.3 km2) emva kokuba i-SP-IRS kwaye uninzi lwendawo (oko kukuthi i-53.6%) ibe yindawo enobungozi obuphantsi. Ngexesha le-DDT-IRS, ipesenti yeendawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu nophantsi ezivavanywe yimephu yomngcipheko odibeneyo yayiyi-35.5% (9498.1 km2) kunye ne-16.2% (4342.4 km2), ngokwahlukeneyo. Ubuninzi beempukane zesanti ezilinganiswe kwimizi enyangiweyo kunye neyabalindi ngaphambi nangeeveki ezimbalwa emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-IRS zadwetshwa zaza zabonwa kwimephu yomngcipheko odibeneyo kumjikelo ngamnye we-IRS (oko kukuthi, i-DDT kunye ne-SP) (Imizobo 3, 4). Bekukho ukuvumelana okuhle phakathi kwamanqaku omngcipheko wendlu kunye nobuninzi be-silver shrimp obuphakathi oburekhodwe ngaphambi nasemva kwe-IRS (Umzobo 5). Amaxabiso e-R2 (P < 0.05) ohlalutyo lokuhambelana olubalwe kwimijikelo emibini ye-IRS yayi: 0.78 iiveki ezi-2 ngaphambi kwe-DDT, 0.81 iiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-DDT, 0.78 iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-DDT, 0.83 emva kwe-DDT-DDT iiveki ezili-12, i-DDT Total emva kwe-SP yayiyi-0.85, 0.82 iiveki ezi-2 ngaphambi kwe-SP, 0.38 iiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-SP, 0.56 iiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-SP, 0.81 iiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-SP kunye ne-0.79 iiveki ezi-2 emva kwe-SP iyonke (Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Itheyibhile S3). Iziphumo zibonise ukuba isiphumo sokungenelela kwe-SP-IRS kuzo zonke ii-HTs siphuculwe kwiiveki ezi-4 emva kwe-IRS. I-DDT-IRS yahlala ingasebenzi kuzo zonke ii-HTs ngamaxesha onke emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-IRS. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwentsimi yendawo yemephu yomngcipheko edibeneyo zishwankathelwe kwiTheyibhile 5. Kwimijikelo ye-IRS, ubuninzi beentlanzi zesilivere kunye nepesenti yobuninzi obupheleleyo kwiindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu (oko kukuthi, >55%) babuphezulu kunakwiindawo ezinobungozi obuphantsi kunye nobuphakathi kuzo zonke iindawo zexesha emva kwe-IRS. Iindawo zeentsapho zezinambuzane (oko kukuthi ezo zikhethiweyo ukuba ziqokelelwe iingcongconi) zidweliswe kwaye ziboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Umfanekiso S2.
Iintlobo ezintathu zeemephu zomngcipheko wendawo ezisekelwe kwi-GIS (oko kukuthi, i-HT, i-IS kunye ne-IRSS kunye nokudibanisa i-HT, i-IS kunye ne-IRSS) ukuchonga iindawo ezinobungozi beencukuthu ngaphambi nasemva kwe-DDT-IRS kwilali yaseMahnar, eLavapur, kwisithili saseVaishali (eBihar)
Iintlobo ezintathu zeemephu zomngcipheko wendawo ezisekelwe kwi-GIS (oko kukuthi, i-HT, i-IS kunye ne-IRSS kunye nokudibanisa i-HT, i-IS kunye ne-IRSS) ukuchonga iindawo ezinobungozi be-shrimp ezinamabala esilivere (xa kuthelekiswa ne-Kharbang)
Impembelelo ye-DDT-(a, c, e, g, i) kunye ne-SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo amaqela omngcipheko wohlobo lwekhaya ibalwe ngokuqikelela "i-R2" phakathi kweengozi zekhaya. Uqikelelo lwezalathisi zekhaya kunye noxinano oluphakathi lwe-P. argentipes kwiiveki ezi-2 ngaphambi kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS kunye neeveki ezi-2, ezi-4 kunye nezi-12 emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS kwilali yaseLavapur Mahnar, kwisithili saseVaishali, eBihar
Itheyibhile 6 ishwankathela iziphumo zohlalutyo olungafaniyo lwazo zonke izinto ezinobungozi ezichaphazela uxinano lwe-flake. Zonke izinto ezinobungozi (n = 6) zifunyenwe zinxulumene kakhulu noxinano lweengcongconi zasekhaya. Kubonwe ukuba inqanaba lokubaluleka kwazo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifanelekileyo livelise amaxabiso e-P angaphantsi kwe-0.15. Ke ngoko, zonke izinto ezichazayo zigcinwe kuhlalutyo lokubuyela umva okuninzi. Indibaniselwano efanelekileyo kakhulu yemodeli yokugqibela yenziwe ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezinobungozi ezintlanu: i-TF, i-TW, i-DS, i-ISV, kunye ne-IRSS. Itheyibhile 7 idwelisa iinkcukacha zeeparameter ezikhethiweyo kwimodeli yokugqibela, kunye ne-adjusted odds ratios, i-95% confidence intervals (CIs), kunye namaxabiso e-P. Imodeli yokugqibela ibaluleke kakhulu, enexabiso le-R2 elingu-0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
I-TR ayifakwanga kwimodeli yokugqibela kuba yayingabalulekanga kangako (P = 0.46) kunye nezinye izinto ezichazayo. Imodeli ephuhlisiweyo yasetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ubuninzi beempukane zesanti ngokusekelwe kwidatha evela kwimizi eli-12 eyahlukeneyo. Iziphumo zokuqinisekisa zibonise ulwalamano oluqinileyo phakathi kobuninzi beengcongconi ezibonwe endle kunye nobuninzi beengcongconi obuqikelelwe yimodeli (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
Injongo kukususa i-VL kumazwe aseIndiya ahlala ekhona ngo-2020 [10]. Ukususela ngo-2012, i-India yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu ekunciphiseni ukwenzeka nokufa kwe-VL [10]. Utshintsho oluvela kwi-DDT ukuya kwi-SP ngo-2015 lwalulutshintsho olukhulu kwimbali ye-IRS eBihar, eIndiya [38]. Ukuze kuqondwe umngcipheko wendawo ye-VL kunye nobuninzi beevectors zayo, kwenziwe izifundo ezininzi zenqanaba elikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukusasazwa kwendawo kokuxhaphaka kwe-VL kufumene ingqwalasela ekhulayo kulo lonke ilizwe, uphando oluncinci luye lwenziwa kwinqanaba elincinci. Ngaphezu koko, kwinqanaba elincinci, idatha ayihambelani kangako kwaye kunzima ukuyihlalutya nokuyiqonda. Ngokolwazi lwethu, olu phononongo yingxelo yokuqala yokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nempembelelo yokungenelela ye-IRS esebenzisa izinambuzane i-DDT kunye ne-SP phakathi kwe-HTs phantsi kweNkqubo yoLawulo lweVector yeSizwe ye-VL eBihar (eIndiya). Olu lukwalinge lokuqala lokuphuhlisa imephu yomngcipheko wendawo kunye nemodeli yohlalutyo lobuninzi beengcongconi ukuze kutyhile ukusasazwa kwendawo kweengcongconi kwi-microscale phantsi kweemeko zokungenelela ze-IRS.
Iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba ukwamkelwa kwe-SP-IRS kumakhaya onke kwakuphezulu kuzo zonke iintsapho kwaye uninzi lweentsapho lwalucutshungulwe ngokupheleleyo. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwebhayoloji zibonise ukuba iimpukane zesilivere kwilali yophando zazinobuthathaka kakhulu kwi-beta-cypermethrin kodwa ziphantsi kakhulu kwi-DDT. Izinga eliqhelekileyo lokufa kwe-silver shrimp evela kwi-DDT lingaphantsi kwama-50%, nto leyo ebonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuxhathisa kwi-DDT. Oku kuhambelana neziphumo zezifundo zangaphambili ezenziwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwiilali ezahlukeneyo zamazwe aseIndiya ahlala e-VL, kuquka iBihar [8,9,39,40]. Ukongeza kubuthathaka bezinambuzane, ukusebenza okuseleyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nemiphumo yokungenelela nako lulwazi olubalulekileyo. Ubude beziphumo eziseleyo bubalulekile kumjikelo wocwangciso. Imisela amaxesha phakathi kwemijikelo ye-IRS ukuze uluntu luhlale lukhuselekile de kube kutshizwa okulandelayo. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwebhayoloji zekhowuni zityhile umahluko omkhulu ekufeni phakathi kweentlobo zomphezulu wodonga ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo emva kwe-IRS. Ukufa kwiindawo eziphathwe yi-DDT bekusoloko kungaphantsi kwenqanaba elaneleyo le-WHO (oko kukuthi, ≥80%), ngelixa kwiindonga eziphathwe yi-SP, ukufa kwahlala kunelisekile kude kube yiveki yesine emva kwe-IRS; Ukusuka kwezi ziphumo, kuyacaca ukuba nangona i-silverleg shrimp efumaneka kwindawo yophando ibuthathaka kakhulu kwi-SP, ukusebenza okushiyekileyo kwe-SP kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwi-HT. Njenge-DDT, i-SP ayihlangabezani nexesha lokusebenza elichazwe kwizikhokelo ze-WHO [41, 42]. Oku kungasebenzi kakuhle kunokubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-IRS (oko kukuthi ukuhambisa ipompo ngesantya esifanelekileyo, umgama ukusuka eludongeni, izinga lokukhupha kunye nobukhulu bamaconsi amanzi kunye nokufakwa kwawo eludongeni), kunye nokusetyenziswa okungebobulumko kwezibulali-zinambuzane (oko kukuthi ukulungiswa kwesisombululo) [11,28,43]. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni olu phononongo lwenziwe phantsi koqwalaselo olungqongqo nolawulo, esinye isizathu sokungahlangabezani nomhla wokuphelelwa ocetywayo yi-World Health Organisation sinokuba ngumgangatho we-SP (oko kukuthi, ipesenti yesithako esisebenzayo okanye "i-AI") eyenza i-QC.
Kwiintlobo ezintathu zomphezulu ezisetyenzisiweyo ukuvavanya ukuqhubeka kwezibulali-zinambuzane, umahluko omkhulu ekufeni ubonwe phakathi kwe-BUU kunye ne-CPLC kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezimbini. Esinye isiphumo esitsha kukuba i-CPLC ibonise ukusebenza okungcono okushiyekileyo phantse kuzo zonke izihlandlo emva kokutshiza kulandele iindawo ze-BUU kunye ne-PMP. Nangona kunjalo, kwiiveki ezimbini emva kwe-IRS, i-PMP irekhode amazinga aphezulu kunye nawesibini aphezulu okufa kwi-DDT kunye ne-SP, ngokwahlukeneyo. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba isibulali-zinambuzane esifakwe kumphezulu we-PMP asihlali ixesha elide. Lo mahluko ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweentsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane phakathi kweentlobo zodonga unokubangelwa zizizathu ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngokwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zodonga (ukwanda kwe-pH okubangela ukuba ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ziqhekeke ngokukhawuleza), izinga lokufunxa (liphezulu eludongeni lomhlaba), ukufumaneka kokubola kweebhaktheriya kunye nezinga lokuwohloka kwezinto zodonga, kunye nobushushu kunye nokufuma [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Iziphumo zethu zixhasa ezinye izifundo ezininzi malunga nokusebenza okushiyekileyo kweendawo eziphathwe zizibulali-zinambuzane ngokuchasene nezifo ezahlukeneyo [45, 46, 50, 51].
Uqikelelo lokunciphisa iingcongconi kwiintsapho ezinyangiweyo lubonise ukuba i-SP-IRS yayisebenza ngcono kune-DDT-IRS ekulawuleni iingcongconi kuzo zonke izikhawu emva kwe-IRS (P < 0.001). Kwimijikelo ye-SP-IRS kunye ne-DDT-IRS, amazinga okwehla kwiintsapho ezinyangiweyo ukusuka kwiiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezili-12 yayingama-55.6-90.5% kunye ne-14.1-34.1%, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ezi ziphumo zikwabonise ukuba iziphumo ezibalulekileyo kubuninzi be-P. argentipes kwiintsapho ezifuywayo zabonwa kwiiveki ezi-4 zokusetyenziswa kwe-IRS; ii-argentipes zanda kuzo zombini imijikelo ye-IRS kwiiveki ezili-12 emva kwe-IRS; Nangona kunjalo, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo kwinani leengcongconi kwiintsapho ezifuywayo phakathi kwemijikelo emibini ye-IRS (P = 0.33). Iziphumo ezivela kuhlalutyo lwezibalo zobuninzi be-silver shrimp phakathi kwamaqela eentsapho kumjikelo ngamnye nazo azibonisanga mahluko ubalulekileyo kwi-DDT kuwo onke amaqela eentsapho amane (oko kukuthi, i-sprayed vs. sentinel; i-sprayed vs. control; i-sentinel vs. control; i-complete vs. partial).). Amaqela amabini eentsapho i-IRS kunye ne-SP-IRS (oko kukuthi, i-sentinel vs. ulawulo kunye ne-full vs. inxalenye). Nangona kunjalo, umahluko omkhulu kubuninzi be-silver shrimp phakathi kwe-DDT kunye ne-SP-IRS rounds ubonwe kwiifama ezitshizwe kancinci kwaye zitshizwe ngokupheleleyo. Olu phononongo, kunye nenyani yokuba iziphumo zokungenelela zibalwe amaxesha amaninzi emva kwe-IRS, lubonisa ukuba i-SP iyasebenza ekulawuleni iingcongconi kumakhaya anyangwa kancinci okanye ngokupheleleyo, kodwa anganyangwa. Nangona kunjalo, nangona bekungekho mahluko abalulekileyo ngokwezibalo kwinani leengcongconi kwizindlu ze-sentinel phakathi kwe-DDT-IRS rounds kunye ne-SP IRS, inani eliqhelekileyo leengcongconi eziqokelelweyo ngexesha le-DDT-IRS rounds laliphantsi xa lithelekiswa ne-SP-IRS round. .Ubungakanani budlula ubungakanani. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba i-insecticide ebuthathaka kwi-vector ene-IRS ephezulu phakathi kwabemi basekhaya inokuba nefuthe kuluntu ekulawuleni iingcongconi kumakhaya angazange atshizwe. Ngokweziphumo, i-SP yayinefuthe elingcono lokuthintela ukulunywa yiingcongconi kune-DDT kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kwe-IRS. Ukongeza, i-alpha-cypermethrin ikwiqela le-SP, inochuku oluhambelanayo kunye nobuthi obuthe ngqo kwiingcongconi kwaye ifanelekile kwi-IRS [51, 52]. Oku kusenokuba sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba i-alpha-cypermethrin ingabi nampembelelo ingako kwiindawo ezingaphandle. Olunye uphando [52] lufumanise ukuba nangona i-alpha-cypermethrin ibonakalise iimpendulo ezikhoyo kunye namazinga aphezulu okuwa kwiimvavanyo zelebhu nakwii-huts, le compound ayizange ivelise impendulo yokugxotha kwiingcongconi phantsi kweemeko zelebhu ezilawulwayo.
Kolu phononongo, kwaveliswa iintlobo ezintathu zeemephu zomngcipheko wendawo; Uqikelelo lomngcipheko wendawo yasekhaya kunye nendawo luhlolwe ngokuqwalaselwa kwentsimi kobuninzi beeshrimp zesilivere. Uhlalutyo lweendawo zomngcipheko olusekelwe kwi-HT lubonise ukuba uninzi lweendawo zasezilalini (>78%) zaseLavapur-Mahanara zikwinqanaba eliphezulu lomngcipheko wokuvela kweempukane zesanti kunye nokuvela kwakhona. Mhlawumbi esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba iRawalpur Mahanar VL ithandwe kangaka. I-ISV iyonke kunye ne-IRSS, kunye nemephu yokugqibela yomngcipheko odibeneyo, kufunyenwe ukuba ivelisa ipesenti ephantsi yeendawo eziphantsi kweendawo ezinobungozi obukhulu ngexesha lomjikelo we-SP-IRS (kodwa hayi umjikelo we-DDT-IRS). Emva kwe-SP-IRS, iindawo ezinkulu zeendawo ezinobungozi obuphezulu nobuphakathi ezisekelwe kwi-GT zaguqulwa zaba zezona ndawo zinobungozi obuphantsi (oko kukuthi, i-60.5%; uqikelelo lwemephu yomngcipheko odibeneyo), oluphantse lube phantsi ngokuphindwe kane (16.2%) kune-DDT. - Imeko ikwitshati yomngcipheko wepotifoliyo ye-IRS engentla. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba i-IRS lukhetho olufanelekileyo lokulawula iingcongconi, kodwa umlinganiselo wokhuseleko uxhomekeke kumgangatho wesibulali-zinambuzane, uvakalelo (kwi-vector ekujoliswe kuyo), ukwamkeleka (ngexesha le-IRS) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo;
Iziphumo zovavanyo lomngcipheko wekhaya zibonise ukuvumelana okuhle (P < 0.05) phakathi koqikelelo lomngcipheko kunye nobuninzi be-silverleg shrimp eqokelelwe kwimizi eyahlukeneyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba iiparameter zomngcipheko wekhaya ezichongiweyo kunye namanqaku azo omngcipheko afanelekileyo ukuqikelela ubuninzi bendawo ye-silver shrimp. Ixabiso le-R2 lohlalutyo lwesivumelwano se-IRS DDT emva kwe-IRS yayiyi-≥ 0.78, elilingana okanye lingaphezulu kunexabiso langaphambi kwe-IRS (oko kukuthi, 0.78). Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-DDT-IRS yayisebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zomngcipheko we-HT (oko kukuthi, ephezulu, ephakathi, nephantsi). Kwi-SP-IRS round, sifumanise ukuba ixabiso le-R2 litshintshile kwiiveki zesibini nezesine emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS, amaxabiso kwiiveki ezimbini ngaphambi kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS kunye neeveki ezili-12 emva kokuphunyezwa kwe-IRS ayephantse afana; Esi siphumo sibonisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo yokuvezwa kwe-SP-IRS kwiingcongconi, ebonise umkhwa wokuncipha ngokuhamba kwexesha emva kwe-IRS. Impembelelo ye-SP-IRS igxininisiwe kwaye yaxoxwa kwizahluko ezidlulileyo.
Iziphumo ezivela kuphicotho lwentsimi lweendawo zomngcipheko zemephu edibeneyo zibonise ukuba ngexesha le-IRS round, inani eliphezulu lee-silver shrimp liqokelelwe kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu (oko kukuthi, >55%), kulandele iindawo ezinomngcipheko ophakathi nophantsi. Ngamafutshane, uvavanyo lomngcipheko wendawo olusekelwe kwi-GIS lubonakalise ukuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokwenza izigqibo zokuhlanganisa amaleko ahlukeneyo edatha yendawo nganye nganye okanye ngokudibeneyo ukuchonga iindawo ezinomngcipheko weempukane zesanti. Imephu yomngcipheko ephuhlisiweyo inika ukuqonda okubanzi kweemeko zangaphambi nasemva kokungenelela (oko kukuthi, uhlobo lwasekhaya, imeko ye-IRS, kunye neziphumo zokungenelela) kwindawo yophando efuna inyathelo okanye ukuphuculwa kwangoko, ngakumbi kwinqanaba elincinci. Imeko ethandwayo kakhulu. Enyanisweni, izifundo ezininzi zisebenzise izixhobo ze-GIS ukulinganisa umngcipheko weendawo zokuzalela iivector kunye nokusasazwa kwendawo kwezifo kwinqanaba le-macro [24, 26, 37].
Iimpawu zezindlu kunye nezinto ezinobungozi kwiindlela zokungenelela ezisekelwe kwi-IRS zihlolwe ngokwezibalo ukuze zisetyenziswe kuhlalutyo loxinano lwe-silver shrimp. Nangona zonke izinto ezintandathu (oko kukuthi, i-TF, i-TW, i-TR, i-DS, i-ISV, kunye ne-IRSS) zidibene kakhulu nobuninzi beendawo ze-silverleg shrimp kuhlalutyo lwe-univariate, enye kuphela yazo ikhethwe kwimodeli yokugqibela ye-multiple regression kwisihlanu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iimpawu zolawulo olubanjwe kunye nezinto ezichaphazela i-IRS TF, i-TW, i-DS, i-ISV, i-IRSS, njl. kwindawo yophando zifanelekile ukujonga ukuvela, ukubuyiselwa kunye nokuzala kwe-silver shrimp. Kuhlalutyo lwe-multiple regression, i-TR ayifunyaniswanga ibalulekile kwaye ke ngoko ayikhethwanga kwimodeli yokugqibela. Imodeli yokugqibela yayibaluleke kakhulu, kunye neeparameter ezikhethiweyo ezichaza i-89% yoxinano lwe-silverleg shrimp. Iziphumo zokuchaneka kwemodeli zibonise ulwalamano oluqinileyo phakathi koxinano lwe-silver shrimp oluqikelelweyo nolubonwe. Iziphumo zethu zikwaxhasa izifundo zangaphambili ezixoxe ngezinto ezinobungozi kwezentlalo kunye nezindlu ezinxulumene nokuxhaphaka kwe-VL kunye nokusasazwa kwendawo ye-vector kwiindawo zasemaphandleni zaseBihar [15, 29].
Kolu phononongo, asizange sivavanye ukufakwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane eludongeni olutshiziweyo kunye nomgangatho (oko kukuthi) wesibulali-zinambuzane esisetyenziselwa i-IRS. Utshintsho kumgangatho kunye nobungakanani bezibulali-zinambuzane lunokuchaphazela ukufa kweengcongconi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokungenelela kwe-IRS. Ke ngoko, ukufa okuqikelelweyo phakathi kweentlobo zomhlaba kunye nemiphumo yokungenelela phakathi kwamaqela eentsapho kunokwahluka kwiziphumo zokwenyani. Ukuqwalasela la manqaku, uphando olutsha lunokucwangciswa. Uvavanyo lommandla wonke osemngciphekweni (kusetyenziswa imephu yomngcipheko we-GIS) weelali ezifundwayo luquka iindawo ezivulekileyo phakathi kweelali, ezichaphazela ukuhlelwa kweendawo ezinobungozi (oko kukuthi ukuchongwa kweendawo) kwaye zidlulele kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinobungozi; Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo lwenziwe kwinqanaba elincinci, ngoko ke umhlaba ongenanto unempembelelo encinci kuphela kuhlelo lweendawo ezinobungozi; Ukongeza, ukuchonga nokuvavanya iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinobungozi ngaphakathi kwendawo iyonke yelali kunokubonelela ngethuba lokukhetha iindawo zokwakha izindlu ezintsha kwixesha elizayo (ingakumbi ukukhethwa kweendawo ezinobungozi obuphantsi). Ngokubanzi, iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonelela ngolwazi olwahlukeneyo olungazange lufundwe kwinqanaba le-microscopic ngaphambili. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukubonakaliswa kwendawo yemephu yomngcipheko welali kunceda ekuchongeni nasekuhlanganiseni iintsapho kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomngcipheko, xa kuthelekiswa nophando lwemveli lomhlaba, le ndlela ilula, ilula, ayibizi kakhulu kwaye ayidingi msebenzi, inika ulwazi kubenzi bezigqibo.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba iintlanzi ze-silverfish zasekhaya kwilali yophando ziye zafumana ukumelana (oko kukuthi, azikwazi ukumelana kakhulu) ne-DDT, kwaye ukuvela kweengcongconi kwabonwa kwangoko emva kwe-IRS; I-Alpha-cypermethrin ibonakala iyeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokulawula i-IRS ii-VL vectors ngenxa yokufa kwayo nge-100% kunye nokusebenza ngcono kokungenelela kwiingcongconi, kunye nokwamkelwa kwayo ngcono kuluntu xa kuthelekiswa ne-DDT-IRS. Nangona kunjalo, sifumanise ukuba ukufa kweengcongconi kwiindonga eziphathwe yi-SP kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomphezulu; ukusebenza okungalunganga kwentsalela kwabonwa kwaye ixesha elicebisiweyo yi-WHO emva kwe-IRS alizange lifezekiswe. Olu phononongo lubonelela ngendawo elungileyo yokuqala ingxoxo, kwaye iziphumo zalo zifuna uphando olongezelelweyo ukuze kuchongwe izizathu zokwenyani. Ukuchaneka kokuqikelela kwemodeli yohlalutyo loxinano lweengcongconi zesanti kubonise ukuba indibaniselwano yeempawu zezindlu, uvakalelo lwezinambuzane kwiingcongconi kunye nesimo se-IRS zinokusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela uxinano lweengcongconi zesanti kwiilali ezihlala kwi-VL eBihar. Uphononongo lwethu lukwabonisa ukuba imephu yomngcipheko wendawo esekwe kwi-GIS (inqanaba elikhulu) inokuba sisixhobo esiluncedo sokuchonga iindawo ezinobungozi ukujonga ukuvela kunye nokuvela kwakhona kweengcongconi zesanti ngaphambi nasemva kweentlanganiso ze-IRS. Ukongeza, iimaphu zomngcipheko wendawo zibonelela ngokuqonda okubanzi kobungakanani kunye nohlobo lweendawo zomngcipheko kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ezingenakufundwa ngophando lwendabuko kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuqokelelwa kwedatha. Ulwazi lomngcipheko we-microspatial oluqokelelwe ngeemaphu ze-GIS lunokunceda izazinzulu kunye nabaphandi bezempilo yoluntu ukuba baphuhlise kwaye basebenzise amaqhinga amatsha olawulo (oko kukuthi ukungenelela okukodwa okanye ulawulo lwe-vector oludibeneyo) ukufikelela kumaqela ahlukeneyo eentsapho kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwamanqanaba omngcipheko. Ukongeza, imaphu yomngcipheko inceda ukuphucula ukwabiwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo ngexesha elifanelekileyo nendawo efanelekileyo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo.
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Ixesha leposi: Meyi-20-2024