I-Hainan, njengephondo lokuqala e-China ukuvula imakethi yezixhobo zezolimo, iphondo lokuqala ukuphumeza inkqubo ye-franchise ye-whoseile ye-pesticides, iphondo lokuqala ukuphumeza ukuleyibhelishwa kwemveliso kunye nokufakwa kwekhowudi yezibulali zinambuzane, indlela entsha yokutshintsha komgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lwezitshabalalisi, ibisoloko ijongwe kushishino lwemveliso yezolimo yelizwe, ngakumbi uyilo olukhulu lwabaqhubi bamashishini emarike yesibulali-zinambuzane eHainan.
Ngomhla wama-25 kuMatshi, ngo-2024, ukuze kuphunyezwe amalungiselelo afanelekileyo eMimiselo yoKhuphiswano oluLungileyo lwe-Hainan Free Trade Port kunye neMibonelelo yoLawulo lweZitshabalalisi kwiNdawo yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo yaseHainan, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-Okthobha woku-1, i-2023, uRhulumente waBantu wePhondo lase-Hainan wagqiba ekubeni arhoxise i-Measure ye-Pestinan Operations kwi-Wholesale ye-Hainan. Ummandla woQoqosho oKhethekileyo.
Oku kukwathetha ukuba ulawulo lwezitshabalalisi eHainan luza kuthabatha inyathelo elikhulu ukuya phambili, imarike iya kukhululwa ngakumbi, kwaye imeko yokuba yedwa yabantu abasi-8 (phambi komhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha ka-2023, kukho amashishini athengisa izitshabalalisi ezisi-8, amashishini ayi-1,638 athengisa izitshabalalisi kunye nama-298 athintelweyo amashishini ezinambuzane ezibulala izitshabalalisi aya kwaphulwa ngokusemthethweni kwiPhondo laseHai. Uguqukele kwindlela entsha yokulawula, ibe ngumthamo omtsha: iziteshi zevolumu, amaxabiso evolumu, iinkonzo zevolumu.
I-2023 "imithetho emitsha" iphunyeziwe
Ngaphambi kokurhoxiswa kweMiqathango yoLawulo lwe-Wholesale kunye nokuThengiswa kokuSebenza kweZitshabalalisi kwiNdawo eKhethekileyo yezoQoqosho yase-Hainan, iMibonelelo yoLawulo lweZitshabalalisi kwiNdawo yezoQoqosho eKhethekileyo yase-Hainan (emva koko kubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi “iMibonelelo”) iphunyezwe ngo-Oktobha 1, 2023.
"Akusekho mahluko phakathi kokuthengiswa kwee-wholesale kunye nokuthengiswa kwee-pesticides, ukunciphisa ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide, kwaye ngokuhambelanayo akusekho ukumisela amashishini athengisayo kunye nabathengisi beentengiso ze-pesticides ngokubhida, ukunciphisa iindleko zolawulo lwe-pesticide, kunye nokuphumeza inkqubo yokulawula ehambelana nelayisenisi yesizwe yokulawula izitshabalalisi..."
Ubukhulu becala oku kuye kwazisa iindaba ezimnandi kulo lonke uluntu lwezolimo, ngoko olu xwebhu luye lwamkelwa lwaza lwanconywa luninzi lwabasebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane. Kuba oku kuthetha ukuba amandla emarike angaphezu kwe-2 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan kwintengiso ye-Hainan ye-pesticide iya kukhululwa, iya kuzisa umjikelo omtsha wotshintsho olukhulu kunye namathuba.
"Amalungiselelo amaninzi" avela kwi-2017 inguqu ye-60 elungelelanisiweyo ukuya kwi-26, ithatha ifom ye-"incision encinci, umoya omfutshane okhawulezayo", unamathele kwingxaki ejoliswe kuyo, ukuvelisa, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa, ukulawula kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticides kwinkqubo yeengxaki ezivelele, izilungiso ezijoliswe kuzo.
Phakathi kwazo, enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kukurhoxiswa kwenkqubo ye-franchise ye-pesticide wholesale.
Ke, yeyiphi imixholo ephambili kunye namagqabantshintshi "emimiselo emitsha" ephunyezwe phantse isiqingatha sonyaka, siya kuyilungisa kwaye siyiphonononge kwakhona, ukuze senze abavelisi kunye nabasebenzi bendawo yokuthengisa izitshabalalisi kwimarike yezinambuzane eHainan babe nokuqonda okucacileyo kunye nokuqondwa kwemigaqo emitsha, isikhokelo esingcono kwaye uhlengahlengise ezabo izicwangciso kunye nezicwangciso zoshishino, kwaye babambe amanye amathuba amatsha phantsi kwenguqu yexesha.
Inkqubo yokuthengiswa kweehoseyile zezitshabalalisi yapheliswa ngokusemthethweni
Umgangatho "weMibonelelo emininzi" yemithetho yokhuphiswano olufanelekileyo lwamazibuko orhwebo lwasimahla, ukuguqula inkqubo yolawulo yesitshabalalisi sokuqala, ukulawula ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni kweshishini kumthombo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo kwabadlali bemarike yezinambuzane kukhuphiswano.
Eyokuqala kukurhoxisa inkqubo ye-wholesale franchise yezibulali-zinambuzane, akusekho ukwahlula phakathi kokuthengiswa kwee-wholesale kunye nokuthengiswa kwee-pesticides, kunye nokunciphisa ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide. Ngokufanelekileyo, amashishini athengisa amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye namashishini athengisa izitshabalalisi azisamiselwa ngokubhida, ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko zokusebenza zezitshabalalisi.
Okwesibini kukuphumeza inkqubo yokulawula edityaniswe nelayisenisi yoshishino lwezitshabalalisi kazwelonke, kwaye abaqhubi bezinambuzane abafanelekileyo banokufaka isicelo ngokuthe ngqo kumasebe afanelekileyo ezolimo kunye nasemaphandleni oorhulumente babantu bezixeko, iingingqi kunye nemimandla ezimeleyo apho imisebenzi yabo ifumaneka kwiilayisenisi zoshishino lwezinambuzane.
Enyanisweni, ekuqaleni kwe-1997, iPhondo laseHainan lalingowokuqala kweli lizwe ukuphumeza inkqubo yelayisenisi ye-pesticide kunye nokuvula imarike ye-pesticide, kwaye kwi-2005, "iMithetho emininzi yoLawulo lwe-Pesticides kwiNdawo yoQoqosho oluKhethekileyo yaseHainan" yakhutshwa, eyalungisa le nguqulelo ngendlela yemimiselo.
NgoJulayi ka-2010, iNkongolo yaBantu yePhondo lase-Hainan yabhengeza “iMimiselo eMininzi yoLawulo lweZitshabalalisi kwiNdawo yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo yase-Hainan” esandul' ukuhlaziywa, imisela inkqubo yokuthengisa izibulali-zinambuzane kwiPhondo laseHainan. Ngo-Aprili 2011, urhulumente wePhondo laseHainan wakhupha "Amanyathelo oLawulo lwe-Pesticide Wholesale and Retail Business Licensing kwiPhondo lase-Hainan", elichaza ukuba ngo-2013, kuya kuba ne-2-3 kuphela amashishini athengisa i-pesticide kwiphondo lase-Hainan, ngalinye linenkunzi ebhalisiweyo engaphezu kwe-100 yezigidi ze-yuan; Iphondo line-18 amaziko osasazo esixeko kunye nengingqi; Kukho malunga nama-205 amashishini athengisayo, kumgaqo-1 kwilokishi nganye, enenkunzi ebhalisiweyo engekho ngaphantsi kwe-1 yezigidi zeyuan, kwaye izixeko kunye neengingqi zingenza uhlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo ngokwemeko yokwenene yophuhliso lwezolimo, ukucwangciswa kweefama zikarhulumente kunye neemeko zezithuthi. Kwi-2012, i-Hainan ikhuphe ibhetshi yokuqala yeelayisensi zokuthengisa izitshabalalisi, ebonisa inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kuhlaziyo lwenkqubo yolawulo lwezitshabalalisi e-Hainan, kwaye ithetha ukuba abavelisi banokuthengisa kuphela iimveliso ze-pesticide e-Hainan ngokusebenzisana nabathengisi bevenkile abamenywe kwithenda ngurhulumente.
"Amalungiselelo amaninzi" aphucula indlela yokulawula izitshabalalisi, arhoxise inkqubo yokuthengisa izitshabalalisi, ayisahluli phakathi kwevenkile ethengisa izitshabalalisi kunye nentengiso, yehlisa ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi, kwaye ngokuhambelanayo ayisayi kumisela indlela yamashishini athengisa izitshabalalisi kunye nabarhwebi bokuthengisa izitshabalalisi ngokubhida, ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko zokulawula izitshabalalisi. Ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yolawulo lwelayisenisi yoshishino lwezitshabalalisi kazwelonke, abaqhubi bemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane abaqeqeshiweyo banokufaka isicelo ngokuthe ngqo kwisixeko, kwidolophu, urhulumente wesiphaluka esizimeleyo esiphethe ezolimo kunye nabasemagunyeni emaphandleni ngelayisenisi yoshishino lwezitshabalalisi.
Abasebenzi beofisi echaphazelekayo yeSebe lezoLimo kunye neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni kwiPhondo laseHainan bathi: Oku kuthetha ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we-pesticide e-Hainan uya kuhambelana nomgangatho wesizwe, akusekho mahluko phakathi kwe-wholesale kunye neyokuthengisa, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokubhala; Ukupheliswa kwenkqubo ye-franchise ye-wholesale ye-pesticides kuthetha ukuba iimveliso ze-pesticide zikhululekile ukungena kwisiqithi, nje ukuba iimveliso zihambelana kwaye inkqubo iyahambelana, akukho mfuneko yokurekhoda kunye nokuvuma isiqithi.
Ngomhla we-25 ka-Matshi, uRhulumente waBantu wePhondo lase-Hainan wagqiba ekubeni aphelise "i-Hainan Special Economic Zone Pesticide i-wholesale kunye ne-Retail Business Licensing Management Measures" (Qiongfu [2017] No. 25), oku kuthetha ukuba kwixesha elizayo, amashishini aphantsi komhlaba angakwazi ukusebenzisana ngokusemthethweni kunye namashishini kwisiqithi, kunye nomphathiswa we-pesti uya kuba nemimiselo yokuzikhethela kunye ne-pesti.
Ngokutsho kwemithombo yoshishino, emva kokucinywa ngokusemthethweni kwenkqubo ye-franchise ye-pesticide wholesale, kuya kubakho amashishini amaninzi angena eHainan, amaxabiso emveliso ahambelanayo aya kuncitshiswa, kwaye ukhetho oluninzi luya kuba luhle kubalimi beziqhamo kunye nemifuno yaseHainan.
Amayeza e-Biopesticides ayathembisa
Inqaku lesi-4 lamaLungelo lichaza ukuba oorhulumente babantu kwinqanaba ledolophu okanye ngaphezulu baya kuthi, ngokungqinelana nezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo, banike inkuthazo kunye noncediso-mali kwabo basebenzise izibulali-zinambuzane ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo, okanye bamkele ubuchwephesha bebhayoloji, bomzimba nobunye ukuthintela nokulawula izifo nezitshabalalisi. Khuthaza abavelisi kunye nabaqhubi, amaziko ophando lwenzululwazi yezolimo, iikholeji zobungcali kunye neeyunivesithi, izifo ezikhethekileyo kunye nemibutho yenkonzo yokulawula izitshabalalisi, imibutho yobungcali kwezolimo kunye nezobugcisa kunye neminye imibutho yezentlalo ukuba ibonelele ngoqeqesho lobugcisa, isikhokelo kunye neenkonzo kubasebenzisi bezinambuzane.
Oku kuthetha ukuba i-biopesticides iyathembisa kwimarike yaseHainan.
Okwangoku, i-biopesticides isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo zemali ezimelwe ziziqhamo kunye nemifuno, kwaye i-Hainan liphondo elikhulu elineziqhamo ezityebileyo kunye nezityalo zemifuno e-China.
Ngokutsho kwe-Statistics Bulletin yePhondo leSizwe lezoQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso lweNtlalo ngo-2023, ukususela ngo-2022, indawo yokuvuna imifuno (kuquka i-melon yemifuno) kwiPhondo laseHainan iya kuba yi-4.017 yezigidi mu, kwaye umphumo uya kuba yi-6.0543 yeetoni zezigidi; Indawo yokuvuna iziqhamo yayiyi-3.2630 yezigidi mu, kwaye imveliso yayiyi-5.6347 yezigidi zeetoni.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umonakalo wezinambuzane ezixhathisayo, ezifana ne-thrips, aphids, izinambuzane ze-scale kunye ne-whitefly, uye wanda unyaka nonyaka, kwaye imeko yokulawula inzima. Ngaphantsi kwemvelaphi yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nophuhliso lwezolimo oluluhlaza, i-Hainan iye yasebenzisa ingcamango "yokukhusela nokulawula uhlaza". Ngokudityaniswa kwe-biopesticides kunye ne-high-effective kunye ne-low-toxicity pesticides, i-Hainan idibanise iindlela zokuthintela kunye nokulawula izifo zomzimba kunye ne-teknoloji yokulawula izinambuzane, iteknoloji ye-immunity eyenziwe kwizityalo, iteknoloji yokulawula i-biopesticide kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kunye ne-low-toxicity control control technology. Inokwandisa ngokufanelekileyo ixesha lokuthintela kunye nokulawula kunye nokunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kwesicelo, ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yokunciphisa inani lemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wezityalo.
Umzekelo, kulawulo lwe-cowpea resistance thrips, isebe le-Hainan pesticide licebisa ukuba amafama asebenzise amaxesha ayi-1000 kulwelo lwe-Metaria anisopliae kunye ne-5.7% yetyuwa ye-Metaria ka-2000 yolwelo, ukongeza kwisibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokwandisa i-ovicide, ukulawulwa kweqanda, abadala kunye neqanda ngaxeshanye, ukuze konge ixesha lokulawula ukusetyenziswa.
Kunokuqikelelwa ukuba i-biopesticides inenkuthazo ebanzi kunye nethemba lokusetyenziswa kwintengiso yeziqhamo kunye nemifuno yaseHainan.
Ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezithintelweyo kuya kulawulwa ngokungqongqo
Ngenxa yeengxaki zengingqi, izithintelo zezitshabalalisi eHainan bezisoloko zingqongqo kunezo zikummandla omkhulu. NgoMatshi 4, 2021, iSebe lezoLimo neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni kwiPhondo laseHainan lakhupha “Uludwe Lwemveliso eNgavumelekanga, ukuThuthwa, ukuGcina, ukuthengiswa nokuSetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwiNdawo yoQoqosho eKhethekileyo yaseHainan” (inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo ngo-2021). Esi sibhengezo sidwelise izibulali-zinambuzane ezingama-73 ezingavumelekanga, ezisixhenxe ngaphezu koluhlu lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezingavumelekanga ezenziwe nguMphathiswa wezoLimo neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni. Phakathi kwabo, ukuthengiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-fenvalerate, i-butyryl hydrazine (bijo), i-chlorpyrifos, i-triazophos, i-flufenamide inqatshelwe ngokupheleleyo.
Inqaku lesi-3 lamaLungiselelo lichaza ukuba ukuveliswa, ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa, ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezinetyhefu kakhulu kunye nezithako eziyityhefu kakhulu akuvumelekanga kuMmandla wezoQoqosho oKhethekileyo waseHainan. Apho kuyimfuneko ngokwenene ukuvelisa okanye ukusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezinetyhefu kakhulu okanye izithako eziyityhefu kakhulu ngenxa yeemfuno ezizodwa, imvume iya kufunyanwa kwisebe elinobuchule lezolimo nemicimbi yasemaphandleni kurhulumente wabantu bephondo; apho imvume iya kufunyanwa kwisebe elinobuchule lezolimo kunye neMicimbi yasemaphandleni yeBhunga likarhulumente ngokomthetho, izibonelelo zayo ziya kulandelwa. Isebe elinobuchule lezolimo kunye nemicimbi yasemaphandleni kurhulumente wabantu bephondo liya kupapasha eluntwini kwaye liprinte kwaye lisasaze ikhathalogu yeentlobo zezitshabalalisi kunye nomda wosetyenziso apho ukuveliswa, ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kukhuthazwa, kuthintelwe kwaye kuthintelwe nguRhulumente kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo yezoqoqosho, kwaye uyithumele kwindawo yokusebenza ye-pesticide kwindawo yelali kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeKomiti. Oko kukuthi, kule nxalenye yoluhlu lokusetyenziswa oluthintelweyo, lusaxhomekeke kuMmandla oKhethekileyo waseHainan.
Akukho nkululeko ipheleleyo, inkqubo yokuthenga izitshabalalisi kwi-intanethi ivakala ngakumbi
Ukupheliswa kwenkqubo ye-franchise ye-pesticide wholesale kuthetha ukuba ukuthengiswa kwe-pesticide kunye nokulawulwa kwesiqithi kusimahla, kodwa inkululeko ayiyonkululeko ipheleleyo.
Inqaku lesi-8 “leMibonelelo eMininzi” liphucula ngakumbi inkqubo yolawulo lwamachiza ukuze ilungelelanise nemeko entsha, iifomathi ezintsha kunye neemfuno ezintsha kummandla wokusasazwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane. Okokuqala, ukuphunyezwa kwe-electronic ledger, abavelisi be-pesticides kunye nabaqhubi kufuneka baseke i-ledger ye-elektroniki ngokusebenzisa iqonga lolwazi lwe-pesticide, irekhodi epheleleyo kunye nenyani yokuthengwa kwe-pesticide kunye nolwazi lokuthengisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthombo kunye nendawo yokusingisa i-pesticides inokulandelwa. Okwesibini kukuseka nokuphucula inkqubo yokuthengwa kwe-intanethi kunye nokuthengiswa kwe-pesticides, kwaye icacise ukuba ukuthengiswa kwe-intanethi ye-pesticides kufuneka kuhambelane nemimiselo echaphazelekayo yolawulo lwe-pesticide. Okwesithathu kukucacisa isebe lokuphonononga intengiso ye-pesticide, echaza ukuba intengiso ye-pesticide kufuneka ihlaziywe ngumasipala, i-county kunye ne-autonomous County yezolimo kunye namagunya asemaphandleni ngaphambi kokukhululwa, kwaye ayiyi kukhululwa ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa.
I-e-commerce ye-pesticide ivula ipateni entsha
Ngaphambi kokukhululwa "kweMibonelelo ethile", zonke iimveliso ze-pesticide ezingena e-Hainan azikwazi ukuba ishishini le-wholesale, kwaye i-pesticide e-commerce ayinakukhankanywa.
Nangona kunjalo, iNqaku le-10 "leMiqathango eMininzi" libonisa ukuba abo babandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yeshishini lezinambuzane kwi-Intanethi kunye nolunye ulwazi lothungelwano kufuneka bafumane iilayisenisi zoshishino lwezinambuzane ngokuhambelana nomthetho, kwaye baqhubeke nokupapasha iilayisensi zabo zoshishino, iilayisensi zoshishino lwezinambuzane kunye nolunye ulwazi lokwenyani olunxulumene nokusebenza kweshishini kwindawo evelele kwiphepha lasekhaya lewebhusayithi yabo okanye iphepha eliphambili lemisebenzi yabo yeshishini. Kufuneka ihlaziywe ngexesha.
Oku kuthetha ukuba i-e-commerce ye-pesticide, eyayivinjelwe ngokungqongqo, ivule imeko kwaye inokungena kwimarike yaseHainan emva ko-Oktobha 1, 2023. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba "iMiqathango emininzi" ifuna ukuba iiyunithi kunye nabantu abathenga i-pesticides nge-Intanethi kufuneka babonelele ngolwazi oluyinyani nolusebenzayo lokuthenga. Kodwa ayinamsebenzi, kuba okwangoku, omabini amacala entengiselwano yeqonga le-e-commerce elifanelekileyo ligama lokwenyani lokubhaliswa okanye ukubhaliswa.
Ababoneleli bezoLimo kufuneka benze umsebenzi olungileyo kwinguqu yobuchwepheshe
Emva kokuphunyezwa kwe "Amalungiselelo athile" ngo-Oktobha 1, 2023, kuthetha ukuba imarike ye-pesticide e-Hainan iphumeze inkqubo yokulawula edityaniswe nelayisenisi yelizwe loshishino lwe-pesticide, oko kukuthi, imarike edibeneyo. Ngokudityaniswa nokuchithwa ngokusemthethweni kwe "Hainan Special Economic Zone Pesticide kunye neMiqathango yoLawulo lwelayisenisi yokuthengisa", kuthetha ukuba phantsi kweemarike ezinkulu ezidibeneyo, ixabiso le-pesticides e-Hainan liya kugqitywa ngakumbi yimarike.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ngokulandelayo, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwenguqu, ukuguqulwa kweemarike ze-pesticide e-Hainan kuya kuqhubeka nokukhawuleza kwaye kuwele kumthamo wangaphakathi: iziteshi zevolumu, amaxabiso omthamo, iinkonzo zevolumu.
Abangaphakathi kwishishini bathi emva kokuba i-monopoly pattern of "8 wonke umntu" yaphulwa, inani labathengisi be-pesticides kunye neevenkile ezithengisa eHainan ziya kunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe, imithombo yokuthenga iya kuba yinto ehlukeneyo, kwaye iindleko zokuthenga ziya kuhla ngokufanelekileyo; Inani leemveliso kunye neenkcukacha zemveliso nazo ziya kwanda kakhulu, kwaye indawo ekhethiweyo yabathengisi abancinci nabaphakathi, abathengisi, kunye namafama ukuthenga iimveliso zokubulala izitshabalalisi ziya kunyuka, kwaye iindleko zamachiza kumafama ziya kuncipha ngokufanelekileyo. Ukhuphiswano lweearhente luqinisa, lujongene nokupheliswa okanye ukuhlenga-hlengisa; Imijelo yentengiso yezolimo iya kuba mfutshane, abavelisi banokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwitheminali/amafama ngaphaya komthengisi; Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukhuphiswano lweemarike luya kuvutha ngakumbi, imfazwe yexabiso iya kuba nzima. Ngokukodwa kubathengisi kunye nabathengisi baseHainan, ukukhuphisana okuphambili kufuneka kutshintshe ukusuka kwimithombo yemveliso ukuya kwicala leenkonzo zobugcisa, ukusuka ekuthengiseni iimveliso kwivenkile ukuya ekuthengiseni iteknoloji kunye neenkonzo kwintsimi, kwaye yinto engenakuphepheka yokuguqula ibe ngumboneleli wenkonzo yobugcisa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-22-2024