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Iindidi zeekhompawundi ezibulala izinambuzane ezivela kwizityalo zinokubonisa ukusebenzisana okusebenzisanayo okanye okuchaseneyo nxamnye nezinambuzane. Ngenxa yokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwezifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi ze-Aedes kunye nokwanda kokumelana kweentlobo zeengcongconi ze-Aedes kwizinambuzane zemveli, iindibaniselwano ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo zeekhompawundi ze-terpene ezisekelwe kwiioyile ezibalulekileyo zezityalo zenziwe kwaye zavavanywa ngokuchasene nezigaba zeengcongconi kunye nezo zabantu abadala ze-Aedes aegypti. Iioyile ezibalulekileyo zezityalo ezintlanu (ii-EO) zaqala zavavanywa ukuze zikwazi ukubulala iingcongconi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabantu abadala, kwaye iikhompawundi ezimbini eziphambili zachongwa kwi-EO nganye ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-GC-MS. Iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichongiweyo zathengwa, ezizezi: i-diallyl disulfide, i-diallyl trisulfide, i-carvone, i-limonene, i-eugenol, i-methyl eugenol, i-eucalyptol, i-eudesmol kunye ne-mosquito alpha-pinene. Iindidi ezimbini zezi khompawundi zalungiswa kusetyenziswa iidosi ezingaphantsi kokubulala kwaye iziphumo zazo ezihambelanayo nezichaseneyo zavavanywa kwaye zachongwa. Iintlobo ze-larvicidal ezilungileyo zifumaneka ngokuxuba i-limonene ne-diallyl disulfide, kwaye iintlobo ze-ulcidal ezilungileyo zifumaneka ngokuxuba i-carvone ne-limonene. I-Temphos, i-larvicide eyenziweyo ethengiswayo kunye neyeza labantu abadala i-Malathion, zavavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye kwiindibaniselwano ezimbini kunye ne-terpenoids. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba indibaniselwano ye-temephos kunye ne-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-malathion kunye ne-eudesmol yayiyeyona ndibaniselwano isebenzayo. Ezi ndibaniselwano zinamandla zinamandla okusetyenziswa nxamnye ne-Aedes aegypti.
Iioyile ezibalulekileyo zezityalo (ii-EO) ziimetabolites zesibini eziqulethe iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji kwaye ziya zibaluleke ngakumbi njengendlela yokutshintsha izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo. Azingobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kuphela kwaye zilula ukuzisebenzisa, kodwa zikwangumxube weekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji, nto leyo enciphisa amathuba okukhula kokuxhathisa amayeza1. Besebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-GC-MS, abaphandi bahlolisise izinto eziyinxalenye yeeoyile ezibalulekileyo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo baza bafumanisa iikhompawundi ezingaphezu kwama-3,000 ezivela kwizityalo ezili-17,500 ezinuka kamnandi2, uninzi lwazo lwavavanywa iipropati zokubulala izinambuzane kwaye kuthiwa zineziphumo zokubulala izinambuzane3,4. Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba ubuthi benxalenye ephambili yekhompawundi bufana okanye bungaphezulu kunobo be-ethylene oxide yayo ekrwada. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kweekhompawundi nganye kunokuphinda kushiye indawo yophuhliso lokuxhathisa, njengoko kunjalo ngee-insecticide zeekhemikhali5,6. Ke ngoko, ingqwalasela yangoku ikukulungiselela imixube yeekhompawundi ezisekwe kwi-ethylene oxide ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokubulala izinambuzane kunye nokunciphisa amathuba okuxhathisa kwiindawo zezinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo. Iikhompawundi ezisebenzayo zomntu ngamnye ezikhoyo kwi-EOs zinokubonisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo okanye ezichaseneyo kwiindidi ezibonisa umsebenzi opheleleyo we-EO, into egxininiswe kakuhle kwizifundo ezenziwe ngabaphandi bangaphambili7,8. Inkqubo yokulawula iivektha ikwabandakanya i-EO kunye nezinto zayo. Umsebenzi we-mosquitocidal weeoyile ezibalulekileyo ufundwe ngokubanzi kwi-Culex kunye ne-Anopheles mosquitoes. Izifundo ezininzi ziye zazama ukuphuhlisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezisebenzayo ngokudibanisa izityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kurhwebo ukwandisa ubuthi ngokubanzi kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga9. Kodwa izifundo zezi khompawundi zichasene ne-Aedes aegypti azikafumaneki. Inkqubela phambili kwisayensi yezonyango kunye nophuhliso lwamayeza kunye neegonyo ziye zanceda ekulweni nezinye izifo ezithwalwa yivektha. Kodwa ukubakho kwee-serotypes ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane, ezidluliselwa yi-Aedes aegypti mosquito, kukhokelele ekungaphumeleli kweenkqubo zokugonya. Ke ngoko, xa izifo ezinjalo zisenzeka, iinkqubo zokulawula iivektha zezona ndlela zokuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo. Kwimeko yangoku, ulawulo lwe-Aedes aegypti lubaluleke kakhulu njengoko luyivektha ephambili yeentsholongwane ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-serotypes zazo ezibangela umkhuhlane we-dengue, i-Zika, umkhuhlane we-dengue hemorrhagic, umkhuhlane otyheli, njl. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba inani lamatyala phantse kuzo zonke izifo ezithwalwa yi-Aedes liyanda minyaka le e-Egypt kwaye liyanda kwihlabathi liphela. Ke ngoko, kule meko, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphuhlisa amanyathelo okulawula anobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamaqela e-Aedes aegypti. Abaviwa abanokubakho kule meko zii-EO, iikhompawundi zazo, kunye nokudibanisa kwazo. Ke ngoko, olu phononongo luzame ukuchonga ukuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo kwe-synergistic kweekhompawundi ze-EO zezityalo eziphambili ezivela kwizityalo ezintlanu ezineempawu zokubulala izinambuzane (umz., i-mint, i-holy basil, i-Eucalyptus spotted, i-Allium sulfur kunye ne-melaleuca) ngokuchasene ne-Aedes aegypti.
Zonke ii-EO ezikhethiweyo zibonise umsebenzi wokubulala ii-larvicidal onokubakho nxamnye ne-Aedes aegypti ene-24-h LC50 ukusuka kwi-0.42 ukuya kwi-163.65 ppm. Umsebenzi wokubulala ii-larvicidal ophezulu urekhodwe kwi-peppermint (Mp) EO enexabiso le-LC50 le-0.42 ppm kwiiyure ezingama-24, ilandelwa yigalikhi (As) enexabiso le-LC50 le-16.19 ppm kwiiyure ezingama-24 (Itheyibhile 1).
Ngaphandle kwe-Ocimum Sainttum, i-Os EO, zonke ezinye ii-EO ezine ezihlolweyo zibonise iziphumo ezicacileyo ze-allercidal, kunye namaxabiso e-LC50 aqala kwi-23.37 ukuya kwi-120.16 ppm kwixesha lokuvezwa kweeyure ezingama-24. I-Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO yayisebenza kakhulu ekubulaleni abantu abadala ngexabiso le-LC50 le-23.37 ppm kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokuvezwa, ilandelwa yi-Eucalyptus maculata (Em) eyayinexabiso le-LC50 le-101.91 ppm (Itheyibhile 1). Kwelinye icala, ixabiso le-LC50 le-Os alikamiselwa njengoko izinga eliphezulu lokufa le-53% lirekhodwe kwidosi ephezulu (Umfanekiso ongezelelweyo 3).
Iikhompawundi ezimbini eziphambili kwi-EO nganye zichongiwe kwaye zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zedathabheyisi yelayibrari ye-NIST, ipesenti yendawo ye-GC chromatogram, kunye neziphumo ze-MS spectra (Itheyibhile 2). Kwi-EO As, iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichongiweyo yayiyi-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide; kwi-EO Mp iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichongiweyo yayiyi-carvone kunye ne-limonene, kwi-EO Em iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichongiweyo yayiyi-eudesmol kunye ne-eucalyptol; Kwi-EO Os, iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichongiweyo yayiyi-eugenol kunye ne-methyl eugenol, kwaye kwi-EO Cl, iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichongiweyo yayiyi-eugenol kunye ne-α-pinene (Umfanekiso 1, Imifanekiso eyongezelelweyo 5–8, Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 1–5).
Iziphumo ze-mass spectrometry yee-terpenoids eziphambili zee-oyile ezibalulekileyo ezikhethiweyo (i-A-diallyl disulfide; i-B-diallyl trisulfide; i-C-eugenol; i-D-methyl eugenol; i-E-limonene; i-F-aromatic ceperone; i-G-α-pinene; i-H-cineole; i-R-eudamol).
Iikhompawundi ezilithoba zizonke (i-diallyl disulfide, i-diallyl trisulfide, i-eugenol, i-methyl eugenol, i-carvone, i-limonene, i-eucalyptol, i-eudesmol, i-α-pinene) zichongiwe njengeekhompawundi ezisebenzayo eziyizona zinto ziphambili ze-EO kwaye zahlolwa ngokwazo ngokuchasene ne-Aedes aegypti kwizigaba ze-larval. . I-eudesmol ekhompawundi yayinomsebenzi ophezulu wokubulala ii-larvicidal onexabiso le-LC50 le-2.25 ppm emva kweeyure ezingama-24 zokuvezwa. Iikhompawundi ze-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide nazo zifunyenwe zineziphumo zokubulala ii-larvicidal, kunye needosi eziphakathi ezingaphantsi komlinganiselo kwi-10-20 ppm. Umsebenzi ophakathi wokubulala ii-larvicidal uphinde wabonwa kwiikhompawundi ze-eugenol, i-limonene kunye ne-eucalyptol ezinamaxabiso e-LC50 angama-63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm. kunye ne-181.33 ppm emva kweeyure ezingama-24, ngokulandelelana (Itheyibhile 3). Nangona kunjalo, akukho mandla abalulekileyo okubulala ii-larvicidal e-methyl eugenol kunye ne-carvone afunyenweyo nokuba sele ekwiidosi eziphezulu, ngoko ke amaxabiso e-LC50 awazange abalwe (Itheyibhile 3). I-synthetic larvicide iTemephos yayinomlinganiselo ophakathi wokubulala we-0.43 ppm ngokuchasene ne-Aedes aegypti kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokuvezwa (Itheyibhile 3, Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 6).
Iikhompawundi ezisixhenxe (i-diallyl disulfide, i-diallyl trisulfide, i-eucalyptol, i-α-pinene, i-eudesmol, i-limonene kunye ne-carvone) zichongiwe njengeekhompawundi eziphambili ze-EO esebenzayo kwaye zavavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo nxamnye neengcongconi ezindala zase-Egyptian Aedes. Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwe-Probit regression, i-Eudesmol ifunyenwe inamandla aphezulu ngexabiso le-LC50 le-1.82 ppm, ilandelwa yi-Eucalyptol enexabiso le-LC50 le-17.60 ppm ngexesha lokuvezwa kwiiyure ezingama-24. Iikhompawundi ezintlanu ezisele ezivavanyiweyo zazinobungozi obuphakathi kubantu abadala abane-LC50s ukusuka kwi-140.79 ukuya kwi-737.01 ppm (Itheyibhile 3). I-synthetic organophosphorus malathion yayinamandla angaphantsi kune-eudesmol kwaye iphezulu kunezinye iikhompawundi ezintandathu, enexabiso le-LC50 le-5.44 ppm kwixesha lokuvezwa kwiiyure ezingama-24 (Itheyibhile 3, Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 6).
Iikhompawundi ezisixhenxe ezinamandla ze-lead kunye ne-organophosphorus tamephosate zikhethwe ukwenza iindibaniselwano ze-binary zeedosi zazo ze-LC50 kumlinganiselo we-1:1. Iindibaniselwano ze-binary ezingama-28 zizonke zalungiswa kwaye zavavanywa ukusebenza kwazo kwe-larvicidal ngokuchasene ne-Aedes aegypti. Iindibaniselwano ezisithoba zifunyenwe zihambelana, iindibaniselwano ezili-14 bezichasene, kwaye iindibaniselwano ezintlanu bezingengazo i-larvicidal. Phakathi kweendibaniselwano ze-synergistic, indibaniselwano ye-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-temofol yeyona isebenzayo, kwaye ukufa kwe-100% kwabonwa emva kweeyure ezingama-24 (Itheyibhile 4). Ngokufanayo, imixube ye-limonene kunye ne-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-eugenol kunye ne-thymetphos ibonise amandla amahle kunye nokufa kwe-larval okubonweyo kwe-98.3% (Itheyibhile 5). Iindidi ezi-4 eziseleyo, ezizezi: i-eudesmol kunye ne-eucalyptol, i-eudesmol kunye ne-limonene, i-eucalyptol kunye ne-alpha-pinene, i-alpha-pinene kunye ne-temephos, nazo zibonakalise ukusebenza kakuhle kokubulala ii-larvicidal, kunye namazinga okufa abonwayo adlula i-90%. Izinga lokufa elilindelekileyo lisondele kwi-60-75%. (Itheyibhile 4). Nangona kunjalo, indibaniselwano ye-limonene kunye ne-α-pinene okanye i-eucalyptus ibonise iimpendulo ezichaseneyo. Ngokufanayo, imixube ye-Temephos ene-eugenol okanye i-eucalyptus okanye i-eudesmol okanye i-diallyl trisulfide ifunyenwe ineziphumo ezichaseneyo. Ngokufanayo, indibaniselwano ye-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide kunye nokudibanisa nayiphi na kwezi zinto kunye ne-eudesmol okanye i-eugenol zichasene kwisenzo sazo sokubulala ii-larvicidal. Ingxabano ikwaxelwe ngokudityaniswa kwe-eudesmol kunye ne-eugenol okanye i-α-pinene.
Kuzo zonke iingxubevange ezingama-28 zebinary ezivavanyiweyo ukuba zisebenza njani kwi-acid yabantu abadala, iindibaniselwano ezi-7 bezihambelana, ezi-6 azizange zibe nampembelelo, kwaye ezili-15 bezichasene. Iingxubevange ze-eudesmol kunye ne-eucalyptus kunye ne-limonene kunye ne-carvone zifunyenwe zisebenza ngcono kunezinye iindibaniselwano ze-synergistic, kunye namazinga okufa kwi-24 iiyure ezingama-76% kunye ne-100%, ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 5). I-Malathion ibonwe ibonakalisa impembelelo ye-synergistic kuzo zonke iindibaniselwano zeekhompawundi ngaphandle kwe-limonene kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide. Kwelinye icala, ingxabano ifunyenwe phakathi kwe-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide kunye nokudibanisa kwayo nayiphi na yazo ne-eucalyptus, okanye i-eucalyptol, okanye i-carvone, okanye i-limonene. Ngokufanayo, indibaniselwano ye-α-pinene kunye ne-eudesmol okanye i-limonene, i-eucalyptol kunye ne-carvone okanye i-limonene, kunye ne-limonene kunye ne-eudesmol okanye i-malathion ibonise iziphumo ze-larvicidal ezichaseneyo. Kwiindibaniselwano ezintandathu eziseleyo, bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kokufa okulindelekileyo nokubonwayo (Itheyibhile 5).
Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ezihambelanayo kunye needosi ezingaphantsi kokubulala, ubuthi bazo bokubulala ii-larvicidal kwinani elikhulu leengcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti ekugqibeleni bukhethiwe kwaye bavavanywa ngakumbi. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukufa kwee-larval okubonwe kusetyenziswa iindibaniselwano ze-binary eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene kunye ne-diallyl disulfide-timephos bekuyi-100%, ngelixa ukufa kwee-larval okulindelweyo bekuyi-76.48%, 72.16% kunye ne-63.4%, ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 6). . Indibaniselwano ye-limonene kunye ne-eudesmol ayisebenzanga kakuhle, kunye nokufa kwee-larval ezingama-88% okubonwe kwixesha lokuvezwa kweeyure ezingama-24 (Itheyibhile 6). Ngamafutshane, iindibaniselwano ezine ze-binary ezikhethiweyo nazo zibonise iziphumo zokubulala ii-larvicidal ezihambelanayo nxamnye ne-Aedes aegypti xa zisetyenziswa kakhulu (Itheyibhile 6).
Kukhethwe iindibaniselwano ezintathu ezisebenzisanayo kwi-bioassay yabantu abadala ukulawula inani elikhulu le-Aedes aegypti yabantu abadala. Ukukhetha iindibaniselwano zokuvavanya kwiikholoni ezinkulu zezinambuzane, siqale sagxila kwiindibaniselwano ezimbini ezilungileyo ze-terpene ezisebenzisanayo, ezizezi: i-carvone kunye ne-limonene kunye ne-eucalyptol kunye ne-eudesmol. Okwesibini, indibaniselwano engcono kakhulu ye-synergistic ikhethwe kwindibaniselwano ye-organophosphate malathion yokwenziwa kunye ne-terpenoids. Sikholelwa ukuba indibaniselwano ye-malathion kunye ne-eudesmol yeyona ndibaniselwano ilungileyo yokuvavanya kwiikholoni ezinkulu zezinambuzane ngenxa yokufa okuphezulu okubonwayo kunye namaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu e-LC50 ezithako ezifunekayo. I-Malathion ibonisa i-synergism ngokudibeneyo ne-α-pinene, i-diallyl disulfide, i-eucalyptus, i-carvone kunye ne-eudesmol. Kodwa ukuba sijonga amaxabiso e-LC50, i-Eudesmol inexabiso eliphantsi (2.25 ppm). Amaxabiso e-LC50 abaliweyo e-malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol kunye ne-carvone ayeyi-5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 kunye ne-140.79 ppm. ngokwahlukeneyo. La maxabiso abonisa ukuba indibaniselwano ye-malathion kunye ne-eudesmol yeyona ndibaniselwano ifanelekileyo ngokwemilinganiselo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba indibaniselwano ye-carvone kunye ne-limonene kunye ne-eudesmol kunye ne-malathion yayine-100% yokufa okujongiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nokufa okulindelweyo kwe-61% ukuya kwi-65%. Enye indibaniselwano, i-eudesmol kunye ne-eucalyptol, ibonise izinga lokufa le-78.66% emva kweeyure ezingama-24 zokuvezwa, xa kuthelekiswa nezinga lokufa elilindelekileyo le-60%. Zonke iindibaniselwano ezintathu ezikhethiweyo zibonise iziphumo ezihambelanayo nangona zisetyenziswa kumlinganiselo omkhulu nxamnye ne-Aedes aegypti yabantu abadala (Itheyibhile 6).
Kolu phononongo, ii-EO zezityalo ezikhethiweyo ezifana ne-Mp, As, Os, Em kunye ne-Cl zibonise iziphumo ezithembisayo ezibulalayo kwizigaba ze-larval kunye ne-Aedes aegypti yabantu abadala. I-Mp EO yayinomsebenzi ophezulu wokubulala ii-larvicidal ngexabiso le-LC50 le-0.42 ppm, ilandelwa yi-As, Os kunye ne-Em EOs enexabiso le-LC50 elingaphantsi kwe-50 ppm emva kweeyure ezingama-24. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nezifundo zangaphambili zeengcongconi kunye nezinye iimpukane ezidipterayo10,11,12,13,14. Nangona amandla okubulala ii-larvicidal e-Cl engaphantsi kunezinye ii-oyile ezibalulekileyo, ngexabiso le-LC50 le-163.65 ppm emva kweeyure ezingama-24, amandla ayo okudala aphezulu ngexabiso le-LC50 le-23.37 ppm emva kweeyure ezingama-24. Ii-Mp, As kunye nee-Em EOs nazo zibonise amandla amahle okubangela i-allercidal kunye namaxabiso e-LC50 kuluhlu lwe-100–120 ppm kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokuvezwa, kodwa zaziphantsi kakhulu kune-larvicidal effectiveness yazo. Kwelinye icala, i-EO Os ibonakalise isiphumo esincinci sokubangela i-allercidal nokuba ikwidosi ephezulu yonyango. Ke ngoko, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ubuthi be-ethylene oxide kwizityalo bunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lophuhliso lweengcongconi15. Kukwaxhomekeke kwisantya sokungena kwee-EOs emzimbeni wesinambuzane, ukusebenzisana kwazo nee-enzyme ezithile ekujoliswe kuzo, kunye namandla okukhupha i-detox kwingcongconi kwinqanaba ngalinye lophuhliso16. Inani elikhulu lezifundo libonise ukuba i-compound yecandelo eliphambili yinto ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi webhayoloji we-ethylene oxide, kuba ibangela uninzi lwee-compounds zizonke3,12,17,18. Ke ngoko, siqwalasele ii-compounds ezimbini eziphambili kwi-EO nganye. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-GC-MS, i-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide zichongiwe njengeekhompawundi eziphambili ze-EO As, nto leyo ehambelana neengxelo zangaphambili19,20,21. Nangona iingxelo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba i-menthol yenye yeekhompawundi zayo eziphambili, i-carvone kunye ne-limonene zichongiwe kwakhona njengeekhompawundi eziphambili ze-Mp EO22,23. Iprofayili yokwakheka kwe-Os EO ibonise ukuba i-eugenol kunye ne-methyl eugenol zezona khompawundi ziphambili, nto leyo efana neziphumo zabaphandi bangaphambili16,24. I-Eucalyptol kunye ne-eucalyptol zibikwe njengeekhompawundi eziphambili ezikhoyo kwi-oyile yamagqabi e-Em, nto leyo ehambelana neziphumo zabaphandi abathile25,26 kodwa ngokuchasene neziphumo zika-Olalade et al.27. Ulawulo lwe-cineole kunye ne-α-pinene lubonwe kwi-oyile ebalulekileyo ye-melaleuca, efana nezifundo zangaphambili28,29. Umahluko okhethekileyo kwisakhiwo kunye noxinzelelo lweeoyile ezibalulekileyo ezikhutshwe kwiintlobo zezityalo ezifanayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo uye wabonwa kolu phononongo, oluphenjelelwa ziimeko zokukhula kwezityalo ngokwendawo, ixesha lokuvuna, inqanaba lophuhliso, okanye ubudala bezityalo. ukubonakala kwee-chemotypes, njl.22,30,31,32. Iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichongiweyo zathengwa kwaye zavavanywa iziphumo zazo zokubulala ii-larvicidal kunye neziphumo kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti ezindala. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba umsebenzi wokubulala ii-larvicidal we-diallyl disulfide wawufana nalowo we-EO As eluhlaza. Kodwa umsebenzi we-diallyl trisulfide uphezulu kune-EO As. Ezi ziphumo zifana nezo zifunyenwe nguKimbaris et al. 33 kwiCulex philippines. Nangona kunjalo, ezi khompawundi zimbini azibonisanga msebenzi ulungileyo we-autocidal ngokuchasene neengcongconi ekujoliswe kuzo, okuhambelana neziphumo zikaPlata-Rueda et al 34 kwiTenebrio molitor. I-Os EO isebenza ngokuchasene nenqanaba le-larval le-Aedes aegypti, kodwa hayi ngokuchasene nenqanaba labantu abadala. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umsebenzi wokubulala ii-larvicidal zeekhompawundi eziphambili uphantsi kunowe-crude Os EO. Oku kuthetha indima yezinye iikhompawundi kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo kwi-crude ethylene oxide. I-Methyl eugenol yodwa inomsebenzi omncinci, ngelixa i-eugenol yodwa inomsebenzi ophakathi wokubulala ii-larvicidal. Esi sigqibo siqinisekisa, kwelinye icala, 35,36, kwaye kwelinye icala, siphikisana nezigqibo zabaphandi bangaphambili 37,38. Umahluko kumaqela asebenzayo e-eugenol kunye ne-methyleugenol unokubangela ubuthi obahlukeneyo kwisinambuzane esinye esijoliswe kuso 39. I-Limonene ifunyenwe inomsebenzi ophakathi wokubulala ii-larvicidal, ngelixa isiphumo se-carvone sasingabalulekanga. Ngokufanayo, ubuthi obuphantsi be-limonene kwizinambuzane ezindala kunye nobuthi obuphezulu be-carvone buxhasa iziphumo zezinye izifundo zangaphambili 40 kodwa ziphikisana nezinye 41. Ukubakho kweebhondi eziphindwe kabini kwiindawo ezingaphakathi kwe-cyclic kunye ne-exocyclic kunokunyusa iingenelo zezi compounds njenge-larvicides3,41, ngelixa i-carvone, eyi-ketone ene-alpha kunye ne-beta carbons ezingagcwaliyo, inokubonisa amandla aphezulu okuba netyhefu kubantu abadala42. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu zomntu ngamnye ze-limonene kunye ne-carvone ziphantsi kakhulu kune-EO Mp iyonke (Itheyibhile 1, Itheyibhile 3). Phakathi kwee-terpenoids ezivavanyiweyo, i-eudesmol ifunyenwe inomsebenzi omkhulu wokubulala ii-larvicidal kunye nomsebenzi wabantu abadala onexabiso le-LC50 elingaphantsi kwe-2.5 ppm, okwenza ukuba ibe yikhompawundi ethembisayo yokulawula iingcongconi ze-Aedes. Ukusebenza kwayo kungcono kunokwe-EO Em yonke, nangona oku kungahambelani neziphumo zikaCheng et al.40. I-Eudesmol yi-sesquiterpene eneeyunithi ezimbini ze-isoprene ezingaphantsi kokuguquguquka kune-monoterpenes ene-oxygenated efana ne-eucalyptus kwaye ke ngoko inamandla amakhulu njengesibulali-zinambuzane. I-Eucalyptol ngokwayo inomsebenzi omkhulu wokubulala iintsholongwane kubantu abadala kune-larvicidal, kwaye iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo zangaphambili ziyayixhasa kwaye ziyayiphikisa le nto37,43,44. Lo msebenzi wodwa uphantse ufane nowe-EO Cl yonke. Enye i-bicyclic monoterpene, i-α-pinene, inempembelelo encinci ku-Aedes aegypti kunomsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane, nto leyo echasene nempembelelo ye-EO Cl epheleleyo. Umsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane we-terpenoids uphenjelelwa yi-lipophilicity yazo, ukuguquguquka, ukusasazeka kwe-carbon branching, indawo yokubonakala kwazo, indawo yomphezulu, amaqela asebenzayo kunye nezikhundla zazo45,46. Ezi zinto zinokusebenza ngokutshabalalisa ukuqokelelwa kweeseli, ukuthintela umsebenzi wokuphefumla, ukuphazamisa ukudluliselwa kwe-nerve impulses, njl. 47 I-organophosphate yokwenziwa i-Temephos ifunyenwe inomsebenzi ophezulu wokubulala iintsholongwane ngexabiso le-LC50 le-0.43 ppm, elihambelana nedatha kaLek -Utala48. Umsebenzi wabantu abadala we-synthetic organophosphorus malathion uxelwe kwi-5.44 ppm. Nangona ezi organophosphates zimbini zibonakalise iimpendulo ezilungileyo kwiintlobo zelebhu ze-Aedes aegypti, ukuxhathisa iingcongconi kwezi zinto kuye kwaxelwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi49. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngxelo zifanayo zophuhliso lokuxhathisa amayeza ezityalo ezifunyenweyo50. Ke ngoko, izityalo zithathwa njengezinye iindlela ezinokubakho endaweni yezibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali kwiinkqubo zokulawula iivektha.
Isiphumo sokubulala iintsholongwane sivavanyiwe kwiindidi ezingama-28 zebinary (1:1) ezilungiselelwe kwi-terpenoids ezinamandla kunye ne-terpenoids ezine-thymetphos, kwaye iindidi ezi-9 zifunyenwe zine-synergistic, ezili-14 zichasene kwaye ezi-5 zichasene. Akukho siphumo. Kwelinye icala, kwi-bioassay yamandla omntu omdala, iindidi ezi-7 zifunyenwe zine-synergistic, iindidi ezi-15 zichasene, kwaye iindidi ezi-6 zixelwe ukuba azinasiphumo. Isizathu sokuba iindidi ezithile zivelise isiphumo se-synergistic sinokubangelwa zii-compounds ezikhethiweyo ezisebenzisana ngaxeshanye kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo, okanye kuthintelo olulandelelanayo lwee-enzymes eziphambili ezahlukeneyo zendlela ethile yebhayoloji51. Indidi ye-limonene kunye ne-diallyl disulfide, i-eucalyptus okanye i-eugenol ifunyenwe ine-synergistic kwizicelo ezincinci nezinkulu (Itheyibhile 6), ngelixa indididi yayo ne-eucalyptus okanye i-α-pinene ifunyenwe ineziphumo ezichaseneyo kwi-larvae. Ngokomndilili, i-limonene ibonakala ngathi yi-synergist elungileyo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokubakho kwamaqela e-methyl, ukungena kakuhle kwi-stratum corneum, kunye nendlela eyahlukileyo yokusebenza52,53. Ngaphambili kuye kwaxelwa ukuba i-limonene inokubangela iziphumo ezinobuthi ngokungena kwi-cuticles yezinambuzane (ubuthi bokuqhagamshelana), ichaphazela inkqubo yokugaya ukutya (i-antifeedant), okanye ichaphazela inkqubo yokuphefumla (umsebenzi we-fumigation),54 ngelixa ii-phenylpropanoids ezifana ne-eugenol zinokuchaphazela ii-enzymes ze-metabolic 55. Ke ngoko, ukuhlanganiswa kweekhompawundi ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunokunyusa isiphumo esibulalayo somxube. I-Eucalyptol ifunyenwe isebenzisana ne-diallyl disulfide, i-eucalyptus okanye i-α-pinene, kodwa ezinye iindibaniselwano nezinye iikhompawundi zazingengokubulala ii-larvicidal okanye zichasene. Izifundo zokuqala zibonise ukuba i-eucalyptol inomsebenzi wokuthintela kwi-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), kunye ne-octamine kunye ne-GABA receptors56. Ekubeni ii-cyclic monoterpenes, i-eucalyptol, i-eugenol, njl. zinokuba nendlela efanayo yokusebenza njenge-neurotoxic activity yazo, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa iziphumo zazo ezidibeneyo ngokuthintela okufanayo. Ngokufanayo, indibaniselwano yeTemephos ene-diallyl disulfide, i-α-pinene kunye ne-limonene ifunyenwe ihambelana, ixhasa iingxelo zangaphambili zempembelelo yokusebenzisana phakathi kweemveliso zezityalo kunye ne-organophosphates zokwenziwa58.
Ukudityaniswa kwe-eudesmol kunye ne-eucalyptol kufunyenwe kunempembelelo yokusebenzisana kwizigaba ze-larval kunye neze-Aedes aegypti zabantu abadala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwazo ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. I-Eudesmol (isesquiterpene) inokuchaphazela inkqubo yokuphefumla 59 kwaye i-eucalyptol (i-monoterpene) inokuchaphazela i-acetylcholinesterase 60. Ukudibana kwezithako kwiindawo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ekujoliswe kuzo kunokunyusa isiphumo esibulalayo sokudibanisa. Kwi-bioassays yezinto zabantu abadala, i-malathion ifunyenwe ihambelana ne-carvone okanye i-eucalyptol okanye i-eucalyptol okanye i-diallyl disulfide okanye i-α-pinene, okubonisa ukuba iyahambelana nokongezwa kwe-limonene kunye ne-di. Abaviwa abalungileyo be-synergistic allercide kuyo yonke ipotifoliyo yeekhompawundi ze-terpene, ngaphandle kwe-allyl trisulfide. I-Thangam kunye ne-Kathiresan61 nazo zibike iziphumo ezifanayo zesiphumo sokusebenzisana kwe-malathion kunye nezicatshulwa zemifuno. Le mpendulo yokusebenzisana isenokuba ngenxa yeziphumo ezinobungozi ezidibeneyo ze-malathion kunye nee-phytochemicals kwii-enzymes zokususa intsholongwane kwizinambuzane. Ii-Organophosphates ezifana ne-malathion zihlala zisebenza ngokuthintela ii-cytochrome P450 esterases kunye ne-monooxygenases62,63,64. Ke ngoko, ukudibanisa i-malathion kunye nezi ndlela zokusebenza kunye ne-terpenes kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunokunyusa umphumo obulalayo kwiingcongconi.
Kwelinye icala, ingxabano ibonisa ukuba iikhompawundi ezikhethiweyo azisebenzi kangako xa zidibene kunekhompawundi nganye yodwa. Isizathu sokuchasana kwezinye iindibaniselwano sinokuba ikhompawundi enye iguqula indlela esebenza ngayo enye ikhompawundi ngokutshintsha izinga lokufunxwa, ukusasazwa, imetabolism, okanye ukukhutshwa kwayo. Abaphandi bokuqala bacinga ukuba oku kuyimbangela yokuchasana kwiindibaniselwano zamachiza. Iimolekyuli Indlela enokwenzeka 65. Ngokufanayo, izizathu ezinokubakho zokuchasana zinokunxulunyaniswa neendlela ezifanayo zokusebenza, ukhuphiswano lweekhompawundi eziyinxalenye ye-receptor efanayo okanye indawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuthintelwa okungakhuphisaniyo kweproteni ekujoliswe kuyo nako kunokwenzeka. Kolu phononongo, iikhompawundi ezimbini ze-organosulfur, i-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide, zibonise iziphumo zokuchasana, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokukhuphisana kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo efanayo. Ngokufanayo, ezi khompawundi zimbini zesulfure zibonise iziphumo zokuchasana kwaye azizange zibe nampembelelo xa zidityaniswe ne-eudesmol kunye ne-α-pinene. I-Eudesmol kunye ne-alpha-pinene zijikeleza ngokwendalo, ngelixa i-diallyl disulfide kunye ne-diallyl trisulfide ziyi-aliphatic ngokwendalo. Ngokusekelwe kwisakhiwo seekhemikhali, indibaniselwano yezi zinto kufuneka yonyuse umsebenzi obulalayo kuba iindawo ezijoliswe kuzo zihlala zahlukile34,47, kodwa ngovavanyo sifumene ukuchasana, okunokuba kungenxa yendima yezi zinto kwiinkqubo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo ezingaziwayo kwi-vivo ngenxa yokusebenzisana. Ngokufanayo, indibaniselwano ye-cineole kunye ne-α-pinene ivelise iimpendulo ezichaseneyo, nangona abaphandi ngaphambili babike ukuba ezi zinto zimbini zineenjongo ezahlukeneyo zesenzo47,60. Ekubeni zombini ezi zinto ziyi-cyclic monoterpenes, kunokubakho iindawo ezithile ezijoliswe kuzo ezinokukhuphisana ngokubopha kwaye ziphembelele ubuthi obupheleleyo beesibini ezidibeneyo ezifundweyo.
Ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-LC50 kunye nokufa okubonwayo, kukhethwe iindibaniselwano ezimbini ezilungileyo ze-terpene ezisebenzisanayo, ezizezi izibini ze-carvone + limonene kunye ne-eucalyptol + eudesmol, kunye ne-organophosphorus malathion yokwenziwa kunye ne-terpenes. Indibaniselwano efanelekileyo ye-synergistic yeekhompawundi ze-malathion + Eudesmol ivavanyiwe kwi-bioassay yesibulali-zinambuzane sabantu abadala. Ijolise kwiikholoni ezinkulu zezinambuzane ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi ndibaniselwano zisebenzayo zinokusebenza na ngokuchasene nenani elikhulu labantu kwiindawo ezinkulu zokuvezwa. Zonke ezi ndibaniselwano zibonisa isiphumo se-synergistic ngokuchasene neqela elikhulu lezinambuzane. Iziphumo ezifanayo zifunyenwe kwindibaniselwano efanelekileyo ye-synergistic larvicidal evavanyiweyo ngokuchasene nenani elikhulu lee-larvae ze-Aedes aegypti. Ke ngoko, kunokuthiwa indibaniselwano esebenzayo ye-synergistic larvicidal kunye ne-additional combinations ze-plant EO ngumviwa onamandla ngokuchasene neekhemikhali zokwenziwa ezikhoyo kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ngakumbi ukulawula inani le-Aedes aegypti. Ngokufanayo, indibaniselwano esebenzayo yee-larvicides zokwenziwa okanye ii-adulticides ezine-terpenes ingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa iidosi ze-thymetphos okanye i-malathion ezinikwa iingcongconi. Ezi ndibaniselwano zinamandla zokunxibelelana zinokubonelela ngezisombululo kwizifundo ezizayo malunga nokuguquka kokuchasana namayeza kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes.
Amaqanda e-Aedes aegypti aqokelelwe kwiZiko loPhando lwezeMpilo leSithili, eDibrugarh, iBhunga loPhando lwezeMpilo laseIndiya kwaye agcinwa phantsi kobushushu obulawulwayo (28 ± 1 °C) kunye nokufuma (85 ± 5%) kwiSebe leZoology, kwiYunivesithi yaseGauhati phantsi kwezi meko zilandelayo: I-Arivoli ichazwe nabanye. Emva kokuqanduselwa, iimbungu zondliwa ukutya kweembungu (umgubo weebhisikithi zeenja kunye nemvubelo kwisilinganiso se-3:1) kwaye abantu abadala bondliwa isisombululo se-10% seglucose. Ukususela ngosuku lwesithathu emva kokuvela, iingcongconi ezindala eziziimazi zazivunyelwa ukuba zimunce igazi leempuku ze-albino. Nciphisa iphepha lokucoca emanzini kwiglasi uze ulibeke kwikheyiji yokubeka amaqanda.
Iisampulu zezityalo ezikhethiweyo ezizezi: amagqabi e-eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), i-basil engcwele (Lamiaceae), i-mint (Lamiaceae), i-melaleuca (Myrtaceae) kunye nee-allium bulbs (Amaryllidaceae). Ziqokelelwe eGuwahati zaza zachongwa liSebe leeBotany, kwiYunivesithi yaseGauhati. Iisampulu zezityalo eziqokelelweyo (500 g) zafakwa kwi-hydrodistillation kusetyenziswa isixhobo seClevenger iiyure ezi-6. I-EO ekhutshiweyo yaqokelelwa kwiibhotile zeglasi ezicocekileyo yaza yagcinwa kwi-4°C ukuze kufundwe ngakumbi.
Ubuthi be-larvicidal bufundwe kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ze-World Health Organisation ezilungisiweyo kancinci 67. Sebenzisa i-DMSO njenge-emulsifier. Uxinzelelo ngalunye lwe-EO lwaqala ukuvavanywa kwi-100 kunye ne-1000 ppm, lwaveza ii-larvae ezingama-20 kwi-replica nganye. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo, kwasetyenziswa uluhlu loxinzelelo kwaye ukufa kwarekhodwa ukusuka kwiyure e-1 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-6 (ngexesha leyure e-1), kwaye kwiiyure ezingama-24, iiyure ezingama-48 kunye neeyure ezingama-72 emva konyango. Uxinzelelo lwe-Sublethal (LC50) lwamiselwa emva kweeyure ezingama-24, ezingama-48 kunye nezingama-72 zokuvezwa. Uxinzelelo ngalunye lwavavanywa kathathu kunye nolawulo olunye olubi (ngamanzi kuphela) kunye nolawulo olunye olulungileyo (amanzi aphathwe yi-DMSO). Ukuba i-pupation iyenzeka kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-10% yee-larvae zeqela lolawulo ziyafa, uvavanyo luyaphindwa. Ukuba izinga lokufa kwiqela lolawulo liphakathi kwe-5-10%, sebenzisa ifomula yokulungisa i-Abbott 68.
Indlela echazwe nguRamar et al. 69 yasetyenziswa kwi-bioassay yabantu abadala nxamnye ne-Aedes aegypti kusetyenziswa i-acetone njengesinyibilikisi. I-EO nganye yaqala yavavanywa nxamnye neengcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti zabantu abadala kumanqanaba e-100 kunye ne-1000 ppm. Faka i-2 ml yesisombululo ngasinye esilungisiweyo kwinombolo ye-Whatman. Iphepha eli-1 lesihluzo (ubukhulu be-12 x 15 cm2) kwaye uvumele i-acetone iphele imizuzu eli-10. Iphepha lesihluzo eliphathwe nge-2 ml ye-acetone kuphela lasetyenziswa njengolawulo. Emva kokuba i-acetone iphele, iphepha lesihluzo elinyangiweyo kunye nephepha lesihluzo lolawulo zifakwa kwityhubhu yesilinda (ubunzulu be-10 cm). Iingcongconi ezilishumi ezingondli ngegazi ezineentsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4 ubudala zidluliselwe kwi-triplicates yoxinzelelo ngalunye. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo lokuqala, kwavavanywa amazinga ahlukeneyo eoyile ekhethiweyo. Ukufa kubhalwe phantsi kwiyure e-1, iiyure ezi-2, iiyure ezi-3, iiyure ezi-4, iiyure ezi-5, iiyure ezi-6, iiyure ezingama-24, iiyure ezingama-48 kunye neeyure ezingama-72 emva kokukhululwa kwengcongconi. Bala amaxabiso e-LC50 amaxesha okuvezwa kwiiyure ezingama-24, iiyure ezingama-48 kunye neeyure ezingama-72. Ukuba izinga lokufa kwindawo yokulawula lidlula i-20%, phinda uvavanyo lonke. Ngokufanayo, ukuba izinga lokufa kwiqela lolawulo lingaphezulu kwe-5%, lungisa iziphumo zeesampuli ezinyangiweyo usebenzisa ifomula ka-Abbott68.
I-Gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A) kunye ne-mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) zenziwe ukuhlalutya iikhompawundi eziyinxalenye yeeoyile ezibalulekileyo ezikhethiweyo. I-GC yayixhotyiswe nge-FID detector kunye ne-capillary column (HP5-MS). Igesi ethwala yayiyi-helium, izinga lokuhamba yayiyi-1 ml/min. Inkqubo ye-GC ibeka i-Allium sativum kwi-10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M kwaye i-Ocimum Sainttum kwi-10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, kwi-mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, kwi-eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, kwaye kwi-red. Kwiwaka lee-layers, zona ziyi-10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Iikhompawundi eziphambili ze-EO nganye zichongiwe ngokusekelwe kwipesenti yendawo ebalwe kwiziphumo ze-GC chromatogram kunye ne-mass spectrometry (ezibhekiselwe kwisiseko sedatha semigangatho ye-NIST 70).
Iikhompawundi ezimbini eziphambili kwi-EO nganye zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-GC-MS kwaye zathengwa kwiSigma-Aldrich ngobumsulwa obuyi-98–99% ukuze kufunyanwe ezinye ii-bioassays. Ezi khompawundi zavavanywa ukuze kubonwe ukuba ziyasebenza na kwi-larvicidal nakwi-adult aegypti njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Iikhompawundi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-synthetic larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) kunye ne-adult drug malathion (Sigma Aldrich) zahlalutywa ukuze kuthelekiswe ukusebenza kwazo neekhompawundi ezikhethiweyo ze-EO, kulandela inkqubo efanayo.
Imixube yebinary yeekhompawundi zeterpene ezikhethiweyo kunye neekhompawundi zeterpene kunye nee-organophosphates zorhwebo (i-tilephos kunye ne-malathion) zilungiselelwe ngokuxuba idosi ye-LC50 yekhompawundi nganye ekhethiweyo kwi-ratio ye-1:1. Imixube elungiselelweyo ivavanywe kwizigaba ze-larval kunye neze-adult ze-Aedes aegypti njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Uvavanyo ngalunye lwe-bioassay lwenziwe kwi-triplicate kwindibaniselwano nganye kwaye kwi-triplicate kwiikhompawundi nganye ezikhoyo kwindibaniselwano nganye. Ukufa kwezinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo kubhalwe phantsi emva kweeyure ezingama-24. Bala izinga lokufa elilindelekileyo kumxube webinary usebenzisa le fomyula ilandelayo.
apho i-E = izinga lokufa elilindelekileyo leengcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti ngenxa yokudibanisa okubini, oko kukuthi uqhagamshelo (A + B).
Isiphumo somxube ngamnye webinary sabhalwa njengesiphumo esihambelanayo, esichaseneyo, okanye esingenasiphumo ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-χ2 elibalwe ngendlela echazwe nguPavla52. Bala ixabiso le-χ2 lomxube ngamnye usebenzisa le fomyula ilandelayo.
Isiphumo somxube sichazwe njenge-synergistic xa ixabiso elibaliweyo le-χ2 lalingaphezulu kwexabiso letheyibhile kwiidigri zenkululeko ezihambelanayo (isithuba sokuzithemba sama-95%) kwaye ukuba ukufa okubonwayo kufunyenwe kudlula ukufa okulindelweyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ixabiso le-χ2 elibaliweyo kuyo nayiphi na indibaniselwano lidlula ixabiso letheyibhile ngeedigri ezithile zenkululeko, kodwa ukufa okubonwayo kuphantsi kunokufa okulindelweyo, unyango luthathwa njengoluchaseneyo. Kwaye ukuba kuyo nayiphi na indibaniselwano ixabiso elibaliweyo le-χ2 lingaphantsi kwexabiso letheyibhile kwiidigri zenkululeko ezihambelanayo, indibaniselwano ithathwa njengengenasiphumo.
Iintlanganisela ezintathu ukuya kwezine ezinokusebenzisana (ii-larvae ezili-100 kunye nemisebenzi engama-50 yokubulala ii-larvicidal kunye nezinambuzane ezindala) zikhethwe ukuze zivavanyelwe inani elikhulu lezinambuzane. Abantu abadala) baqhubeka ngolu hlobo lungasentla. Kunye nemixube, ii-compounds ezizodwa ezikhoyo kwimixube ekhethiweyo nazo zavavanywa kwinani elilinganayo lee-larvae ze-Aedes aegypti kunye nabantu abadala. Umlinganiselo wokudibanisa yidosi enye ye-LC50 yekhompawundi enye ekhethiweyo kunye nedosi ye-LC50 yekhompawundi enye ekhethiweyo. Kwi-bioassay yomsebenzi wabantu abadala, ii-compounds ezikhethiweyo zanyibilika kwi-acetone ye-solvent kwaye zasetyenziswa kwiphepha lokucoca elisongelwe kwisikhongozeli seplastiki esisilinda se-1300 cm3. I-acetone yatshiswa yaba ngumphunga imizuzu eli-10 kwaye abantu abadala bakhululwa. Ngokufanayo, kwi-bioassay ye-larvicidal, ii-doses ze-LC50 candidate compounds zaqala zanyibilika ngokulinganayo kwi-DMSO zaze zaxutywa nelitha e-1 yamanzi egcinwe kwisikhongozeli seplastiki se-1300 cc, kwaye ii-larvae zakhululwa.
Uhlalutyo olunokwenzeka lwedatha yokufa erekhodiweyo engama-71 lwenziwe kusetyenziswa i-SPSS (inguqulelo ye-16) kunye nesoftware yeMinitab ukubala amaxabiso e-LC50.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Julayi-01-2024