Izidalwa eziqala kwiibhere ezimnyama ukuya kwii-cuckoo zibonelela ngezisombululo zendalo nezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo zokulawula izinambuzane ezingafunekiyo.
Kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubekho iikhemikhali kunye nezitshizi, amakhandlela e-citronella kunye ne-DEET, indalo yayibonelela ngezilwanyana ezizingelayo kuzo zonke izidalwa ezicaphukisayo zoluntu. Amalulwane atya iimpukane ezilumayo, amasele kwiingcongconi, kwaye iinkonjane zitya iinyosi.
Enyanisweni, amasele kunye neengcongconi zinokutya iingcongconi ezininzi kangangokuba uphando lwango-2022 lufumanise ukwanda kweziganeko zemalariya ebantwini kwiindawo ezithile zaseMbindi Melika ngenxa yokuqhambuka kwezifo zezilwanyana zasemanzini. Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba amanye amalulwane anokutya ukuya kuthi ga kwiwaka leengcongconi ngeyure. (Fumanisa ukuba kutheni amalulwane engoosomaqhawe bendalo.)
“Uninzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana lulawulwa kakuhle ziintshaba zemvelo,” utshilo uDouglas Tallamy, uNjingalwazi wezoLimo weTA Baker kwiYunivesithi yaseDelaware.
Nangona ezi ntlobo zidumileyo zokulawula izinambuzane zifumana ingqalelo eninzi, ezinye izilwanyana ezininzi zichitha imini nobusuku bazo zikhangela kwaye zitya izinambuzane zasehlotyeni, kwezinye iimeko ziphuhlisa izakhono ezikhethekileyo zokutya ixhoba lazo. Nazi ezinye zezona zihlekisayo.
UWinnie the Pooh usenokuba uyabuthanda ubusi, kodwa xa ibhere lokwenyani ligrumba indlu yeenyosi, alifuni iswekile enamathelayo, kodwa lifuna iimpungutye ezimhlophe ezithambileyo.
Nangona iibhere ezimnyama zaseMelika ezisebenzisa amathuba zitya phantse yonke into ukusuka kwinkunkuma yabantu ukuya kumasimi elanga kunye neentaka ezihlala zikhula, ngamanye amaxesha zigxile kwizinambuzane, kuquka iintlobo zeenyosi ezihlaselayo ezifana neejakethi ezimthubi.
“Bazingela iimbungu,” utshilo uDavid Garshelis, usihlalo weqela leengcali zeebhere ze-International Union for Conservation of Nature. “Ndizibonile zigrumba iindlwane zazo zize zilume, njengathi,” zize ziqhubeke nokutya. (Funda indlela iibhere ezimnyama ezibuyela ngayo kwimeko yazo kulo lonke elaseMntla Melika.)
Kwezinye iindawo zaseMntla Melika, ngelixa iibhere ezimnyama zilinde ukuba amaqunube avuthwe, ii-omnivores zigcina ubunzima bazo kwaye zide zifumane phantse onke amanqatha azo ngokutya iimbovane ezineeproteni ezininzi ezifana neembovane ezityheli.
Ezinye iingcongconi, ezifana neToxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, ezifumaneka kumzantsi-mpuma we-United States, ziphila ngokutya ezinye iingcongconi. Iingcongconi ze-T. septentrionalis zihlala emanzini amileyo, njengemingxunya yemithi, kwaye zitya ezinye iingcongconi ezincinci, kuquka neentlobo ezisasaza izifo zabantu. Kwilabhoratri, ingcongconi enye ye-T. septentrionalis inokubulala ezinye iingcongconi ezingama-20 ukuya kuma-50 ngosuku.
Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, ngokutsho kwephepha lika-2022, ezi zinambuzane zibulala abantu abaninzi kodwa azibatyi.
“Ukuba ukubulawa ngenkani kwenzeka ngokwendalo, kunokunyusa ukusebenza kweToxoplasma gondii ekulawuleni iingcongconi ezifunxa igazi,” babhala ababhali.
Kwiintaka ezininzi, akukho nto imnandi ngaphezu kwamawaka eencakuba, ngaphandle kokuba ezo ncakuba zigqunywe ziinwele ezihlabayo ezicaphukisa amathumbu akho. Kodwa hayi i-cuckoo yaseMntla Melika enomlomo omthubi.
Le ntaka inkulu kakhulu enomlomo otyheli oqaqambileyo inokuginya iincukuthu, ichithe ixesha ikhupha ulwelo lomqala nesisu sayo (isenza amathumbu afana nenkunkuma yesikhova) ize iqale phantsi kwakhona. (Bukela incukuthu ijika ibe libhabhathane.)
Nangona iintlobo ezifana neempungutye zeentente kunye neempungutye zasekwindla zivela eMntla Melika, inani lazo liyanda rhoqo, nto leyo edala isidlo esingenakucingelwa sempungutye enomlomo omthubi, ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba zinokutya amakhulu eempungutye ngexesha.
Akukho nanye kwezi zinambuzane ebangela ingxaki kwizityalo okanye ebantwini, kodwa zibonelela ngokutya okuxabisekileyo kwiintaka, ezithi emva koko zitye ezinye izinambuzane ezininzi.
Ukuba ubona intulo ebomvu eqaqambileyo yasempuma ibaleka ecaleni kwendlela empuma ye-United States, hlebela uthi “enkosi.”
Ezi salamanders eziphila ixesha elide, uninzi lwazo luphila iminyaka eli-12-15, zitya iingcongconi ezithwala izifo kuzo zonke izigaba zobomi bazo, ukusuka kwi-larvae ukuya kwi-larvae kunye nabantu abadala.
UJJ Apodaca, umlawuli ophetheyo we-Amphibian and Reptile Conservancy, akakwazanga ukuchaza ukuba zingaphi iimbungu ze-mosquito ezityiwa yi-eastern salamander ngosuku, kodwa ezi zidalwa zinomdla wokutya kakhulu kwaye zininzi ngokwaneleyo ukuba "zenze impembelelo" kubuninzi beengcongconi.
I-tanager yasehlotyeni isenokuba ntle ngomzimba wayo obomvu omangalisayo, kodwa oku kusenokungabi nantuthuzelo ingako kwi-wasp, ephoswa yi-tanager emoyeni, iyibuyisele emthini ize ibethe isebe ize ife.
Iintanager zasehlotyeni zihlala kumazantsi eMelika kwaye ziyafuduka minyaka le ziye eMzantsi Melika, apho zitya khona izinambuzane. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintaka ezininzi, iihobe zasehlotyeni zigxile ekuzingeleni iinyosi kunye neenyosi.
Ukuze zingahlatywa, zibamba iinyosi ezifana neenyosi emoyeni, kwaye xa sele zibulewe, zisula iinyosi ezikumasebe omthi ngaphambi kokuba zitye, ngokutsho kweCornell Lab of Ornithology.
UTallamy uthe nangona iindlela zendalo zokulawula izinambuzane zahlukahlukene, “indlela yomntu yokulawula izinambuzane ngokungqongqo iyawutshabalalisa loo mahluko.”
Kwiimeko ezininzi, iimpembelelo zabantu ezifana nokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala, utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nongcoliseko zingonakalisa izilwanyana ezitya ezinye izilwanyana ezifana neentaka nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
“Asinakuphila kweli hlabathi ngokubulala izinambuzane,” utshilo uTallamy. “Zizinto ezincinci ezilawula ihlabathi. Ngoko ke singagxila kwindlela yokulawula izinto ezingaqhelekanga.”
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Ixesha leposi: Juni-24-2024