Izibulali-zinambuzane zidlala indima ephambili kwezolimo zasemaphandleni, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kunokuchaphazela kakubi imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula isifo seengcongconi;Olu phononongo lwenziwe phakathi koluntu lwamafama kumazantsi eCôte d'Ivoire ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi izibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa ngamafama asekuhlaleni kwaye oku kunxulumana njani neembono zamafama ngesifo seengcongconi.Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kunganceda ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokwazisa malunga nokulawula iingcongconi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi.
Uvavanyo lwenziwe kumakhaya ali-1,399 kwiilali ezili-10.Abalimi baphandwa ngemfundo yabo, iindlela zokulima (umzekelo, imveliso yezityalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi), iimbono ngesifo seengcongconi, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula iingcongconi emakhaya abazisebenzisayo.Imeko yentlalo-ntle yoqoqosho (SES) yekhaya ngalinye ivavanywa ngokusekelwe kwii-asethi ezithile zekhaya ezimiselwe kwangaphambili.Ubudlelwane beenkcukacha-manani phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo eziguquguqukayo zibalwa, zibonisa izinto ezibalulekileyo zomngcipheko.
Inqanaba lemfundo yamafama linxulunyaniswa kakhulu nemo yentlalo-ntle yabo (p <0.0001).Uninzi lwamakhaya (88.82%) lukholelwa ukuba iingcongconi zezona zibangela isifo seengcongconi kwaye ulwazi lwemalariya lwalunxulunyaniswa kakuhle nenqanaba lemfundo ephakamileyo (OKANYE = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10).Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali zasendlini kwakunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nemeko yentlalo-ntle yekhaya, inqanaba lemfundo, ukusetyenziswa kweinetha zokulala ezifakwe izibulali zinambuzane kunye nezitshabalalisi zezolimo (p <0.0001).Amafama afunyaniswe esebenzisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane epyrethroid ngaphakathi endlwini kwaye asebenzise ezi zinambuzane ukukhusela izityalo.
Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa ukuba inqanaba lemfundo lihlala liyinto ephambili ephembelela ulwazi lwamafama ngokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kunye nolawulo lwemalariya.Sicebisa ukuba unxibelelwano oluphuculweyo olujolise ekufikeleleni kwimfundo, kubandakanywa ubume bentlalo-ntle, ukufumaneka, kunye nokufikelela kwiimveliso zekhemikhali ezilawulwayo ziqwalaselwe xa kuphuhliswa ulawulo lwezitshabalalisi kunye nongenelelo lolawulo lwezifo ezithwalwa ziintsholongwane kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni.
Ulimo ngoyena mqhubi wezoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi aseNtshona Afrika.Ngo-2018 kunye no-2019, i-Côte d'Ivoire yaba ngumvelisi ohamba phambili we-cocoa kunye ne-cashew nuts kunye nomvelisi wesithathu wekofu enkulu e-Afrika [1], kunye neenkonzo zezolimo kunye neemveliso ezibalelwa kwi-22% yemveliso yasekhaya (GDP) [2] .Njengabanini bomhlaba wezolimo omninzi, amafama asakhasayo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ngabona banegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho lweli candelo [3].Eli lizwe linamandla amakhulu okulima, lineehektare ezili-17 lezigidi zomhlaba weefama kunye nokwahluka kwamaxesha onyaka athanda ukutyalwa kwezityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nokulinywa kwekofu, ikoko, i-cashew nuts, irabha, umqhaphu, iiyam, isundu, icassava, irayisi nemifuno [2].Ulimo olunzulu lunegalelo ekusasazeni izinambuzane, ikakhulu ngokusetyenziswa kokwanda kwezibulali zinambuzane zolawulo lwezinambuzane [4], ingakumbi phakathi kwamafama asemaphandleni, ukukhusela izityalo nokwandisa isivuno [5], nokulawula iingcongconi [6].Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa okungafanelekanga kwezinambuzane ngenye yezona zinto zibangela ukuxhathisa i-insecticide kwiintsholongwane zezifo, ngakumbi kwiindawo zezolimo apho iimiyane kunye nezinambuzane zezityalo zingaba phantsi koxinzelelo olukhethiweyo oluvela kwi-insecticides efanayo [7,8,9,10].Ukusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide kunokubangela ukungcola okuchaphazela izicwangciso zokulawula i-vector kunye nokusingqongileyo kwaye ngoko kufuna ingqalelo [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ngamafama kuye kwaphononongwa kwixesha elidlulileyo [5, 16].Inqanaba lemfundo libonakaliswe njengento ephambili ekusetyenzisweni ngokuchanekileyo kwe-pesticides [17, 18], nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide ngamafama kudla ngokuphenjelelwa ngamava obungqina okanye iingcebiso ezivela kubathengisi [5, 19, 20].Izithintelo zemali ngomnye weyona miqobo ixhaphakileyo ethintela ukufikelela kwizitshabalalisi okanye izitshabalalisi, ekhokelela amafama ukuba athenge iimveliso ezingekho mthethweni okanye eziphelelwe lixesha, ezihlala zingabizi kakhulu kuneemveliso zomthetho [21, 22].Iindlela ezifanayo zibonwa kwamanye amazwe aseNtshona Afrika, apho ingeniso ephantsi sisizathu sokuthenga nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezingafanelekanga [23, 24].
E-Côte d'Ivoire, i-pesticides isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo [25, 26], echaphazela izenzo zezolimo kunye ne-malaria vector populations [27, 28, 29, 30].Izifundo kwiindawo ezine-malaria ezixhaphakileyo zibonise umbutho phakathi kwemeko yentlalontle kunye nemibono ye-malaria kunye nobungozi bosulelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) [31,32,33,34,35,36,37].Ngaphandle kolu phando, iinzame zokuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo ethile yokulawula iingcongconi zijongelwa phantsi kukunqongophala kolwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye nezinto ezinegalelo ekusetyenzisweni ngokufanelekileyo kwezitshabalalisi.Olu phononongo luvavanye iinkolelo zemalariya kunye nezicwangciso zokulawula iingcongconi phakathi kwamakhaya ezolimo e-Abeauville, kumazantsi eCôte d'Ivoire.
Uphononongo lwenziwa kwiilali ze-10 kwisebe lase-Abeauville elisezantsi kweCôte d'Ivoire (Umfanekiso 1).IPhondo laseAgbowell linabemi abangama-292,109 kwindawo eyi-3,850 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha kwaye lelona phondo linabantu abaninzi kwingingqi ye-Anyebi-Tiasa [38].Inemozulu yetropiki enamaxesha amabini emvula (Aprili ukuya kuJulayi no-Oktobha ukuya kuNovemba) [39, 40].Ulimo ngowona msebenzi uphambili kulo mmandla kwaye wenziwa ngamafama amancinci kunye neenkampani ezinkulu ze-agro-industrial.Ezi ndawo ze-10 zibandakanya Aboude Boa Vincent (323,729.62 E, 651,821.62 N), Aboude Kuassikro (326,413.09 E, 651,573.06 N), Aboude Mandek (326,413.09 E , 6013535) 372.90N), Amengbeu (348477.76E, 664971.70 N), Damojiang (374,039.75 E, 661,579.59 N), Casigue 1 (363,140.15 E, 634,256.47 N), Lovezzi 1 (351,545.32 E ., 642.06 2.35 N.61 N.61), O ), Ofonbo (338 578.5) I-1 E, i-657 302.17 i-North latitude) kunye ne-Uji (i-363,990.74 i-east longitude, i-648,587.44 i-North latitude).
Uphononongo lwenziwe phakathi kweyeThupha yowama-2018 ukuya kweyoKwindla ngo-2019 ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwamakhaya amafama.Inani lilonke labahlali kwilali nganye lifunyenwe kwisebe lenkonzo lasekuhlaleni, kwaye abantu abayi-1,500 bakhethwa ngokungenamkhethe kolu luhlu.Abathathi-nxaxheba abafunyenweyo bamele phakathi kwe-6% kunye ne-16% yabemi belali.Imizi ebandakanyiweyo kuphononongo yayingaloo mizi yasezifama yavumayo ukuthatha inxaxheba.Uvavanyo lokuqala lwenziwe phakathi kwamafama angama-20 ukuhlola ukuba ingaba eminye imibuzo ifuna ukubhalwa ngokutsha na.Amaphepha emibuzo aye agcwaliswa ngabaqokeleli zinkcukacha abaqeqeshiweyo nabahlawulwayo kwilali nganye, ubuncinane omnye wabo wafunyanwa kwilali ngokwayo.Olu khetho lwaluqinisekisa ukuba ilali nganye inomqokeleli wedatha omnye oqheleneyo nemekobume nothetha ulwimi lwasekuhlaleni.Kwikhaya ngalinye, kwakuqhutywa udliwano-ndlebe lobuso ngobuso nentloko yekhaya (utata okanye umama) okanye, ukuba intloko-ntsapho yayingekho, omnye umntu omdala oneminyaka engaphezu kwe-18 ubudala.Le mibuzo yayinemibuzo engama-36 eyahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: (1) Ubume boluntu kunye nentlalo-qoqosho yekhaya (2) Imisebenzi yezolimo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane (3) Ulwazi ngemalariya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane zokulawula iingcongconi [jonga iSihlomelo 1] .
Izibulali-zinambuzane ezikhankanywe ngamafama zabhalwa ngamagama orhwebo kwaye zahlelwa ngezithako ezisebenzayo kunye namaqela ekhemikhali esebenzisa i-Ivory Coast Phytosanitary Index [41].Ubume boqoqosho lwentlalo yendlu nganye yavavanywa ngokubala isalathiso se-asethi [42].Ii-asethi zasekhaya zatshintshwa zaba ziinguqu ezidichotomous [43].Ukulinganisa izinto ezingalunganga kunxulunyaniswa nemeko esezantsi yentlalo qoqosho (SES), ngelixa uqikelelo lwezinto ezilungileyo zinxulunyaniswa ne-SES ephezulu.Amanqaku e-asethi ashwankathelwa ukuvelisa amanqaku ewonke kwindlu nganye [35].Ngokusekelwe kumanqaku ewonke, amakhaya ahlulwe abe yi-quintiles emihlanu yesimo sentlalo-ntle, ukusuka kwabahluphekileyo ukuya kwezona zityebi [jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 4].
Ukufumanisa ukuba ingaba umahluko wahluka kakhulu ngokwesimo sentlalo-ntle, ilali, okanye umgangatho wemfundo weentloko zezindlu, uvavanyo lwe-chi-square okanye oluchanekileyo lukaFisher lunokusetyenziswa, ngokufanelekileyo.Imifuziselo yokubuyisela uhlengahlengiso kwimifuziselo yayifakelwe oku kuguquguqukayo okulandelayo: inqanaba lemfundo, imeko yentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho (zonke ziguqulwe zaba ziinguqu ezingafaniyo), ilali (ebandakanywe njengezinto eziguquguqukayo), inqanaba eliphezulu lolwazi malunga nesifo seengcongconi nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kwezolimo, nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi ngaphakathi (iziphumo). nge-aerosol).okanye ikhoyili);inqanaba lemfundo, imeko yentlalo-qoqosho kunye nelali, okukhokelela ekuqondweni okuphezulu ngesifo seengcongconi.Imodeli yohlengahlengiso oluxutyiweyo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iphakheji ye-R lme4 (umsebenzi we-Glmer).Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwenziwa kwi-R 4.1.3 (https://www.r-project.org) kunye ne-Stata 16.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).
Kudliwano-ndlebe lwe-1,500 olwenziweyo, i-101 ayizange ifakwe kuhlalutyo ngenxa yokuba i-questionnaire ayizange izaliswe.Elona nqanaba liphezulu lemizi ekwenziwa uphando kuyo yayiseGrande Maury (18.87%) kwaye elona lisezantsi eOuanghi (2.29%).Imizi ye-1,399 ephononongwayo efakwe kuhlalutyo imele abantu be-9,023.Njengoko kubonisiwe kuLuhlu 1, ama-91.71% eentloko zemizi ngamadoda kunye ne-8.29% ngabasetyhini.
Malunga ne-8.86% yeentloko zamakhaya zivela kumazwe angabamelwane afana neBenin, iMali, iBurkina Faso kunye neGhana.Amaqela eentlanga amelwe kakhulu ngu-Abi (60.26%), iMalinke (10.01%), i-Krobu (5.29%) kunye ne-Baulai (4.72%).Njengoko kulindelekile kwisampulu yamafama, ulimo kuphela komthombo wengeniso kuninzi lwamafama (89.35%), kunye nekoko elinywa rhoqo kwisampulu yamakhaya;Imifuno, izityalo zokutya, irayisi, irabha kunye neplantain nazo zikhuliswa kwindawo encinci yomhlaba.Iintloko zamakhaya eziseleyo ngoosomashishini, amagcisa nabalobi (Uluhlu loku-1).Isishwankathelo seempawu zekhaya ngokwelali zinikezelwe kwifayile eyoNgezelelweyo [jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 3].
Inqanaba lemfundo alizange lihluke ngokwesini (p = 0.4672).Uninzi lwabathe baphendula lunemfundo yaseprayimari (40.80%), lulandelwa yimfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo (33.41%) nokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala (17.97%).Kuphela yi-4.64% eyangena eyunivesithi (iThebhile 1).Kwabasetyhini abali-116 ekwenziwe uhlolisiso kubo, bangaphezulu kwe-75% ubuncinane abanemfundo yamabanga aphantsi, kwaye abanye abazange baye esikolweni.Inqanaba lemfundo lamafama liyahluka kakhulu kwiilali (uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lukaFisher, p <0.0001), kwaye inqanaba lemfundo leentloko zemizi linxibelelene ngokuncomekayo kunye nemo yentlalo-ntle yabo (uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lukaFisher, p <0.0001).Enyanisweni, amanqanaba entlupheko aphezulu emeko yentlalo-ntle ubukhulu becala abandakanya amafama afunde kakhulu, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, awona manqanaba entlupheko asezantsi emo yentlalontle abandakanya amafama angafundanga;Ngokusekelwe kwii-asethi ezipheleleyo, amakhaya esampula ahlulahlulwe abe ngamanqanaba amahlanu obutyebi: ukusuka kwabahluphekileyo (Q1) ukuya kwabacebileyo (Q5) [jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 4].
Kukho iiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo kubume bomtshato weentloko zemizi yeeklasi ezahlukeneyo zobutyebi (p <0.0001): i-83.62% ingumfazi omnye, i-16.38% isithembu (ukuya kuma-3 amaqabane).Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo afunyenweyo phakathi kodidi lobutyebi kunye nenani labalingane.
Uninzi lwabathe baphendula (88.82%) bakholelwa ukuba iingcongconi ngomnye woonobangela bemalariya.Kuphela yi-1.65% ephendule ukuba ayiyazi into ebangela isifo seengcongconi.Abanye oonobangela abachongiweyo baquka ukusela amanzi amdaka, ukuba sesichengeni selanga, ukutya okungenamsoco kunye nokudinwa (Itheyibhile 2).Kwinqanaba lelali eGrande Maury, uninzi lwamakhaya abona ukusela amanzi amdaka njengoyena nobangela wesifo seengcongconi (umahluko wamanani phakathi kweelali, p <0.0001).Ezona mpawu zimbini zemalariya bubushushu bomzimba obuphezulu (78.38%) kunye nokuba tyheli kwamehlo (72.07%).Amafama aphinde akhankanya ukugabha, i-anemia kunye ne-pallor (jonga kwiTheyibhile yesi-2 ngezantsi).
Phakathi kwezicwangciso zokuthintela isifo seengcongconi, abaphenduli bakhankanye ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza esintu;nangona kunjalo, xa ugula, zombini unyango lwemalariya yebhayomedical kunye nemveli lwathathwa njengokhetho olusebenzayo (80.01%), kunye nokukhethwa okunxulumene nemo yentlalo noqoqosho.Ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo (p <0.0001).): Amafama anesimo esiphakamileyo sentlalo-ntle ekhethwayo kwaye abenakho ukuhlawulela unyango lwebhayoloji, amafama anesimo esisezantsi ngokwentlalo noqoqosho akhetha unyango lwamayeza esintu;Phantse isiqingatha samakhaya achitha kwi-avareji ngaphezulu kwe-30,000 XOF ngonyaka kunyango lwemalariya (eyanyaniswa kakubi ne-SES; p <0.0001).Ngokusekwe kuqikelelo lweendleko ezixeliweyo ezithe ngqo, amakhaya anesona simo sisezantsi sentlalo-ntle kunokwenzeka ukuba achithe i-XOF 30,000 (malunga ne-US$50) ngaphezulu kunyango lwemalariya kunamakhaya anesona simo siphezulu sentlalo qoqosho.Ukongeza, uninzi lwabaphenduli bakholelwa ukuba abantwana (49.11%) bachaphazeleka ngakumbi kwi-malaria kunabantu abadala (6.55%) (Itheyibhile 2), ngolu luvo luxhaphake kakhulu kumakhaya akwinqanaba elihlwempuzekileyo (p <0.01) .
Ukulunywa kweengcongconi, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (i-85.20%) baxela ukusebenzisa iinethi ezihlanjululwe ngama-insecticide, abazifumana kakhulu ngexesha lokusasazwa kwelizwe le-2017.Kuxelwe ukuba abantu abadala kunye nabantwana balala phantsi kweenethi ezineengcongconi ezifakwe isibulali-zinambuzane kwi-90.99% yamakhaya.Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo ezindlini kweinethi ezifakwe izitshabalalisi bezingaphezu kwama-70% kuzo zonke iilali ngaphandle kwelali yaseGessigye, apho kuphela yi-40% yamakhaya athe asebenzisa inethi ezifakwe amayeza okubulala izinambuzane.I-avareji yenani leemanethi zebhedi ezifakwe kwi-insecticide ephethwe yindlu yayibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo nobukhulu bendlu (i-Pearson's coefficient coefficient r = 0.41, p <0.0001).Iziphumo zethu nazo zibonise ukuba amakhaya anabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-1 ubudala ayenamathuba amaninzi okusebenzisa inetha zokulala eziphethwe yizinambuzane ekhaya xa kuthelekiswa nemizi engenabantwana okanye nabantwana abadala (odd ratio (OR) = 2.08, 95% CI : 1.25–3.47 ).
Ukongezelela ekusebenziseni iminatha enezibulali-zinambuzane, abalimi babuzwa nangezinye iindlela zokulawula iingcongconi emakhayeni abo nangeemveliso zezolimo ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshabalalisa izityalo.Kuphela yi-36.24% yabathathi-nxaxheba abakhankanye ukutshiza i-pesticides kumakhaya abo (unxulumano olubalulekileyo nolulungileyo kunye ne-SES p <0.0001).Izithako zemichiza ezixeliweyo bezisuka kwiimpawu zorhwebo ezilithoba kwaye zabonelelwa ikakhulu kwiimarike zasekhaya kunye nabathengisi abathile ngendlela yeekhoyili zokufunxa (16.10%) kunye nezitshizi zokubulala izinambuzane (83.90%).Ukukwazi kwamafama ukubiza amagama amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi ezitshizwe ezindlini zabo kunyukile ngokwenqanaba lemfundo (12.43%; p <0.05).Iimveliso ze-agrochemical ezisetyenzisiweyo zaqale zathengwa kwiinkonkxa zaza zaxutywa kwizitshizi phambi kokusetyenziswa, kunye neyona nxalenye inkulu idla ngokusiwa kwizityalo (78.84%) (Itheyibhuli 2).Ilali yase-Amangbeu inelona nani lisezantsi labalimi abasebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane emakhayeni abo (0.93%) kunye nezityalo (16.67%).
Inani eliphezulu leemveliso ze-insecticidal (izitshizi okanye iikhoyili) ezibangwayo kwindlu nganye yayiyi-3, kwaye i-SES yayilungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo kunye nenani leemveliso ezisetyenzisiweyo (uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lwe-Fisher's p <0.0001, nangona kunjalo kwezinye iimeko ezi mveliso zifunyenwe ziqulethe okufanayo);izithako ezisebenzayo phantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo orhwebo.Uluhlu lwesi-2 lubonisa amaxesha eveki okusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi phakathi kwamafama ngokwemeko yawo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho.
Iipyrethroids zezona zimelwe kakhulu kwintsapho yeekhemikhali kusapho (48.74%) kunye nezitshizi zezolimo (54.74%) zesibulali zinambuzane.Iimveliso zenziwe ngesibulali zinambuzane okanye zidityaniswe nezinye izitshabalalisi.Iindibaniso eziqhelekileyo ze-insecticides zasekhaya ziyi-carbamates, i-organophosphates kunye ne-pyrethroids, ngelixa i-neonicotinoids kunye ne-pyrethroids zixhaphake phakathi kwezinambuzane zezolimo (Isihlomelo 5).Umzobo 2 ubonisa umyinge weentsapho ezahlukeneyo zokubulala izitshabalalisi ezisetyenziswa ngamafama, zonke zihlelwa njengeClass II (ingozi ephakathi) okanye iClass III (ingozi encinci) ngokohlelo lweWorld Health Organisation lwezibulali-zinambuzane [44].Ngexesha elithile, kwavela ukuba ilizwe lisebenzisa i-insecticide deltamethrin, ejoliswe kwiinjongo zezolimo.
Ngokumalunga nezithako ezisebenzayo, ipropoxur kunye nedeltamethrin zezona mveliso ziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ekhaya nakwintsimi, ngokulandelanayo.Ifayile eyongezelelweyo yesi-5 iqulethe ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neemveliso zekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngamafama ekhaya nakwizityalo zabo.
Amafama akhankanya ezinye iindlela zokulawula iingcongconi, eziquka iifeni zamagqabi (i-pêpê ngolwimi lwasekuhlaleni lweAbbey), ukutshisa amagqabi, ukucoca indawo, ukususa amanzi amileyo, ukusebenzisa izinto zokugxotha iingcongconi, okanye ukusebenzisa amashiti ukugxotha iingcongconi.
Imiba eyayanyaniswa nolwazi lwamafama ngesifo seengcongconi kunye nokutshiza ngesibulali zinambuzane ngaphakathi (uhlalutyo lokubuyela umva kwezinto).
Idatha ibonise unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-insecticide yasekhaya kunye nezibikezelo ezihlanu: inqanaba lemfundo, i-SES, ulwazi lweengcongconi njengeyona nto ibangela i-malaria, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ITN, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-agrochemical insecticide.Umzobo we-3 ubonisa ii-OR ezahlukeneyo kwi-predictor variable nganye.Xa zidityaniswe ngedolophana, zonke iipredictors zibonise unxulumano oluhle kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitshizi ze-insecticide kumakhaya (ngaphandle kolwazi lwezona zizathu eziphambili ze-malaria, eziye zadibana ngokungafaniyo nokusetyenziswa kwe-insecticide (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) . )) (Umfanekiso 3).Phakathi kwezi ziqikelelo zincomekayo, into enika umdla kukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwezolimo.Abalimi abasebenzisa i-pesticides kwizityalo babeyi-188% amathuba okuba basebenzise i-pesticides ekhaya (95% CI: 1.12, 8.26).Nangona kunjalo, amakhaya anamanqanaba aphezulu olwazi malunga nosulelo lwemalariya ayenqabile ukusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ekhaya.Abantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu emfundo babenokwazi ukuba iingcongconi zezona zibangela isifo seengcongconi (OKANYE = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10), kodwa kwakungekho nxulumano lwamanani kunye ne-SES ephezulu (OKANYE = 1.51; 95% CI : 0.93, 2.46).
Ngokwentloko yekhaya, inani leengcongconi likhula ngamandla ngamaxesha eemvula nasebusuku lelona xesha lokulunywa ziingcongconi (85.79%).Xa amafama abuzwayo ngembono yawo ngempembelelo yokutshiza ngesibulali-zinambuzane kubantu beengcongconi ezithwala isifo seengcongconi, i-86.59% yaqinisekisa ukuba iingcongconi zibonakala zikhula ukumelana nemichiza yokubulala izinambuzane.Ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa iimveliso zeekhemikhali ezaneleyo ngenxa yokungafumaneki kwazo kuthathwa njengesona sizathu sibalulekileyo sokungasebenzi okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweemveliso, ezibhekwa njengezinye izinto ezimiselayo.Ngokukodwa, oku kokugqibela kunxulumene nemeko yemfundo ephantsi (p <0.01), naxa ulawula i-SES (p <0.0001).Kuphela i-12.41% yabaphenduli baqwalasela ukuxhathisa iingcongconi njengenye yezinto ezinokubangela ukuxhathisa imichiza yezinambuzane.
Kwakukho ulungelelwaniso oluhle phakathi kokuphindaphinda kokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ekhaya kunye nembono yokumelana neengcongconi kwi-insecticides (p <0.0001): iingxelo zokuchasana kweengcongconi kwi-insecticides zazisekelwe ikakhulu ekusebenziseni izibulala-zinambuzane ekhaya ngamafama 3-4 amaxesha a iveki (90.34%) .Ukongeza kumaxesha amaninzi, isixa sezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenzisiweyo sanxulunyaniswa kakuhle neembono zamafama zokuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi (p <0.0001).
Olu phononongo lugxile kwiimbono zamafama ngesifo seengcongconi nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane.Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba imfundo kunye nesimo sentlalo zentlalo sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimikhwa yokuziphatha kunye nolwazi malunga ne-malaria.Nangona uninzi lweentloko zamakhaya zifunda kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, njengakwezinye iindawo, umyinge wamafama angafundanga ubalulekile [35, 45].Le nto inokuchazwa yinto yokuba nokuba abalimi abaninzi baqala ukufumana imfundo, uninzi lwabo kufuneka bayeke isikolo ukuze baxhase iintsapho zabo ngemisebenzi yezolimo [26].Kunoko, le nto igxininisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwemeko yentlalo-ntle kunye nemfundo ibalulekile ekuchazeni ubudlelwane phakathi kwemeko yentlalo noqoqosho kunye nokukwazi ukwenza ulwazi.
Kwiindawo ezininzi ezine-malaria, abathathi-nxaxheba bayazazi izizathu kunye neempawu ze-malaria [33,46,47,48,49].Kuyamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba abantwana bangenwa sisifo seengcongconi [31, 34].Oku kuqatshelwa kunokunxulumana nokuchaphazeleka kwabantwana kunye nobukhulu beempawu zemalariya [50, 51].
Abathathi-nxaxheba banike ingxelo yokuchitha umyinge we-30,000 yeedola, ingabandakanyi ezothutho kunye nezinye izinto.
Uthelekiso lobume boqoqosho lwentlalo lwamafama lubonisa ukuba amafama anelona meko isezantsi yentlalo-qoqosho achitha imali eninzi kunawona mafama azizityebi.Oku kungenxa yokuba amakhaya anesona simo sisezantsi soqoqosho lwentlalo abona iindleko ziphezulu (ngenxa yobunzima bazo kwimali yekhaya xa iyonke) okanye ngenxa yeenzuzo ezinxulumene nokuqeshwa kwecandelo likarhulumente nelabucala (njengoko kunjalo kumakhaya azizityebi ngakumbi).): Ngenxa yokufumaneka kwe-inshurensi yezempilo, inkxaso-mali yonyango lwe-malaria (ngokunxulumene neendleko zizonke) ingaba ngaphantsi kakhulu kuneendleko zemizi engazuziyo kwi-inshurensi [52].Ngapha koko, kwaxelwa ukuba amakhaya atyebileyo asebenzisa kakhulu unyango lwebhayoloji xa kuthelekiswa nawona makhaya ahluphekayo.
Nangona amafama amaninzi athatha iingcongconi njengeyona nto ibangela isifo seengcongconi, bambalwa kuphela abasebenzisa i-pesticides (ngokutshiza kunye ne-fumigation) kumakhaya abo, afana neziphumo eCameroon kunye ne-Equatorial Guinea [48, 53].Ukungabikho kwenkxalabo yeengcongconi xa kuthelekiswa nezitshabalalisi zezityalo kungenxa yexabiso lezoqoqosho lwezityalo.Ukunciphisa iindleko, iindlela ezinexabiso eliphantsi ezifana nokutshisa amagqabi ekhaya okanye ukugxotha nje iingcongconi ngesandla zikhethwayo.Ubuthi obubonwayo bunokuba yinto: ivumba lezinye iimveliso zeekhemikhali kunye nokungonwabi emva kokusetyenziswa kubangela ukuba abanye abasebenzisi baphephe ukusetyenziswa kwazo [54].Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezibulali zinambuzane kumakhaya (ama-85.20% emizi exelwe ukuba ayawasebenzisa) nako kunegalelo ekusetyenzisweni okuphantsi kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezilwa neengcongconi.Ubukho bemanethi etyalwe ngesibulali-zinambuzane ekhaya bukwanxulunyaniswa kakhulu nobukho babantwana abangaphantsi komnyaka omnye ubudala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yenkxaso yekliniki yaphambi kokubeleka kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo abafumana iinethi ezifakwe isibulali-zinambuzane ngexesha lokubonisana ngaphambi kokubeleka [6].
I-Pyrethroids yizona zinambuzane eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa kwiinetha zokulala ze-insecticide [55] kwaye zisetyenziswe ngamafama ukulawula izinambuzane kunye neengcongconi, ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka malunga nokunyuka kwe-insecticide resistance [55, 56, 57,58,59].Le meko inokuchaza ukuhla kobuntununtunu beengcongconi kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezibonwa ngamafama.
Ubume boqoqosho oluphezulu bezingadibaniswa nolwazi olungcono lwemalariya kunye neengcongconi njengonobangela wayo.Ngokuchasene neziphumo zangaphambili zika-Ouattara kunye noogxa bakhe kwi-2011, abantu abazizityebi badla ngokukwazi ukuchonga oonobangela bemalariya kuba banokufikelela ngokulula kulwazi ngomabonakude kunye nonomathotholo [35].Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonisa ukuba inqanaba lemfundo ephakamileyo liqikelela ukuqonda ngcono isifo seengcongconi.Olu qwalaselo luqinisekisa ukuba imfundo iseyeyona nto iphambili kulwazi lwamafama malunga nemalariya.Isizathu sokuba imeko yentlalo-ntle ingabinampembelelo kangako kukuba iilali zihlala zibelana ngomabonakude kunye nonomathotholo.Nangona kunjalo, imeko yentlalontle kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa kusetyenziswa ulwazi malunga nezicwangciso zokuthintela isifo seengcongconi.
Ubume boqoqosho oluphezulu kunye nenqanaba lemfundo ephakamileyo zayanyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi zasemakhaya (ukutshiza okanye ukutshiza).Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukukwazi kwamafama ukuchonga iingcongconi njengoyena nobangela wesifo seengcongconi kuchaphazele kakubi imodeli.Esi siqikelelo sasinxulunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi xa zihlanganiswa kuluntu lonke, kodwa zinxulunyaniswa kakubi nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane xa zihlanganiswa ngokwelali.Esi siphumo sibonisa ukubaluleka kwempembelelo ye-cannibalism ekuziphatheni komntu kunye nesidingo sokubandakanya iziphumo ezingalindelekanga kuhlalutyo.Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa okokuqala ukuba amafama anamava okusebenzisa izitshabalalisi kwezolimo athandeka ngakumbi kunabanye ukuba asebenzise izitshizi zokubulala izitshabalalisi kunye neekhoyili njengezicwangciso zangaphakathi zokulawula isifo seengcongconi.
Ukubethelela izifundo zangaphambili malunga nefuthe lesimo sentlalo-ntle kwiimbono zamafama malunga ne-pesticides [16, 60, 61, 62, 63], amakhaya acebileyo achaza ukuhlukahluka okuphezulu kunye nokuphindaphinda kokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide.Abaphenduli bakholelwa ukuba ukutshiza inani elikhulu lezinambuzane kwakuyeyona ndlela ingcono yokuphepha ukuphuhliswa kokuchasana kwiingcongconi, ezihambelana neenkxalabo ezichazwe kwenye indawo [64].Ngoko ke, iimveliso zasekhaya ezisetyenziswa ngamafama zinemichiza efanayo phantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo orhwebo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abalimi kufuneka babeke phambili ulwazi lobugcisa bemveliso kunye nezithako zayo ezisebenzayo.Ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwakhona ekuqapheliseni abathengisi, njengoko bangenye yeendawo eziphambili zokubhekisela kubathengi be-pesticide [17, 24, 65, 66, 67].
Ukuba nefuthe elihle ekusetyenzisweni kwe-pesticide kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokungenelela kufuneka kugxininise ekuphuculeni izicwangciso zonxibelelwano, kuthathelwe ingqalelo amanqanaba emfundo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha kumxholo wokulungelelaniswa kwenkcubeko kunye nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokubonelela ngezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhuselekileyo.Abantu baya kuthenga ngokusekelwe kwiindleko (banokuthi bafikelele kangakanani) kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.Nje ukuba umgangatho ufumaneke ngexabiso elifikelelekayo, imfuno yokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha ekuthengeni iimveliso ezilungileyo kulindeleke ukuba yonyuke kakhulu.Ukufundisa amafama malunga nokutshintshwa kwezitshabalalisi ukuze kuqhawulwe amatyathanga okuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane, ukwenze kucace ukuba ukutshintshwa kwawo akuthethi utshintsho ekuphawulweni kwemveliso;(ekubeni iibrendi ezahlukeneyo ziqulethe ikhompawundi efanayo esebenzayo), kodwa kunoko umahluko kwizithako ezisebenzayo.Le mfundo inokuxhaswa kwakhona ngokuleyibhelishwa kwemveliso ngendlela elula, ecacileyo.
Njengoko izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngamafama asemaphandleni kwiPhondo lase-Abbotville, ukuqonda izikhewu zolwazi lwamafama kunye neengcinga zengqondo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kwindawo esingqongileyo kubonakala kuyinto efunekayo ukuze kuphuhliswe iinkqubo zokwazisa ezinempumelelo.Uphononongo lwethu luqinisekisa ukuba imfundo iseyeyona nto iphambili ekusetyenzisweni ngokuchanekileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane nolwazi ngemalariya.Imeko yentlalo-ntle yosapho nayo yathathwa njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufuneka siqwalaselwe.Ukongezelela kwimeko yentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho nenqanaba lemfundo yentloko-ntsapho, ezinye izinto ezinjengolwazi ngesifo seengcongconi, ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ukuze kutshatyalaliswe izinambuzane, neembono zokuxhathisa iingcongconi kwisibulali-zinambuzane ziphembelela isimo sengqondo samafama ngokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
Iindlela ezixhomekeke kumphenduli ezifana noluhlu lwemibuzo zixhomekeke ekukhunjulweni nasekunqwenelekeni kwentlalo.Kulula ukusebenzisa iimpawu zekhaya ukuvavanya imeko yentlalo noqoqosho, nangona la manyathelo anokuthi angqale kwixesha kunye neemeko zejografi apho zaphuhliswa khona kwaye zisenokungabonakali ngokufanayo ubunyani bangoku bezinto ezithile zexabiso lenkcubeko, ukwenza ukuthelekisa phakathi kwezifundo kube nzima. .Eneneni, kusenokubakho utshintsho oluphawulekayo kubunikazi bemizi bamacandelo esalathiso nto leyo engayi kukhokelela ekuthotyweni kobuhlwempu ngokwezinto eziphathekayo.
Amanye amafama awakhumbuli amagama eemveliso zokubulala izitshabalalisi, ngoko ke ubungakanani bezibulali-zinambuzane abazisebenzisayo amafama busenokujongelwa phantsi okanye buqikelelwe kakhulu.Uphononongo lwethu alukhange luthathele ngqalelo isimo sengqondo samafama malunga nokutshizwa kwezitshabalalisi kunye neembono zabo ngeziphumo zezenzo zabo kwimpilo yabo kunye nokusingqongileyo.Abathengisi nabo abazange babandakanywe kwisifundo.Omabini amanqaku angaphononongwa kwizifundo ezizayo.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-28-2024