Izibulali-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezolimo zasemaphandleni, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokugqithisileyo okanye ngokungafanelekanga kunokuchaphazela kakubi imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula i-malaria vector; Olu phononongo lwenziwe phakathi kweendawo zabalimi kumazantsi eCôte d'Ivoire ukuze kuchongwe ukuba zeziphi izibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa ngabalimi basekuhlaleni kunye nendlela oku okunxulumene ngayo nendlela abalimi ababona ngayo i-malaria. Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunokunceda ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zokwazisa malunga nolawulo lweengcongconi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
Olu phando lwenziwe phakathi kwemizi eyi-1,399 kwiilali ezili-10. Abalimi bahlolisiswe ngemfundo yabo, iindlela zokulima (umz., imveliso yezityalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane), iingcinga zabo ngemalariya, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula iingcongconi zasekhaya abazisebenzisayo. Isimo sentlalo-ntle (SES) sendlu nganye sivavanywa ngokusekelwe kwiimpahla ezithile zendlu esele zimiselwe kwangaphambili. Ubudlelwane bezibalo phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo eziguquguqukayo buyabalwa, bubonisa izinto ezibalulekileyo zomngcipheko.
Inqanaba lemfundo labalimi linxulunyaniswa kakhulu nesimo sabo sentlalo-ntle (p < 0.0001). Uninzi lweentsapho (88.82%) lukholelwa ukuba iingcongconi zezona zibangela imalariya kwaye ulwazi lwemalariya lunxulunyaniswa kakuhle nenqanaba lemfundo ephakamileyo (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10). Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi endlini kunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nesimo sentlalo-ntle yekhaya, inqanaba lemfundo, ukusetyenziswa kweenethi zokulala ezinyangiweyo kunye nezinambuzane zolimo (p < 0.0001). Kufunyaniswe ukuba abalimi basebenzisa izinambuzane ze-pyrethroid ngaphakathi kwaye basebenzisa ezi zinambuzane ukukhusela izityalo.
Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa ukuba inqanaba lemfundo lihlala liyinto ephambili echaphazela ulwazi lwabalimi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nolawulo lwemalariya. Sicebisa ukuba unxibelelwano oluphuculweyo olujolise ekufikeleleni kwimfundo, kubandakanya imeko yezentlalo, ukufumaneka, kunye nokufikelela kwiimveliso zeekhemikhali ezilawulwayo ziqwalaselwe xa kuphuhliswa ulawulo lwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokungenelela kolawulo lwezifo ezithwalwa zizilwanyana kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni.
Ulimo lolona qhubi luphambili kwezoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi aseNtshona Afrika. Ngowama-2018 nangowama-2019, iCôte d'Ivoire yayiyeyona mveliso iphambili kwihlabathi yecocoa kunye ne-cashew nuts kwaye ikwangumvelisi wesithathu ngobukhulu wekofu eAfrika [1], apho iinkonzo zezolimo kunye neemveliso zibala i-22% yemveliso yasekhaya (i-GDP) [2]. Njengabanini bomhlaba omninzi wezolimo, abalimi abancinci kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ngabona banegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lweli candelo [3]. Eli lizwe linamandla amakhulu ezolimo, kunye neehektare ezili-17 lezigidi zomhlaba wezolimo kunye notshintsho lwexesha lonyaka olukhuthaza ukwahlukahluka kwezityalo kunye nokulinywa kwekofu, i-cocoa, i-cashew nuts, irabha, umqhaphu, ii-yam, isundu, i-cassava, irayisi kunye nemifuno [2]. Ulimo oluqinileyo lunegalelo ekusasazekeni kwezinambuzane, ikakhulu ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezibulali-zinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane [4], ingakumbi phakathi kwabalimi basemaphandleni, ukukhusela izityalo kunye nokwandisa isivuno sezityalo [5], kunye nokulawula iingcongconi [6]. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga kwezibulali-zinambuzane yenye yezona zinto ziphambili zokuxhathisa izibulali-zinambuzane kwizilwanyana ezithwala izifo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zezolimo apho iingcongconi kunye nezinambuzane zezityalo zinokuba phantsi koxinzelelo olukhethiweyo oluvela kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezifanayo [7,8,9,10]. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunokubangela ungcoliseko oluchaphazela amaqhinga okulawula izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokusingqongileyo kwaye ke ngoko kufuna ingqalelo [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ngabalimi kuye kwafundwa ngaphambili [5, 16]. Inqanaba lemfundo libonakaliswe njengeyona nto iphambili ekusetyenzisweni ngokuchanekileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane [17, 18], nangona ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ngabalimi kudla ngokuphenjelelwa ngamava okanye iingcebiso ezivela kubathengisi [5, 19, 20]. Imida yemali yenye yezona zithintelo zixhaphakileyo ezithintela ukufikelela kwizibulali-zinambuzane okanye izibulali-zinambuzane, nto leyo ekhokelela abalimi ekuthengeni iimveliso ezingekho mthethweni okanye eziphelelwe lixesha, ezidla ngokuba zixabiso eliphantsi kuneemveliso ezisemthethweni [21, 22]. Iindlela ezifanayo ziyabonwa kwamanye amazwe aseNtshona Afrika, apho ingeniso ephantsi iyimbangela yokuthenga nokusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezingafanelekanga [23, 24].
ECôte d'Ivoire, izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo [25, 26], nto leyo echaphazela iindlela zolimo kunye nabemi abathwala imalariya [27, 28, 29, 30]. Izifundo kwiindawo ezixhaphakileyo kwimalariya zibonise unxibelelwano phakathi kwemeko yezentlalo noqoqosho kunye nembono yemalariya kunye neengozi zokosuleleka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenethi zokulala eziphathwe ngezibulala-zinambuzane (i-ITN) [31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. Nangona ezi zifundo zinjalo, imizamo yokuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo ethile yolawulo lweengcongconi iyathotywa kukungabikho kolwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kunye nezinto ezinegalelo ekusetyenzisweni ngokufanelekileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane. Olu phononongo luhlolisise iinkolelo zemalariya kunye namaqhinga okulawula iingcongconi phakathi kwamakhaya ezolimo e-Abeauville, emazantsi eCôte d'Ivoire.
Olu phononongo lwenziwe kwiilali ezili-10 kwisebe lase-Abeauville kumazantsi eCôte d'Ivoire (Umzobo 1). Iphondo lase-Agbowell linabemi abangama-292,109 kwindawo engama-3,850 square kilometers kwaye lelona phondo linabemi abaninzi kummandla wase-Anyebi-Tiasa [38]. Inemozulu yetropiki enexesha lemvula ezimbini (ukusuka ku-Epreli ukuya kuJulayi kunye no-Okthobha ukuya kuNovemba) [39, 40]. Ezolimo ngumsebenzi ophambili kulo mmandla kwaye zenziwa ngabalimi abancinci kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zezolimo. Ezi ndawo ze-10 ziquka Aboude Boa Vincent (323,729.62 E, 651,821.62 N), Aboude Kuassikro (326,413.09 E, 651,573.06 N), Aboude Mandek (326,413.09 E , 6061N7) (330633.05E, 652372.90N), Amengbeu (348477.76E, 664971.70N), Damojiang (374,039.75 E, 661,579.59 N), Casigue 1 (363,1477.76, 140.145, 60.145). (351,545.32 E., 642.06 2.37 N), Ofa (350 924.31 E, 654 607.17 N), Ofonbo (338 578.5) 1 E, 657 302.17 latitude emantla) kunye neUji (363,990.74 empuma, 648,587.44 latitude emantla).
Olu phononongo lwenziwe phakathi kuka-Agasti 2018 noMatshi 2019 kunye neentsapho ezilimayo. Inani lilonke labemi kwilali nganye lifunyenwe kwisebe leenkonzo zasekuhlaleni, kwaye abantu abayi-1,500 bakhethwa ngokungacwangciswanga kolu luhlu. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaqeshwe bamele phakathi kwe-6% kunye ne-16% yabemi belali. Imindeni ebandakanyiweyo kolu phononongo yayiziintsapho ezilimayo ezivumile ukuthatha inxaxheba. Uphando lokuqala lwenziwa phakathi kwabalimi abangama-20 ukuvavanya ukuba ingaba eminye imibuzo kufuneka ibhalwe ngokutsha na. Iimibuzo emva koko zagqitywa ngabaqokeleli bedatha abaqeqeshiweyo nabahlawulwayo kwilali nganye, ubuncinane omnye kubo waqeshwa kwilali ngokwayo. Olu khetho luqinisekisile ukuba ilali nganye inomqokeleli wedatha omnye oqhelene nokusingqongileyo kwaye ethetha ulwimi lwasekuhlaleni. Kwikhaya ngalinye, udliwanondlebe lobuso ngobuso lwenziwa nentloko yekhaya (utata okanye umama) okanye, ukuba intloko yekhaya ayikho, omnye umntu omdala oneminyaka engaphezu kwe-18 ubudala. Le mibuzo yayinemibuzo engama-36 eyahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: (1) Imeko yoluntu kunye nentlalo-qoqosho yekhaya (2) Iindlela zolimo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane (3) Ulwazi ngemalariya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ukulawula iingcongconi [jonga iSihlomelo 1].
Izibulali-zinambuzane ezikhankanyiweyo ngabalimi zabhalwa ngokwegama lorhwebo zaza zahlulwa ngokwezithako ezisebenzayo kunye namaqela eekhemikhali kusetyenziswa i-Ivory Coast Phytosanitary Index [41]. Isimo sentlalo-ntle yekhaya ngalinye savavanywa ngokubala isalathisi see-asethi [42]. Ii-asethi zekhaya zaguqulwa zaba ziinguqu ezahlukeneyo [43]. Ukulinganiswa kwezinto ezingalunganga kunxulunyaniswa nesimo esiphantsi sentlalo-ntle (i-SES), ngelixa ukulinganiswa kwezinto ezilungileyo kunxulunyaniswa ne-SES ephezulu. Amanqaku e-asethi ashwankathelwa ukuvelisa amanqaku apheleleyo kwikhaya ngalinye [35]. Ngokusekelwe kumanqaku apheleleyo, iikhaya zahlulwe zaba zii-quintiles ezintlanu zesimo sentlalo-ntle, ukusuka kwabona bahlwempuzekileyo ukuya kwabona batyebileyo [jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 4].
Ukufumanisa ukuba utshintsho lwahluke kakhulu ngokwemeko yezentlalo, ilali, okanye inqanaba lemfundo leentloko zekhaya, uvavanyo lwe-chi-square okanye uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lukaFisher lungasetyenziswa, njengoko kufanelekile. Iimodeli zohlengahlengiso lweLogistic zifakelwe ezi zinto zilandelayo: inqanaba lemfundo, imeko yezentlalo (zonke ziguqulwe zaba ziinguqu ezahlukeneyo), ilali (ezibandakanyiweyo njengeenguqu ezahlukeneyo), inqanaba eliphezulu lolwazi malunga nemalariya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwezolimo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ngaphakathi (imveliso nge-aerosol). okanye i-coil); inqanaba lemfundo, imeko yezentlalo-qoqosho kunye nelali, okubangele ulwazi oluphezulu ngemalariya. Imodeli yohlengahlengiso oluxutyiweyo lwelogistic yenziwe kusetyenziswa iphakheji ye-R lme4 (umsebenzi we-Glmer). Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kwi-R 4.1.3 (https://www.r-project.org) kunye ne-Stata 16.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).
Kudliwanondlebe oluyi-1,500 olwenziweyo, i-101 ayifakwanga kuhlalutyo kuba iphepha lemibuzo alizange ligqitywe. Eyona nxalenye inkulu yeentsapho eziphandweyo yayikwiGrande Maury (18.87%) kwaye eyona iphantsi e-Ouanghi (2.29%). Izindlu eziyi-1,399 eziphandweyo ezibandakanyiweyo kuhlalutyo zimele inani labantu abayi-9,023. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1, i-91.71% yeentloko zeentsapho ngamadoda kwaye i-8.29% ngabasetyhini.
Malunga ne-8.86% yeentloko zezindlu zivela kumazwe angabamelwane afana neBenin, iMali, iBurkina Faso kunye neGhana. Amaqela eentlanga amelwe kakhulu yi-Abi (60.26%), iMalinke (10.01%), iKrobu (5.29%) kunye neBaulai (4.72%). Njengoko bekulindelwe kwisampulu yabalimi, ezolimo kuphela komthombo wengeniso kuninzi lwabalimi (89.35%), apho i-cocoa ilinywa rhoqo kumakhaya asampuli; Imifuno, izityalo zokutya, irayisi, irabha kunye ne-plantain nazo zikhuliswa kwindawo encinci yomhlaba. Iintloko zezindlu eziseleyo ngoosomashishini, amagcisa kunye nabalobi beentlanzi (Itheyibhile 1). Isishwankathelo seempawu zezindlu ngokwelali siboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo [jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 3].
Udidi lwemfundo aluzange lwahluke ngokwesini (p = 0.4672). Uninzi lwabaphenduli babenemfundo yesikolo samabanga aphantsi (40.80%), kulandele imfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo (33.41%) kunye nokungafundi (17.97%). Yi-4.64% kuphela eyangena eyunivesithi (Itheyibhile 1). Kubafazi abali-116 abaphononongiweyo, ngaphezulu kwama-75% babenemfundo yamabanga aphantsi ubuncinane, kwaye abanye babengazange baye esikolweni. Inqanaba lemfundo labalimi liyahluka kakhulu kwiilali (uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lukaFisher, p < 0.0001), kwaye inqanaba lemfundo leentloko zemizi linxulumene kakhulu nesimo sabo sentlalo-ntle (uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lukaFisher, p < 0.0001). Enyanisweni, ii-quintile eziphezulu zemeko yentlalo-ntle zihlala ziqulathe abalimi abafundileyo, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, ii-quintile ezisezantsi zemeko yentlalo-ntle ziquka abalimi abangafundanga; Ngokusekelwe kwiimpahla zizonke, iintsapho ezisampulu zahlulwe zibe zii-quintile ezintlanu zobutyebi: ukusuka kwezona zihlwempuzekileyo (Q1) ukuya kwezona zizityebi (Q5) [jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 4].
Kukho umahluko omkhulu kwimeko yomtshato yeentloko zeentsapho ezineeklasi ezahlukeneyo zobutyebi (p < 0.0001): Ama-83.62% atshatile nomntu omnye, ama-16.38% atshatile isithembu (ukuya kuthi ga kubantu abathathu abatshatileyo). Akukho mahluko mkhulu ufunyenweyo phakathi kodidi lobutyebi kunye nenani lamaqabane.
Uninzi lwabaphenduli (88.82%) lukholelwa ukuba iingcongconi zezinye zezizathu zemalariya. Yi-1.65% kuphela ephendule ngelithi ayazi ukuba yintoni ebangela imalariya. Ezinye izizathu ezichongiweyo ziquka ukusela amanzi angcolileyo, ukuchatshazelwa lilanga, ukutya okungafanelekanga kunye nokudinwa (Itheyibhile 2). Kwinqanaba lelali eGrande Maury, uninzi lweentsapho lucinga ukuba ukusela amanzi angcolileyo yeyona nto ibangela imalariya (umahluko wezibalo phakathi kwelali, p < 0.0001). Iimpawu ezimbini eziphambili zemalariya kukushisa komzimba okuphezulu (78.38%) kunye nokutyheli kwamehlo (72.07%). Abalimi bakhankanye nokugabha, i-anemia kunye ne-pallor (jonga iTheyibhile 2 ngezantsi).
Phakathi kweendlela zokuthintela imalariya, abaphenduli bakhankanye ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza emveli; nangona kunjalo, xa begula, unyango lwemalariya olusebenzisa amayeza kunye nolwemveli luthathwa njengokhetho olufanelekileyo (80.01%), kunye nokhetho oluhambelana nesimo sentlalo-ntle. Ulwalamano olubalulekileyo (p < 0.0001). ): Abalimi abanesimo esiphezulu sentlalo-ntle bakhetha kwaye banokuhlawulela unyango lwezonyango, abalimi abanesimo esiphantsi sentlalo-ntle bakhetha unyango lwezityalo zemveli; Phantse isiqingatha seentsapho sichitha ngaphezu kwe-30,000 XOF ngonyaka kunyango lwemalariya (olunxulunyaniswa kakubi ne-SES; p < 0.0001). Ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo lweendleko ezithe ngqo ezixeliweyo, iintsapho ezinesimo esiphantsi sentlalo-ntle zazinokuthi zichithe i-XOF engama-30,000 (malunga ne-US$50) ngaphezulu kunyango lwemalariya kunamakhaya anesimo esiphezulu sentlalo-ntle. Ukongeza, uninzi lwabaphenduli babekholelwa ukuba abantwana (49.11%) basengozini enkulu yemalariya kunabantu abadala (6.55%) (Itheyibhile 2), olu luvo luxhaphake kakhulu phakathi kweentsapho ezikwi-quintile ehlwempuzekileyo (p < 0.01).
Ngokulunywa ziingcongconi, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (85.20%) baxele ukuba basebenzisa iinethi zebhedi ezinyangiweyo, abazifumana kakhulu ngexesha lokusasazwa kwelizwe ngo-2017. Abantu abadala nabantwana baxelwe ukuba balala phantsi kweenethi zebhedi ezinyangiweyo kwi-90.99% yeentsapho. Ubuninzi bokusetyenziswa kweenethi zebhedi ezinyangiweyo kwikhaya bungaphezulu kwe-70% kuzo zonke iilali ngaphandle kwelali yaseGessigye, apho kuphela i-40% yeentsapho ezixele ukuba zisebenzisa iinethi zebhedi ezinyangiweyo kwikhaya. Inani eliqhelekileyo leenethi zebhedi ezinyangiweyo kwikhaya linxulumene kakhulu nobukhulu bekhaya (i-coefficient yolwalamano lukaPearson r = 0.41, p < 0.0001). Iziphumo zethu zikwabonise ukuba iintsapho ezinabantwana abangaphantsi konyaka omnye ubudala zazinokusebenzisa iinethi zebhedi ezinyangiweyo kwikhaya xa kuthelekiswa neentsapho ezingenabantwana okanye ezinabantwana abadala (umlinganiselo weengxaki (OR) = 2.08, 95% CI : 1.25–3.47).
Ukongeza ekusebenziseni inethi zokulala eziphathwa ngezibulali-zinambuzane, abalimi babuzwa nangezinye iindlela zokulawula iingcongconi emakhayeni abo nakwimveliso yezolimo ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshabalalisa izityalo. Yi-36.24% kuphela yabathathi-nxaxheba abakhankanyileyo ukutshiza izibulali-zinambuzane emakhayeni abo (unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo nolulungileyo ne-SES p < 0.0001). Izithako zeekhemikhali ezixeliweyo zazivela kwiimveliso zorhwebo ezilithoba kwaye zazinikezelwa kakhulu kwiimarike zasekuhlaleni nakubathengisi abathile ngendlela ye-fumigating coils (16.10%) kunye ne-insecticide sprays (83.90%). Amandla abalimi okubiza amagama ezibulali-zinambuzane ezitshizwa emakhayeni abo anda ngokwemfundo yabo (12.43%; p < 0.05). Iimveliso ze-agrochemical ezisetyenzisiweyo zathengwa ekuqaleni kwiibhokisi kwaye zaxutywa kwii-sprayers ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, apho uninzi lwezona zisetyenziselwa izityalo (78.84%) (Itheyibhile 2). Ilali yase-Amangbeu inenani eliphantsi labalimi abasebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane emakhayeni abo (0.93%) kunye nezityalo (16.67%).
Inani eliphezulu leemveliso zokubulala izinambuzane (izitshizi okanye iikhoyili) ezifunyenweyo kwikhaya ngalinye yayiyi-3, kwaye i-SES yayinxulumene kakuhle nenani leemveliso ezisetyenzisiweyo (uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lukaFisher p < 0.0001, nangona kunjalo kwezinye iimeko ezi mveliso zifunyenwe ziqulethe okufanayo); izithako ezisebenzayo phantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo orhwebo. Itheyibhile 2 ibonisa ukuphindaphindeka kokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane veki nganye phakathi kwabalimi ngokwemeko yabo yezoqoqosho nezentlalo.
Iipyrethroids zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintsapho zeekhemikhali kumakhaya (48.74%) kunye nezitshizi zezinambuzane zolimo (54.74%). Iimveliso zenziwa ngesibulali-zinambuzane ngasinye okanye xa zidibene nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zezibulali-zinambuzane zasekhaya zii-carbamates, ii-organophosphates kunye nee-pyrethroids, ngelixa ii-neonicotinoids kunye nee-pyrethroids zixhaphakile phakathi kwezibulali-zinambuzane zezolimo (Isihlomelo 5). Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa umlinganiselo weentsapho ezahlukeneyo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa ngabalimi, zonke ezihlelwe njengeClass II (ingozi ephakathi) okanye iClass III (ingozi encinci) ngokwehlelo leWorld Health Organisation yezibulali-zinambuzane [44]. Ngaxa lithile, kwavela ukuba ilizwe lalisebenzisa isibulali-zinambuzane i-deltamethrin, esenzelwe iinjongo zezolimo.
Ngokuphathelele izithako ezisebenzayo, ipropoxur kunye ne-deltamethrin zezona mveliso zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswa ekhaya nasentsimini, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 5 iqulethe ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngeemveliso zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngabalimi ekhaya nakwizityalo zabo.
Abalimi bakhankanye ezinye iindlela zokulawula iingcongconi, kuquka abalandeli bamagqabi (i-pêpê ngolwimi lwendawo lwase-Abbey), ukutshisa amagqabi, ukucoca indawo, ukususa amanzi amileyo, ukusebenzisa izinto zokugxotha iingcongconi, okanye ukusebenzisa nje amashiti ukugxotha iingcongconi.
Izinto ezinxulumene nolwazi lwabalimi ngemalariya kunye nokutshiza izibulali-zinambuzane ngaphakathi endlwini (uhlalutyo lohlengahlengiso lwezinto).
Idatha ibonise unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zasekhaya kunye nezibikezeli ezintlanu: inqanaba lemfundo, i-SES, ulwazi lweengcongconi njengesizathu esiphambili semalariya, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ITN, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zezolimo. Umfanekiso 3 ubonisa ii-OR ezahlukeneyo zenguqu nganye yokuxela kwangaphambili. Xa zibekwe ngokwamaqela elali, zonke izibikezeli zibonise unxulumano oluhle nokusetyenziswa kwezitshizi zezibulali-zinambuzane kumakhaya (ngaphandle kolwazi lwezizathu eziphambili zemalariya, ezazinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) . )) (Umfanekiso 3). Phakathi kwezi zibikezeli ezilungileyo, enye enomdla kukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwezolimo. Abalimi abasebenzise izibulali-zinambuzane kwizityalo babenethuba elingaphezulu kwe-188% lokusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ekhaya (95% CI: 1.12, 8.26). Nangona kunjalo, amakhaya anolwazi oluphezulu malunga nokusasazeka kwemalariya ayenamathuba amancinci okusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane emakhaya. Abantu abanemfundo ephakamileyo babenokwazi ngakumbi ukuba iingcongconi zezona zibangela imalariya (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10), kodwa bekungekho nxulunyaniso lwezibalo ne-SES ephezulu (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 0.93, 2.46).
Ngokutsho kwentloko yekhaya, inani leengcongconi liphezulu ngexesha lemvula kwaye ebusuku lixesha lokulunywa kakhulu ziingcongconi (85.79%). Xa abalimi bebuzwa ngembono yabo ngempembelelo yokutshiza izinambuzane kwiingcongconi ezithwala imalariya, ama-86.59% aqinisekisile ukuba iingcongconi zibonakala zikhula ukumelana nezibulali-zinambuzane. Ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa iimveliso zeekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo ngenxa yokungafumaneki kwazo kuthathwa njengesona sizathu siphambili sokungasebenzi kakuhle okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweemveliso, ezithathwa njengezinye izinto ezibangela oku. Ngokukodwa, oku kudibene nezinga lemfundo ephantsi (p < 0.01), nokuba kulawulwa i-SES (p < 0.0001). Yi-12.41% kuphela yabaphenduli abaqwalasele ukumelana neengcongconi njengenye yezizathu ezinokubakho zokungamelani nezibulali-zinambuzane.
Bekukho unxibelelwano oluhle phakathi kokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezibulali-zinambuzane ekhaya kunye nembono yokuchasana kweengcongconi nezibulali-zinambuzane (p < 0.0001): iingxelo zokuchasana kweengcongconi nezibulali-zinambuzane bezisekelwe kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwezibulali-zinambuzane ekhaya ngabalimi izihlandlo ezi-3-4 ngeveki (90.34%). Ukongeza kwinani eliphindaphindayo, ubungakanani bezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenzisiweyo bukwanxulumene kakuhle nembono yabalimi yokuchasana nezibulali-zinambuzane (p < 0.0001).
Olu phononongo lugxile kwimbono yabalimi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwemalariya kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba imfundo kunye nesimo sentlalo-ntle sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimikhwa yokuziphatha kunye nolwazi malunga nemalariya. Nangona uninzi lweentloko zeentsapho zafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, njengakwezinye iindawo, inani labalimi abangafundanga libalulekile [35, 45]. Le meko ingachazwa yinto yokuba nokuba abalimi abaninzi baqala ukufumana imfundo, uninzi lwabo kufuneka bayeke isikolo ukuze baxhase iintsapho zabo ngemisebenzi yezolimo [26]. Kunoko, le meko igxininisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwesimo sentlalo-ntle kunye nemfundo bubalulekile ekuchazeni ubudlelwane phakathi kwesimo sentlalo-ntle kunye nokukwazi ukwenza ngokweenkcukacha.
Kwiindawo ezininzi apho imalariya ixhaphakileyo, abathathi-nxaxheba baqhelene nezizathu kunye neempawu zemalariya [33,46,47,48,49]. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyamkelwa ukuba abantwana basengozini yokufumana imalariya [31, 34]. Oku kuqatshelwa kunokunxulunyaniswa nokuthambekela kwabantwana kunye nobunzima beempawu zemalariya [50, 51].
Abathathi-nxaxheba baxele ukuba bachithe imali emalunga ne-$30,000, ngaphandle kokubandakanya ezothutho kunye nezinye izinto.
Uthelekiso lwemeko yezoqoqosho yabalimi lubonisa ukuba abalimi abanemeko yezoqoqosho ephantsi kakhulu bachitha imali eninzi kunabalimi abazizityebi. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba amakhaya anemeko yezoqoqosho ephantsi kakhulu abona iindleko ziphezulu (ngenxa yobunzima bawo obukhulu kwimali yekhaya iyonke) okanye ngenxa yeenzuzo ezinxulumene nokuqeshwa kwicandelo likarhulumente nelabucala (njengoko kunjalo kumakhaya azizityebi kakhulu). ): Ngenxa yokufumaneka kwe-inshurensi yezempilo, inkxaso-mali yonyango lwemalariya (xa ithelekiswa neendleko zizonke) inokuba phantsi kakhulu kuneendleko zeentsapho ezingaxhamliyo kwi-inshurensi [52]. Enyanisweni, kwaxelwa ukuba amakhaya azizityebi kakhulu asebenzisa kakhulu unyango lwe-biomedical xa kuthelekiswa namakhaya ahlwempuzekileyo.
Nangona uninzi lwabalimi lubona iingcongconi njengesona sizathu siphambili semalariya, lincinci kuphela elisebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane (ngokutshiza nokufutha) emakhayeni alo, ngokufanayo noko kufunyenwe eCameroon nase-Equatorial Guinea [48, 53]. Ukungakhathali ngeengcongconi xa kuthelekiswa nezinambuzane zezityalo kungenxa yexabiso lezoqoqosho lezityalo. Ukunciphisa iindleko, iindlela ezingabizi kakhulu ezifana nokutshisa amagqabi ekhaya okanye ukugxotha nje iingcongconi ngesandla ziyathandwa. Ubuthi obubonwayo bunokuba yinto ebalulekileyo: ivumba leemveliso ezithile zeekhemikhali kunye nokungonwabi emva kokusetyenziswa kubangela ukuba abanye abasebenzisi baphephe ukuzisebenzisa [54]. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezibulali-zinambuzane emakhayeni (85.20% yeentsapho ezixelwe ukuba ziyazisebenzisa) kukwanegalelo ekusetyenzisweni okuphantsi kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezilwa neengcongconi. Ukubakho kweenethi zokulala eziphathwa yingcongconi emakhayeni kukwanxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokuba khona kwabantwana abangaphantsi konyaka omnye ubudala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yenkxaso yeklinikhi yabasetyhini abakhulelweyo abafumana inethi zokulala eziphathwa yingcongconi ngexesha lokubonisana nogqirha ngaphambi kokubeletha [6].
Iipyrethroids zezona zibulala-zinambuzane ziphambili ezisetyenziswa kwiinethi eziphathwayo zezibulala-zinambuzane [55] kwaye zisetyenziswa ngabalimi ukulawula izinambuzane kunye neengcongconi, nto leyo ephakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokwanda kokuxhathisa izibulala-zinambuzane [55, 56, 57,58,59]. Le meko inokuchaza ukwehla kobuthathaka beengcongconi kwizibulala-zinambuzane ezibonwa ngabalimi.
Imeko ephezulu yezoqoqosho ayizange idibaniswe nolwazi olungcono ngemalariya kunye neengcongconi njengesizathu sayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinto ezifunyenwe ngaphambili ngu-Ouattara kunye noogxa bakhe ngo-2011, abantu abazizityebi badla ngokukwazi ukuchonga izizathu zemalariya kuba banokufikelela lula kulwazi ngomabonwakude nangonomathotholo [35]. Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonisa ukuba inqanaba lemfundo ephakamileyo lixela ukuqonda okungcono ngemalariya. Olu phononongo luqinisekisa ukuba imfundo ihlala iyinto ebalulekileyo kulwazi lwabalimi malunga nemalariya. Isizathu sokuba imeko yezoqoqosho ingabi nampembelelo ingako kukuba iilali zihlala zabelana ngomabonwakude nangonomathotholo. Nangona kunjalo, imeko yezoqoqosho kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa kusetyenziswa ulwazi malunga namaqhinga okuthintela imalariya yasekhaya.
Inqanaba eliphezulu lezentlalo nelemfundo ephakamileyo zidibene kakuhle nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane zasekhaya (isitshizi okanye isitshizi). Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukukwazi kwabalimi ukuchonga iingcongconi njengesizathu esiphambili semalariya kuyichaphazele kakubi imodeli. Esi sibikezeli sidibene kakuhle nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane xa zihlanganiswe kulo lonke uluntu, kodwa sidibene kakubi nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane xa zihlanganiswe ngokwelali. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukubaluleka kwempembelelo yokutya abantu kwizenzo zabo kunye nesidingo sokubandakanya iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga kuhlalutyo. Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa okokuqala ukuba abalimi abanamava okusebenzisa izibulali zinambuzane kwezolimo banamathuba amaninzi kunabanye okusebenzisa izitshizi kunye neekhoyili zezibulali zinambuzane njengezicwangciso zangaphakathi zokulawula imalariya.
Ukuphinda uphando lwangaphambili malunga nempembelelo yemeko yezentlalo nezoqoqosho kwindlela abajonga ngayo abalimi malunga nezibulali-zinambuzane [16, 60, 61, 62, 63], amakhaya atyebileyo axele ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu kunye nokuphindaphinda kokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane. Abaphenduli babekholelwa ukuba ukutshiza izixa ezikhulu zezibulali-zinambuzane yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphepha uphuhliso lokumelana neengcongconi, nto leyo ehambelana neenkxalabo ezivezwe kwenye indawo [64]. Ngoko ke, iimveliso zasekhaya ezisetyenziswa ngabalimi zinokwakheka okufanayo kweekhemikhali phantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo orhwebo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abalimi kufuneka babeke phambili ulwazi lobuchwephesha lwemveliso kunye nezithako zayo ezisebenzayo. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe nokwaziwa kwabathengisi, njengoko bengomnye wemiba ephambili yokubhekisa kubathengi bezibulali-zinambuzane [17, 24, 65, 66, 67].
Ukuze kubekho impembelelo entle ekusetyenzisweni kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokungenelela kufuneka kugxile ekuphuculeni amaqhinga onxibelelwano, kuthathelwe ingqalelo amanqanaba emfundo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha kwimeko yohlengahlengiso lwenkcubeko nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokubonelela ngezibulali-zinambuzane ezikhuselekileyo. Abantu baya kuthenga ngokusekelwe kwixabiso (ukuba bangakanani na abanokukwazi ukulithenga) kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Nje ukuba umgangatho ufumaneke ngexabiso elifikelelekayo, imfuno yokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha ekuthengeni iimveliso ezilungileyo kulindeleke ukuba inyuke kakhulu. Fundisa abalimi malunga nokutshintshwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ukuze baqhawule imixokelelwane yokuchasana nezibulali-zinambuzane, becacisa ukuba ukutshintshwa akuthethi utshintsho kuphawu lwemveliso; (ekubeni iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ziqulathe i-compound efanayo esebenzayo), kodwa kunoko umahluko kwizithako ezisebenzayo. Le mfundo inokuxhaswa ngokulebhelisha imveliso ngcono ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezilula nezicacileyo.
Ekubeni izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabalimi basemaphandleni kwiPhondo lase-Abbotville, ukuqonda izikhewu zolwazi lwabalimi kunye nendlela abajonga ngayo ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwindawo engqongileyo kubonakala ngathi yimfuneko yokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokwazisa eziphumelelayo. Uphononongo lwethu luqinisekisa ukuba imfundo isalokhu iyinto ephambili ekusebenziseni ngokuchanekileyo izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nolwazi malunga nemalariya. Imeko yentlalo-ntle yosapho nayo ithathwa njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufuneka siqwalaselwe. Ukongeza kwimeko yentlalo-ntle kunye nenqanaba lemfundo yentloko yekhaya, ezinye izinto ezifana nolwazi malunga nemalariya, ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ukulawula izitshabalalisi, kunye nembono yokuchasana kweengcongconi kwizibulali-zinambuzane inefuthe kwindlela abajonga ngayo abalimi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
Iindlela ezixhomekeke kubaphenduli ezifana nemibuzo ziyakhunjulwa kwaye zinocalucalulo olufunekayo eluntwini. Kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa iimpawu zekhaya ukuvavanya imeko yezentlalo nezoqoqosho, nangona la manyathelo enokuba angqamene nexesha kunye nemeko yendawo apho aphuhliswe khona kwaye asenokungabonisi ngokufanayo inyani yanamhlanje yezinto ezithile zexabiso lenkcubeko, okwenza uthelekiso phakathi kwezifundo lube nzima. Enyanisweni, kunokubakho utshintsho olukhulu kubunini bekhaya bezinto ezibonisa izalathiso olungayi kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu bezinto eziphathekayo.
Abanye abalimi abakhumbuli amagama eemveliso zezibulali-zinambuzane, ngoko ke ubungakanani bezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa ngabalimi bunokuthathwa njengento engaphantsi okanye egqithisileyo. Uphononongo lwethu aluzange luqwalasele indlela abajonga ngayo abalimi ngokutshiza izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nendlela ababona ngayo iziphumo zezenzo zabo kwimpilo yabo nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Abathengisi nabo ababandakanywanga kolu phando. Zombini ezi ngongoma zinokujongwa kwizifundo ezizayo.
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Ixesha leposi: Epreli-28-2024