Sivavanye unyango lwe-fungicide lokulawula izifo kwiZiko loPhando kunye nokuHlola i-William H. Daniel Turfgrass kwiYunivesithi yasePurdue eWest Lafayette, eIndiana. Siqhube uvavanyo oluluhlaza kwi-creeping bentgrass 'Crenshaw' kunye ne-'Pennlinks' greens.
Umfanekiso 1: Unyango lwe-Crenshaw bentgrass fungicide. Izicelo zokugqibela zingeniswe nge-30 ka-Agasti kwi-Maxtima and Traction kunye ne-23 ka-Agasti kwi-Xzemplar. Iintolo zibonisa ixesha lokufaka iintsuku ezili-14 (Xzemlar) kunye neentsuku ezingama-21 (Maxtima and Traction) kwi-fungicide nganye.
Ukususela nge-1 ka-Epreli ukuya kwi-29 kaSeptemba 2023, siza kucheba zombini izityalo eziluhlaza kahlanu ngeveki kwi-0.135 intshi. Sisebenzise i-4 fl. Wetting agent Excalibur (Aqua-Aid Solutions) kuzo zombini izityalo eziluhlaza nge-9 kaJuni kunye ne-28. oz/1000 sq. ft. ixabiso nge-20 kaJulayi yayiyi-2.7 fl oz. oz/1000 sq. ft. ukunciphisa iindawo ezomileyo ezikufutshane.
Emva koko sifake i-Fleet wetting agent (2.7 fl oz/1000 sq ft) kwiindawo eziluhlaza ngomhla we-16 ku-Agasti ukunciphisa iindawo ezomileyo ezikwindawo ethile.
Sisebenzise ii-Tempo SC fluids ezili-9 (cyfluthrin, Envu). oz/acre kunye neMeridian (Thiamethoxam, Syngenta) 12 fl oz. Juni 9 oz/acre ukulawula iimbovane. Sifake i-0.5 lb yesichumiso se-nitrogen ngomhla we-10 kuJuni nangomhla wesi-2 kuSeptemba sisebenzisa iCountry Club MD (18-3-18, Lebanon Lawn). N/1000 square feet
Iiploti zethu zovavanyo zaziziimitha ezi-5 x 5 ngobukhulu kwaye zenziwe kusetyenziswa uyilo lwebhloko epheleleyo engacwangciswanga eneziphindaphindo ezine. Sebenzisa isitshizi esisebenza nge-CO2 kwi-50 psi kunye neempumlo ezintathu ze-TeeJet 8008 ezisicaba ezilingana neegaloni ezi-2/iimitha ezili-1000 zamanzi.
Kuzo zombini izifundo (uVavanyo 1 kunye noVavanyo 2), siqale zonke iindlela zonyango ngoMeyi 17, ixesha lokunikezelwa kokugqibela lahluka kwiindlela zonyango (Itheyibhile 1). Ngomhla woku-1 kuJulayi, sisebenzise isixhobo sokusasaza ngesandla ukusasaza ngokulinganayo ingqolowa yerayisi echaphazelekileyo ngamabala edola ngesantya se-12.5 cc ngebhedi nganye. Emva koko sishiya ingqolowa yerayisi phezu kwengca kangangeentsuku ezine ngaphambi kokuba sichebe.
Sivavanye ubunzima bamabala edola ngokusekelwe kwinani lamaziko osulelo kwindawo ethile. Indawo ephantsi kwe-disease progression curve (AUDPC) ibalwe kusetyenziswa indlela ye-trapezoidal kusetyenziswa ifomula Σ [(yi + yi + 1)/2] [ti + 1 − ti], apho i = 1,2,3, ... n -1, apho yi - rating, ti - ixesha lovavanyo lwe-i-th. Idatha ihlolwe uhlalutyo lokwahluka kunye nokwahlukana okuphakathi (P = 0.05) kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-LSD olukhuselweyo lukaFisher.
Siqale sabona umahluko kulawulo lwe-dollar spot phakathi kweendawo zonyango ngoMeyi 31. Ngomhla we-13 kuJuni, ubunzima be-dollar spot kunyango lweprojekthi babuphezulu kakhulu kunakwezinye iindlela zonyango (Umfanekiso 1). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubunzima be-dollar spot kwinkqubo ye-$20 kaJulayi 20 babuphantsi kunezinye iindlela zonyango.
Ngomhla wesi-2 ku-Agasti, iindawo zanyangwa nge-1.3 fl yeTraction (fluazimide, tebuconazole, Nupharm). oz/1000 sq. ft. – Ixabiso le-spot leentsuku ezingama-21 kwiidola zaseMelika laliphezulu kakhulu kuneepasele ezinyangwe ngeMaxtima (fluconazole, BASF) 0.4 oz. oz/1000 sq. feet kwixesha elifanayo. Ngomhla we-16 kuSeptemba kunye nowama-28, kwiiveki ezimbini nezine emva kokusetyenziswa kokugqibela, ngokulandelelana, iiploti ezinyangwe ngeTraction zazinee-spot dollars ezingaphezulu kakhulu kuneMaxtima kwaye zazinexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu le-AUDPC kunolawulo.
Siqale sabona indawo yedola ngoJulayi 7. Ukusukela ngoJulayi 7, zonke iindawo ezinyangiweyo zazinobhubhane olungaphantsi kwesinye kwindawo nganye. Akukho mahluko kunyango kulo lonke uvavanyo. Amaxabiso e-AUDPC kuzo zonke iindawo ezinyangiweyo ayephantsi kakhulu kunalawo akwiindawo zolawulo ezinganyangwanga (Itheyibhile 1).
IZiko loPhando noXilongo likaDaniel Turfgrass kwiYunivesithi yasePurdue livavanye ukusebenza kakuhle konyango lwefungicide kwi-bentgrass ekhulileyo nezimeleyo.
Ukususela ngomhla woku-1 ku-Epreli ukuya kumhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha, cheba kathathu ngeveki ukuya kutsho kubude obuziisentimitha eziyi-0.5. Sazisa iFerence (cyantraniliprole, Syngenta) ngomhla wama-30 kuJuni kwi-0.37 fl. oz/1000 sq. ft. ukulawula i-white grub. Ngomhla wama-20 kuJulayi, sasebenzisa i-Excalibur enokuthambisa ngedosi ye-2.7 fl. oz/1000 sq. ft. ukunciphisa iindawo ezomileyo ezikwindawo ethile.
Sisebenzise i-Fleet moisturizing agent (Harrell's) ngomhla we-16 ku-Agasti kwi-3 fl. oz/1000 sq. ft. ukunciphisa iindawo ezomileyo ezikwindawo ethile. Emva koko sisebenzise i-0.75 lbs ye-nitrogen ngomhla wama-24 kuMeyi sisebenzisa iShaw (24-0-22). N/1000 sq. ft. Septemba 13, 1.0 lbs. N/1000 square feet.
Iiploti zazinobukhulu obuziimitha ezi-5 x 5 kwaye zicwangciswe ngokweebhloko ezipheleleyo ezingacwangciswanga ezineekopi ezine. Sebenzisa isitshizi esisebenza nge-CO2 kwi-45 psi kunye neempumlo ezintathu ze-TeeJet 8008 ezisicaba ezilingana ne-1 gallon/1000 square feet zamanzi.
Sifake isicelo sokuqala se-fungicide nge-19 kaMeyi kwaye esokugqibela nge-18 ka-Agasti. Ingqolowa yerayi eyosulelwe yintsholongwane ye-dollar spot yafakwa ngokulinganayo ngumsasazi wesandla nge-27 kaJuni nangomhla woku-1 kaJulayi ngesantya se-11 cm3 kunye ne-12 cm3 kwisiza ngasinye, ngokulandelelana. Emva koko sishiya ingqolowa yerayi phezu kwengca iintsuku ezine ngaphambi kokuba sichebe.
Ubunzima besifo buvavanywe rhoqo kwiiveki ezimbini kulo lonke uphando. Ubunzima besifo buvavanywe ngokuvavanya ngokubonakalayo ipesenti yendawo echaphazelekayo kwindawo nganye. Indawo ephantsi kwe-disease pressure curve (AUDPC) ibalwe kusetyenziswa indlela ye-trapezoidal echazwe apha ngasentla. Idatha ihlolwe uhlalutyo lokwahluka kunye nokwahlulwa okuphakathi (P=0.05) kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-LSD olukhuselweyo lukaFisher.
Siqale sabona amabala edola (<0.3% ubunzima, izilonda ezisulelekileyo eziyi-0.2 kwindawo nganye) ngoJuni 1, kwaye inani lawo landa emva kokugonywa. Ngomhla wama-20 kuJulayi, iindawo zanyangwa nge-Encartis (boscalid kunye ne-chlorothalonil, BASF) 3 fl. oz/1000 sq. ft – iintsuku ezili-14 kunye ne-4 fl oz/1000 sq. ft. – iintsuku ezingama-28, i-Daconil Ultrex (chlorothalonil, Syngenta) 2.8 fl oz/1000 sq. ft. – iintsuku ezili-14, iindawo ezinyangiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo zazinamabala edola ambalwa kunawo onke amanye amabala anyangiweyo kunye nolawulo olunganyangwanga.
Ukususela nge-20 kaJulayi ukuya kwi-15 kaSeptemba, zonke iindawo ezinyangiweyo zazinosulelo oluncinci kuneendawo ezinganyangwanga. Iindawo ezinyangiweyo nge-Encartis (3 fl oz/1000 sq ft – iintsuku ezili-14), i-Encartis (3.5 fl oz/1000 sq ft – iintsuku ezingama-21) nge-2 kaSeptemba, iiveki ezimbini emva kokufakwa kokugqibela (WFFA) d), i-Xzemplar (fluxapyroxad, BASF) 0.21 fl. ounce/1000 sq. ft. – iintsuku ezingama-21, i-Xzemlar (0.26 oz/1000 sq. ft. – iintsuku ezingama-21) kunye neendawo ezinyangiweyo zenkqubo zazinobunzima obuncinci kakhulu.
Ngomhla wesi-3 nowe-16 ku-Agasti, amaxabiso e-Encartis kunye nexesha lokugqibela lokufaka izicelo azizange zibe nefuthe elikhulu kulawulo lwe-spot yedola yaseMelika. Nangona kunjalo, ngomhla wesi-2 nowe-15 kuSeptemba (i-WFFA 2 kunye ne-4), iindawo zazinokuthathwa lula nge-Encartis (3 fl oz/1000 sq ft – iintsuku ezili-14) kunye ne-Encartis (3.5 fl oz/1000 sq ft). . . – iintsuku ezingama-21) inokumelana okuphantsi kwamabala e-USD kune-Encartis (4 fl oz/1000 sq ft – iintsuku ezingama-28).
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umahluko kwizinga lokusetyenziswa kunye nexesha lonyango lweXzemplar kunye neMaxtima awuzange uchaphazele kakhulu ubunzima beendawo ezimdaka ngexesha lophando. Amazinga aphezulu okusetyenziswa kweDaconil Action (3 fl oz/1000 sq ft) exutywe neSecure Action awazange abangele ukwehla kwendawo emdaka. NgoSeptemba 2, iziko lolawulo losulelo leDollar Point leXzemplar lanyanga iindawo ezimbalwa kuneMaxtima.
Amaxabiso e-AUDPC kuzo zonke iindawo ezinyangiweyo ayephantsi kakhulu kunalawo eendawo ezinganyangwanga zolawulo. Ubunzima be-Dollar spot bebuphantsi rhoqo kwiiploti kule nkqubo kulo lonke uphando, kunye namaxabiso aphantsi e-AUDPC kuzo zonke iindlela zonyango.
Iindawo ezinyangwe ngeDaconil Ultrex zodwa zazinexabiso eliphezulu le-AUDPC kuneendawo ezinyangwe ngazo zonke iindlela zonyango ngaphandle kwezo zinyangwe nge-0.5 ml Secure (fluridinium, Syngenta). oz/1000 sq. ft. – 21 days) Daconil Action (2 fl oz/1000 sq. ft) kunye neSecure Action (azibendazole-S-methyl kunye ne-fluazinam, Syngenta) 0.5 fl. oz/1000 sq. ft. – 21 days Akukho phytotoxicity ibonwe kulo lonke uphando.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-16-2024