Uthotho lwamalingo okulinga asekwe kwindlwana lwaqhutywa eKhowe, kumazantsi e-Benin, ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwebhayoloji yenethi yeengcongconi zesizukulwana esitsha nezivavanyiweyo endle ngokuchasene ne-pyrethrin-resistant malaria vectors. Iminatha endala yakhutshwa emakhayeni emva kweenyanga ezili-12, ezingama-24 nezingama-36. Iziqwenga zewebhu ezisikwe kwii-ITN ezipheleleyo zahlalutywa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye novavanyo lwebhayoloji lwaqhutywa ngexesha lolingo ngalunye ukuvavanya utshintsho lokunganyangeki kwesitshabalalisi kwi-Vector ye-Khowe.
I-Interceptor® G2 igqwesile ezinye ii-ITN, eziqinisekisa ukugqwesa kwe-pyrethroid kunye ne-chlorfenapyr net kunezinye iintlobo zenetha. Phakathi kweemveliso ezintsha, zonke ii-ITN zesizukulwana esilandelayo zibonise i-bioefficacy engcono kune-Interceptor®; nangona kunjalo, ubukhulu bolu phuculo lwancitshiswa emva kokuguga kwentsimi ngenxa yokuqina okufutshane kwee-non-pyrethroid compounds. Ezi ziphumo ziqaqambisa imfuno yokuphucula ukuzingisa kokubulala izinambuzane kwisizukulwana esilandelayo se-ITN.
Isibulali zinambuzane-i-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukugula kwe-malaria kunye nokufa kwiminyaka eyi-20 edlulileyo. Ukususela ngo-2004, ngaphezu kwe-3 yeebhiliyoni ze-ITN zisasazwe kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye izifundo zemodeli zibonisa ukuba i-68% yeemeko ze-malaria kwi-Afrika engaphantsi kwe-Sahara zathintelwa phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-2015. Ngelishwa, ukuxhathisa kwabemi be-malaria kwi-pyrethroids (udidi oluqhelekileyo lwezinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwii-ITNs) lunyuke kakhulu, lusongela ukusebenza kolu ngenelelo luyimfuneko. Ngelo xesha, inkqubela phambili yokulawula i-malaria iye yacotha emhlabeni jikelele, kunye nenani lamazwe anomthwalo ophezulu afumana ukwanda kweemeko ze-malaria ukususela kwi-2015. Ezi ndlela ziqhubele phambili uphuhliso lwesizukulwana esitsha seemveliso ze-ITN ezijolise ekujonganeni nosongelo lokuxhathisa ipyrethroid kunye nokunceda ukunciphisa lo mthwalo kunye nokufezekisa iinjongo zehlabathi.
Ngoku kukho ii-ITN ezintathu zesizukulwana esitsha kwimarike, nganye idibanisa ipyrethroid kunye nesinye isibulali-zinambuzane okanye i-synergist ekwaziyo ukoyisa ukuxhathisa kwepyrethroid kwiivektha zemalariya. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani lezilingo ezilawulwa ngokungenamkhethe (RCTs) ziye zaqhutyelwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-epidemiological yale minatha xa kuthelekiswa neminatha eqhelekileyo ye-pyrethroid-only kunye nokubonelela ubungqina obufunekayo ukuxhasa iingcebiso zeWorld Health Organization (WHO). Iinetha zokulala ezidibanisa i-pyrethroids kunye ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-synergist ephucula ukusebenza kwe-pyrethroids ngokunqanda ii-enzymes ze-mosquito detoxification, yayiyeyokuqala ukucetyiswa yi-WHO emva kweemveliso ezimbini (i-Olyset® Plus kunye ne-PermaNet® 3.0) ibonise impembelelo ephezulu ye-epidemioid epidemiological xa kuthelekiswa novavanyo lwe-cd-only-only epidemioid eTanzania naseUganda. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi oluninzi luyafuneka ukumisela ixabiso lezempilo likawonke-wonke le-pyrethroid-PBO enethi zebhedi eNtshona Afrika, apho uxhathiso olumandla lwepyrethroid lunokunciphisa izibonelelo zabo xa kuthelekiswa neinethi zebhedi ezinepyrethroid kuphela.
Ukuzingisa kokubulala izitshabalalisi kwee-ITN ngokuqhelekileyo kuhlolwa ngokuqokelela inetha kuluntu kwaye zivavanywe kwilabhoratri yovavanyo lwebhayoloji kusetyenziswa iintlobo zeengcongconi ezikhuliselwa inambuzane. Ngelixa olu vavanyo luluncedo ekuphawuleni ukufumaneka kwe-bioavailability kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezitshabalalisi kumphezulu we-bednets ngokuhamba kwexesha, zibonelela ngolwazi olulinganiselweyo malunga nokusebenza ngokuthelekisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-bednets zesizukulwana esilandelayo kuba iindlela kunye neentlobo zeengcongconi ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe nendlela yokusebenza ye-insecticide equlethwe kuyo. Uvavanyo lwendlu yovavanyo yenye indlela enokusetyenziswa ukuvavanya ngokuthelekisa ukusebenza kweminatha efakwe isitshabalalisi kuphononongo lokuqina phantsi kweemeko ezilinganisa intsebenziswano yendalo phakathi kwenginginya yeengcongconi zasendle kunye neinethi zasekhaya ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Ngokwenene, izifundo zamva nje zemodeli zisebenzisa i-entomological surrogates kwidatha ye-epidemiological ibonise ukuba ukufa kweengcongconi kunye namazinga okutya alinganiswe kolu vavanyo lunokusetyenziswa ukuqikelela ifuthe le-ITN kwizehlo zemalariya kunye nokuxhaphaka kwi-RCTs yeqela. Ngaloo ndlela, izilingo zovavanyo ezisekelwe kwi-hut apho i-lymph nodes eqokelelwe kwi-insecticide ifakwe kwi-cluster RCTs inokubonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo kwi-bioefficacy ethelekisayo kunye nokuphikelela kwe-insecticidal ye-lymph nodes ephathwa nge-insecticide ngaphezu kwexesha elilindelekileyo lokuphila, kunye nokunceda ukutolika iziphumo ze-epidemiological zezi zifundo.
Uvavanyo lwendlwana yovavanyo lulinganiso lwendawo yokuhlala yabantu ekhuthazwa nguMbutho weMpilo weHlabathi ukuze uvavanye ukusebenza kweinethi ezineengcongconi ezifakwe isibulali-zinambuzane. Olu vavanyo luphindaphinda iimeko zokuvezwa zehlabathi lokwenyani abathi abanini beengcongconi bahlangane nazo xa benxibelelana nenethi zokulala zekhaya kwaye ke ngoko yindlela efanelekileyo yokuhlola ukusebenza kwebhayoloji yeinethi zokulala ezisetyenzisiweyo kubomi babo benkonzo obulindelekileyo.
Olu pho nonongo luvavanye ukuphumelela kwe-entomological yeentlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane ye-insecticidal mosquito yesizukulwana esitsha (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® kunye ne-Interceptor® G2) phantsi kweemeko zentsimi kwiibhanki zovavanyo kwaye zithelekise ne-pyrethrin-only net (Interceptor®). Zonke ezi nethi zeengcongconi zinyangwe ngesibulali zinambuzane zibandakanyiwe kuluhlu olusele luqingqelwe yi-WHO lolawulo lwezifo. Iimpawu ezineenkcukacha zenethi yeengcongconi zinikwe ngezantsi:
NgoMatshi ka-2020, kwaqhutywa iphulo elikhulu lokusasazwa kweinethi zokuthintela iingcongconi kwiilali ezikwiSithili saseZou, emazantsi eBenin, ukuze kujongwe ukulinga. I-Interceptor®, iRoyal Guard® kunye ne-Interceptor® G2 inethi zokulala zakhethwa kumaqela akhethwe ngokungenamkhethe koomasipala base-Kove, e-Zagnanado nase-Ouinhi njengenxalenye yophononongo lokuphonononga lokuqina olubekwe ngaphakathi kwe-RCT ye-cluster ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-epidemiological yeinetha ezimbini ezinemichiza yokulala enyangwe zizinambuzane ezimbini. Iinethi ze-PermaNet® 3.0 zeengcongconi zaqokelelwa kwilali yase-Avokanzun kufuphi nelokishi zaseJija nase-Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) zaza zasasazwa ngaxeshanye nenethi ze-RCT zeqela leengcongconi ngexesha lephulo elikhulu lika-2020 leNkqubo yeSizwe yoLawulo lweMalariya. Umzobo 1 ubonisa iindawo zamaqela ophononongo/iilali apho iintlobo ze-ITN ezahlukeneyo zaqokelelwa khona xa kuthelekiswa neziza zovavanyo lwezindlu.
Ulingo lwe-pilot hut lwenziwa ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kwe-entomological ye-Interceptor®, i-PermaNet® 3.0, i-Royal Guard® kunye ne-Interceptor® G2 ITNs xa isusiwe kumakhaya kwi-12, i-24 kunye ne-36 yeenyanga emva kokusasazwa. Ngexesha ngalinye lonyaka, ukusebenza kwee-ITN ezikhulileyo kwintsimi kwafaniswa neminatha emitsha, engasetyenziswanga yohlobo ngalunye kunye nenethi engaphathwanga njengolawulo olubi. Ngexesha ngalinye lonyaka, iisampulu eziphindaphindayo ze-54 ze-ITN ezineminyaka yobudala kunye ne-6 entsha ye-ITN yohlobo ngalunye zavavanywa kwi-1 okanye i-2 izilingo ze-hut eziphindaphindayo kunye nokujikeleza kwemihla ngemihla kwonyango. Ngaphambi kovavanyo lwendlu nganye, isalathisi esiphakathi se-porosity ye-inets yentsimi endala yohlobo ngalunye lwe-ITN yalinganiswa ngokweengcebiso ze-WHO. Ukulinganisa ukugqoka kunye nokukrazula ekusebenziseni imihla ngemihla, zonke ii-ITN ezintsha kunye neenatha zokulawula ezingaphathwanga zenziwe ngemingxuma emithandathu ye-4 x 4 cm imingxuma: ezimbini kwipaneli yecala elide kunye neyodwa kwipaneli yecala elifutshane, ngokuhambelana neengcebiso ze-WHO. Umnatha wokuthintela iingcongconi wafakwa ngaphakathi kwendlwana ngokubophelela imiphetho yamaphepha ophahla ngeentambo kwizikhonkwane ezikwiikona ezingaphezulu zeendonga zendlwana. Olu nyango lulandelayo lwavavanywa kulingo lwendlu nganye:
Iinethi ezindala ziye zavavanywa kwizindlu zovavanyo kwangaloo nyaka njengoko iminatha yayisusiwe. Ulingo lwe-Hut lwenziwa kwindawo enye ukusuka ngoMeyi ukuya kuSeptemba 2021, ngo-Epreli ukuya kuJuni 2022, kunye noMeyi ukuya kuJulayi 2023, kunye nenetha zisuswe emva kwe-12, 24, kunye neenyanga ze-36, ngokulandelanayo. Ulingo ngalunye lwahlala kumjikelo wonyango olupheleleyo (ubusuku be-54 kwiiveki ze-9), ngaphandle kweenyanga ze-12, xa imijikelezo yonyango elandelelanayo iqhutywe ukunyusa ubungakanani besampuli yengcongconi. Ukulandela uyilo lwesikwere lesiLatini, unyango lwalujikeleziswa ngeveki phakathi kwezindlu zokulinga ukulawula iziphumo zendawo yendlu, ngelixa amavolontiya ajikeleziswa yonke imihla ukulawula ukungafani komtsalane weengcongconi zomkhosi ngamnye. Iingcongconi zaziqokelelwa iintsuku ezi-6 ngeveki; Ngomhla we-7, phambi komjikelo olandelayo wokujikeleza, iindlwana zacocwa kwaye zafakwa umoya ukuze kuthintelwe ukuhlaselwa.
Ezona ndawo ziphambili zokuphela kokusebenza kunyango lwendlu yovavanyo ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Anopheles gambiae ezikwaziyo ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kunye nothelekiso lwesizukulwana esilandelayo se-ITN kunye ne-pyrethroid-only Interceptor® net yaba:
Isiphelo sesibini esisebenzayo sonyango lovavanyo lwendlwane ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Anopheles gambiae ezikwaziyo ukumelana ne-pyrethroid zibe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukugcinwa (%) - ukunciphisa izinga lokungena kwiqela eliphathwayo xa kuthelekiswa neqela elingaphathwanga. Ubalo luhamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
apho i-Tu inani leengcongconi ezibandakanyiweyo kwiqela lolawulo elingaphathwanga, kwaye i-Tt inani leemiyane ezibandakanyiweyo kwiqela eliphathwayo.
I-Churn Rate (%) - Izinga le-Churn ngenxa yokucaphuka okunokwenzeka kunyango, echazwe njengenxalenye yeengcongconi eziqokelelwe kwibalcony.
. I-coefficient yokunciphisa i-bloodsucking (%) kukunciphisa umyinge we-bloodsucking mosquitoes kwiqela eliphathwayo xa kuthelekiswa neqela elilawulwayo. Indlela yokubala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: apho i-Bfu iyinxalenye yeengcongconi ze-bloodsucking kwiqela lolawulo olungaphendulwanga, kunye ne-Bft isahlulo se-bloodsucking mosquitoes kwiqela eliphathwayo.
Ukunciphisa ukuzala (%) - ukunciphisa umlinganiselo weemiyane ezichumileyo kwiqela eliphathwayo xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olungaphathwanga. Indlela yokubala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: apho i-Fu iyinxalenye yeengcongconi ezichumileyo kwiqela lolawulo elingaphathwanga, kwaye i-Ft yinani leengcongconi ezichumileyo kwiqela eliphathwayo.
Ukubeka iliso kutshintsho kwiprofayili yokuchasana kwabantu be-Covè vector ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-WHO iqhube i-in vitro kunye ne-vial bioassays kunyaka omnye wolingo ngalunye lwendlu yovavanyo (2021, 2022, 2023) ukuvavanya ukuchaphazeleka kwe-AI kwii-ITNs eziphantsi kophononongo kunye nokwazisa ukutolikwa kweziphumo. Kwizifundo ze-in vitro, iingcongconi zavezwa kumaphepha okucoca aphathwe ngokugxininiswa okuchaziweyo kwe-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) kunye ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), kunye neebhotile ezifakwe ngokugxininiswa okuchaziweyo kwe-CFP (100 μg / ibhotile) kunye ne-PPF (100 μg / ibhotile) ukuya kwi-assess insusceptibility to insusability to assess. Ukunyanzeliswa kokumelana ne-pyrethroid kwaphandwa ngokutyhila iimiyane kwi-5-fold (0.25%) kunye ne-10-fold (0.50%) ukugxila okuhlukeneyo kwe-α-cypermethrin kunye ne-deltamethrin. Ekugqibeleni, igalelo le-PBO synergy kunye ne-cytochrome i-P450 monooxygenase (P450) i-overexpression kwi-pyrethroid resistance ihlolwe ngokugqithiswa kweemiyane kwiimpawu ezihlukeneyo ze-α-cypermethrin (0.05%) kunye ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), kunye ne-pre-exposure (4%) ukuya kwi-PBO. Iphepha lokucoca elisetyenziselwa uvavanyo lwetyhubhu ye-WHO lathengwa kwi-Universiti Sains Malaysia. Iibhotile ze-WHO zokuvavanya i-bioassay zisebenzisa i-CFP kunye ne-PPF zalungiswa ngokweengcebiso ze-WHO.
Iingcongconi ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlola izinto eziphilayo zaqokelelwa kwinqanaba lombungu ukusuka kwiindawo zokuzalela kufutshane nezindlu zovavanyo emva koko zakhuliswa kubantu abadala. Ngexesha ngalinye, ubuncinane i-100 imiyane yavezwa kunyango ngalunye lwe-60 min, kunye neempendulo ze-4 nge-tube / ibhotile kunye malunga ne-25 mosquitoes nge-tube / ibhotile. Kwi-pyrethroid kunye ne-CFP exposures, i-3-5 i-mosquitos engatyiswanga yeentsuku isetyenzisiweyo, ngelixa i-PPF, i-5-7 i-mosquitos ye-bloodsucking yeentsuku yayisetyenziselwa ukuvuselela i-oogenesis kunye nokuvavanya umphumo we-PPF ekuzalweni kweengcongconi. Ukuvezwa okufanayo kwenziwa kusetyenziswa iphepha lokucoca i-silicone efakwe kwi-oyile, i-PBO ecocekileyo (4%), kunye neebhotile ezifakwe i-acetone njengolawulo. Ekupheleni kokuvezwa, iimiyane zidluliselwe kwizikhongozeli ezingaphendulwanga kwaye zibonakaliswe kwi-cotton wool efakwe kwi-10% (w / v) isisombululo se-glucose. Ukusweleka kwarekhodwa kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba sesichengeni sepyrethroid kunye rhoqo nge-24 h nge-72 h emva kokuba sesichengeni se-CFP kunye ne-PPF. Ukuvavanya ukuchaphazeleka kwi-PPF, ukusinda kwi-PPF-imiyane evezwe kunye nolawulo olubi oluhambelanayo lwachithwa emva kokulibaziseka kokufa kwabhalwa, ukuphuhliswa kwe-ovarian kwabonwa kusetyenziswa i-microscope edibeneyo, kwaye ukuzala kwavavanywa ngokwenqanaba likaChristophers lophuhliso lweqanda [28, 30]. Ukuba amaqanda aphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo kuChristophers isigaba V, iingcongconi zahlelwa njengezichumileyo, kwaye ukuba amaqanda ayengakhuliswanga ngokupheleleyo kwaye ahlala kwizigaba I-IV, iingcongconi zahlelwa njengezinyumba.
Ngexesha ngalinye lonyaka, iziqwenga ze-30 × 30 cm zinqunywe kwiinetha ezintsha kunye neendawo ezihlala kwiindawo ezichazwe kwiingcebiso ze-WHO [22]. Emva kokusika, iminatha yayibhalwe phantsi, ifakwe kwi-aluminium foil kwaye igcinwe kwifriji kwi-4 ± 2 ° C ukukhusela ukufuduka kwe-AI kwindwangu. Iinetha zaye zathunyelwa kwiZiko loPhando lwezoLimo eWalloon eBelgium ukuze kuhlalutywe iikhemikhali ukulinganisa utshintsho kwimixholo ye-AI epheleleyo ngexesha lobomi babo benkonzo. Iindlela zokuhlalutya ezisetyenzisiweyo (ezisekelwe kwiindlela ezicetyiswayo yiKomiti yeNtsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe yoHlalutyo lwe-Pesticide) ichazwe ngaphambili [25, 31].
Kwidatha yovavanyo lwe-hut, inani lilonke leengcongconi eziphilayo / ezifileyo, ezilumayo / ezingalunywanga, kunye neengcongconi ezichumileyo / eziziintsholongwane kumacandelo ahlukeneyo e-hut ashwankathelwe kunyango ngalunye kulingo ngalunye ukubala iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa (i-72-iyure yokufa, ukuluma, i-ectoparasitism, i-net entrapment, i-intervals9 ehambelanayo) kunye ne-intervals9% yabo ehambelanayo. Umahluko phakathi konyango lwezi ziphumo zokubini ezilinganisiweyo zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa ukuhlehla kwe-logistic, ngelixa iyantlukwano yeziphumo zokubala zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa ukuguqulwa kwe-binomial okungalunganga. Ngenxa yokuba imijikelezo emibini yokujikeleza unyango yenziwe rhoqo kwiinyanga ze-12 kwaye ezinye iindlela zonyango zavavanywa kuzo zonke izilingo, uhlalutyo lokungena kweengcongconi luhlengahlengiswe kwinani leentsuku unyango ngalunye luvavanywa. I-ITN entsha yesiphumo ngasinye nayo yahlalutywa ukufumana uqikelelo olunye kuwo onke amanqaku exesha. Ukongeza kwingcaciso engundoqo yonyango, imodeli nganye yayiquka i-hut, i-sleeler, ixesha lovavanyo, i-ITN aperture index, kunye nosuku njengemiphumo ehleliweyo yokulawula ukuhluka ngenxa yokungafani komntu olalayo kunye nomtsalane we-hut, ixesha lonyaka, isimo se-mosquito net, kunye nokusabalalisa okugqithisileyo. Ukuhlalutya ukuhlengahlengiswa kwavelisa ulungelelwaniso olulungelelanisiweyo (ORs) kunye ne-95% ehambelana nexesha lokuzithemba ukuqikelela umphumo we-ITN entsha xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyrethroid-only net, i-Interceptor®, kwiziphumo eziphambili zokufa kweengcongconi kunye ne-fecundity. Amaxabiso e-P asuka kwiimodeli asetyenziselwe ukwabela oonobumba ababambeneyo ababonisa ukubaluleka kweenkcukacha-manani kwinqanaba le-5% kulo lonke uthelekiso lwesibini lweziphumo eziphambili nezizisekondari. Lonke uhlahlelo lokuhlehla lwenziwa kwinguqulelo ye-State 18.
Ukuba semngciphekweni kwabemi be-Covese vector kwatolikwa ngokusekwe ekufeni kunye ne-fecundity eqatshelwe kwi-vitro kunye ne-bottle bioassays ngokweengcebiso zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi. Iziphumo zohlalutyo lweekhemikhali zibonelele ngomxholo we-AI opheleleyo kumaqhekeza e-ITN, esetyenziselwe ukubala ireyithi yokugcinwa kwe-AI kwiminatha yobudala xa kuthelekiswa neminatha emitsha ngexesha ngalinye ngonyaka. Yonke idatha yarekhodwa ngesandla kwiifom ezisemgangathweni kwaye emva koko yafakwa kabini kwisiseko sedatha seMicrosoft Excel.
IiKomiti zokuziphatha zoMphathiswa wezeMpilo waseBenin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), iLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (No. 16237) kunye noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (No. ERC.0003153) wavuma ukuqhutywa kovavanyo lwe-pilot hut olubandakanya amavolontiya. Imvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi ifunyenwe kuwo onke amavolontiya ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba kuphononongo. Onke amavolontiya afumana i-chemoprophylaxis yasimahla yokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo seengcongconi, kwaye umongikazi wayesemsebenzini ngalo lonke ixesha lovavanyo ukuvavanya naliphi na ivolontiya eliye lavelisa iimpawu zomkhuhlane okanye ukusabela kakubi kwimveliso yovavanyo.
Iziphumo ezipheleleyo ezivela kumagumbi okulinga, ukushwankathela inani elipheleleyo labaphilayo / abafileyo, abalambileyo / abondliwe igazi, kunye neengcongconi ezichumileyo / ezingenazintsholongwane kwiqela ngalinye lokulinga, kunye neenkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zinikezelwa njengezinto ezongezelelweyo (Itheyibhile S1).
Kwindlwana yovavanyo yaseKowa, eBenin, ukondla igazi leengcongconi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nentsholongwane i-Anopheles gambiae kwathintelwa. Idatha esuka kulawulo olungaphathwanga kunye nenethi yenoveli yadityaniswa kulo lonke ulingo ukubonelela ngoqikelelo olulodwa lokusebenza. Ngohlalutyo lwe-logistic regression, iikholomu ezineeleta eziqhelekileyo azizange zihluke kakhulu kwinqanaba le-5% (p> 0.05). Imivalo yempazamo imele i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba.
Ukubhubha kweengcongconi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nepyrethroid i-Anopheles gambiae zingena kwindlu yovavanyo eKowa, eBenin. Idatha esuka kulawulo olungaphathwanga kunye neenethi zenoveli zadityaniswa kulo lonke ulingo ukubonelela ngoqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Ngohlalutyo lwe-logistic regression, iikholomu ezineeleta eziqhelekileyo azizange zihluke kakhulu kwinqanaba le-5% (p> 0.05). Imivalo yempazamo imele i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba.
Umlinganiselo wokungalingani uchaza umahluko kukufa kunye nenethi yeengcongconi zesizukulwana esitsha xa kuthelekiswa nenethi zeengcongconi zepyrethroid-kuphela. Umgca wamachaphaza ubonisa umlinganiselo we-odds we-1, ebonisa ukuba akukho mahluko ekufeni. Umlinganiselo wemiqobo > 1 ubonisa ukufa okuphezulu ngenethi zengcongconi zesizukulwana esitsha. Idatha yeminatha yeengcongconi yesizukulwana esitsha yadityaniswa kulo lonke ulingo ukuvelisa uqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Imivalo yempazamo imele i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba.
Nangona i-Interceptor® ibonise ukusweleka okuphantsi kwazo zonke ii-ITNs ezivavanyiweyo, ukuguga endle akuzange kube nefuthe elibi kwimpembelelo yako yokufa kwe-vector. Enyanisweni, i-Interceptor® entsha ibangele ukufa kwe-12%, ngelixa iinetha ezineminyaka engama-field zibonise ukuphuculwa okuncinci kwiinyanga ze-12 (17%, p = 0.006) kunye neenyanga ze-24 (17%, p = 0.004), ngaphambi kokubuyela kumanqanaba afana nenetha entsha kwiinyanga ze-36 (11%, p = 0.05). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazinga okusweleka kwisizukulwana esilandelayo semanethi enyangwe ngesibulali zinambuzane ehla ngokuthe ngcembe ekuhambeni kwexesha emva kokusasazwa. Ukunciphisa kwavakaliswa kakhulu nge-Interceptor® G2, apho ukufa kwehle ukusuka kwi-58% kunye ne-meshes entsha ukuya kwi-36% kwiinyanga ze-12 (p.<0.001), 31% kwiinyanga ezingama-24 (iphe<0.001), kunye ne-20% kwiinyanga ze-36 (iphe< 0.001). IPermaNet® 3.0 entsha ibangele ukwehla kokubhubha kwabantu ukuya kutsho kuma-37%, okuye kwehle kakhulu ukuya kutsho kuma-20% kwiinyanga ezili-12 (p.<0.001), 16% kwiinyanga ezingama-24 (iphe<0.001), kunye ne-18% kwiinyanga ezingama-36 (iphe< 0.001). Umkhwa ofanayo wabonwa kunye neRoyal Guard®, kunye ne-mesh entsha ekhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-33% yokufa, kulandelwa ukucutha okubalulekileyo kwi-21% kwiinyanga ze-12 (p.<0.001), 17% kwiinyanga ezingama-24 (iphe<0.001) kunye ne-15% kwiinyanga ze-36 (iphe< 0.001).
Ukwehliswa kwe-fecundity yeengcongconi ze-Anopheles gambiae ezikwaziyo ukumelana nepyrethroid zingena kwindlu yovavanyo eKwa, eBenin. Idatha esuka kulawulo olungaphathwanga kunye neenethi zenoveli zadityaniswa kulo lonke ulingo ukubonelela ngoqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Imivalo eneeleta eziqhelekileyo azizange zihluke kakhulu kwinqanaba le-5% (p> 0.05) ngohlalutyo lwe-logistic regression analysis. Imivalo yempazamo imele i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba.
Imilinganiselo yemilinganiselo ichaza umahluko ekuchumeni kunye nenethi yeengcongconi zesizukulwana esitsha xa kuthelekiswa nenethi zengcongconi zepyrethroid-kuphela. Umgca onamachaphaza umele umlinganiselo we-1, ubonisa ukuba akukho mahluko ekuchumeni. Imilinganiselo yemilinganiselo<1 ibonisa ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kokuchuma kunye nenetha entsha. Idatha yeminatha yeengcongconi yesizukulwana esitsha yadityaniswa kulo lonke ulingo ukuvelisa uqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Imivalo yempazamo imele i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-17-2025