Uthotho lwezilingo zovavanyo olusekwe kwizindlu luqhutyelwe eKhowe, emazantsi eBenin, ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwezebhayoloji kweenethi ezintsha nezivavanyiweyo zesizukulwana esilandelayo ngokuchasene neevektha zemalariya ezinganyangekiyo yi-pyrethrin. Iinethi ezivunyiweyo zasuswa kumakhaya emva kweenyanga ezili-12, ezingama-24 kunye nama-36. Iziqwenga zewebhu ezisikiweyo kwi-ITN zizonke zahlalutywa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye novavanyo lwebhayoloji olunokuchaphazeleka lwenziwa ngexesha lovavanyo ngalunye ukuvavanya utshintsho ekuchaseni izinambuzane kuluntu lweevektha zeKhowe.
I-Interceptor® G2 iphumelele kakhulu kunezinye ii-ITN, iqinisekisa ukuba ii-pyrethroid kunye ne-chlorfenapyr net zingcono kunezinye iintlobo ze-net. Phakathi kweemveliso ezintsha, zonke ii-ITN zesizukulwana esilandelayo zibonakalise ukusebenza ngcono kwe-bio kune-Interceptor®; nangona kunjalo, ubukhulu bolu phuculo buncitshisiwe emva kokuguga kwentsimi ngenxa yokuqina okufutshane kweekhompawundi ezingezizo ii-pyrethroid. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa imfuneko yokuphucula ukuqina kwe-ITN zesizukulwana esilandelayo ekubulaleni izinambuzane.
Isibulali-zinambuzaneIinethi zomngundo ezinyangiweyo (ii-ITN) zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukugula nokufa kwemalariya kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo. Ukusukela ngo-2004, ii-ITN ezingaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezi-3 zisasazwe kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye izifundo zokubonisa imodeli zibonisa ukuba ama-68% eemeko zemalariya kumazantsi eSahara e-Afrika athintelwe phakathi kowama-2000 nowama-2015. Ngelishwa, ukumelana kwabemi be-malaria kwi-pyrethroids (udidi oluqhelekileyo lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwi-ITN) kunyuke kakhulu, nto leyo esongela ukusebenza kolu ngenelelo lubalulekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubela phambili ekulawuleni imalariya iye yehla kwihlabathi liphela, kunye namazwe amaninzi anomthwalo omkhulu efumana ukwanda kwamatyala emalariya ukusukela ngo-2015. Ezi ndlela ziye zaqhuba uphuhliso lwesizukulwana esitsha seemveliso ze-ITN ezintsha ezijolise ekusombululeni umngcipheko wokuxhathisa i-pyrethroid kunye nokunceda ukunciphisa lo mthwalo kunye nokufezekisa iinjongo zehlabathi ezinqwenelekayo.
Okwangoku kukho izizukulwana ezintathu ze-ITN ezithengiswayo, nganye idibanisa i-pyrethroid kunye nenye i-insecticide okanye i-synergist ekwaziyo ukoyisa ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kwi-malaria vectors. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwenziwa inani leemvavanyo ezilawulwayo ezingacwangciswanga (ii-RCT) ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwezi nethi xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyrethroid-only nets eziqhelekileyo kunye nokubonelela ngobungqina obufunekayo ukuxhasa iingcebiso ze-World Health Organisation (WHO). Inethi zebhedi ezidibanisa i-pyrethroids kunye ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-synergist ephucula ukusebenza kwe-pyrethroids ngokuthintela ii-enzymes zokususa i-mosquito detoxification, yayizezokuqala ukucetyiswa yi-WHO emva kokuba iimveliso ezimbini (i-Olyset® Plus kunye ne-PermaNet® 3.0) zibonise impembelelo ephezulu ye-epidemiological xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyrethroid-only bed nets kwizilingo ezilawulwayo ezingacwangciswanga eTanzania nase-Uganda. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka idatha engaphezulu ukumisela ixabiso lempilo yoluntu le-pyrethroid-PBO bed nets eNtshona Afrika, apho ukumelana okukhulu kwe-pyrethroid kunokunciphisa iingenelo zazo xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyrethroid-only bed nets.
Ukuqina kwe-ITNs ezibulala izinambuzane kudla ngokuvavanywa ngokuqokelela iinethi rhoqo kwiindawo ezihlala abantu kwaye zivavanywe kwii-bioassays zelabhoratri kusetyenziswa iintlobo zeengcongconi ezifuywe zizinambuzane. Nangona ezi zilingo ziluncedo ekuchazeni ukufumaneka kwee-insecticide kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwee-insecticide kumphezulu wee-bednet ngokuhamba kwexesha, zibonelela ngolwazi olulinganiselweyo malunga nokusebenza okuthelekisayo kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-bednet zesizukulwana esilandelayo kuba iindlela kunye neentlobo zeengcongconi ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe nendlela yokusebenza kwee-insecticide ezinazo. Uvavanyo lwendlu yovavanyo yindlela eyahlukileyo enokusetyenziswa ukuvavanya ngokuthelekisayo ukusebenza kweenethi eziphathwe nge-insecticide kwizifundo zokuqina phantsi kweemeko ezilinganisa ukusebenzisana kwendalo phakathi kweendawo zeengcongconi zasendle kunye neenethi zasekhaya ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Enyanisweni, izifundo zakutshanje zokubonisa imodeli zisebenzisa ii-entomological surrogates zedatha ye-epidemiological zibonise ukuba ukufa kweengcongconi kunye namazinga okutya alinganiswe kwezi zilingo anokusetyenziswa ukuqikelela impembelelo ye-ITNs kwiziganeko ze-malaria kunye nokuxhaphaka kwi-cluster RCTs. Ngoko ke, uvavanyo olusekelwe kwi-hut apho ii-lymph nodes eziphathwe ngezinambuzane eziqokelelwe endle zibandakanyiwe kwi-cluster RCTs zinokubonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo malunga nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-bioefficacy kunye nokuqina kokubulala izinambuzane kwee-lymph nodes eziphathwe ngezinambuzane kwixesha elide lobomi bazo obulindelekileyo, kwaye zincede ukutolika iziphumo ze-epidemiological zezi zifundo.
Uvavanyo lwendlu oluvavanyiweyo luyindlela eqhelekileyo yokuhlala yabantu ecetyiswe yi-World Health Organisation yokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kweenethi zomngxunya ezinyangwa yi-insecticide. Ezi vavanyo ziphinda iimeko zokuvezwa kwihlabathi lokwenyani ezidibana nazo iingcongconi xa zisebenzisana neenethi zombhede zasekhaya kwaye ke ngoko ziyindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kweenethi zombhede ezisetyenzisiweyo kubomi bazo obulindelekileyo.
Olu phononongo luvavanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinambuzane kwiintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zeenethi zokubulala izinambuzane zesizukulwana esitsha (iPermaNet® 3.0, iRoyal Guard® kunye neInterceptor® G2) phantsi kweemeko zasentsimini kwiindawo zovavanyo kwaye zathelekiswa nenethi eqhelekileyo ye-pyrethrin kuphela (iInterceptor®). Zonke ezi nethi zokubulala izinambuzane eziphathwe yi-insecticide zifakiwe kuluhlu oluqinisekisiweyo lwe-WHO lokulawula i-vector. Iimpawu ezineenkcukacha zenethi nganye yokubulala izinambuzane zibonelelwe ngezantsi:
NgoMatshi 2020, iphulo elikhulu lokusasazwa kweenethi zomngcongconi ezineminyaka emincinci laqhutywa kwiilali zeendlwana eZou Prefecture, emazantsi eBenin, ukuze kuhlolwe iindlwana. Iinethi zomngcongconi ze-Interceptor®, Royal Guard® kunye ne-Interceptor® G2 zakhethwa kwiindidi ezikhethwe ngokungacwangciswanga koomasipala baseKove, eZagnanado nase-Ouinhi njengenxalenye yophando lokujonga ukuqina olubekwe ngaphakathi kwe-RCT yeqela ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kweenethi zomngcongconi eziphathwa kabini. Inethi zomngcongconi ze-PermaNet® 3.0 zaqokelelwa kwilali yase-Avokanzun kufutshane neelokishi zaseJija naseBohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) zaza zasasazwa ngaxeshanye neenethi zomngcongconi zeqela le-RCT ngexesha lephulo elikhulu lika-2020 leNkqubo yoLawulo lweMalariya yeSizwe. Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa iindawo zendidi zophando/iilali apho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ITN zaqokelelwa khona ngokumalunga neendawo zendidi zovavanyo.
Kwenziwe uvavanyo lwendlu yokulala ukuze kuthelekiswe ukusebenza kwe-Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® kunye ne-Interceptor® G2 ITNs xa zisusiwe emakhaya kwiinyanga ezili-12, 24 kunye nama-36 emva kokusasazwa. Kwinqanaba ngalinye lonyaka, ukusebenza kwe-ITNs ezindala kwintsimi kwathelekiswa ne-net ezintsha, ezingasetyenziswanga zohlobo ngalunye kunye ne-net ezinganyangwanga njengolawulo olubi. Kwinqanaba ngalinye lonyaka, iisampulu ezingama-54 eziphindaphindwayo ze-ITNs ezindala kwintsimi kunye ne-ITNs ezintsha ezi-6 zohlobo ngalunye zavavanywa kwizilingo eziphindaphindwayo zendlu enye okanye ezimbini kunye nokujikeleza kwemihla ngemihla konyango. Ngaphambi kovavanyo ngalunye lwendlu, i-avareji ye-porosity index ye-net ezindala kwintsimi nganye yohlobo lwe-ITN yayilinganiswa ngokweengcebiso ze-WHO. Ukulinganisa ukuguguleka kokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, zonke ii-ITNs ezintsha kunye ne-net zokulawula ezinganyangwanga zagqojozwa ngemingxuma emithandathu eyi-4 x 4 cm: emibini kwiphaneli nganye ende ecaleni kwaye enye kwiphaneli nganye emfutshane ecaleni, ngokuhambelana neengcebiso ze-WHO. Inethi yokuthintela iingcongconi yafakwa ngaphakathi kwindlu ngokubopha imiphetho yamashiti ophahla ngeentambo kwizikhonkwane ezikwiikona eziphezulu zodonga lwendlu. Olu nyango lulandelayo lwavavanywa kwisilingo ngasinye sendlu:
Iinethi ezidala intsimi zavavanywa kwiindlwana zovavanyo kunyaka ofanayo nokususwa kweenethi. Uvavanyo lweendlwana lwenziwa kwindawo enye ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kuSeptemba 2021, ngo-Epreli ukuya kuJuni 2022, nangoMeyi ukuya kuJulayi 2023, iinethi zasuswa emva kweenyanga ezili-12, ezingama-24, kunye nama-36, ngokulandelelana. Uvavanyo ngalunye lwathatha umjikelo omnye wonyango olupheleleyo (ubusuku obungama-54 kwiiveki ezili-9), ngaphandle kweenyanga ezili-12, xa kwenziwa imijikelo emibini yonyango elandelelanayo ukwandisa ubungakanani besampulu yeengcongconi. Emva koyilo lwesikwere saseLatin, unyango lwalujikeleziswa veki nganye phakathi kweendlwana zovavanyo ukulawula iziphumo zendawo yeendlwana, ngelixa amavolontiya ayejikeleziswa imihla ngemihla ukulawula umahluko ekukhangekeni kweengcongconi zabantu ngabanye. Iingcongconi zaziqokelelwa iintsuku ezi-6 ngeveki; ngomhla wesi-7, ngaphambi komjikelo olandelayo wokujikeleza, iindlwana zazicocwa kwaye zingeniswa umoya ukuthintela ukusasazeka.
Iziphumo eziphambili zokusebenza kakuhle konyango lwendlu oluvavanyiweyo nxamnye neengcongconi ze-Anopheles gambiae ezimelana ne-pyrethroid kunye nokuthelekiswa kwesizukulwana esilandelayo se-ITN kunye ne-Interceptor® net ye-pyrethroid kuphela zezi:
Iziphumo zokugqibela zokusebenza kakuhle kwendlu yovavanyo nxamnye neengcongconi ze-Anopheles gambiae ezimelana ne-pyrethroid bezilandelayo:
Ukuthintela (%) – ukwehla kwezinga lokungena kwiqela elinyangiweyo xa kuthelekiswa neqela elinganyangwanga. Ubalo lulandelayo:
apho iTu linani leengcongconi eziqukwe kwiqela lolawulo olunganyangwanga, kwaye iTt linani leengcongconi eziqukwe kwiqela elinyangiweyo.
Izinga lokuKhuhla (%) – Izinga lokuKhuhla ngenxa yokurhawuzelelwa okunokwenzeka ngenxa yonyango, okubonakaliswa njengenxalenye yeengcongconi eziqokelelwe kwibalcony.
. I-Bloodsucking sucking coefficient (%) kukunciphisa inani leengcongconi ezimunca igazi kwiqela elinyangiweyo xa kuthelekiswa neqela elilawulayo elinganyangwanga. Indlela yokubala yile ilandelayo: apho i-Bfu linani leengcongconi ezimunca igazi kwiqela elilawulayo elinganyangwanga, kwaye i-Bft linani leengcongconi ezimunca igazi kwiqela elinyangiweyo.
Ukuncipha kokuchuma (%) — ukuncipha kwenani leengcongconi ezivundileyo kwiqela elinyangiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olunganyangwanga. Indlela yokubala yile ilandelayo: apho iFu linani leengcongconi ezivundileyo kwiqela elilawulayo elinganyangwanga, kwaye iFt linani leengcongconi ezivundileyo kwiqela elinyangiweyo.
Ukujonga utshintsho kwiprofayili yokuxhathisa kweCovè vector ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-WHO yenze uvavanyo lwe-in vitro kunye ne-vial bioassays kunyaka omnye wovavanyo ngalunye lwe-hut (2021, 2022, 2023) ukuvavanya ukuchaneka kwi-AI kwi-ITN eziphantsi kophando kunye nokwazisa ukutolikwa kweziphumo. Kwizifundo ze-in vitro, iingcongconi zavezwa kumaphepha okucoca aphathwe ngamanani acacisiweyo e-alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) kunye ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), kunye neebhotile ezigqunywe ngamanani acacisiweyo e-CFP (100 μg/ibhotile) kunye ne-PPF (100 μg/ibhotile) ukuvavanya ukuchaneka kwezi zinambuzane. Ubunzulu bokuchasana kwe-pyrethroid buphandwe ngokuchana iingcongconi kwi-5-fold (0.25%) kunye ne-10-fold (0.50%) yamanani ahlukeneyo e-α-cypermethrin kunye ne-deltamethrin. Okokugqibela, igalelo le-PBO synergy kunye ne-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) overexpression kwi-pyrethroid resistance lihlolwe ngokusasaza iingcongconi kwi-α-cypermethrin (0.05%) kunye ne-deltamethrin (0.05%), kunye nokusasaza i-PBO (4%). Iphepha lesihluzo elisetyenziselwe uvavanyo lwetyhubhu ye-WHO lithengwe kwi-Universiti Sains Malaysia. Iibhotile zovavanyo lwe-WHO bioassay ezisebenzisa i-CFP kunye ne-PPF zilungiselelwe ngokweengcebiso ze-WHO.
Iingcongconi ezisetyenziselwa uvavanyo lwebhayoloji ziqokelelwe kwinqanaba leengqaqa kwiindawo zokuzalela kufutshane neendlwana zovavanyo zaze zakhuliswa zaya kutsho kubantu abadala. Kwixesha ngalinye, ubuncinane iingcongconi ezili-100 zazivezwa kunyango ngalunye kangangemizuzu engama-60, kunye neengcongconi ezi-4 ngetyhubhu/ibhotile kunye neengcongconi ezimalunga nama-25 ngetyhubhu/ibhotile. Kwiindawo ezichaphazelekileyo ze-pyrethroid kunye ne-CFP, kwasetyenziswa iingcongconi ezingondliyo ezineentsuku ezi-3-5, ngelixa kwi-PPF, iingcongconi ezimunca igazi ezineentsuku ezi-5-7 zasetyenziswa ukukhuthaza i-oogenesis kunye nokuvavanya impembelelo ye-PPF ekuzaleni iingcongconi. Ukuvezwa ngaxeshanye kwenziwa kusetyenziswa iphepha lesihluzo elifakwe i-silicone oil, i-PBO entle (4%), kunye neebhotile ezigqunywe yi-acetone njengezixhobo zokulawula. Ekupheleni kokuvezwa, iingcongconi zadluliselwa kwizikhongozeli ezinganyangwanga zaza zavezwa kuboya bekotoni obufakwe kwisisombululo se-glucose se-10% (w/v). Ukufa kwarekhodwa kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuvezwa kwe-pyrethroid kunye neeyure ezingama-24 rhoqo emva kokuvezwa kwe-CFP kunye ne-PPF. Ukuvavanya ukuba sesichengeni se-PPF, iingcongconi ezisindileyo ezivezwe yi-PPF kunye nolawulo olungalunganga oluhambelanayo lwanqunyulwa emva kokuba ukufa okulibazisekileyo kubhalwe phantsi, uphuhliso lwe-ovarian lwabonwa kusetyenziswa imakroskopu edibeneyo, kwaye ukuzala kwavavanywa ngokwesigaba sikaChristopher sophuhliso lweqanda [28, 30]. Ukuba amaqanda aphuhlile ngokupheleleyo ukuya kwinqanaba likaChristopher V, iingcongconi zahlulwahlulwa njengezinokuzala, kwaye ukuba amaqanda ayengaphuhlile ngokupheleleyo kwaye ahlala kwinqanaba loku-I-IV, iingcongconi zahlulwahlulwa njengezinokuzala.
Ngalo lonke ixesha lonyaka, iziqwenga ezingama-30 × 30 cm zazisikwa kwiinethi ezintsha nezilungelelaniswe kwiindawo ezichazwe kwiingcebiso ze-WHO [22]. Emva kokusikwa, iinethi zaziphawulwa, zisongelwe ngefoyile ye-aluminium kwaye zigcinwe efrijini kwi-4 ± 2 °C ukuthintela ukufuduka kwe-AI kwilaphu. Iinethi emva koko zathunyelwa kwiZiko loPhando lwezoLimo laseWalloon eBelgium ukuze kuhlalutywe iikhemikhali ukulinganisa utshintsho kumxholo we-AI uwonke ngexesha lomsebenzi wazo. Iindlela zokuhlalutya ezisetyenzisiweyo (ezisekelwe kwiindlela ezicetyiswe yiKomiti yeNtsebenziswano yeHlabathi yoHlalutyo lweZibulali-zinambuzane) zichazwe ngaphambili [25, 31].
Kwidatha yovavanyo lwendlu yangasese, inani lilonke leengcongconi eziphilayo/ezifileyo, ezilumayo/ezingalumiyo, kunye nezivundileyo/ezingenazintsholongwane kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendlu yangasese ziqokelelwe kunyango ngalunye kuvavanyo ngalunye ukuze kubalwe iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezilinganayo (ukufa kweeyure ezingama-72, ukuluma, i-ectoparasitism, i-net entrapment, i-fertility) kunye ne-95% confidence intervals (CIs) ezihambelanayo. Umahluko phakathi konyango lwezi ziphumo ze-binary ezilinganayo zihlalutywe kusetyenziswa i-logistic regression, ngelixa umahluko kwiziphumo zokubala uhlalutywe kusetyenziswa i-negative binomial regression. Ngenxa yokuba imijikelo emibini yokujikeleza unyango yenziwa rhoqo kwiinyanga ezili-12 kwaye ezinye iindlela zonyango zivavanyiwe kuzo zonke iimvavanyo, uhlalutyo lokungena kweengcongconi luhlengahlengiswe ngenani leentsuku unyango ngalunye oluvavanyiweyo. I-ITN entsha yesiphumo ngasinye nayo ihlalutywe ukuze kufunyanwe uqikelelo olunye lwazo zonke iindawo zexesha. Ukongeza kwi-variable ephambili yonyango, imodeli nganye ibandakanya i-hut, i-sleeper, ixesha lovavanyo, i-ITN aperture index, kunye nosuku njengeziphumo ezizinzileyo zokulawula utshintsho ngenxa yomahluko ekukhangekeni komntu ngamnye kunye nendlu yangasese, ixesha lonyaka, imeko ye-moisture net, kunye nokusasazeka okugqithisileyo. Uhlalutyo lwe-Regression luvelise i-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) kunye ne-95% confidence intervals ehambelanayo ukuqikelela impembelelo ye-ITN yesizukulwana esitsha xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyrethroid-only net, i-Interceptor®, kwiziphumo eziphambili zokufa kweengcongconi kunye nokuzala. Amaxabiso e-P avela kwiimodeli asetyenziselwe ukwabela oonobumba abancinci ababonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo kwinqanaba le-5% kuzo zonke iziphumo eziphambili nezesibini. Zonke uhlalutyo lwe-regression lwenziwe kwi-Stata version 18.
Ukuchaphazeleka kwabemi beCovese vector kwatolikwa ngokusekelwe ekufeni kunye nokuzala okubonwe kwi-vitro kunye nokuhlolwa kweebhotile ngokweengcebiso zeWorld Health Organisation. Iziphumo zohlalutyo lweekhemikhali zibonelele ngomxholo we-AI opheleleyo kwiingceba ze-ITN, ezasetyenziselwa ukubala izinga lokugcina i-AI kwiinethi ezidala intsimi xa kuthelekiswa neenethi ezintsha kwindawo nganye yexesha unyaka ngamnye. Yonke idatha yarekhodwa ngesandla kwiifom ezimiselweyo yaze yafakwa kabini kwisiseko sedatha seMicrosoft Excel.
IiKomiti zeMithetho yoBulungisa kwiSebe lezeMpilo laseBenin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMMT/CNERS/SA), iSikolo saseLondon soCoceko kunye neMithi yeTropical (LSHTM) (No. 16237) kunye neWorld Health Organisation (No. ERC.0003153) zivumile ukuqhutywa kovavanyo lwendlu yovavanyo olubandakanya amavolontiya. Imvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi yafunyanwa kubo bonke amavolontiya ngaphambi kokuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. Bonke amavolontiya bafumana i-chemoprophylaxis yasimahla ukunciphisa umngcipheko wemalariya, kwaye umongikazi wayesebenza kulo lonke uvavanyo ukuvavanya nawuphi na umvolontiya obonakalise iimpawu zomkhuhlane okanye impendulo engalunganga kwimveliso yovavanyo.
Iziphumo ezipheleleyo ezivela kwiindlwana zovavanyo, ezishwankathela inani lilonke leengcongconi eziphilayo/ezifileyo, ezilambileyo/ezitya igazi, nezichumileyo/ezingenazintsholongwane kwiqela ngalinye lovavanyo, kunye nezibalo ezichazayo ziboniswa njengezinto ezongezelelweyo (Itheyibhile S1).
Kwindlu yovavanyo eKowa, eBenin, ukondliwa ngegazi kweengcongconi zasendle ze-Anopheles gambiae ezimelana ne-pyrethroid kwancitshiswa. Idatha evela kulawulo olunganyangwanga kunye neenethi ezintsha yahlanganiswa kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ukuze kubonelelwe ngoqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Ngokuhlalutywa kwe-logistic regression, iikholamu ezinoonobumba abaqhelekileyo zazingahlukanga kakhulu kwinqanaba le-5% (p > 0.05). Iibha zempazamo zimele izithuba zokuzithemba ezingama-95%.
Ukufa kweengcongconi ze-Anopheles gambiae ezimelana ne-pyrethroid zasendle ezingena kwindlu yovavanyo eKowa, eBenin. Idatha evela kulawulo olunganyangwanga kunye neenethi ezintsha yahlanganiswa kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ukuze kubonelelwe ngoqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Ngokuhlalutya uhlengahlengiso lwezinto, iikholamu ezinoonobumba abaqhelekileyo zazingahlukanga kakhulu kwinqanaba le-5% (p > 0.05). Iibha zempazamo zimele izithuba zokuzithemba ezingama-95%.
Umlinganiselo weengxaki uchaza umahluko ekufeni nge-net yesizukulwana esitsha xa kuthelekiswa ne-net yezinambuzane ezisebenzisa i-pyrethroid kuphela. Umgca onamachaphaza umele umlinganiselo weengxaki ze-1, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba akukho mahluko ekufeni. Umlinganiselo weengxaki ze-> 1 ubonisa ukufa okuphezulu nge-net yesizukulwana esitsha. Idatha ye-net yesizukulwana esitsha idityaniswe kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ukuvelisa uqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Iibha zempazamo zimele i-95% yezithuba zokuzithemba.
Nangona i-Interceptor® ibonakalise inani eliphantsi lokufa kuzo zonke ii-ITN ezivavanyiweyo, ukuguga kwentsimi akuzange kube nefuthe elibi kwimpembelelo yayo ekufeni kwe-vector. Enyanisweni, i-Interceptor® entsha ibangele ukufa kwe-12%, ngelixa iinethi ezikwiminyaka yentsimi zibonise ukuphucuka okuncinci kwiinyanga ezili-12 (17%, p=0.006) kunye neenyanga ezingama-24 (17%, p=0.004), ngaphambi kokuba zibuyele kumanqanaba afana neenethi ezintsha kwiinyanga ezingama-36 (11%, p=0.05). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazinga okufa kwisizukulwana esilandelayo seenethi eziphathwe ngezinambuzane ancipha kancinci emva kwexesha emva kokusetyenziswa. Ukuncipha kwabonakala kakhulu nge-Interceptor® G2, apho ukufa kwehla ukusuka kwi-58% ngeenethi ezintsha ukuya kwi-36% kwiinyanga ezili-12 (p).< 0.001), 31% kwiinyanga ezingama-24 (p< 0.001), kunye ne-20% kwiinyanga ezingama-36 (p< 0.001). I-PermaNet® 3.0 entsha iphumele ekunciphiseni ukufa ukuya kwi-37%, nto leyo eye yehla kakhulu ukuya kwi-20% kwiinyanga ezili-12 (p< 0.001), 16% kwiinyanga ezingama-24 (p< 0.001), kunye ne-18% kwiinyanga ezingama-36 (p< 0.001). Kuye kwabonwa umkhwa ofanayo kwiRoyal Guard®, apho i-mesh entsha ibangele ukwehla kwenani lokufa ngama-33%, kulandele ukwehla okukhulu ukuya kwi-21% kwiinyanga ezili-12 (p).< 0.001), 17% kwiinyanga ezingama-24 (p< 0.001) kunye ne-15% kwiinyanga ezingama-36 (p< 0.001).
Ukuncipha kokuchuma kweengcongconi ze-Anopheles gambiae zasendle ezingamelaniyo ne-pyrethroid ezingena kwindlu yovavanyo eKwa, eBenin. Idatha evela kulawulo olunganyangwanga kunye neenethi ezintsha zahlanganiswa kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ukuze kubonelelwe ngoqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Iibhari ezinoonobumba abaqhelekileyo zazingahlukanga kakhulu kwinqanaba le-5% (p > 0.05) ngohlalutyo lohlengahlengiso lwempahla. Iibhari zeempazamo zimele izithuba zokuzithemba ezingama-95%.
Umlinganiselo wamathuba uchaza umahluko ekuzaleni nge-net yesizukulwana esitsha xa kuthelekiswa ne-net ye-mosquito efumaneka kwi-pyrethroid kuphela. Umgca onamachaphaza umele umlinganiselo we-1, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba akukho mahluko ekuzaleni. Umlinganiselo wamathuba<1 ibonisa ukwehla okukhulu kokuchuma ngeenethi zesizukulwana esitsha. Idatha yeenethi zeengcongconi zesizukulwana esitsha ihlanganiswe kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ukuvelisa uqikelelo olunye lokusebenza. Iibha zempazamo zimele izithuba zokuzithemba ezingama-95%.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-17-2025