Uninzi lweengxelo luphathelele ezona zinambuzane zithathu zibalulekileyo zeLepidoptera, oko kukuthi,I-Chilo suppressalis,I-Scirpophaga incertulaskunyeI-Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(zonke iiCrambidae), eziziinjongo zazoBtirayisi, kunye nezona zinambuzane zimbini zibalulekileyo zeHemiptera, oko kukuthi,I-Sogatella furciferakwayeNilaparvata lugens(zombini iDelphacidae).
Ngokweencwadi, izilwanyana ezitya izinambuzane zerayisi ze-lepidopteran ziyinxalenye yeentsapho ezilishumi ze-Araneae, kwaye kukho nezinye iintlobo ezitya izinambuzane ezivela kwi-Coleoptera, i-Hemiptera, kunye ne-Neuroptera. Ii-parasitoids zezinambuzane zerayisi ze-lepidopteran ziyinxalenye yeentsapho ezintandathu ze-Hymenoptera kunye neentlobo ezimbalwa ezivela kwiintsapho ezimbini ze-Diptera (oko kukuthi, i-Tachinidae kunye ne-Sarcophagidae). Ukongeza kwiintlobo ezintathu zezinambuzane ezitya izinambuzane ze-lepidopteran, i-LepidopteraI-Naranga aenescens(Noctuidae),I-Parnara guttata(Hesperiidae),I-Mycalosis gotama(iNymphalidae), kunyeI-Pseudaletia separata(Noctuidae) nazo zibhalwe njengezinambuzane zerayisi. Ngenxa yokuba azibangeli ilahleko enkulu ngerayisi, nangona kunjalo, aziphandwa rhoqo, kwaye akukho lwazi luninzi olufumanekayo malunga neentshaba zazo zemvelo.
Iintshaba zendalo zezinambuzane ezimbini eziphambili ze-hemipteran,S. furciferakwayeI-N. lugens, ziye zafundwa ngokubanzi. Uninzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana ezitya ezinye ezixelwe ukuba zihlasela i-hemipteran herbivores zezona ntlobo zihlasela i-lepidopteran herbivores, kuba ikakhulu zizinto eziqhelekileyo. Iiparasitoids zezinambuzane ze-hemipteran ezikwiDelphacidae ikakhulu zivela kwiintsapho ze-hymenopteran iTrichogrammatidae, iMymaridae, kunye neDryinidae. Ngokufanayo, ii-hymenopteran parasitoids zaziwa nge-plant bugNezara viridula(Pentatomidae). IithripsI-Stenchaetothrips biformis(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) ikwasisifo esixhaphakileyo serayisi kuMzantsi weTshayina, kwaye izilwanyana ezizingelayo ikakhulu zivela kwiColeoptera kunye neHemiptera, ngelixa kungekho parasitoid ibhaliweyo. Iintlobo ze-Orthopteran ezifana neI-Oxya chinensis(Acrididae) zikwafumaneka kakhulu emasimini erayisi, kwaye izilwanyana ezizingelayo ziquka iintlobo ze-Araneae, Coleoptera, kunye neMantodea.UOulema oryzae(Chrysomelidae), isitshabalalisi esibalulekileyo saseColeoptera eTshayina, sihlaselwa zizilwanyana ezitya ezinye izilwanyana kunye nee-hymenopteran parasitoids. Iintshaba ezinkulu zendalo zezinambuzane zaseDipteran zii-hymenopteran parasitoids.
Ukuvavanya inqanaba apho ii-arthropods zivezwa khona kwiiproteni zeCry kwiBtKwintsimi yerayisi, uvavanyo lwentsimi oluphindaphindwayo lwenziwe kufutshane neXiaogan (iPhondo laseHubei, eTshayina) kwiminyaka ka-2011 no-2012.
Uxinaniso lweCry2A olufunyenwe kwiithishu zerayisi eziqokelelwe ngo-2011 nango-2012 belufana. Amagqabi erayisi ayenoxinaniso oluphezulu lweCry2A (ukusuka kwi-54 ukuya kwi-115 μg/g DW), kulandele ipollen yerayisi (ukusuka kwi-33 ukuya kwi-46 μg/g DW). Iziqu zazinoxinaniso oluphantsi (ukusuka kwi-22 ukuya kwi-32 μg/g DW).
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthatha iisampulu (kubandakanya ukuthatha iisampulu zokufunxa, iphepha lokubetha kunye nokukhangela ngokubona) zisetyenzisiwe ukuqokelela iintlobo ezingama-29 ze-arthropod ezihlala kwizityalo ezifumaneka rhoqo kwi-Btkwaye ulawule amasimi erayisi ngexesha nasemva kokuxutywa kwerayisi ngo-2011 nangaphambi, ngexesha nasemva kokuxutywa kwerayisi ngo-2012. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-Cry2A kwii-arthropods eziqokelelweyo kuyo nayiphi na imihla yokuthathwa kwesampulu abonisiwe.
Zizonke izilwanyana ezitya utyani ezili-13 ezingajoliswanga kwiintsapho ezili-11 zeHemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, kunye neThysanoptera zaqokelelwa zaza zahlalutywa. Ngokolandelelwano lweHemiptera yabantu abadala baseS. furciferakunye neenymphs kunye nabantu abadalaI-N. lugensyayiqulathe izixa ezincinci zeCry2A (<0.06 μg/g DW) ngelixa iproteni ingafunyanwanga kwezinye iintlobo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izixa ezinkulu zeCry2A (ukusuka kwi-0.15 ukuya kwi-50.7 μg/g DW) zifunyenwe kuzo zonke ngaphandle kwesampuli enye yeDiptera, iThysanoptera, kunye neOrthoptera.I-S. biformisyayiqulathe ubuninzi beCry2A kuzo zonke ii-arthropods eziqokelelweyo, ezazisondele kubuninzi beethishu zerayisi. Ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-anthesis,I-S. biformisiqulethe i-Cry2A kwi-51 μg/g DW, eyayiphezulu kunoxinzelelo kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe ngaphambi kwe-anthesis (35 μg/g DW). Ngokufanayo, inqanaba leproteni kwiI-Agromyzasp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) yayingaphezulu ngokuphindwe kabini kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe ngexesha lotyando lwerayisi kunangaphambi okanye emva kotyando. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inqanaba kwiI-Euconocephalus thunbergii(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) yayiphezulu phantse ngokuphindwe kabini nge-2.5 kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe emva kokuxutywa kweentaka kunangexesha lokuxutywa kweentaka.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-06-2021