Uninzi lweengxelo zichaphazela ezona zinambuzane zintathu zibalulekileyo zeLepidoptera, oko kukuthi,Chilo suppressalis,I-Scirpophaga incertulas, kwayeCnaphalocrocis menalis(zonke Crambidae), ekujoliswe kuzoBtirayisi, kunye nezona zinambuzane zibalulekileyo ze-Hemiptera, oko kukuthi,I-Sogatella furciferakwayeI-Nilaparvata lugens(zombini Delphacidae).
Ngokutsho kweencwadi, izilwanyana eziphambili ze-lepidopteran rice pests zivela kwiintsapho ezilishumi ze-Araneae, kwaye kukho ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezivela kwi-Coleoptera, i-Hemiptera, ne-Neuroptera. I-parasitoids ye-lepidopteran izinambuzane zerayisi zisuka ikakhulu kwiintsapho ezintandathu ze-Hymenoptera kunye neentlobo ezimbalwa ezivela kwiintsapho ezimbini ze-Diptera (oko kukuthi, i-Tachinidae kunye ne-Sarcophagidae). Ukongeza kwiintlobo ezintathu zezinambuzane ezinkulu ze-lepidopteran, iLepidopteraNaranga aenescens(Noctuidae),Parnara guttata(Hesperidae),Mycalesis gotama(Nymphalidae), kunyePseudaletia separata(Noctuidae) zikwabhalwa njengezinambuzane zerayisi. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba zingabangeli ilahleko enkulu yerayisi, azifane ziphandwe, yaye inkcazelo encinane ekhoyo ngokuphathelele iintshaba zazo zendalo .
Iintshaba zendalo zezi zinambuzane zimbini ze-hemipteran,S. furciferakwayeN. lugens, ziye zafundwa ngokubanzi. Uninzi lwezilwanyana ezizingelayo ezichazwe ukuba zihlasele i-hemipteran herbivores zintlobo ezifanayo ezihlasela i-lepidopteran herbivores, kuba ubukhulu becala ziyi-generalists. Izinambuzane ze-hemipteran ze-Delphacidae ziphuma ikakhulu kwiintsapho ze-hymenoptera i-Trichogrammatidae, i-Mymaridae, kunye ne-Driyinidae. Ngokufanayo, ii-hymenopteran parasitoids ziyaziwa ngentsholongwane yesityaloNezara viridula(Pentatomidae). IithripsStenchaetothrips biformis(I-Thysanoptera: i-Thripidae) ikwasisinambuzane esiqhelekileyo serayisi eMazantsi e-China, kwaye izilwanyana zayo zivela ikakhulu kwi-Coleoptera kunye ne-Hemiptera, ngelixa kungekho parasitoid irekhodiweyo. Iintlobo zeOrthopteran ezifanaOxya chinensis(Acrididae) zikwaxhaphake ukufunyanwa kumasimi erayisi, kwaye ezizingelayo ikakhulu ziquka iintlobo zeAraneae, Coleoptera, kunye neMantodea.Oulema oryzae(I-Chrysomelidae), i-Coleoptera inkathazo ebalulekileyo e-China, ihlaselwe yizilwanyana ze-coleoptera kunye ne-hymenopteran parasitoids. Iintshaba ezinkulu zendalo zezinambuzane ze-dipteran zi-hymenopteran parasitoids.
Ukuvavanya inqanaba apho i-arthropods ibonakaliswe kwi-Cry proteinsBtamasimi erayisi, umfuniselo ophindwayo wentsimi wenziwa kufuphi neXiaogan (iPhondo laseHubei, eChina) kwiminyaka ka-2011 kunye no-2012.
Ugxininiso lwe-Cry2A lufunyenwe kwii-rice tissues eziqokelelwe kwi-2011 kunye ne-2012 zifana. Amaqabunga erayisi aqulethe iindawo eziphezulu ze-Cry2A (ukusuka kwi-54 ukuya kwi-115 μg / g DW), elandelwa yi-pollen yerayisi (ukusuka kwi-33 ukuya kwi-46 μg / g DW). Iziqu ziqulethe iindawo eziphantsi kakhulu (ukusuka kwi-22 ukuya kwi-32 μg / g DW).
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zesampulu (kubandakanya ukufunxa iisampulu, iphepha lokubetha kunye nokukhangela okubonwayo) zisetyenzisiwe ukuqokelela iindidi ezingama-29 zezityalo ezihlala rhoqo kwizityalo ezihlala kwi-arthropod.Btkunye nokulawula amaploti erayisi ngexesha nasemva kwe-anthesis ngo-2011 naphambi, ngexesha nasemva kwe-anthesis ngo-2012. Umlinganiselo ophezulu wokulinganisa we-Cry2A kwii-arthropods eziqokelelweyo kuyo nayiphi na imihla yesampulu ibonisiwe.
Itotali ye-13 yezilwanyana ezitya utyani ezisuka kwiintsapho ezili-11 zeHemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, neThysanoptera zaqokelelwa zaza zahlalutywa. Ngokomyalelo Hemiptera abadala ofS. furciferakunye namantshontsho kunye nabantu abadalaN. lugensiqulethwe amanani omkhondo we-Cry2A (<0.06 μg / g DW) ngelixa iprotheni ayizange ibonwe kwezinye iintlobo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iimali ezinkulu ze-Cry2A (ukusuka kwi-0.15 ukuya kwi-50.7 μg / g DW) zifunyenwe kuzo zonke kodwa isampuli enye ye-Diptera, i-Thysanoptera, kunye ne-Orthoptera. IithripsS. biformisiqulethe imilinganiselo ephezulu ye-Cry2A yazo zonke ii-arthropods eziqokelelweyo, ezikufutshane nokugxininiswa kwi-rice tissues. Ngexesha le-anthesis,S. biformisiqulethwe i-Cry2A kwi-51 μg / g DW, eyayiphezulu kunogxininiso kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe ngaphambi kwe-anthesis (35 μg / g DW). Ngokufanayo, izinga leprotheni kwiAgromyzasp. (I-Diptera: i-Agromyzidae) yayi> 2 amaxesha aphezulu kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe ngexesha le-rayisi anthesis kunangaphambili okanye emva kwe-anthesis. Ngokwahlukileyo, inqanaba kwiEuconocephalus thunbergii(I-Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) yayiphantse ibe ngama-2.5 amaxesha aphezulu kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe emva kwe-anthesis kunexesha le-anthesis.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-06-2021