Ukususela oko yafunyanwa eDjibouti ngo-2012, ingcongconi yase-Asian Anopheles stephensi isasazeke kulo lonke iPhondo le-Afrika. Le vector isasazeka kulo lonke ilizwekazi, ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwiinkqubo zokulawula i-malaria. Iindlela zokulawula i-vector, kubandakanya iminatha yokulala ephathwa ngezinambuzane kunye nokutshiza okusele ngaphakathi, ziye zanciphisa kakhulu umthwalo we-malaria. Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda kokuxhaphaka kweengcongconi ezimelana nezinambuzane, kuquka ne-Anopheles stephensi populations, kuyayithintela imizamo eqhubekayo yokuphelisa i-malaria. Ukuqonda ulwakhiwo lwabemi, ukuhamba kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabemi, kunye nokusasazwa kotshintsho lokumelana nezinambuzane kubalulekile ukuze kukhokelwe amaqhinga okulawula i-malaria asebenzayo.
Ukuphucula ukuqonda kwethu indlela i-An. stephensi eyaqala ngayo ukuzinza kwi-HOA kubalulekile ekuqikeleleni ukusasazeka kwayo kwiindawo ezintsha. I-genetics yabantu isetyenzisiwe kakhulu ukufunda iintlobo ze-vector ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi malunga nesakhiwo sabemi, ukhetho oluqhubekayo, kunye nokuhamba kwe-gene18,19. Ku-An. stephensi, ukufunda isakhiwo sabemi kunye nesakhiwo se-genome kunokunceda ekucaciseni indlela yokuhlasela kwayo kunye naluphi na utshintsho oluguquguqukayo olunokwenzeka ukususela ekuveleni kwayo. Ukongeza ekuhambeni kwe-gene, ukukhetha kubaluleke kakhulu kuba kunokuchonga ii-alleles ezinxulumene nokuchasana nezinambuzane kwaye kukhanyise indlela ezi alleles ezisasazeka ngayo kubemi20.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uvavanyo lweempawu zokuchasana nezinambuzane kunye nemfuza yabantu kwintlobo ezihlaselayo i-Anopheles stephensi lukhawulelwe kwiijini ezimbalwa ezikhethiweyo. Ukuvela kweentlobo e-Afrika akuqondwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa enye ingcamango kukuba yaziswa ngabantu okanye imfuyo. Ezinye iingcamango ziquka ukufuduka komgama omde ngumoya. Ii-isolates zase-Ethiopia ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo zaqokelelwa e-Awash Sebat Kilo, idolophu ekumgama we-200 km empuma ye-Addis Ababa nakwindlela ephambili yokuthutha ukusuka e-Addis Ababa ukuya e-Djibouti. I-Awash Sebat Kilo yindawo enesifo se-malaria esiphezulu kwaye inabemi abaninzi be-Anopheles stephensi, exelwa ukuba ayichasani nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yindawo ebalulekileyo yokufunda ngemfuza yabantu be-Anopheles stephensi8.
Utshintsho lwe-kdr L1014F lokuchasana nezinambuzane lufunyenwe rhoqo kubemi base-Ethiopia kwaye aluzange lufunyanwe kwiisampulu zase-India. Olu tshintsho lwe-kdr lunika ukumelana ne-pyrethroids kunye ne-DDT kwaye ngaphambili lufunyanwe kubemi base-An. stephensi abaqokelelwe eIndiya ngo-2016 nase-Afghanistan ngo-2018.31,32 Nangona ubungqina bokuchasana okubanzi kwe-pyrethroid kuzo zombini izixeko, utshintsho lwe-kdr L1014F aluzange lufunyanwe kubemi baseMangalore naseBangalore abahlalutyiweyo apha. Inani eliphantsi lezilwanyana zase-Ethiopia ezithwele le SNP ezaziyi-heterozygous libonisa ukuba utshintsho luvele kutshanje kweli nani. Oku kuxhaswa luphando lwangaphambili kwi-Awash olungafumananga bungqina bokuguqulwa kwe-kdr kwiisampuli eziqokelelwe kunyaka ongaphambi kwezo zihlalutyiweyo apha.18 Ngaphambili sichonge olu tshintsho lwe-kdr L1014F kwi-frequency ephantsi kwiseti yeesampuli ezivela kummandla/unyaka ofanayo sisebenzisa indlela yokufumanisa i-amplicon.28 Ngenxa yokumelana kwe-phenotypic kwiindawo zokuthatha iisampulu, i-frequency ephantsi ye-allele yale marker yokumelana ibonisa ukuba iindlela ezingezizo ezokuguqulwa kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo zinoxanduva lwale phenotype ibonwayo.
Umda wolu phononongo kukungabikho kwedatha ye-phenotypic malunga nempendulo yezinambuzane. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ezidibanisa ulandelelwano lwe-genome epheleleyo (WGS) okanye ulandelelwano lwe-amplicon olujoliswe kuyo kunye ne-sensitivity bioassays ziyafuneka ukuze kuphandwe impembelelo yezi nguqu kwimpendulo yezinambuzane. Ezi SNP zintsha ezingalunganga ezinokunxulunyaniswa nokuxhathisa kufuneka zijoliswe kwiimvavanyo ze-molecular eziphezulu ukuxhasa ukujonga kunye nokwenza lula umsebenzi osebenzayo ukuqonda nokuqinisekisa iindlela ezinokubakho ezinxulumene ne-resistance phenotypes.
Ngamafutshane, olu phononongo lubonelela ngokuqonda okunzulu nge-Anopheles mosquito population genetics kuwo onke amazwekazi. Ukusetyenziswa kohlalutyo lwe-genome sequencing (WGS) kumaqela amakhulu eesampuli kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi kuya kuba ngundoqo ekuqondeni ukuhamba kwe-gene kunye nokuchonga iimpawu zokuchasana nezinambuzane. Olu lwazi luya kuvumela abasemagunyeni bezempilo yoluntu ukuba benze ukhetho olunolwazi ekujongeni i-vector kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane.
Sisebenzise iindlela ezimbini zokufumanisa umahluko wenani lekopi kule seti yedatha. Okokuqala, sisebenzise indlela esekelwe kwingxelo egxile kwiiqoqo ze-CYP gene ezichongiweyo kwi-genome (Itheyibhile Eyongezelelekileyo S5). Uvavanyo lwesampuli lwalulinganiswa kwiindawo eziqokelelweyo lwaza lwahlulwahlulwa lwaba ngamaqela amane: i-Ethiopia, amasimi aseIndiya, amakoloni aseIndiya, kunye namakoloni asePakistan. Uvavanyo lweqela ngalinye lwaluqhelekile kusetyenziswa i-kernel smoothing lwaze lwadweliswa ngokwe-median genome depth yelo qela.
Ixesha leposi: Juni-23-2025