Imarike yembewu eguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo (GM) kulindeleke ukuba ikhule nge-$12.8 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2028, kunye nesantya sokukhula sonyaka esidibeneyo se-7.08%. Olu hlobo lokukhula luqhutywa ikakhulu kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye notshintsho oluqhubekayo lwe-biotechnology yezolimo.
Imarike yaseMntla Melika ikhule ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kunye nophuhliso olutsha kwi-biotechnology yezolimo. I-Basf ngomnye wababoneleli abaphambili bembewu eguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo enezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokunciphisa ukukhukuliseka komhlaba kunye nokukhusela ulwahlulo lwezinto eziphilayo. Imarike yaseMntla Melika igxile kwizinto ezifana nokulula, izinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi kunye neendlela zokusetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokwezibikezelo kunye nohlalutyo, imarike yaseMntla Melika okwangoku ifumana ukunyuka okuzinzileyo kwemfuno, kwaye i-biotechnology idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni icandelo lezolimo.
Abaqhubi bemarike abaphambili
Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwembewu yeGM kwicandelo le-biofuels ngokucacileyo kuqhuba uphuhliso lwemarike. Ngokukhula kwemfuno ye-biofuels, izinga lokwamkelwa kwembewu eguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo kwimarike yehlabathi nalo liyanda kancinci kancinci. Ukongeza, ngokwandisa ingqalelo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ukufudumala komhlaba kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu, ii-biofuels ezivela kwizityalo eziguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo, ezifana nombona, iisoya kunye nommoba, ziya zisiba zibaluleke ngakumbi njengemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ukongeza, imbewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza eyenzelwe isivuno esongezelelekileyo, umxholo weoyile owandileyo kunye ne-biomass nazo ziqhuba ulwandiso lwemarike yemveliso yehlabathi enxulumene ne-biofuels. Umzekelo, i-bioethanol ephuma kumbona oguqulwe ngokwemfuza isetyenziswa kakhulu njengesongezo samafutha, ngelixa i-biodiesel ephuma kwiimbotyi zesoya eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza kunye ne-canola inika enye indlela yamafutha efosili kumacandelo ezothutho kunye nemizi-mveliso.
Iindlela eziphambili zemarike
Kwishishini lembewu yeGM, ukuhlanganiswa kwezolimo zedijithali kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha kube ngumkhwa okhulayo kunye nomqhubi obalulekileyo wemarike, otshintsha iindlela zolimo kwaye wonyusa ixabiso lemarike yembewu yeGM.
Ulimo lwedijithali lusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili obufana nemifanekiso yesathelayithi, iidrone, izinzwa, kunye nezixhobo zokulima ngokuchanekileyo ukuqokelela idatha eninzi enxulumene nempilo yomhlaba, iipateni zemozulu, ukukhula kwezityalo, kunye nezinambuzane. Ii-algorithms zohlalutyo lwedatha emva koko zicubungula olu lwazi ukuze zinike abalimi izisombululo ezisebenzayo kwaye ziphucule inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Kwimeko yembewu ye-GM, ulimo lwedijithali lunegalelo kulawulo olusebenzayo kunye nokubeka esweni izityalo ze-GM kulo lonke umjikelo wabo wobomi. Abalimi banokusebenzisa ulwazi oluqhutywa yidatha ukwenza ngokwezifiso iindlela zokutyala, ukuphucula iinkqubo zokutyala, kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kweentlobo zembewu ye-GM.
Imingeni emikhulu yemarike
Ukuvela kwezobuchwepheshe obutsha ezifana nokulima ngokuthe nkqo kubeka emngciphekweni ukusetyenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe bendabuko kwicandelo lembewu eguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo kwaye yeyona ngxaki iphambili ejongene nayo imakethi okwangoku. Ngokungafaniyo nokulima kwendabuko okanye ukulima okuluhlaza okotshani, ukulima ngokuthe nkqo kubandakanya ukuhlanganisa izityalo ngokuthe nkqo, kudla ngokudityaniswa nezinye izakhiwo ezifana nezakhiwo eziphakamileyo, izikhongozeli zokuthutha, okanye iindawo zokugcina izinto eziguquliweyo. Ngale ndlela, kuphela iimeko zamanzi kunye nokukhanya ezifunekayo kwisityalo ezilawulwayo, kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwesityalo kwizibulali-zinambuzane, izichumisi zokwenziwa, izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo (iiGmos) kunokuthintelwa ngempumelelo.
Imakethi ngokohlobo lwayo
Amandla ecandelo lokunyamezela ukhula aza kwandisa isabelo semarike sembewu ye-GM. Ukunyamezela ukhula kwenza izityalo zikwazi ukumelana nokusetyenziswa kokhula oluthile ngelixa zithintela ukukhula kokhula. Ngokwesiqhelo, olu phawu lufezekiswa ngokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, apho izityalo ziguqulwa ngokwezakhi zofuzo ukuze zivelise ii-enzymes ezisusa okanye ezichasayo izithako ezisebenzayo ze-herbicides.
Ukongeza, izityalo ezimelana ne-glyphosate, ingakumbi ezo zinikezelwa yiMonsanto kwaye ziqhutywa yiBayer, ziphakathi kweentlobo ezixhathisa ukhula ezifumaneka kakhulu. Ezi zityalo zinokukhuthaza ngempumelelo ulawulo lokhula ngaphandle kokonakalisa izityalo ezilinyiweyo. Le nto kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokuqhuba imarike kwixesha elizayo.
Imakethi ngokwemveliso
Imeko eguqukayo yemarike ibunjwe yinkqubela phambili kwisayensi yezolimo kunye nobuchwepheshe bobunjineli bemfuza. Imbewu ye-Gm izisa iimpawu zesivuno esihle ezifana nesivuno esiphezulu kunye nokumelana nezinambuzane, ngoko ke ukwamkelwa luluntu kuyakhula. Izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ezifana neembotyi zesoya, umbona kunye nomqhaphu zitshintshiwe ukuze zibonise iimpawu ezifana nokunyamezela ukhula kunye nokumelana nezinambuzane, zibonelela abalimi ngezisombululo ezisebenzayo zokubanceda balwe nezinambuzane kunye nokhula ngelixa benyusa isivuno sezityalo. Iindlela ezifana nokudibanisa izakhi zofuzo kunye nokuthulisa izakhi zofuzo kwilebhu zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zezakhi zofuzo. Imbewu ye-Gm idla ngokuyilwa ukuba ikwazi ukumelana nokhula, inciphise isidingo sokukhuhla ukhula ngesandla kwaye incede ekwandiseni isivuno. Ezi teknoloji zifezekiswa ngetekhnoloji yezakhi zofuzo kunye nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kusetyenziswa iintsholongwane ezifana ne-Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Kulindeleke ukuba imakethi yombona ibonise ukukhula okukhulu kwixesha elizayo. Umbona ulawula imakethi yehlabathi kwaye ufunwa kakhulu, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuveliswa kwe-ethanol kunye nokutya kwemfuyo. Ukongeza, umbona sesona sondlo siphambili sokuveliswa kwe-ethanol. ISebe lezoLimo lase-US liqikelela ukuba imveliso yombona yase-US iya kufikelela kwi-15.1 yeebhiliyoni zeebhashel ngonyaka ngo-2022, inyuke nge-7 yeepesenti ukusuka ngo-2020.
Ayipheleli apho, isivuno sombona saseMelika ngo-2022 siza kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu. Isivuno sifikelele kwiibheshi ezili-177.0 ngehektare nganye, sinyuke ngeebheshi ezili-5.6 ukusuka kwiibheshi ezili-171.4 ngo-2020. Ukongeza, umbona usetyenziselwa iinjongo zoshishino ezifana namayeza, iiplastiki kunye ne-biofuels. Ukuguquguquka kwawo kube negalelo kwisivuno sombona kwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni emva kwengqolowa kwaye kulindeleke ukuba kuqhube ukukhula kwecandelo lombona kwaye kuqhubeke nokuqhuba imakethi yembewu ye-GM kwixesha elizayo.
Iindawo eziphambili zemarike
I-United States neKhanada zezona zinto zinegalelo elikhulu kwimveliso nokusetyenziswa kwembewu ye-GM eMntla Melika. E-United States, izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ezifana neembotyi zesoya, umbona, umqhaphu kunye ne-canola, uninzi lwazo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ukuba zibe neempawu ezifana nokunyamezela ukhula kunye nokumelana nezinambuzane, zezona ntlobo zikhula kakhulu. Ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwembewu ye-GM kuqhutywa zizinto ezininzi. Ezi ziquka imfuneko yokwandisa imveliso yezityalo, ukulawula ukhula kunye nezinambuzane ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nomnqweno wokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, phakathi kwezinye. IKhanada ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimarike yengingqi, apho iintlobo ze-GM canola ezinyamezela ukhula ziye zaba sisityalo esibalulekileyo kwezolimo zaseKhanada, zinceda ukwandisa isivuno kunye nenzuzo yabalimi. Ke ngoko, ezi zinto ziya kuqhubeka nokuqhuba imakethi yembewu ye-GM eMntla Melika kwixesha elizayo.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-17-2024