Imarike yembewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza (GM) kulindeleke ukuba ikhule nge-12.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2028, kunye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiweyo le-7.08%. Le ndlela yokukhula iqhutywa ikakhulu kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nokuqaliswa kwezinto ezintsha kubuchwephesha bezolimo.
Imakethi yaseMntla Melika ifumene ukukhula okukhawulezayo ngenxa yokwamkelwa okuxhaphakileyo kunye nenkqubela phambili entsha kwi-biotechnology yezolimo. I-Basf ngomnye wababoneleli abakhokelayo bembewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza enezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo ezinjengokunciphisa ukhukuliseko lomhlaba kunye nokukhusela i-biodiversity. Imakethi yaseMntla Melika igxile kwizinto ezinje lula, izinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi kunye neepateni zokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi. Ngokoqikelelo kunye nohlalutyo, imakethi yaseMntla Melika ngoku ifumana ukunyuka okuthe gqolo kwemfuno, kwaye i-biotechnology idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni icandelo lezolimo.
Abaqhubi beemarike eziphambili
Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwembewu ye-GM kwintsimi ye-biofuels ngokucacileyo kuqhuba uphuhliso lwemarike. Ngokukhula kwemfuno ye-biofuels, izinga lokwamkelwa kwembewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza kurhwebo lwehlabathi nalo liyenyuka ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukongezelela, ngokunyuka kwengqalelo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu, i-biofuels ephuma kwizityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza, ezifana nombona, iimbotyi zesoya kunye nommoba, ziya zibaluleke ngakumbi njengemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ukongeza, imbewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza eyenzelwe isivuno esonyukayo, ukonyuka komxholo we-oyile kunye ne-biomass zikwaqhuba ukwanda kwemarike yemveliso yehlabathi enxulumene ne-biofuels. Ngokomzekelo, i-bioethanol ephuma kwi-corn ye-genetically modified isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-fuel additive, ngelixa i-biodiesel ephuma kwiimbotyi zesoya eziguqulwe ngofuzo kunye ne-canola ibonelela ngenye indlela kumafutha e-fossil kumacandelo okuthutha kunye nezoshishino.
Iindlela zeemarike ezinkulu
Kwishishini lembewu ye-GM, ukuhlanganiswa kwezolimo zedijithali kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha kuye kwaba yinto ekhulayo kunye nomqhubi obalulekileyo weemarike, ukuguqula iindlela zolimo kunye nokwandisa ixabiso lemarike yembewu yeGM.
I-Digital Agriculture isebenzisa ubugcisa obuphezulu obufana nesathelayithi imaging, drones, sensors, kunye nezixhobo zokulima ezichanekileyo ukuqokelela inani elikhulu ledatha enxulumene nempilo yomhlaba, iipateni zemozulu, ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nezinambuzane. Uhlalutyo lwe-algorithms luze luqhube olu lwazi ukunika amafama izisombululo ezinokuthathwa kwaye yandise inkqubo yokuthatha izigqibo. Kumxholo wembewu ye-GM, ulimo lwedijithali lunegalelo ekulawuleni okusebenzayo kunye nokubeka iliso kwizityalo ze-GM kulo lonke umjikelezo wobomi babo. Abalimi banokusebenzisa ulwazi oluqhutywa yidatha ukwenza ngokwezifiso iindlela zokutyala, ukwandisa iinkqubo zokutyala, kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kweentlobo zembewu yeGM.
Imingeni enkulu yemarike
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obutsha obufana nezolimo ezithe nkqo kubeka isoyikiso ekusetyenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bemveli kwicandelo lembewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza kwaye ngowona mngeni ujongene nentengiso ngoku. Ngokungafaniyo nentsimi yemveli okanye i-greenhouse farming, ukulima ngokuthe nkqo kubandakanya ukupakisha izityalo ngokuthe nkqo, zihlala zidityaniswa kwezinye izakhiwo ezinje nge-skyscrapers, izitya zokuthumela, okanye iindawo zokugcina eziguquliweyo. Ngale ndlela, kuphela amanzi kunye neemeko ezilula ezifunwa sisityalo zilawulwa, kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwesityalo kwi-pesticides, izichumisi zokwenziwa, i-herbicides kunye ne-genetically modified organisms (Gmos) inokuphetshwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Imarike ngokohlobo
Amandla ecandelo lokunyamezela imichiza kuya kwandisa isabelo semarike sembewu yeGM. Ukunyamezela imichiza yokhula kwenza ukuba izityalo zimelane nokugalelwa komchiza othile ngelixa kuthintela ukukhula kokhula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, olu phawu luphunyezwa ngokuguqulwa kofuzo, apho izityalo zenziwa ngobunjineli bofuzo ukuvelisa ii-enzymes ezikhupha okanye zixhathise izithako ezisebenzayo ze-herbicides.
Ukongeza, izityalo ezixhathisa i-glyphosate, ngakumbi ezo zibonelelwa yiMonsanto kwaye ziqhutywa yi-Bayer, ziphakathi kweentlobo ezixhaphakileyo zokuxhathisa imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Ezi zityalo zinokukhuthaza ngempumelelo ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula ngaphandle kokonakalisa izityalo ezilinywayo. Le nto kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokuqhuba imakethi kwixesha elizayo.
Imarike ngemveliso
Ubume bendawo yentengiso bubunjwe kukuhambela phambili kwenzululwazi yezolimo kunye nobuchwephesha bobunjineli bemfuza. Imbewu ye-Gm izisa iimpawu ezintle zezityalo ezifana nesivuno esiphezulu kunye nokumelana nezinambuzane, ngoko ke ukwamkelwa koluntu kuyakhula. Izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ezifana neembotyi zesoya, umbona kunye nomqhaphu zitshintshiwe ukuze zibonise iimpawu ezifana nokunyamezela i-herbicide kunye nokumelana nezinambuzane, ukubonelela abalimi ngezisombululo ezisebenzayo zokubanceda ukulwa nezinambuzane kunye nokhula ngelixa besandisa isivuno. Ubuchule obufana nokwahlukaniswa kwemfuza kunye nokuthuliswa kwemfuza kwilabhoratri zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula indalo yemfuzo yezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zemfuzo. Imbewu ye-Gm isoloko iyilelwe ukuba ikwazi ukumelana nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, inciphisa imfuneko yokulukhula ngesandla kunye nokunceda ukwandisa isivuno. Ezi teknoloji ziphunyezwa ngeteknoloji yemfuza kunye nokuguqulwa kwemfuzo kusetyenziswa iintsholongwane zentsholongwane ezifana ne-Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Imarike yombona kulindeleke ukuba ibonise ukukhula okubonakalayo kwixa elizayo. Umbona wongamele urhwebo lwehlabathi kwaye ukwimfuno ekhulayo, ingakumbi kwimveliso ye-ethanol kunye nokutya kwemfuyo. Ukongeza, umbona sesona sondlo siphambili kwimveliso ye-ethanol. ISebe lezoLimo laseMelika liqikelela ukuba imveliso yombona yase-US iya kufikelela kwi-15.1 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni ngonyaka ka-2022, inyuke ngeepesenti ezisi-7 ukusuka ngo-2020.
Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, isivuno sombona wase-US ngo-2022 siya kubetha irekhodi ephezulu. Izivuno zifikelele kwi-177.0 bushels ngehektare nganye, i-5.6 bushels ukusuka kwi-171.4 bushels ngo-2020. Ukongeza, umbona usetyenziselwa iinjongo zoshishino ezifana neyeza, iiplastiki kunye ne-biofuels. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kube negalelo kwisivuno sombona kwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni emva kwengqolowa kwaye kulindeleke ukuba iqhube ukukhula kwecandelo lombona kwaye iqhubeke nokuqhuba imarike yembewu yeGM kwixesha elizayo.
Iindawo eziphambili zemarike
I-United States kunye neKhanada ngabona banegalelo elikhulu kwimveliso ye-GM yembewu kunye nokusetyenziswa eMntla Melika. EUnited States, izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ezifana neembotyi zesoya, umbona, umqhaphu kunye necanola, uninzi lwazo eziye zayilwa ukuze zibe neempawu ezifana nokunyamezela imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula nokuxhathisa izinambuzane, zezona ndidi zikhulayo. Ukwamkelwa okubanzi kwembewu yeGM kuqhutywa zizinto ezininzi. Ezi ziquka imfuno yokwandisa imveliso yezityalo, ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukhula kunye nezinambuzane, kunye nomnqweno wokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, phakathi kwezinye. ICanada ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimarike yengingqi, kunye neentlobo ze-canola ezikwaziyo ukunyamezela ukhula eziye zaba sisityalo esingundoqo kwezolimo lwaseKhanada, inceda ekwandiseni izivuno kunye nengeniso yamafama. Ke ngoko, ezi zinto ziya kuqhubeka nokuqhuba imarike yembewu yeGM eMntla Melika kwixesha elizayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-17-2024