Ukumelana ne-herbicide kubhekisa kubuchule obuzuzwe njengelifa be-biotype yokhula bokusinda kwi-herbicide apho uluntu lokuqala lwaluchaphazeleka khona. I-biotype liqela lezityalo ngaphakathi kohlobo oluneempawu zebhayoloji (ezifana nokuxhathisa kwi-herbicide ethile) engaqhelekanga kuluntu lonke. Ukumelana ne-herbicide kusenokuba yingxaki enkulu ejongene nabalimi baseNorth Carolina. Kwihlabathi liphela, iintlobo ze-biotypes ezingaphezu kwe-100 zokhula zaziwa ukuba ziyaxhathisa kwi-herbicide enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo. ENorth Carolina, okwangoku sine-biotype ye-goosegrass exhathisa kwi-dinitroaniline herbicides (Prowl, Sonalan, kunye neTreflan), uhlobo lwe-biotype ye-cocklebur exhathisa kwi-MSMA kunye ne-DSMA, kunye nohlobo lwe-ryegrass yonyaka exhathisa kwi-Hoelon. Kude kube kutshanje, bekungekho nkxalabo ingako malunga nophuhliso lokumelana ne-herbicide eNorth Carolina. Nangona sineentlobo ezintathu ezine-biotypes ezixhathisa kwi-herbicide ethile, ukuvela kwezi biotypes kwakuchazwa ngokulula ngokutyala izityalo kwindawo enye. Abalimi ababejikeleza izityalo babengenaso isidingo sokukhathazeka malunga nokuxhathisa. Nangona kunjalo, imeko itshintshile kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwemithi yokubulala ukhula emininzi enendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Indlela yokusebenza ibhekisa kwinkqubo ethile apho imithi yokubulala ukhula ibulala isityalo esisengozini.
Namhlanje, amayeza okubulala ukhula anendlela efanayo yokusebenza angasetyenziswa kwizityalo ezininzi ezinokukhuliswa ngokujikeleza. Okuxhalabisayo kakhulu ngala mayeza okubulala ukhula athintela inkqubo ye-enzyme ye-ALS. Amanye amayeza okubulala ukhula asetyenziswa kakhulu zii-ALS inhibitors. Ukongeza, uninzi lwamayeza okubulala ukhula amatsha okulindeleke ukuba abhaliswe kwiminyaka emi-5 ezayo zii-ALS inhibitors. Njengeqela, amayeza okubulala ukhula aneempawu ezininzi ezibonakala ziwenza abe sengozini yokukhula kokumelana nezityalo. Amayeza okubulala ukhula asetyenziswa kwimveliso yezityalo kuba nje esebenza ngakumbi okanye engabizi kakhulu kunezinye iindlela zokulawula ukhula. Ukuba ukumelana nokhula oluthile okanye usapho lwemithi yokubulala ukhula kuyavela, amayeza okubulala ukhula afanelekileyo asenokungabikho. Umzekelo, okwangoku akukho mayeza okubulala ukhula alawula i-ryegrass enganyangekiyo yiHoelon. Ke ngoko, amayeza okubulala ukhula kufuneka ajongwe njengezixhobo ezimele zikhuselwe. Kufuneka sisebenzise amayeza okubulala ukhula ngendlela ethintela uphuhliso lokumelana. Ukuqonda indlela ukumelana okuguquka ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela yokuphepha ukumelana. Kukho izinto ezimbini ezifunekayo ukuze kubekho ukumelana nokhula. Okokuqala, ukhula ngalunye olunezakhi zofuzo ezinika ukumelana kufuneka lubekho kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Okwesibini, uxinzelelo lokukhetha oluvela ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu kweyeza lokubulala ukhula apho ezi zityalo zingaqhelekanga zingamelani nalo kufuneka lusetyenziswe kuluntu. Abantu abamelana nalo, ukuba bakhona, benza ipesenti ephantsi kakhulu kuluntu luphela. Ngokwesiqhelo, abantu abamelana nalo bafumaneka rhoqo ukusuka kwi-1 kwi-100,000 ukuya kwi-1 kwi-1 kwi-100 yezigidi. Ukuba iyeza lokubulala ukhula elifanayo okanye iyeza lokubulala ukhula elinendlela efanayo yokusebenza lisetyenziswa rhoqo, abantu abasengozini bayabulawa kodwa abo bamelana nalo abangonzakali kwaye bavelisa imbewu. Ukuba uxinzelelo lokukhetha luyaqhubeka izizukulwana ezininzi, uhlobo lwebhayoloji olumelana nalo ekugqibeleni luya kwenza ipesenti ephezulu yabemi. Ngelo xesha, ulawulo lokhula olwamkelekileyo alunakufunyanwa ngeyeza lokubulala ukhula okanye iyeza lokubulala ukhula. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwisicwangciso solawulo sokuthintela ukuvela kokuxhathisa iyeza lokubulala ukhula kukujikeleza kweyeza lokubulala ukhula ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Musa ukusebenzisa iyeza lokubulala ukhula kudidi olunobungozi obuphezulu kwiTheyibhile 15 ukuya kwizityalo ezimbini ezilandelelanayo. Ngokufanayo, musa ukusebenzisa ngaphezulu kwesibini kwezi yeza lokubulala ukhula ezinobungozi obuphezulu kwisityalo esinye. Musa ukusebenzisa iyeza lokubulala ukhula kudidi olunobungozi obuphakathi kwizityalo ezingaphezu kwezibini ezilandelelanayo. Ii-herbicides ezikwicandelo elinomngcipheko omncinci kufuneka zikhethwe xa ziza kulawula ubunzima bokhula olukhoyo. Ii-tank mixes okanye ii-herbicides ezilandelelanayo ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza zihlala zibizwa ngokuba zizinto zesicwangciso solawulo lokuxhathisa. Ukuba ii-compounds zomxube wetanki okanye ii-sequences zikhethwe ngobulumko, esi sicwangciso sinokuba luncedo kakhulu ekulibaziseni i-resistance influence. Ngelishwa, uninzi lweemfuno zomxube wetanki okanye ii-sequences ezilandelelanayo zokuthintela ukuxhathisa azihlangatyezwanga yimixube esetyenziswa rhoqo. Ukuze zisebenze kakhulu ekuthinteleni i-resistance influence, zombini ii-herbicides ezisetyenziswa ngokulandelelana okanye kwi-tank mixes kufuneka zibe nolawulo olufanayo kwaye kufuneka zibe nokuqina okufanayo. Kangangoko kunokwenzeka, hlanganisa iindlela zokulawula ezingezizo iikhemikhali ezifana nokulima kwinkqubo yolawulo lokhula. Gcina iirekhodi ezilungileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-herbicides kwintsimi nganye ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo. Ukufumanisa ukhula olumelana ne-herbicides. Uninzi lwe-failures zokulawula ukhula azibangelwa yi-herbicides. Ngaphambi kokuba ucinge ukuba ukhula olusindayo kwi-herbicides alumelani, susa zonke ezinye izizathu ezinokubakho zokulawula ukhula olungalunganga. Izizathu ezinokubakho zokusilela kolawulo lokhula ziquka izinto ezifana nokusetyenziswa gwenxa (njengokunganeli kwesantya, ukugqunywa okubi, ukufakwa okubi, okanye ukungabikho kwe-adjuvant); iimeko zemozulu ezingalunganga ngenxa yomsebenzi omhle wokubulala ukhula; ixesha elingafanelekanga lokufaka ukhula (ingakumbi, ukusebenzisa ukhula emva kokuvela emva kokukhula kokhula olukhulu kakhulu ukuba lungalawuleki kakuhle); kunye nokhula oluvela emva kokufaka ukhula olufutshane olusele.
Nje ukuba zonke ezinye izinto ezinokubangela ulawulo olungalunganga zipheliswe, oku kulandelayo kunokubonisa ukuba kukho uhlobo lwebhayoloji olumelana nokhula:
(1) zonke iintlobo zezityalo ezilawulwa yi-herbicide ngaphandle kwenye zilawulwa kakuhle;
(2) izityalo eziphilileyo zohlobo oluthethwayo zidibene phakathi kwezityalo zohlobo olufanayo olubuleweyo;
(3) uhlobo olungalawulwayo ludla ngokuba semngciphekweni kakhulu we-herbicide ekuthethwa ngayo;
(4) intsimi inembali yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-herbicide ekubhekiselelwe kuyo okanye i-herbicide enendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Ukuba kukho ukurhanelwa kokuxhathisa, yeka ngoko nangoko ukusebenzisa i-herbicide ekubhekiselelwe kuyo kunye nezinye i-herbicide ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza. Nxibelelana ne-arhente yeNkonzo yoLwandiso lwesithili sakho kunye nommeli wenkampani yeekhemikhali ukuze ufumane iingcebiso malunga namaqhinga okulawula ezinye iindlela. Landela inkqubo enzulu exhomekeke kwi-herbicide enendlela eyahlukileyo yokusebenza kunye neendlela zokulawula ezingezizo iikhemikhali ukunciphisa imveliso yembewu yokhula kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kuphephe ukusasaza imbewu yokhula kwamanye amasimi. Cwangcisa inkqubo yakho yolawulo lokhula kwizityalo ezilandelayo ngononophelo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-08-2021