Ukusetyenziswa kwei-permethrin(i-pyrethroid) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni izinambuzane kwizilwanyana, iinkukhu kunye neendawo zasezidolophini kwihlabathi liphela, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba inetyhefu encinci kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwizinambuzane 13. I-Permethrin yi-spectrum ebanziisibulali-zinambuzaneoko kuye kwabonakala kusebenza ngokuchasene neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane eziyingozi, kuquka neempukane zasekhaya. Izibulali-zinambuzane zePyrethroid zisebenza kwiiproteni zesodium ezivalwe ngombane, ziphazamisa umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wemijelo ye-pore, zibangela ukudubula okuphindaphindiweyo, ukukhubazeka, kwaye ekugqibeleni zibulale imithambo-luvo edibana nesinambuzane. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-permethrin kwiinkqubo zokulawula izinambuzane kuye kwabangela ukuxhathisa okubanzi kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane,16,17,18,19, kuquka neempukane zasekhaya20,21. Ukwanda kokubonakaliswa kwee-enzymes zokususa i-metabolic detoxification ezifana ne-glutathione transferases okanye i-cytochrome P450, kunye nokungaziva kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo kufunyenwe njengezona ndlela ziphambili ezikhokelela ekuxhathiseni kwe-permethrin22.
Ukuba uhlobo oluthile lufumana iindleko zokuziqhelanisa ngokuphuhlisa ukumelana neentsholongwane, oku kuya kunciphisa ukukhula kwee-alleles zokuxhathisa xa sonyusa uxinzelelo lokukhetha ngokuyeka okwethutyana ukusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezithile okanye ukutshintsha ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane. Izinambuzane ezixhathisayo ziya kuphinda zifumane uvakalelo lwazo. Azibonisi ukumelana neentsholongwane27,28. Ke ngoko, ukuze kulawulwe ngempumelelo izinambuzane kunye nokuxhathisa iintsholongwane, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngcono ukumelana neentsholongwane, ukumelana neentsholongwane, kunye nokubonakaliswa kweempawu zebhayoloji zezinambuzane ezixhathisayo. Ukuxhathisa kunye nokuxhathisa iintsholongwane kwi-permethrin kwiimpukane zasekhaya kuye kwaxelwa ngaphambili ePunjab, ePakistan7,29. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi malunga nokuziqhelanisa neempawu zebhayoloji zeempukane zasekhaya alukho. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuhlola iimpawu zebhayoloji kunye nokuhlalutya iitafile zobomi ukuze kuchongwe ukuba kukho umahluko kwimpilo phakathi kweentlobo ezixhathisayo kwi-permethrin kunye neentlobo ezichaphazeleka lula. Olu lwazi luya kunceda ngakumbi ekuqondeni kwethu impembelelo yokuxhathisa kwi-permethrin kwintsimi kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zolawulo lokuxhathisa.
Utshintsho kwimpilo yeempawu zebhayoloji zomntu ngamnye kuluntu lunokunceda ekutyhileni igalelo lazo kwimfuza kwaye luqikelele ikamva lalo luntu. Izinambuzane zidibana nezinto ezininzi ezibangela uxinzelelo ngexesha lemisebenzi yazo yemihla ngemihla kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukuvezwa kwiikhemikhali zezolimo kunokubangela uxinzelelo, kwaye izinambuzane zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi ukutshintsha iindlela zemfuza, zomzimba, kunye nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni ezi khemikhali, ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela ekuchaseni ngokubangela utshintsho kwiindawo ekujoliswe kuzo okanye ukuvelisa izinto ezisusa ukungcola. I-Enzyme 26. Ezo zenzo zihlala zibiza kakhulu kwaye zinokuchaphazela ukuphila kwezinambuzane ezichasayo27. Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kweendleko zempilo kwizinambuzane ezichasayo kunokubangela ukungabikho kweziphumo ezimbi ze-pleiotropic ezinxulumene ne-resistance alleles42. Ukuba akukho nanye ye-resistance genes enefuthe elibi kwi-physiology yezinambuzane ezichasayo, ukumelana nezinambuzane bekungayi kuba nexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye izinambuzane ezichasayo bezingayi kubonisa izinga eliphezulu leziganeko zebhayoloji kunohlobo oluchasayo. Ukusuka kwi-negative option 24. Ukongeza, iindlela zokuthintela ii-enzymes zokususa ukungcola43 kunye/okanye ubukho be-genes eziguqula44 kwizinambuzane ezichasayo zinokuphucula impilo yazo.
Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba iintlobo zePerm-R kunye nePerm-F ezimelana nePermethrin zazinobomi obufutshane ngaphambi kokuba zibe mdala, ubomi obude, ixesha elifutshane ngaphambi kokuba zibekwe kwi-oviposition, kunye neentsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba zibekwe kwi-oviposition xa kuthelekiswa nohlobo lwePerm-S olusensitive permethrin kunye nemveliso yeqanda elide kunye nesantya esiphezulu sokusinda. La maxabiso abangele ukwanda kwamazinga okuzala, angaphakathi, kunye namanqanaba okuzala apheleleyo kunye namaxesha amafutshane okuzala iintlobo zePerm-R kunye nePerm-F xa kuthelekiswa nohlobo lwePerm-S. Ukuvela kwangoko kweencopho eziphezulu kunye ne-vxj kwiintlobo zePerm-R kunye nePerm-F kubonisa ukuba inani lale ntlobo liya kukhula ngokukhawuleza kuneentlobo zePerm-S. Xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo zePerm-S, iintlobo zePerm-F kunye nePerm-R zibonise amanqanaba aphantsi naphezulu okumelana nePermethrin, ngokulandelelana29,30. Uhlengahlengiso olubonweyo kwiiparameter zebhayoloji zeentlobo zePermethrin ezimelana nePermethrin lubonisa ukuba ukumelana nePermethrin akubizi kakhulu kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba akukho ekwabiweni kwezixhobo ze-physiological ukuze koyiswe ukumelana nezinambuzane kwaye kwenziwe imisebenzi yebhayoloji. Ukuvumelana 24.
Iiparameters zebhayoloji okanye iindleko zempilo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinambuzane ezinganyangekiyo zivavanyiwe kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa iziphumo ziyangqubana. Umzekelo, uAbbas et al. 45 bafunde impembelelo yokukhethwa kwelabhoratri yezinambuzane ze-imidacloprid kwiimpawu zebhayoloji zeempukane zasekhaya. Ukumelana ne-imidacloprid kubeka iindleko zokuziqhelanisa kwiintlobo nganye, kuchaphazela kakubi ukuchuma kweempukane zasekhaya, ukusinda kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso, ixesha lophuhliso, ixesha lokuvelisa, amandla ebhayoloji kunye nesantya sokukhula kwangaphakathi. Umahluko kwiindleko zempilo yempukane zasekhaya ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwizinambuzane ze-pyrethroid kunye nokungabikho kokuvezwa kwizinambuzane kuye kwaxelwa46. Ukukhethwa kwebhaktheriya yasekhaya ene-spinosad kukwabeka iindleko zempilo kwiziganeko ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ezinobuthathaka okanye ezingakhethwanga27. UBasit et al24 baxele ukuba ukukhethwa kwelabhoratri ye-Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) ene-acetamiprid kubangele ukwehla kweendleko zempilo. Iintlobo ezihlolwe i-acetamiprid zibonise amazinga aphezulu okuzala, amazinga okufakwa ngaphakathi, kunye namandla ebhayoloji kuneentlobo ezichaphazeleka yilebhu kunye neentlobo zasentsimini ezingavavanywanga. Kutshanje, uValmorbida et al. 47 baxele ukuba i-Matsumura aphid enganyangekiyo yi-pyrethroid inika ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kokuzala kunye neendleko zokuqina komzimba ezincitshisiweyo kwiziganeko zebhayoloji.
Uphuculo kwiimpawu zebhayoloji zeentlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin luyamangalisa kwimpumelelo yolawulo oluzinzileyo lweempukane zasekhaya. Iimpawu ezithile zebhayoloji zeempukane zasekhaya, ukuba zibonwa entsimini, zinokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kokumelana ne-permethrin kubantu abaphathwa kakhulu. Iintlobo ezimelana ne-Permethrin azimelani ne-propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad kunye ne-spinosad-ethyl29,30. Kule meko, ukujikeleza izibulali-zinambuzane ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunokuba lolona khetho lubalaseleyo lokulibazisa uphuhliso lokumelana nokulawula ukuqhambuka kweempukane zasekhaya. Nangona idatha evezwe apha isekelwe kwidatha yelabhoratri, ukuphuculwa kweempawu zebhayoloji zeentlobo ezimelana ne-permethrin kuyaxhalabisa kwaye kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo xa kulawulwa iimpukane zasekhaya entsimini. Ukuqonda okungakumbi ngokusasazwa kweendawo ezimelana ne-permethrin kuyafuneka ukuze kuncitshiswe uphuhliso lokumelana nokugcina ukusebenza kwayo ixesha elide.
Ixesha leposi: Okthobha-25-2024