Ukusetyenziswa kwepermetrin(pyrethroid) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulawula izinambuzane kwizilwanyana, iinkukhu kunye neendawo zasezidolophini kwihlabathi jikelele, mhlawumbi ngenxa yetyhefu ephantsi kakhulu kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwizinambuzane 13. I-Permethrin yi-spectrum ebanziisibulali zinambuzaneeye yabonakala isebenza ngokuchasene neentlobo zezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, kuquka neempukane. Izinambuzane ze-Pyrethroid zisebenza kwiiprotheni ze-sodium ezine-voltage-gated, ziphazamisa umsebenzi oqhelekileyo we-pore channels, kubangela ukudubula okuphindaphindiweyo, ukukhubazeka, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukufa kwemithambo-luvo edibene nesinambuzane. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-permethrin kwiinkqubo zokulawula izinambuzane kubangele ukuxhathisa ngokubanzi kwiintlobo zezinambuzane, i-16,17,18,19, kuquka i-houseflies20,21. Ukwandiswa kokubonakaliswa kwe-enzymes ye-metabolic detoxification efana ne-glutathione transferases okanye i-cytochrome P450, kunye nokungakhathali kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ziindlela eziphambili ezikhokelela kwi-permetrin resistance22.
Ukuba uhlobo oluthile lufumana iindleko zokuziqhelanisa ngokuphuhlisa ukuxhathisa izitshabalalisi, oku kuya kunciphisa ukukhula kokumelana ne-alleles xa sinyusa uxinzelelo lokukhetha ngokumisa okwethutyana ukusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ezithile okanye ukufaka endaweni yezinye izibulala-zinambuzane. Izinambuzane ezixhathisayo ziya kuphinda zibe novelwano. Ayibonisi ukuxhathisa okunqamlezayo27,28. Ke ngoko, ukulawula ngempumelelo izitshabalalisi kunye nokuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngcono ukuxhathisa izinambuzane, ukumelana nokunqamleza, kunye nokubonakaliswa kweempawu zebhayoloji zezinambuzane ezixhathisayo. Ukuchasa kunye nokuchasana ne-permethrin kwiimpukane zendlu kuye kwaxelwa ngaphambili ePunjab, Pakistan7,29. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi malunga nokuguquguquka kweempawu zebhayoloji zeempukane zasekhaya alukho. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuphonononga iimpawu zebhayoloji kunye nokuhlalutya iitheyibhile zobomi ukufumanisa ukuba ingaba umahluko wokuqina ukhona phakathi kweentlobo ezinganyangekiyo ze-permethrin kunye neentlobo ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke. Ezi datha ziya kunceda ngakumbi ukuqonda kwethu impembelelo yokumelana ne-permetrin kwintsimi kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokulawula ukuchasana.
Utshintsho kwimpilo yeempawu zebhayoloji kuluntu lunokunceda ukutyhila igalelo labo kwimfuza kunye nokuqikelela ikamva labemi. Izinambuzane zidibana noxinzelelo oluninzi ngexesha lemisebenzi yazo yemihla ngemihla kwindawo engqongileyo. Ukubonakaliswa kweekhemikhali ze-agrochemicals kuxinzelelo, kwaye inambuzane zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukuguqula i-genetic, physiological, kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ekuphenduleni ezi khemikhali, ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela ekuchaseni ngokubangela ukuguquka kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo okanye ukuvelisa izinto ezikhuphayo. I-Enzyme 26. Ezo zenzo zihlala zineendleko kwaye zinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwezitshabalalisi ezixhathisayo27. Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kweendleko zokufaneleka kwizinambuzane ezichasene ne-insecticide zingaba ngenxa yokungabikho kwemiphumo emibi ye-pleiotropic ehambelana nokumelana ne-alleles42. Ukuba akukho nanye yemfuza yokuxhathisa enefuthe elibi kwifiziyoloji yesinambuzane esixhathisayo, ukuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane bekungayi kuba nexabiso elikhulu, kwaye isinambuzane esixhathisayo asinaku bonisa izinga eliphezulu lezehlo zebhayoloji kunohlobo olunokuchaphazeleka. Ukususela kwi-bias engalunganga 24. Ukongezelela, iindlela zokuvinjelwa kwe-enzymes ye-detoxification43 kunye / okanye ubukho bokuguqula i-gene44 kwizinambuzane ezichasene ne-insecticide zingaphucula ukufaneleka kwazo.
Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba i-permethrin-resistant strains Perm-R kunye ne-Perm-F yayinobomi obufutshane ngaphambi kokuba umntu omdala, ixesha elide lokuphila, ixesha elifutshane ngaphambi kokuba i-oviposition, kunye neentsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba i-oviposition ithelekiswa ne-permethrin-sensitive strain Perm- S kunye neqanda elide. imveliso kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokusinda. La maxabiso abangele ukwanda kwe-terminal, intrinsic, kunye namazinga okuzala okushiyekileyo kunye namaxesha amafutshane esizukulwana sohlobo lwePerm-R kunye nePerm-F xa kuthelekiswa noxinzelelo lwePerm-S. Ukwenzeka kwangaphambili kweencopho eziphezulu kunye ne-vxj ye-Perm-R kunye ne-Perm-F strain icebisa ukuba abantu bezi ntlobo ziyakukhula ngokukhawuleza kunohlobo lwe-Perm-S. Xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ze-Perm-S, iintlobo ze-Perm-F kunye ne-Perm-R zibonise amanqanaba aphantsi kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okumelana ne-permetrin, ngokulandelanayo29,30. Ulungelelwaniso olujongwe kwiiparamitha zebhayoloji zeentlobo ezixhathisa i-permethrin zibonisa ukuba ukuxhathisa kwe-permethrin akubizi ngamandla kwaye kunokungabikho ekwabiweni kwezibonelelo ze-physiological ukoyisa ukuxhathisa izinambuzane kunye nokwenza imisebenzi yebhayoloji. I-Compromise 24.
Iiparamitha zebhayoloji okanye iindleko zokufaneleka zeentlobo zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo zezinambuzane ziye zavavanywa kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngeziphumo eziphikisanayo. Ngokomzekelo, uAbbas et al. I-45 ifunde umphumo wokukhethwa kwebhubhoratri ye-insecticide imidacloprid kwiimpawu zebhayoloji zeempukane. Ukuxhathisa kwe-Imidacloprid kubeka iindleko zokulungelelanisa kwiintlobo zomntu ngamnye, kuchaphazela kakubi ukuchuma kweempukane, ukuphila kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso, ixesha lophuhliso, ixesha lesizukulwana, amandla ebhayoloji kunye nezinga lokukhula ngaphakathi. Umahluko kwiindleko zokufaneleka kweempukane zendlu ngenxa yokuchasana nezinambuzane ze-pyrethroid kunye nokungabikho kokuchayeka kwi-insecticide kuye kwabikwa46. Ukukhethwa kweLebhu yeebhaktheriya zasekhaya ezine-spinosad nazo zibeka iindleko zempilo kuluhlu lweziganeko zebhayoloji xa kuthelekiswa noxinzelelo olubuthathaka okanye olungakhethwanga27. I-Basit et al24 ibike ukuba ukhetho lwebhubhoratri ye-Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) ene-acetamiprid ibangele iindleko zokunciphisa umzimba. Iintlobo ezihlolwe i-acetamiprid zibonise izinga eliphezulu lokuzala, izinga lokungena ngaphakathi, kunye namandla e-biological kune-laboratory-susceptible strains kunye neentlobo zentsimi ezingavavanywanga. Kutshanje, uValmorbida et al. 47 yabika ukuba i-pyrethroid-resistant Matsumura aphid ibonelela ngokuphucuka kokusebenza kokuzala kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zempilo kwiziganeko zebhayotiki.
Ukuphuculwa kweempawu zebhayoloji zohlobo oluxhathisa i-permethrin kuyamangalisa kwimpumelelo yolawulo oluzinzileyo lweempukane zasekhaya. Iimpawu ezithile zebhayoloji zeempukane zendlu, ukuba zibonwa ebaleni, zinokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kokumelana ne-permetrin kubantu abaphathwa kakhulu. I-Permethrin-resistant strains ayinqandeki kwi-propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad kunye ne-spinosad-ethyl29,30. Kule meko, ukujikeleza amayeza okubulala izinambuzane aneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza inokuba lolona khetho lungcono lokulibazisa uphuhliso lokumelana nokulawula ukuqhambuka kweempukane zendlu. Nangona idatha eboniswe apha isekelwe kwidatha yebhubhoratri, ukuphuculwa kweempawu zebhayoloji ze-permethrin-resistant strains kuyaxhalabisa kwaye kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo xa ulawula iimpukane zasendlini entsimini. Ukuqonda ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa kweendawo zokumelana ne-permetrin kuyadingeka ukucothisa ukuphuhliswa kokuchasana nokugcina ukusebenza kwayo ngexesha elide.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-25-2024