Iinethi zokunyanga iingcongconi ezihlala ixesha elide (ILNs) ziqhele ukusetyenziswa njengesithintelo esibonakalayo sokuthintela usulelo lwemalariya. Kwi-Afrika ekwi-sub-Sahara, enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokungenelela ekunciphiseni iziganeko ze-malaria kukusetyenziswa kwee-ILN. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-ILN e-Ethiopia lulinganiselwe. Ngoko ke, olu pho nonongo lujolise ekuhloleni ukusetyenziswa kwe-ILNs kunye nezinto ezihambelanayo phakathi kwezindlu zase-West Arsi County, i-Oromia State, i-Southern Ethiopian ngo-2023. Uphando olusekelwe kuluntu lwenziwa kwi-West Arsi County ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-30 ngoMeyi 2023 kunye nesampuli yezindlu ze-2808. Idatha yaqokelelwa kumakhaya ngokusebenzisa i-questionnaire elawulwa ngudliwano-ndlebe. Idatha yatshekishwa, yafakwa kwikhowudi yaza yangeniswa kwi-Epiinfo version 7 yaza yacocwa yaza yacazululwa kusetyenziswa i-SPSS version 25. Uhlalutyo oluchazayo lusetyenziselwe ukubonisa amaza, ubungakanani kunye neegrafu. Uhlalutyo lwe-binary logistic regression lubalwe kwaye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinamaxabiso e-p angaphantsi kwe-0.25 zakhethwa ukuba zibandakanywe kwimodeli ye-multivariate. Imodeli yokugqibela yatolikwa kusetyenziswa ulungelelwaniso lwemilinganiso elungelelanisiweyo (i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba, ixabiso le-p elingaphantsi kwe-0.05) ukubonisa unxulumano lwamanani phakathi kwesiphumo kunye nezinto ezizimeleyo. Malunga nama-2389 (86.2%) amakhaya anenetha zokubulala izinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe xa ulele. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweenetha ze-insecticidal ezihlala ixesha elide kwakuyi-69.9% (95% CI 68.1-71.8). Ukusetyenziswa kwamanetha e-insecticidal ehlala ixesha elide kwakudibaniswe kakhulu nokuba yintloko yenkosikazi yendlu (AOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.33-4.15), inani lamagumbi ahlukeneyo kwindlu (AOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.23-2.29), ixesha le-insecticide ehlala ixesha elide (i-AOR 1.5 i-insecticidal net. 2.18-5.35), kunye nolwazi oluphendulayo (AOR 3.68; 95% CI 2.48-6.97). Ukusetyenziswa kukonke kweinetha zokubulala izinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide phakathi kwamakhaya e-Ethiopia kwakuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho wesizwe (≥ 85). Uphononongo lufumene ukuba izinto ezinje ngentloko yabasetyhini bendlu, inani lamagumbi ahlukeneyo endlwini, ixesha lokutshintshwa kwamanetha e-insecticidal ahlala ixesha elide kunye nenqanaba lolwazi lwabaphenduli babezibikezelo zokusetyenziswa kwe-LLN ngamalungu omndeni. Ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-LLIN, i-Ofisi yezeMpilo yeSithili sase-West Alsi kunye nabachaphazelekayo kufuneka banike ulwazi olufanelekileyo kuluntu kunye nokuqinisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-LLN kwinqanaba lekhaya.
Isifo seengcongconi yingxaki enkulu yezempilo yoluntu kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nesifo esosulelayo esidala ukugula nokufa. Esi sifo sibangelwa sisifunxi-gazi esiyiprotozoan sohlobo lwePlasmodium, esisasazeka ngokulunywa ziingcongconi eziyimazi iAnopheles1,2. Phantse abantu abazibhiliyoni ezi-3.3 basemngciphekweni wesifo seengcongconi, ngowona mngcipheko mkhulu kwi-Afrika ekwi-sub-Saharan (SSA)3. Ingxelo yeWorld Health Organization (WHO) 2023 ibonisa ukuba isiqingatha sabemi behlabathi basengozini yesifo seengcongconi, yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba kuqikelelwa ukuba zizigidi ezingama-233 iimeko zesifo seengcongconi kumazwe angama-29, apho abantu abamalunga nama-580,000 bafayo, abantwana abangaphantsi kwemihlanu kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo ngabona bachaphazeleka kakhulu3,4.
Izifundo zangaphambili e-Ethiopia zibonise ukuba izinto ezichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide le-mosquito zibandakanya ulwazi lweendlela zokusasazwa kwe-malaria, ulwazi olunikezwa ngabasebenzi bokwandiswa kwezempilo (HEWs), amaphulo eendaba, imfundo kwizibonelelo zempilo, isimo sengqondo kunye nokukhathazeka ngokomzimba xa ulele phantsi kweengcongconi zexesha elide, ukungakwazi ukuxhoma iminatha yeengcongconi yexesha elide ekhoyo, ukungonelanga kwezixhobo zokuxhoma iingcongconi, ukungabikho kweengcongconi, imfundo ye-mosquito. iinethi, imingcipheko yemalariya, kunye nokungabikho kolwazi ngeengenelo zeengcongconi. Izifundo ze-17,20,21 nazo zibonise ukuba ezinye iimpawu, kubandakanywa ubungakanani bendlu, ubudala, imbali yokulimala, ubukhulu, imilo, umbala, kunye nenani leendawo zokulala, zihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide lomiyane. 5,17,18,22 Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluthile alufumananga unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kobutyebi bekhaya kunye nobude bokusetyenziswa kwe-mosquito net3,23.
Iinetha ze-mosquito ezihlala ixesha elide, ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zibekwe kwiindawo zokulala, zifunyenwe ukuba zisetyenziswe rhoqo, kwaye izifundo ezininzi kumazwe aphethwe yi-malaria ziqinisekisile ukubaluleka kwazo ekunciphiseni ukudibana kwabantu kunye ne-malaria vectors kunye nezinye izifo ezithwala i-vector7,19,23. Kwiindawo ezinemalariya, ukusasazwa kweengcongconi ezihlala ixesha elide kuboniswe ukunciphisa izehlo ze-malaria, izifo ezinzima, kunye nokufa okubangelwa yi-malaria. Iinethi ezineengcongconi ezifakwe amayeza okubulala izinambuzane zibonakaliswe ukuba zehlisa izehlo zemalariya ngama-48–50%. Ukuba isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, le minatha inokuthintela i-7% yokusweleka kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu emhlabeni jikelele24 kwaye inxulunyaniswa nokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokuzalwa okuphantsi kunye nokulahlekelwa komntwana25.
Akukacaci ukuba abantu bakuqonda kangakanani ukusetyenziswa kweminatha ebulala izinambuzane ehlala ixesha elide nokuba bayithenga ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo. Amagqabantshintshi kunye namahemuhemu malunga nokungaxhomi iminatha konke konke, ukuxhoma ngokungafanelekanga kwaye kwindawo engafanelekanga, kunye nokungababeka phambili abantwana kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo bafanele ukuphandwa ngokucophelela. Omnye umngeni yimbono yoluntu ngendima yeminatha ehlala ixesha elide ebulala izinambuzane ekuthinteleni isifo seengcongconi. 23 Izehlo zesifo seengcongconi ziphezulu kwimimandla esemazantsi eNqila ye-Arsi County, kwaye iinkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwamakhaya kunye noluntu lweminatha yokubulala izinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide zinqabile. Ngoko ke, injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya ukuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa komnatha we-insecticidal ixesha elide kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo phakathi kwemizi yase-West Arsi County, kwiNgingqi yase-Oromia, kumzantsi-ntshona we-Ethiopia.
Uphando olusekwe kuluntu lwenziwa ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-30 ngoMeyi 2023 kwi-West Arsi County. I-West Arsi County ifumaneka kwiNgingqi ye-Oromia esemazantsi e-Ethiopia, iikhilomitha ezingama-250 ukusuka e-Addis Ababa. Abemi balo mmandla bangama-2,926,749, aquka amadoda asisi-1,434,107 namabhinqa ayi-1,492,642. KwiNtshona yeArsi County, kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abangama-963 102 kwizithili ezithandathu nakwidolophu enye basengozini enkulu yesifo seengcongconi; nangona kunjalo, izithili ezisithoba azinayo imalariya. I-West Arsi County ineedolophana ezingama-352, apho i-136 inesifo seengcongconi. Kwizithuba zezempilo ze-356, i-143 yizithuba zokulawula isifo seengcongconi kwaye kukho amaziko ezempilo angama-85, i-32 kuwo ahlala kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo ze-malaria. Izibhedlele ezithathu kwezihlanu zinyanga abaguli bemalariya. Le ndawo inemilambo kunye neendawo zokunkcenkceshela ezifanelekileyo zokuzalela iingcongconi. Kwi-2021, i-312,224 i-insecticide ehlala ixesha elide ihanjiswe kwingingqi ukuze iphendule ngokukhawuleza, kwaye i-batch yesibini ye-150,949 i-insecticide ehlala ixesha elide yahanjiswa kwi-2022-26.
Umthombo wabemi wawuthathwa njengawo onke amakhaya akummandla we-West Alsi kunye nabo bahlala kwingingqi ngexesha lokufunda.
Abemi bophononongo bakhethwe ngokungenamkhethe kuzo zonke izindlu ezifanelekileyo kwingingqi ye-West Alsi, kunye nabo bahlala kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu we-malaria ngexesha lokufunda.
Onke amakhaya abekwe kwiilali ezikhethiweyo zaseWest Alsi County kwaye ahlala kwindawo yokufunda ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintandathu afakiwe kuphononongo.
Amakhaya angazange afumane ii-LLN ngexesha lokuhanjiswa kunye nalawo angakwaziyo ukuphendula ngenxa yokuva kunye nokukhubazeka kokuthetha ayengabandakanywa kuphononongo.
Ubungakanani besampulu yenjongo yesibini yezinto ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-LLN ibalwe ngokusekwe kwifomula yobungakanani babemi kusetyenziswa i-Epi info version 7 isoftwe yokubala yeenkcukacha-manani. Ukucinga ukuba i-95% CI, i-80% yamandla kunye nesantya sesiphumo se-61.1% kwiqela elingabonakaliyo, ukucinga kuthathwe kwisifundo esiqhutywe kumbindi we-India13 usebenzisa iintloko zezindlu ezingafundileyo njengento eguquguqukayo, kunye ne-OR ye-1.25. Ukusebenzisa ezi ngcamango zingasentla kunye nokuthelekisa iinguqu kunye namanani amaninzi, ukuguquguquka "intloko yendlu ngaphandle kwemfundo" yacatshangelwa ukugqiba ubungakanani besampuli yokugqibela, njengoko ibonelele isampuli enkulu yabantu be-2808.
Ubungakanani besampulu yabelwa ngokulinganayo kwinani lemizi kwilali nganye kwaye amakhaya angama-2808 akhethwa kwiilali ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa indlela elula yokuthatha iisampulu. Lilonke inani lemizi kwilali nganye lifunyenwe kwiNkqubo yoLwazi lwezeMpilo yeLali (i-CHIS). Intsapho yokuqala yakhethwa ilotho. Ukuba ikhaya lomthathi-nxaxheba wophando lalivaliwe ngexesha lokuqokelela idatha, ubuninzi bezodliwano-ndlebe ezilandelelweyo ezimbini zenziwa kwaye oku kuthathwa njengokungaphenduliyo.
Iinguqu ezizimeleyo zaziziimpawu ze-sociodemographic (iminyaka yobudala, imeko yomtshato, inkolo, imfundo, umsebenzi, ubungakanani bentsapho, indawo yokuhlala, ubuhlanga kunye nomvuzo wenyanga), inqanaba lolwazi kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide leminatha yezinambuzane.
Amakhaya abuzwe imibuzo elishumi elinesithathu ngolwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide. Impendulo echanekileyo inikwe inqaku eli-1, kwaye impendulo engachanekanga yanikwa amanqaku ayi-0. Emva kokushwankathela amanqaku omthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye, kwabalwa i-avareji amanqaku, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba abanamanqaku angaphezu komndilili bathathwa ngokuba “banolwazi olulungileyo” kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba abanamanqaku angaphantsi komndilili bathathwa ngokuba banolwazi “oluphantsi” malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide.
Idatha yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa amaphepha emibuzo acwangcisiweyo alawulwa ubuso ngobuso ngudliwano-ndlebe kwaye athatyathwe kwiincwadi ezahlukeneyo2,3,7,19. Uphononongo lubandakanya iimpawu zentlalo yoluntu, iimpawu zokusingqongileyo kunye nolwazi lwabathathi-nxaxheba ngokusetyenziswa kwe-ISIS. Idatha yaqokelelwa kubantu abangama-28 kwi-malaria hotspot, ngaphandle kweendawo zabo zokuqokelela idatha kwaye ilawulwe mihla le ziingcali ezisi-7 zemalariya ezivela kumaziko ezempilo.
Uluhlu lwemibuzo lwalungiselelwa ngesiNgesi lwaza lwaguqulelwa kulwimi lwasekuhlaleni (Afan Oromo) lwaza lwaguqulelwa kwakhona kwisiNgesi ukujonga ukuhambelana. Uluhlu lwemibuzo lwavavanywa kwangaphambili kwi-5% yesampulu (135) ngaphandle kweziko lezempilo lophononongo. Emva kovavanyo lwangaphambili, ikhweshine yatshintshwa ukuze icace ingcaciso kunye nokwenza lula amagama. Ukucocwa kwedatha, ukugqibelela, ububanzi kunye nokutshekishwa kweengqiqo kwenziwa rhoqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho wedatha phambi kokufakwa kwedatha. Emva kokujonga kunye nomphathi, yonke idatha engaphelelanga kwaye engahambelaniyo ayibandakanywanga kwidatha. Abaqokeleli bedatha kunye nabaphathi bafumana uqeqesho losuku olunye malunga nokuba loluphi ulwazi ekufuneka luqokelelwe. Umphandi ubeke esweni abaqokeleli bedatha kunye nabaphathi ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wedatha ngexesha lokuqokelela idatha.
Idatha yatshekishwa ukuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana, emva koko ikhowudi kwaye ifakwe kwi-Epi-info version 7, kwaye emva koko yacocwa kwaye yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-SPSS version 25. Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo ezifana ne-frequencies, proportions, kunye neegrafu zisetyenzisiwe ukubonisa iziphumo. Uhlalutyo lwe-bivariate lwe-bivariate logistic regression lubaliwe, kwaye i-covariates enamaxabiso e-p angaphantsi kwe-0.25 kwimodeli ye-bivariate yakhethwa ukuba ifakwe kwimodeli ye-multivariate. Imodeli yokugqibela yatolikwa kusetyenziswa ulungelelwaniso olulungelelanisiweyo, i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba, kunye namaxabiso e-p <0.05 ukumisela unxibelelwano phakathi kwesiphumo kunye nezinto ezizimeleyo. I-Multicollinearity yavavanywa ngokusebenzisa impazamo eqhelekileyo (SE), eyayingaphantsi kwe-2 kolu cwaningo. Uvavanyo lwe-Hosmer kunye ne-Lemeshow ye-goodness-of-fit yasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya imodeli efanelekileyo, kunye nexabiso le-p ye-Hosmer kunye ne-Lemeshow yovavanyo kolu phononongo yayiyi-0.746.
Ngaphambi kokuqhuba isifundo, ukuvunywa kokuziphatha kwafunyanwa kwi-West Elsea County Board of Health Ethics Committee ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. Emva kokuchaza injongo yesifundo, iileta zemvume esemthethweni zifunyenwe kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo zedolophu kunye nedolophu. Abathathi-nxaxheba bophando baye baxelelwa malunga nenjongo yophononongo, imfihlo, kunye nemfihlo. Imvume yokwaziswa ngomlomo ifunyenwe kubathathi-nxaxheba bophando ngaphambi kwenkqubo yokuqokelela idatha. Amagama abaphenduli awabhalwanga, kodwa umphenduli ngamnye wabelwa ikhowudi yokugcina imfihlo.
Phakathi kwabaphenduli, uninzi (2738, 98.8%) bevile malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide. Ngokumalunga nomthombo wolwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide, uninzi lwabaphenduli be-2202 (71.1%) bayifumene kubaboneleli babo bezempilo. Phantse bonke abaphenduli abangama-2735 (99.9%) bebesazi ukuba amayeza okubulala izinambuzane akrazukileyo anokulungiswa. Phantse bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-2614 (95.5%) bebesazi malunga nezibulali-zinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide njengoko zinokuthintela isifo seengcongconi. Uninzi lwamakhaya angama-2529 (91.5%) ayenolwazi olululo malunga nezibulali-zinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide. Amanqaku aphakathi kolwazi lwekhaya malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide kwakuyi-7.77 kunye nokuphambuka okusemgangathweni kwe-± 0.91 (Itheyibhile 2).
Kucazululo lwe-bivariate yezinto ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide leengcongconi, izinto eziguqukayo ezifana nesini somphenduli, indawo yokuhlala, ubungakanani bentsapho, imeko yemfundo, isimo somtshato, umsebenzi wokuphendula, inani lamagumbi ahlukeneyo endlwini, ulwazi lwenethi zengcongconi ezihlala ixesha elide, indawo yokuthenga inethi zengcongconi ezihlala ixesha elide, ixesha lokusetyenziswa kweengcongconi ezihlala ixesha elide kwi-moquito kunye nenani leengcongconi ezihlala ixesha elide kwi-moquito kunye ne-moquito moquito. ngokusetyenziswa kwenethi yeengcongconi ixesha elide. Emva kokulungiswa kwezinto eziphazamisayo, zonke iinguqu ezinexabiso le-p <0.25 kuhlalutyo lwe-bivariate zifakwe kwi-multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwamanetha okubulala izinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo kumakhaya aseWest Arsi County, Ethiopia. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba izinto ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamanetha e-insecticidal ahlala ixesha elide zibandakanya isini sesifazana sabaphenduli, inani lamagumbi ahlukeneyo kwindlu, ubude bexesha elifunekayo ukuba lithathe indawo yeminatha ye-insecticidal ehlala ixesha elide, kunye nenqanaba lolwazi lwabaphenduli, oluye lwadityaniswa kakhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide.
Lo mahluko usenokuba ngenxa yeyantlukwano kubungakanani besampulu, inani labantu bophononongo, ilungiselelo lesifundo sommandla, kunye nobume bentlalo qoqosho. Okwangoku, e-Ethiopia, uMphathiswa wezeMpilo uphumeza amanyathelo amaninzi okunciphisa umthwalo we-malaria ngokudibanisa ukungenelela kokuthintela isifo se-malaria kwiinkqubo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo eziphambili, ezinokunceda ukunciphisa izifo ezinxulumene ne-malaria kunye nokufa.
Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonise ukuba iintloko zezindlu zabasetyhini zidla ngokusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide xa kuthelekiswa namadoda. Oku kufunyaniswayo kuhambelana nezifundo eziqhutywe kwi-Ilugalan County5, i-Raya Alamata Region33 kunye ne-Arbaminchi Town34, e-Ethiopia, ebonisa ukuba abafazi babenamathuba amaninzi kunokuba amadoda asebenzise i-insecticide ehlala ixesha elide. Oku kunokuba sisiphumo sesiko lenkcubeko kuluntu lwase-Ethiopia oluxabisa abafazi ngaphezu kwamadoda, kwaye xa abafazi besiba ziintloko zemizi, amadoda aphantsi koxinzelelo oluncinci lokuthatha isigqibo sokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide ngokwazo. Ngaphezu koko, uphando luqhutywe kwindawo yasemaphandleni, apho imikhwa yenkcubeko kunye nezenzo zoluntu zingabahlonela ngakumbi abafazi abakhulelweyo kwaye babeke phambili ekusebenziseni i-insecticide ehlala ixesha elide ukukhusela isifo se-malaria.
Okunye okufunyanwe kuphononongo kubonise ukuba inani lamagumbi ahlukeneyo kumakhaya abathathi-nxaxheba lalinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokusetyenziswa kweinethi zokuthintela iingcongconi ezihlala ixesha elide. Oku kufunyaniswayo kuqinisekiswe ngezifundo kwi-East Belessa7, Garan5, Adama21 kunye ne-Bahir Dar20 counties. Oku kusenokubangelwa kukuba amakhaya anamagumbi ambalwa ahlukeneyo asebenzisa iminatha yeengcongconi ehlala ixesha elide, ngoxa amakhaya anamagumbi ahlukeneyo ngakumbi endlwini namalungu entsapho angakumbi esebenzise iminatha ehlala iingcongconi ehlala ixesha elide, nto leyo enokubangela ukunqongophala kweminatha yeengcongconi kuwo onke amagumbi ahlukeneyo.
Ixesha lokutshintshwa kweminatha yokubulala izinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide lalinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokusetyenziswa kwasekhaya kweminatha ehlala ixesha elide ebulala izinambuzane. Abantu abatshintshe iminatha ebulala izinambuzane ehlala ixesha elide ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emithathu edluleyo babesengozini yokusebenzisa iminatha ebulala izinambuzane ehlala ixesha elide kunaleyo yatshintshwayo kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuyahambelana nezifundo eziqhutywe kwidolophu yase-Arbaminchi, e-Ethiopia34 nakumntla-ntshona we-Ethiopia20. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba amakhaya anethuba lokuthenga inethi zokuthintela iingcongconi ezitsha endaweni yendala kusenokwenzeka ukuba asebenzise iminatha yokubulala izinambuzane ehlala ixesha elide phakathi kwamalungu asekhaya, asenokuziva anelisekile yaye eshukunyiselwa ngakumbi ukusebenzisa iminatha yeengcongconi emitsha ukuze kuthintelwe isifo seengcongconi.
Okunye okufunyaniswayo kolu phando kubonise ukuba amakhaya anolwazi olwaneleyo malunga nezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide ayenamathuba amane okusebenzisa izitshabalalisi ezihlala ixesha elide xa kuthelekiswa nemizi enolwazi oluphantsi. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kukwahambelana nezifundo eziqhutywe eHawassa nakumazantsi-ntshona e-Ethiopia18,22. Oku kunokuchazwa yinyaniso yokuba njengoko ulwazi lwekhaya kunye nokwazisa malunga neendlela zokuthintela usulelo, izinto ezinobungozi, ubukhali kunye namanyathelo okuthintela isifo sonyuka, amathuba okuthatha amanyathelo okuthintela ayakhula. Ngaphezu koko, ulwazi olulungileyo kunye nombono omhle weendlela zokuthintela isifo seengcongconi zikhuthaza umkhuba wokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide. Ke ngoko, ungenelelo lokutshintsha ukuziphatha lujolise ekukhuthazeni ukuthotyelwa kweenkqubo zokuthintela isifo seengcongconi phakathi kwamalungu osapho ngokubeka phambili izinto zentlalo nenkcubeko kunye nemfundo yehlabathi.
Olu phononongo lusebenzise uyilo olunqamlezileyo kunye nobudlelwane be-causal aluboniswa. Khumbula ukuba umkhethe usenokuba wenzekile. Ukuqwalaselwa kweinetha zokulala kuqinisekisa ukuba ukunika ingxelo ngezinye iziphumo zophononongo (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwenethi yokulala ngobusuku obudlulileyo, amaxesha amaninzi okuhlanjwa kwenethi yokulala, kunye nomvuzo ophakathi) kusekelwe kwiingxelo zobuqu, ezixhomekeke kwiimpendulo ezingakhethi cala.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwemanetha ehlala ixesha elide ephethwe ngama-insecticide kumakhaya yayiphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho wesizwe wase-Ethiopia (≥ 85). Uphononongo lufumene ukuba ukuphindaphinda kokusetyenziswa kwemanetha ehlala ixesha elide ephethwe ngama-insecticide kwakuchatshazelwa kakhulu ukuba ingaba intloko yekhaya ngumfazi, mangaphi amagumbi azimeleyo akhoyo endlwini, kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukubuyisela umnatha ophethwe yi-insecticide ehlala ixesha elide, kunye nolwazi lwabaphenduli. Ngoko ke, i-West Arsi County Health Authority kunye nabachaphazelekayo abachaphazelekayo kufuneka basebenze ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemanetha ehlala ixesha elide ephethwe ngama-insecticide kwinqanaba lekhaya ngokusasazwa kolwazi kunye noqeqesho olufanelekileyo, kunye nonxibelelwano oluqhubekayo lokutshintsha ukuziphatha ukuze kwandiswe ukusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide. Ukuqinisa uqeqesho lwamavolontiya, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye neenkokeli zonqulo ngendlela eyiyo yokusetyenziswa kweminatha ehlala ixesha elide enezitshabalalisi kumakhaya.
Yonke idatha efunyenweyo kunye / okanye ihlalutywe ngexesha lokufunda iyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelanayo ngesicelo esifanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-07-2025