I-pesticides idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekulawuleni izifo zezolimo kunye nezamahlathi, ukuphucula isivuno sengqolowa kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wokudla okuziinkozo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuzisa imiphumo emibi kumgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso yezolimo, impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.I-International Code of Conduct yoLawulo lwePesticide, ekhutshwe ngokudibeneyo yi-Food and Agriculture Organisation yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, ifuna ukuba abasemagunyeni bolawulo lwezitshabalalisi belizwe baseke inkqubo yokubhalisa kwakhona ukwenza uphononongo rhoqo kunye novavanyo lweemveliso ezibhalisiweyo zezitshabalalisi.Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imingcipheko emitsha ichongiwe kwangexesha kwaye kuthathwe amanyathelo olawulo asebenzayo.
Okwangoku, iManyano yaseYurophu, iUnited States, iCanada, iMexico, iAustralia, iJapan, iSouth Korea neThailand ziseke iinkqubo zokuhlola umngcipheko emva kokubhaliswa kunye nokuvavanya ngokutsha ngokweemeko zabo.
Ukususela ekuphunyezweni kwenkqubo yokubhaliswa kwezitshabalalisi ngo-1982, iimfuno zedatha yobhaliso lwezitshabalalisi ziye zahlaziywa kathathu, kwaye iimfuno zobugcisa kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo lokhuseleko ziye zaphuculwa kakhulu, kwaye iimveliso ezidala ezibhalisiweyo azikwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zangoku zovavanyo lokhuseleko.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokudityaniswa kwezibonelelo, inkxaso yeprojekthi kunye namanye amanyathelo, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezoLimo kunye neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni iye yandisa ngokuqhubekayo ulawulo lokhuseleko lobhaliso lwe-pesticide, kwaye ilandelela kwaye ivavanye inani leentlobo ze-pesticide ezinobungozi kakhulu kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu.Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yengozi elandelayo yengozi yeziyobisi ye-metsulfuron-methyl, ingozi yendalo ye-flubendiamide kunye nobungozi bempilo yabantu ye-paraquat, qalisa isifundo esikhethekileyo, kwaye uqalise amanyathelo okulawula angavumelekanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo;Ukuphelisa ngakumbi i-phorate, isofenphos-methyl, isocarbophos, ethoprophos, omethoate, carbofuran ngo-2022 kunye no-2023 izibulala-zinambuzane ezisibhozo ezinetyhefu kakhulu, ezifana ne-methomyl kunye ne-aldicarb, zanciphisa umlinganiselo wezibulali-zinambuzane ezinetyhefu kakhulu ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1% yenani lilonke lemichiza ebhalisiweyo. , ukunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo iingozi zokhuseleko zokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
Nangona i-China ithe ngokuthe ngcembe ikhuthaze kwaye iphonononga ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo kunye novavanyo lokhuseleko lwezitshabalalisi ezibhalisiweyo, ayikaseka imigaqo kunye nemimiselo yokuvavanya kwakhona okujoliswe kuyo, kunye nomsebenzi wokuvavanya kwakhona akwanelanga, inkqubo ayilungiswanga, kwaye eyona nto iphambili. uxanduva alucaci, kwaye kusekho umsantsa omkhulu xa uthelekisa namazwe asele ephuhlile.Ke ngoko, ukufunda kwimodeli eqolileyo kunye namava eManyano yaseYurophu kunye neUnited States, ukwenza kucace iinkqubo zokuphunyezwa kunye neemfuno zokuphononongwa kwakhona kobhaliso lwezitshabalalisi e-China, kunye nokwakha imodeli entsha yolawulo lwezitshabalalisi edibanisa ukuphononongwa kobhaliso, ukuphononongwa kwakhona kunye nokuqhubeka kokubhaliswa isiqulatho solawulo esibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ukhuseleko losetyenziso lwezitshabalalisi kunye nophuhliso loshishino oluzinzileyo.
1 Phinda uvavanye udidi lweprojekthi
1.1 IManyano yaseYurophu
1.1.1 inkqubo yokuhlaziya iintlobo ezindala
Ngowe-1993, iEuropean Commission (ebizwa ngokuba “yiKomishoni YaseYurophu”) ngokwemigaqo ye-Directive 91/414, phantse i-1 000 lezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo ukuze zisetyenziswe emarikeni ngaphambi kukaJulayi 1993 zaphinda zahlolwa ngokwamaqela amane.NgoMatshi ka-2009, uvavanyo lwagqitywa, kwaye malunga ne-250 izithako ezisebenzayo, okanye i-26%, zabhaliswa kwakhona ngenxa yokuba zihambelana nemigangatho yokhuseleko;I-67% yezithako ezisebenzayo zirhoxile kwimarike ngenxa yolwazi olungaphelelanga, akukho sicelo seshishini okanye ukurhoxiswa kwephulo loshishino.Enye i-70 okanye i-7% yezithako ezisebenzayo zaye zasuswa ngenxa yokuba azizange zihlangabezane neemfuno zovavanyo olutsha lokhuseleko.
1.1.2 uphononongo lokuvunywa
ISiqendu 21 soMthetho omtsha we-EU we-Pesticide Management Act 1107/2009 ubonelela ukuba iKomishoni yaseYurophu inako naliphi na ixesha ukuqalisa ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezibhalisiweyo, oko kukuthi, ukuphononongwa kwakhona okukhethekileyo.Izicelo zokuphononongwa kwakhona ngamaZwe angamaLungu ngokubhekiselele kwiziphumo ezintsha zenzululwazi kunye nezobugcisa kunye neenkcukacha zokubeka iliso kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo yiKomishoni ukuze iqalise ukuphononongwa kwakhona okukhethekileyo.Ukuba iKomishoni ibona ukuba isithako esisebenzayo asisayi kuhlangabezana neemfuno zokubhalisa, iya kwazisa amaLungu eLungu, i-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) kunye nenkampani yokuvelisa imeko kwaye ibeke umhla wokugqibela wokuba inkampani ingenise isitatimende.IKomishoni inokufuna iingcebiso okanye uncedo lwenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa kwi-Lungu States kunye ne-EFSA phakathi kweenyanga ezintathu ukususela kumhla wokufumana isicelo sengcebiso okanye uncedo lobugcisa, kwaye i-EFSA iya kungenisa uluvo lwayo okanye iziphumo zomsebenzi wayo kwiinyanga ezintathu ukusuka umhla wokufunyanwa kwesicelo.Ukuba kugqitywe ekubeni isithako esisebenzayo asisafikeleli kwiimfuno zobhaliso okanye iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe eziceliweyo azizange zinikezelwe, iKhomishoni iya kukhupha isigqibo sokurhoxisa okanye ukulungisa ubhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo ngokungqinelana nenkqubo yolawulo.
1.1.3 Uhlaziyo loBhaliso
Ukuqhubela phambili kokubhaliswa kweemveliso ze-pesticide kwi-EU kufana novavanyo lwexesha elithile e-China.Kwi-1991, i-EU yapapasha umyalelo we-91 / 414 / EEC, ochaza ukuba ixesha lokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ze-pesticide alikwazi ukudlula iminyaka eyi-10, kwaye kufuneka lifake isicelo sokubhaliswa kwakhona xa liphelile, kwaye linokuhlaziywa emva kokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokubhalisa. .Kwi-2009, i-European Union yapapasha umthetho omtsha we-pesticide Law 1107/2009, othatha indawo ye-91/414/EEC.Umthetho we-1107/2009 uchaza ukuba izithako ezisebenzayo kunye namalungiselelo amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kufuneka afake isicelo sokuhlaziywa kobhaliso emva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kwaye umda wexesha elithile lokwandiswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ukubhaliswa kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwayo kunye neziphumo zovavanyo: ixesha lokwandiswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ze-pesticides. ngokuqhelekileyo ayikho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15;Ubude bexesha lomviwa wokutshintshwa alidluli iminyaka esi-7;Izithako ezisebenzayo eziyimfuneko kulawulo lwezinambuzane eziyingozi zezityalo kunye nezifo ezingahambelani nemigaqo yokubhalisa yangoku, njengeKlasi 1A okanye i-1B ye-carcinogens, i-Class 1A okanye i-1B yezinto ezinobuthi zokuzala, izithako ezisebenzayo kunye ne-endocrine eziphazamisa iimpawu ezinokubangela iziphumo ezibi ebantwini. kunye nezinto ezingajoliswanga, aziyi kwandiswa ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-5.
1.2 eMelika
1.2.1 ukubhaliswa kwakhona kweentlobo zakudala
Kwi-1988, i-Federal Insecticide, i-Fungicide, kunye ne-Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) yatshintshwa ukuze ifune ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwezithako ezisebenzayo kwi-pesticides ebhaliswe ngaphambi koNovemba 1, 1984. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kolwazi lwangoku lwesayensi kunye nemigangatho yokulawula.NgoSeptemba 2008, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (i-EPA) igqibe ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwezithako ezisebenzayo ze-1,150 (zahlulwe kwizihloko ze-613) ngeNkqubo yokuBhaliswa kwakhona kwe-Old Variety, apho izihloko ze-384 zivunyiwe, okanye i-63 ekhulwini.Bekukho imixholo engama-229 emalunga nokucinywa kubhaliso, ithatha i-37 pesenti.
1.2.2 Uphononongo olulodwa
Phantsi kweFIFRA kunye neKhowudi yeFederal Regulations (CFR), uphononongo olukhethekileyo lunokuqaliswa xa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesibulali zinambuzane kuhlangabezana nenye yezi meko zilandelayo:
1) Inokubangela ukwenzakala kakhulu ebantwini okanye kwimfuyo.
2) Inokuba yi-carcinogenic, i-teratogenic, i-genotoxic, i-fetal toxic, ityhefu yokuzala okanye ukulibaziseka okungapheliyo kubantu.
I-3) Inqanaba lentsalela kwizinto eziphilayo ezingajoliswanga kwimo engqongileyo inokulingana okanye idlule ukuxinwa kweempembelelo ezinobuthi ezibukhali okanye ezingapheliyo, okanye ingaba nemiphumo emibi ekuzalweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezingajoliswanga.
4) inokubangela umngcipheko kubomi obuqhubekayo bezilwanyana ezisengozini okanye ezisemngciphekweni njengoko kumiselwe nguMthetho weZilwanyana eziMngciphekweni.
5) Inokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo zokuhlala ezibalulekileyo zezilwanyana ezisengozini okanye ezisengozini okanye ezinye iinguqu ezimbi.
6) Kunokubakho imingcipheko ebantwini okanye kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukugqiba ukuba ngaba izibonelelo zokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide zinokuphelisa imiphumo emibi yentlalo, yezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Ukuphononongwa kwakhona okukhethekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukuvavanywa okunzulu komngcipheko omnye okanye ezininzi ezinokubakho, kunye nenjongo yokugqibela yokunciphisa umngcipheko we-pesticide ngokuphonononga idatha ekhoyo, ukufumana ulwazi olutsha kunye / okanye ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezintsha, ukuvavanya imingcipheko echongiweyo kunye nokumisela ingozi efanelekileyo. amanyathelo okunciphisa.Emva kokuba ukuphononongwa kwakhona okukhethekileyo kugqityiwe, i-EPA inokuqalisa iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zokurhoxisa, ukukhanyela, ukuhlela ngokutsha, okanye ukulungisa ukubhaliswa kwemveliso echaphazelekayo.Ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970s, i-EPA yenze uphononongo olukhethekileyo lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwe-100 kwaye yagqiba uninzi lwezo ziphononongo.Okwangoku, uphononongo olukhethekileyo lulindelekile: i-aldicarb, i-atrazine, i-propazine, i-simazine, kunye ne-ethyleneoxide.
1.2.3 uphononongo lobhaliso
Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo endala yobhaliso ngokutsha igqityiwe kwaye uvandlakanyo olukhethekileyo luthathe iminyaka emininzi, i-EPA igqibe ekubeni iqalise ukuphononongwa kwakhona njengenkqubo elandela ubhaliso ngokutsha oludala kunye novavanyo olukhethekileyo.Uphononongo lwangoku lwe-EPA lulingana novandlakanyo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha e-China, kwaye isiseko salo somthetho nguMthetho woKhuseleko loMgangatho woKutya (FQPA), owaphakamisa uphononongo lwamaxesha athile lwezibulali-zinambuzane okokuqala ngo-1996, kwaye wahlomela i-FIFRA.I-EPA ilindeleke ukuba iphonononge isitshabalalisi ngasinye esibhalisiweyo ngamaxesha athile kanye kwiminyaka eli-15 ukuqinisekisa ukuba isitshabalalisi ngasinye esibhalisiweyo sihlala sithobela imigangatho yangoku njengoko amanqanaba ovavanyo lomngcipheko eguquka kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo iyatshintsha.
Ngo-2007, i-FIFRA yakhupha isilungiso ukuze iqalise ngokusesikweni ukuphononongwa kwakhona, ifuna i-EPA ukuba igqibezele uphononongo lwayo lwezitshabalalisi ezingama-726 ezibhaliswe phambi ko-Oktobha 1, 2007, ngo-Oktobha 31, 2022. Njengenxalenye yesigqibo sophononongo, i-EPA kufuneka nayo izalisekise isibophelelo sayo phantsi I-Endangered Species Act ukuthatha amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko kwangoko kwiintlobo ezisengozini.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobhubhani we-COVID-19, ukulibaziseka kokungenisa idatha evela kubafaki-zicelo kunye nobunzima bovavanyo, umsebenzi awuzange ugqitywe ngexesha.Kwi-2023, i-EPA ikhuphe isicwangciso esitsha sokuphonononga kwakhona iminyaka emi-3, esiza kuhlaziya umhla wokugqibela wokuhlaziya ii-pesticides ze-726 ezibhaliswe ngaphambi ko-Oktobha 1, 2007, kunye ne-pesticides ye-63 ebhalisiwe emva kwaloo mhla ukuya ku-Oktobha 1, 2026. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-pesticide iphinde yaphononongwa, i-EPA iya kuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo okulawula xa igqiba ukuba ukuvezwa kwe-pesticide kubangela ingozi engxamisekileyo ebantwini okanye kwimo engqongileyo efuna ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza.
2 Iinkqubo ezinxulumeneyo
Njengoko uvavanyo oludala lwe-EU oludala, ukubhaliswa kwakhona kweentlobo zakudala zase-United States kunye neeprojekthi ezikhethekileyo zokuphonononga ziye zagqitywa, ngoku, i-EU ikakhulu ngolwandiso lobhaliso, i-United States ikakhulu ngeprojekthi yokuvavanya ukwenza uvavanyo lokhuseleko lwababhalisiweyo. amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi, alingana ngokusisiseko novandlakanyo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha eTshayina.
2.1 IManyano yaseYurophu
Ukuqhubela phambili kokubhaliswa kwi-EU kwahlula ngamanyathelo amabini, eyokuqala kukuqhubela phambili kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo.Isithako esisebenzayo sinokuhlaziywa ukuba kugqitywe ukuba ummeli omnye okanye ngaphezulu usebenzisa isithako esisebenzayo kunye nobuncinci imveliso yolungiselelo equlethe into esebenzayo ihlangabezana neemfuno zobhaliso.IKomishoni inokudibanisa izithako ezisebenzayo ezifanayo kwaye iseke izinto eziphambili kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza ngokusekelwe kwimiphumo yazo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nezilwanyana kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo, ngokusemandleni, imfuno yokulawula okusebenzayo kunye nokuchasana kokujoliswe kuko.Inkqubo kufuneka ibandakanye oku kulandelayo: iinkqubo zokungeniswa kunye novavanyo lwezicelo zokuhlaziywa kobhaliso;Ulwazi okufuneka lungeniswe, kubandakanywa amanyathelo okunciphisa ukuvavanywa kwezilwanyana, njengokusetyenziswa kwezicwangciso zokuvavanya ezihlakaniphile ezifana ne-in vitro screening;Umhla wokugqibela wokungeniswa kwedatha;Imithetho emitsha yokungeniswa kwedatha;Amaxesha ovandlakanyo kunye nokwenza izigqibo;Kwaye ulwabiwo lovavanyo lwezithako ezisebenzayo kuMazwe angamalungu.
2.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
Izithako ezisebenzayo zingena kumjikelo wohlaziyo olandelayo kwiminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphela kwexesha lokuqinisekiswa kwesatifikethi sabo sobhaliso, kunye nabafaki-zicelo abanomdla wokuhlaziya ubhaliso (nokuba ngumfaki-sicelo ngexesha lokwamkelwa kokuqala okanye abanye abafaki-zicelo) kufuneka bangenise izicelo zabo ze-3 iminyaka. phambi kokuphelelwa kwesatifikethi sobhaliso.Ukuvavanywa kwedatha ekuqhubekeni kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo kuqhutyelwa ngokubambisana ngumbuso welungu le-rapporteur (RMS) kunye nelungu lelungu le-co-RMS (Co-RMS), ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-EFSA kunye namanye amaLungu eLungu.Ngokuhambelana nemigaqo ebekwe yimimiselo echaphazelekayo, izikhokelo kunye nezikhokelo, iLizwe ngalinye leLungu likhetha iLizwe eliLungu kunye nezibonelelo eziyimfuneko kunye nobuchule (abasebenzi, ukugcwala komsebenzi, njl.) njengoRhulumente ophetheyo.Ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo, iLizwe eloNgameleyo kunye neLizwe eLongameleyo ngokubambisana linokwahluka kwiLizwe apho ubizo lwabhaliswa okokuqala.Ngomhla wama-27 kuMatshi ka-2021, uMmiselo we-2020/1740 weKhomishini yaseYurophu waqala ukusebenza, ebeka imiba ethile yokuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ze-pesticides, ezisebenza kwizithako ezisebenzayo ezixesha lokubhalisa li-27 Matshi 2024. izithako eziphelelwa phambi Matshi 27, 2024, Regulation 844/2012 uya kuqhubeka ukusebenza.Inkqubo ethile yokuhlaziywa kobhaliso kwi-EU imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
2.1.1.1 Isaziso sokwenziwa kwesicelo sangaphambili neeNgcebiso ngempendulo
Ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sohlaziyo lobhaliso, ishishini liya kungenisa kuqala kwi-EFSA isaziso sezilingo ezifanelekileyo elizimisele ukuwenza ukuxhasa uhlaziyo lobhaliso, ukuze i-EFSA ibonelele ngeengcebiso ezibanzi kwaye iqhube uthethwano noluntu qinisekisa ukuba ulingo olufanelekileyo lwenziwa ngexesha nangendlela efanelekileyo.Amashishini anokufuna iingcebiso kwi-EFSA nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphambi kokuhlaziya isicelo sabo.I-EFSA iya kwazisa iLizwe elongameleyo kunye / okanye i-co-Co-Presiding State yesaziso esingeniswe lishishini kwaye yenze isindululo ngokubanzi ngokusekwe ekuhlolweni kwayo yonke ingcaciso enxulumene nesithako esisebenzayo, kubandakanywa nolwazi lobhaliso lwangaphambili okanye ukuqhubeka kolwazi lobhaliso.Ukuba abafaki-zicelo abaliqela ngaxeshanye bafuna iingcebiso malunga nohlaziyo lobhaliso lwecandelo elifanayo, i-EFSA iya kubacebisa ukuba bangenise isicelo sohlaziyo esihlangeneyo.
2.1.1.2 Ukungeniswa kwesicelo kunye nokwamkelwa
Umfaki-sicelo uya kungenisa isicelo sohlaziyo nge-elektroniki kwisithuba seminyaka emi-3 phambi kokuphela kobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo ngenkqubo yokungeniswa esembindini etyunjwe yi-European Union, apho iLizwe elongameleyo, iLizwe eliLawulayo, amanye amaLungu aMazwe, i-EFSA kunye neKhomishini. inokwaziswa.UMbuso owongameleyo uya kwazisa umenzi wesicelo, i-co-Co-Presiding State, iKhomishoni kunye ne-EFSA, kwinyanga enye yokungeniswa kwesicelo, umhla wokufunyanwa kunye nokwamkelwa kwesicelo sohlaziyo.Ukuba into enye okanye ngaphezulu ilahlekile kwizinto ezifakiweyo, ngakumbi ukuba idatha epheleleyo yovavanyo ayingeniswanga njengoko ifunwa, ilizwe elongameleyo liya kwazisa umfaki-sicelo ngesiqulatho esilahlekileyo kwinyanga enye ukususela kumhla wokufunyanwa kwesicelo, kwaye lifune ukutshintshwa phakathi kweentsuku ezili-14, ukuba izinto ezilahlekileyo azingeniswanga okanye akukho zizathu zibambekayo zinikwa ekupheleni, isicelo sohlaziyo asiyi kwamkelwa.URhulumente ophetheyo uya kwazisa ngokukhawuleza umfaki-sicelo, i-co-Co-Presiding State, iKhomishoni, amanye amaLungu amaLungu kunye ne-EFSA ngesigqibo kunye nezizathu zokungavunyelwa kwayo.Ngaphambi komhla wokugqibela wokuqhubela phambili kwesicelo, iLizwe elibambe iqhaza liya kuvuma yonke imisebenzi yokuhlaziya kunye nokwabiwa komsebenzi.
2.1.1.3 Uphononongo lwedatha
Ukuba isicelo sokuqhubela phambili samkelwe, uRhulumente ophetheyo uya kuphonononga ulwazi oluphambili kwaye afune izimvo zoluntu.I-EFSA iya kuthi, kwiintsuku ezingama-60 ukususela kumhla wokupapashwa kwesicelo sokuqhubeka, ivumele uluntu ukuba lungenise izimvo ezibhaliweyo malunga nolwazi lwesicelo esiqhubekayo kunye nobukho bezinye iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo okanye imifuniselo.ILizwe elongameleyo kunye ne-co-Co-Co-Co-State liqhuba uvavanyo oluzimeleyo, olunenjongo kunye noluselubala lokuba ingaba isithako esisebenzayo sisahlangabezana neemfuno zekhrayitheriya yokubhalisa, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zangoku zenzululwazi kunye namaxwebhu afanelekileyo esikhokelo, ukuvavanya lonke ulwazi olufunyenwe kwisicelo sohlaziyo, idatha yobhaliso ethunyelwe ngaphambili kunye nezigqibo zovavanyo (kubandakanywa novavanyo lwangaphambili) kunye nezimvo ezibhaliweyo ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokubonisana noluntu.Ulwazi olufakwe ngabafaki-zicelo ngaphaya kobubanzi besicelo, okanye emva komhla wokugqibela wokungeniswa, aluyi kuqwalaselwa.uMbuso owongameleyo uyakungenisa ingxelo yovavanyo yohlaziyo eyidrafti (dRAR) kwiKhomishini nakwi-EFSA kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-13 zokungeniswa kwesicelo sohlaziyo.Ngeli xesha, uRhulumente ophetheyo unokucela ulwazi olongezelelweyo kumfaki-sicelo kwaye usete umda wexesha lolwazi olongezelelweyo, unokuqhagamshelana ne-EFSA okanye ucele ulwazi olongezelelweyo lwezesayensi kunye nobugcisa kwamanye amazwe angamaLungu, kodwa akayi kubangela ukuba ixesha lokuvavanya lidlule ixesha icaciswe iinyanga ezili-13.Ingxelo yolwandiso lobhaliso olusayilwayo kufuneka iqulathe le miba ilandelayo:
1) Iziphakamiso zokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa, kubandakanywa nayiphi na imiqathango eyimfuneko kunye nezithintelo.
2) Iingcebiso malunga nokuba isithako esisebenzayo kufuneka sithathelwe ingqalelo "ingozi ephantsi" esebenzayo.
3) Iingcebiso malunga nokuba isithako esisebenzayo kufuneka sithathelwe ingqalelo njengomviwa wokutshintshwa.
4) Iingcebiso zokuseta ubuninzi bomda wentsalela (MRL), okanye izizathu zokungabandakanyi i-MRL.
5) Iingcebiso zokwahlula, ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo.
I-6) Ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iimvavanyo kwidatha yokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa ezifanelekileyo kuvavanyo.
7) Iingcebiso apho iinxalenye zengxelo kufuneka zidityaniswe ziingcali.
8) Apho kufanelekileyo, iLizwe elongameleyo alivumelani namanqaku ovavanyo lweLizwe eLongameleyo, okanye amanqaku apho kungekho sivumelwano phakathi kwaMazwe angamaLungu abumba iPhaneli edibeneyo yaMazwe awoNgamele.
9) Isiphumo sokubonisana noluntu kunye nendlela ekuya kuqwalaselwa ngayo.
URhulumente ophetheyo kufuneka anxibelelane ngokukhawuleza kunye namagunya okulawula iiKhemikhali kwaye, mva nje, angenise isiphakamiso kwi-Arhente yeMichiza yaseYurophu (ECHA) ngexesha lokungeniswa kwengxelo yovavanyo oluqhubekayo lokufumana ubuncinane ukuhlelwa phantsi koHlelo lwe-EU, Ukuleyibhile kunye nokuPakisha uMgaqo weZinto kunye nemixube.Isithako esisebenzayo siqhuma, ityhefu ebukhali, ukubola kolusu / ukucaphuka, ukwenzakala kwamehlo kakhulu / ukucaphuka, ukuphefumla okanye ukwalana nolusu, i-germ cell mutagenicity, i-carcinogenicity, ityhefu yokuzala, ityhefu ethile yelungu ekujoliswe kuyo ukusuka ekutyhilekeni okukodwa kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo, kunye nokuhlelwa okufanayo kweengozi. kwindawo yasemanzini.Ilizwe lolingo liya kuzichaza ngokwaneleyo izizathu zokuba kutheni isithako esisebenzayo singafikeleli kwiikhrayitheriya zokuhlela enye okanye ngaphezulu kweendidi ezinobungozi, kwaye i-ECHA inokuphawula ngezimvo zeLizwe lolingo.
2.1.1.4 Amagqabantshintshi kwingxelo yovavanyo oluqhubekayo
I-EFSA iya kuphonononga ukuba ingxelo yovavanyo lokuqhubela phambili eyidrafti iqulethe lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo kwaye ijikelezise kumfaki-sicelo nakwamanye amaLungu amaLungu kungadlulanga iinyanga ezi-3 emva kokufumana ingxelo.Ekufumaneni ingxelo yovavanyo oluqhubekayo, umfaki-sicelo unokuthi, kwiiveki ezimbini, acele i-EFSA ukuba igcine ulwazi oluthile luyimfihlo, kwaye i-EFSA iya kwenza idrafti yovavanyo lokuqhubela phambili ingxelo esidlangalaleni, ngaphandle kolwazi oluyimfihlo olwamkelweyo, kunye nohlaziyo oluhlaziyiweyo. ulwazi lwesicelo esiqhubekayo.I-EFSA iya kuvumela uluntu ukuba lungenise izimvo ezibhaliweyo zingaphelanga iintsuku ezingama-60 ukususela kumhla wokupapashwa koyilo lwengxelo yovavanyo oluqhubekayo kwaye luzithumele, kunye nezimvo zalo, kwiLizwe elongameleyo, iLizwe elongameleyo okanye iqela laMazwe angamaLungu. ukongamela ngokubambisana.
2.1.1.5 Uphononongo lwabalingane kunye nokukhutshwa kwesisombululo
I-EFSA iququzelela iingcali (iingcali zelizwe elongamelayo kunye neengcali zamanye amazwe angamalungu) ukuba ziqhube uphononongo loontanga, zixoxe ngezimvo zophononongo zelizwe elongameleyo kunye neminye imiba ebalaseleyo, zenze izigqibo zokuqala kunye nokubonisana noluntu, kwaye ekugqibeleni zingenise izigqibo kunye nezisombululo IKhomishini yaseYurophu ukuze ivunywe kwaye ikhululwe.Ukuba, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphaya kolawulo lomfaki-sicelo, ukuvavanywa kwesithako esisebenzayo akuzange kugqitywe ngaphambi komhla wokuphelelwa yisikhathi, i-EU iya kukhupha isigqibo sokwandisa ukuqinisekiswa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlaziyo lokubhalisa lugqitywe kakuhle. .
2.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Umnini wesatifikethi esifanelekileyo sobhaliso uya kuthi, kwiinyanga ezi-3 zokuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, angenise isicelo sohlaziyo lokubhaliswa kwemveliso yamayeza kwiLizwe leLungu elifumene ukubhaliswa kwemveliso yoxubo ehambelana nayo. .Ukuba umnini wobhaliso ufaka isicelo sokuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwemveliso efanayo yamachiza kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, lonke ulwazi lwesicelo luya kuhanjiswa kuwo onke amaLungu eLungu ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi phakathi kwaMazwe angamaLungu.Ukuze kuthintelwe uvavanyo oluphindwe kabini, umenzi-sicelo uya kuthi, phambi kokwenza uvavanyo okanye uvavanyo, akhangele ukuba amanye amashishini afumene ubhaliso lwemveliso yolungiselelo olufanayo, kwaye uya kuthatha onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo ngendlela enobulungisa neselubala ukufikelela kuvavanyo kunye nesivumelwano sokwabelana ngengxelo yovavanyo. .
Ukuze udale inkqubo yokusebenza elungelelanisiweyo kunye nesebenzayo, i-EU isebenzisa inkqubo yokubhalisa yengingqi ukulungiselela amalungiselelo, eyahlulahlulwe yaba yimimandla emithathu: eNyakatho, ephakathi kunye neMzantsi.IKomiti eLawulayo yezonal (zonal SC) okanye amalungu ayo amele Amazwe aya kucela bonke abanini bezatifikethi zobhaliso lwemveliso ukuba bafake isicelo sohlaziyo lobhaliso kwaye bakuwuphi ummandla, Ikwamisela iLizwe leLungu le-zonal rapporteur (zonal RMS).Ukuze kucwangciswe kwangaphambili, uMbuso owongameleyo wengingqi kufuneka unyulwe kwangethuba kwangaphambi kokungeniswa kwesicelo sokuqhubekeka kwemveliso yechiza, ekhuthazwa ngokubanzi ukuba yenziwe phambi kokuba i-EFSA ipapashe izigqibo zophononongo lwesithako esisebenzayo.Luxanduva loMbuso owongameleyo wengingqi ukuqinisekisa inani labafaki zicelo abafake izicelo zohlaziyo, ukwazisa abafaki zicelo ngesigqibo kunye nokugqiba uvavanyo egameni lezinye iZizwe ezikuloo ngingqi (uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lokusetyenziswa okuthile kwezamayeza. iimveliso ngamanye amaxesha zenziwa nguRhulumente weLungu ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokubhalisa indawo).Ilizwe lokuphononongwa kwesithako esisebenzayo liyafuneka ukuba ligqibezele uthelekiso lwedatha yokuqhubeka yesithako esisebenzayo kunye nedatha yokuqhubeka kwemveliso yeziyobisi.URhulumente weNgingqi owongameleyo uya kugqiba ukuvavanywa kwedatha yokuqhubeka yamalungiselelo kwiinyanga ezi-6 kwaye uyithumele kuMazwe angamaLungu kunye nabafaki-zicelo ukuba banike izimvo.ILizwe ngalinye eliLungu liya kugqibezela ukuvunywa okuqhubekekayo kweemveliso zalo ezixubileyo kwisithuba seenyanga ezintathu.Yonke inkqubo yokuhlaziywa koqulunqo kufuneka igqitywe kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-12 zokuphela kohlaziyo lobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo.
2.2 eMelika
Kwinkqubo yokuphonononga kwakhona, i-US EPA iyafuneka ukuba yenze uvavanyo lomngcipheko, inqume ukuba i-pesticide iyahlangabezana ne-FIFRA yokubhalisa, kwaye ikhuphe isigqibo sokuhlaziya.I-Arhente yolawulo lwezitshabalalisi ye-EPA inamacandelo asixhenxe, izahlulo ezine zolawulo, kunye nezahlulo ezithathu ezikhethekileyo.Inkonzo yoBhaliso kunye noVavanyo ngokutsha liSebe elilawulayo, kwaye iRejistri inoxanduva lwezicelo ezitsha, ukusetyenziswa kunye notshintsho kuzo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane zemichiza eziqhelekileyo;INkonzo yoVavanyo ngokutsha inoxanduva lokuvavanya emva kokubhaliswa kwezitshabalalisi eziqhelekileyo.Isebe leeMpembelelo zeMpilo, iSebe leeNdlela zokuSebenza kunye neMpembelelo yeNdalo kunye neSebe le-Biological and Economic Analysis, eziziyunithi ezikhethekileyo, zijongene nokuphononongwa kobugcisa bazo zonke iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zokubhaliswa kwezinambuzane kunye nokuhlolwa emva kokubhaliswa, kunye nokugqitywa komngcipheko. iimvavanyo.
2.2.1 Ulwahlulo lwemixholo
Isihloko sokuphononongwa kwakhona sinezithako ezisebenzayo enye okanye ngaphezulu kunye nazo zonke iimveliso eziqulethe ezo zithako zisebenzayo.Xa ubume bemichiza kunye neempawu ze-toxicological zezithako ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo zisondelelene ngokusondeleyo, kwaye inxalenye okanye yonke idatha efunekayo kuvavanyo lwengozi inokwabelwana ngayo, inokudityaniswa kwisihloko esifanayo;Iimveliso zezitshabalalisi ezinezithako ezininzi ezisebenzayo zikwaxhomekeke kwisihloko sokuphononongwa kwakhona kwesithako ngasinye esisebenzayo.Xa idatha entsha okanye ulwazi lufumaneka, i-EPA inokwenza utshintsho kwisihloko sophononongo kwakhona.Ukuba ifumanisa ukuba izithako ezininzi ezisebenzayo kwisihloko azifani, i-EPA inokwahlula isihloko kwizihloko ezibini okanye ngaphezulu ezizimeleyo, okanye inokongeza okanye isuse izithako ezisebenzayo kwisihloko sokuphonononga kwakhona.
2.2.2 Ukuqulunqwa kweshedyuli
Isihloko ngasinye sokuphononongwa kwakhona sinomhla osisiseko, onokuba ngumhla wokuqala wokubhalisa okanye umhla wokubhaliswa kwakhona kwemveliso yesitshabalalisi ebhaliswe okokuqala kwisihloko (umhla wokubhaliswa kwakhona ubhekiselele kumhla apho isigqibo sokubhaliswa kwakhona okanye isigqibo sethutyana. yatyikitywa), ngokubanzi nokuba yeyiphi na eyalandelayo.I-EPA ngokwesiqhelo isekela ishedyuli yayo yangoku yophononongo ngomhla wokuqala okanye olona vavanyo lwamva nje, kodwa inokuphinda iphonononge izihloko ezininzi ezifanelekileyo ngaxeshanye ukusebenza kakuhle.I-EPA iya kuthumela ifayile yovavanyo kwakhona, kubandakanywa nomhla wesiseko, kwiwebhusayithi yayo kwaye igcine ishedyuli yokuphonononga kwakhona yonyaka epapashwe ngawo kwaye ubuncinane iminyaka emibini elandelayo emva koko.
2.2.3 Uvandlakanyo luyaqala
2.2.3.1 ukuvula idokethi
I-EPA iqalisa uphononongo ngokutsha ngokwenza ingxelo yoluntu kwisihloko ngasinye sokuphononongwa kwakhona kwesitshabalalisi kunye nokucela izimvo.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-EPA inquma ukuba i-pesticide ihlangabezana nemigaqo yokubhaliswa kwe-FIFRA kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuhlaziywa kwakhona, inokutsiba eli nyathelo kwaye ibhengeze isigqibo sayo sokugqibela ngokuthe ngqo kwiRejista ye-Federal.Ifayile yetyala ngalinye iya kuhlala ivuliwe kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuphononongwa kwakhona de kuthathwe isigqibo sokugqibela.Ifayile ibandakanya, kodwa ayiphelelanga koku kulandelayo: isishwankathelo semeko yeprojekthi yovavanyo kwakhona;Uluhlu lobhaliso olukhoyo kunye nababhalisi, nasiphi na isaziso seRejista ye-Federal malunga nokubhaliswa okulindileyo, imida ekhoyo okanye ehlala ihleli;Amaxwebhu ovavanyo lomngcipheko;Ibhibliyografi yerejista yangoku;Isishwankathelo sedatha yengozi;Kwaye nayiphi na enye idatha efanelekileyo okanye ulwazi.Ifayile iphinda ibandakanye isicwangciso somsebenzi wokuqala obandakanya ulwazi olusisiseko lwe-EPA okwangoku malunga ne-pesticide ukuba ilawulwe kunye nendlela eya kusetyenziswa ngayo, kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko oluqikelelweyo, iimfuno zedatha, kunye neshedyuli yokuphonononga.
2.2.3.2 Izimvo zoluntu
I-EPA ipapasha isaziso kwiRejista ye-Federal ukuze uluntu luhlomle kwifayile yokuhlaziya kwakhona kunye nesicwangciso somsebenzi wokuqala kwixesha elingekho ngaphantsi kweentsuku ze-60.Ngeli xesha, abachaphazelekayo banokubuza imibuzo, benze iingcebiso okanye banike ulwazi olufanelekileyo.Ukungeniswa kolu lwazi kufuneka kuhlangabezane nezi mfuno zilandelayo.
1) Ulwazi olufanelekileyo kufuneka lungeniswe kwixesha elichaziweyo lokubeka izimvo, kodwa i-EPA iya kuqwalasela kwakhona, ngokubona kwayo, ukuba iyamkele idatha okanye ulwazi olufakwe emva koko.
I-2) Ulwazi kufuneka lufakwe kwifomu efundekayo kunye nesebenzisekayo.Umzekelo, nayiphi na imathiriyeli engekho ngesiNgesi kufuneka ikhatshwe yinguqulelo yesiNgesi, kwaye nayiphi na ingcaciso engeniswe nge-audio okanye ifom yevidiyo kufuneka ikhatshwe yirekhodi ebhaliweyo.Izicelo ezibhaliweyo zingangeniswa ngephepha okanye ngekhompyutha.
3) Umhambisi kufuneka achaze ngokucacileyo umthombo wedatha okanye ulwazi olungenisiweyo.
4) I-subfiler inokucela ukuba i-EPA iphinde ihlolisise ulwazi olukhatywayo ekuphononongweni kwangaphambili, kodwa kufuneka ichaze izizathu zokuphononongwa kwakhona.
Ngokusekelwe kulwazi olufunyenweyo ngexesha lokuphawula kunye nokuphononongwa kwangaphambili, i-EPA iphuhlisa kwaye ikhuphe isicwangciso somsebenzi wokugqibela esibandakanya iimfuno zedatha yesicwangciso, izimvo ezifunyenweyo, kunye nesishwankathelo seempendulo ze-EPA.
Ukuba isibulali-zinambuzane esisebenzayo asinalo naluphi na ubhaliso lwemveliso, okanye zonke iimveliso ezibhalisiweyo zirhoxisiwe, i-EPA ayisayi kuphinda ivavanye isibulali-zinambuzane.
2.2.3.3 Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabachaphazelekayo
Ukwandisa ukungafihli kunye nothethathethwano kunye nokujongana nokungaqiniseki okunokuthi kuchaphazele uvavanyo lwengozi yezitshabalalisi kunye nezigqibo zolawulo lomngcipheko, njengokubhaliweyo okungacacanga okanye idatha yesilingo esilahlekileyo, i-EPA inokuqhuba iintlanganiso zokugxila kunye nabachaphazelekayo kwizihloko ezizayo okanye eziqhubekayo zokuphonononga kwakhona.Ukuba nolwazi olwaneleyo kwangethuba kunokunceda i-EPA icuthe uvavanyo lwayo kwiindawo ezifuna ukuhoywa ngokwenene.Umzekelo, phambi kokuba kuqaliswe uphononongo kwakhona, i-EPA inokubonisana nomnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso okanye umsebenzisi wesitshabalalisi malunga nokusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, kwaye ngexesha lokuphononongwa kwakhona, i-EPA inokubonisana nomnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso, umsebenzisi wesitshabalalisi okanye enye into efanelekileyo. abasebenzi ukuba baphuhlise ngokudibeneyo isicwangciso solawulo lwengozi yezitshabalalisi.
2.2.4 Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kunye nokuphunyezwa
2.2.4.1 Vavanya iinguqu ezenzeke ukususela kuphononongo lokugqibela
I-EPA iya kuvavanya naluphi na utshintsho kwimimiselo, imigaqo-nkqubo, iinkqubo zovavanyo lomngcipheko, okanye iimfuno zedatha ezenzeke ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kobhaliso lokugqibela, inqume ukubaluleka kolo tshintsho, kwaye inqume ukuba i-pesticide ehlaziyiweyo isahlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokubhalisa ye-FIFRA.Ngexesha elifanayo, hlaziya yonke idatha echaphazelekayo entsha okanye ulwazi ukugqiba ukuba ngaba uvavanyo olutsha lwengozi okanye uvavanyo olutsha lwengozi / inzuzo luyimfuneko.
2.2.4.2 Ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezintsha njengoko kufuneka
Ukuba kugqitywe ukuba uvavanyo olutsha luyimfuneko kwaye idatha ekhoyo yovavanyo yanele, i-EPA iya kuphinda iqhube ngokuthe ngqo uvavanyo lomngcipheko okanye uvavanyo lomngcipheko / lokuzuza.Ukuba idatha ekhoyo okanye ulwazi aluhlangabezani neemfuno zovavanyo olutsha, i-EPA iya kukhupha isaziso sokufowunela idatha kumnini wesatifikethi esifanelekileyo sobhaliso ngokuhambelana nemigaqo ye-FIFRA efanelekileyo.Umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso udla ngokufuneka ukuba aphendule phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-90 ukuze avumelane ne-EPA ngolwazi oluza kungeniswa kunye nexesha lokugqiba isicwangciso.
2.2.4.3 Uvavanyo lweempembelelo kwizinto eziphilayo ezisengozini
Xa i-EPA iphinda iphonononga isibulali-zinambuzane esisebenzayo xa kuphononongwa ngokutsha, inyanzelekile ukuba ithobele amalungiselelo oMthetho weZilwanyana eziseMngciphekweni wokuPhepha ukuze kuthintelwe ukwenzakala kwiintlobo ezidweliswe ngurhulumente ezisengozini okanye ezisengozini yokuphela kunye neempembelelo ezimbi kwindawo yendalo ephilayo echongiweyo ebalulekileyo.Ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-EPA iya kuthetha-thethana neNkonzo yeentlanzi zase-US kunye neNkonzo yeZilwanyana zaseNdle kunye neNkonzo yeSizwe yokuLoba eLwandle.
2.2.4.4 Intatho-nxaxheba yoluntu
Ukuba uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko lwenziwa, i-EPA iya kupapasha ngokuqhelekileyo isaziso kwiRejista ye-Federal ebonelela ngovavanyo lomngcipheko oluyilwayo lokuphononongwa koluntu kunye nokuphawula, kunye nexesha lokuphawula ubuncinane iintsuku ze-30 kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ze-60.I-EPA iya kuthumela kwakhona ingxelo yokuhlola ingozi ehlaziyiweyo kwiRejista ye-Federal, inkcazo yalo naluphi na utshintsho kuxwebhu olucetywayo, kunye nempendulo kwizimvo zoluntu.Ukuba ngaba uphononongo lomngcipheko oluhlaziyiweyo lubonisa ukuba kukho imingcipheko yokuxhalabisa, ixesha lokuphawula ubuncinane leentsuku ezingama-30 linganikezelwa ukuvumela uluntu ukuba lungenise ezinye iingcebiso malunga nemilinganiselo yokunciphisa umngcipheko.Ukuba ukuhlolwa kokuqala kubonisa izinga eliphantsi lokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide / ukusetyenziswa, impembelelo ephantsi kubachaphazelekayo okanye kuluntu, umngcipheko ophantsi, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko omncinci okanye akukho nto ifunekayo, i-EPA ayinakukwazi ukwenza izimvo zoluntu ezahlukileyo malunga novavanyo lomngcipheko oluyilwayo, kodwa endaweni yoko yenza ukuba uyilo lufumaneke ukuze luphononongwe luluntu kunye nesigqibo sokuphononongwa kwakhona.
2.2.5 isigqibo sokuphononongwa kobhaliso
Isigqibo sokuphononongwa kwakhona sisigqibo se-EPA sokuba ingaba isibulali-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana na nemigaqo yokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni, oko kukuthi, iphonononga izinto ezifana neleyibhile yemveliso, izithako ezisebenzayo kunye nokupakishwa kwayo ukuze iqinisekise ukuba isibulali-zinambuzane siya kwenza umsebenzi ekujoliswe kuwo ngaphandle kokubangela iziphumo ezibi ngokungekho ngqiqweni ebantwini. impilo okanye okusingqongileyo.
2.2.5.1 isigqibo esicetywayo sokuhlolwa kobhaliso okanye isigqibo sethutyana esicetywayo
Ukuba i-EPA ifumanisa ukuba uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko aluyomfuneko, iya kukhupha isigqibo esicetywayo sokuphononongwa kwakhona phantsi kwemimiselo ("Isigqibo esicetywayo");Xa uvavanyo olongezelelweyo, olufana novavanyo lwezilwanyana ezisengozini okanye ukuhlolwa kwe-endocrine, kuyadingeka, isigqibo sexeshana esicetywayo sinokukhutshwa.Isigqibo esicetywayo siya kupapashwa ngeRejista ye-Federal kwaye iya kufumaneka kuluntu malunga nexesha lokuphawula ubuncinane iintsuku ze-60.Isigqibo esicetywayo ikakhulu siquka le miba ilandelayo:
1) Xela iziphetho ezicetywayo kwiikhrayitheriya zobhaliso lwe-FIFRA, kubandakanywa iziphumo zothethwano olusesikweni loMthetho weZilwanyana eziseMngciphekweni, kwaye ubonise isiseko sezi zigqibo zicetywayo.
2) Chonga amanyathelo acetywayo okunciphisa umngcipheko okanye amanye amayeza ayimfuneko kwaye uwathethelele.
3) Bonisa ukuba idatha eyongezelelweyo iyafuneka;Ukuba kuyimfuneko, chaza iimfuno zedatha kwaye wazise umnikazi wekhadi lokubhalisa ngefowuni yedatha.
4) Chaza naluphi na utshintsho olucetywayo kwileyibhile.
5) Beka umhla wokugqibela wokugqiba isenzo ngasinye esifunekayo.
2.2.5.2 isigqibo sokuhlolwa kobhaliso lwethutyana
Emva kokuqwalasela zonke iinkcazo malunga nesigqibo sexeshana esicetywayo, i-EPA inokuthi, ngokubona kwayo, ikhuphe isigqibo sexeshana ngeRejista ye-Federal ngaphambi kokugqitywa kokuphononongwa kwakhona.Isigqibo sethutyana siquka inkcazo yalo naluphi na utshintsho kwisigqibo sexeshana esicetywayo sangaphambili kunye nempendulo kwizimvo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye isigqibo sethutyana sinokuthi: sifune amanyathelo amatsha okunciphisa umngcipheko okanye siphumeze amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko wethutyana;Isicelo sokungeniswa kweelebhile ezihlaziyiweyo;Cacisa ulwazi lwedatha efunekayo ukugqibezela uvandlakanyo kunye neshedyuli yokungeniswa (izaziso zokufowunelwa kwedatha zinokukhutshwa ngaphambi, kwangaxeshanye okanye emva kokukhutshwa kwesigqibo sokuphononongwa kwakhona kwethutyana).Ukuba umnikazi wesatifikethi sobhaliso uyasilela ukusebenzisana namanyathelo afunekayo kwisigqibo sethutyana sokuphononongwa kwakhona, i-EPA inokuthatha amanyathelo asemthethweni afanelekileyo.
2.2.5.3 isigqibo sokugqibela
I-EPA iya kukhupha isigqibo sokugqibela ekugqityweni kwazo zonke iimvavanyo zokuphononongwa kwakhona, kubandakanywa, apho kufanelekileyo, ukuhlolwa kunye nokubonisana kweentlobo ezidweliswe kwi-Federal Endangered and Threatened Wildlife List, kunye nokuhlaziywa kweenkqubo zokuhlola i-endocrine disruptor.Ukuba umnikazi wesatifikethi sobhaliso uyasilela ukusebenzisana namanyathelo afunekayo kwisigqibo sokuphononongwa kwakhona, i-EPA inokuthatha amanyathelo asemthethweni afanelekileyo phantsi kwe-FIFRA.
3 Bhalisa isicelo sokuqhubeka
3.1 IManyano yaseYurophu
Ukuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwe-EU yezithako ezisebenzayo kwi-pesticides luvavanyo olubanzi oludibanisa idatha endala kunye nentsha, kwaye abafaki zicelo kufuneka bangenise idatha epheleleyo njengoko kufuneka.
3.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
Inqaku lesi-6 loMmiselo 2020/1740 ngohlaziyo lobhaliso luchaza ulwazi oluza kungeniswa ukuze kuhlaziywe ubhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo, kubandakanya:
1) Igama kunye nedilesi yomfaki-sicelo onoxanduva lokuqhubeka nesicelo kunye nokuzalisekisa izibophelelo ezichazwe yimimiselo.
2) Igama nedilesi yomfaki-sicelo odibeneyo kunye negama lombutho wabavelisi.
3) Indlela emeleyo yokusetyenziswa ubuncinane imveliso yokukhusela isityalo equlethe isithako esisebenzayo kwisityalo esikhula ngokubanzi kwindawo nganye, kunye nobungqina bokuba imveliso ihlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokubhalisa echazwe kwiSiqendu 4 soMgaqo we-1107/2009.
Le "Indlela yokusetyenziswa" ingentla ibandakanya indlela yokubhalisa kunye nokuvavanya ukuqhubeka nokubhaliswa.Ubuncinci enye yeemveliso zokukhusela izityalo kunye neendlela zommeli ezingentla zokusetyenziswa kufuneka zikhululeke kwezinye izithako ezisebenzayo.Ukuba ulwazi olufakwe ngumfaki-sicelo aluquki zonke iindawo ezibandakanyekayo, okanye alukhuliswanga ngokubanzi kwindawo leyo, isizathu kufuneka sinikwe.
4) idatha eyimfuneko kunye neziphumo zovavanyo lomngcipheko, kubandakanywa: i) ebonisa utshintsho kwiimfuno zomthetho kunye nolawulo ukususela ekuvunyweni kokubhaliswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo okanye ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwakutshanje;ii) ibonise utshintsho kwisayensi nethekhinoloji ukususela ekuphunyezweni kobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo okanye uhlaziyo lobhaliso lwakutsha nje;iii) abonise utshintsho ekusetyenzisweni kommeli;iv) lubonisa ukuba ubhaliso luyaqhubeka nokutshintsha kubhaliso lokuqala.
(5) isicatshulwa esipheleleyo solingo ngalunye okanye ingxelo yokufunda kunye ne-abstract yayo njengenxalenye yolwazi lobhaliso lokuqala okanye ulwazi olulandelayo lokuqhubeka kobhaliso ngokuhambelana neemfuno zolwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo.
I-6) isicatshulwa esipheleleyo sovavanyo ngalunye okanye ingxelo yokufunda kunye ne-abstract yayo njengenxalenye yedatha yokubhalisa yokuqala okanye idatha yokubhalisa elandelayo, ngokuhambelana neemfuno zedatha yokulungiselela iziyobisi.
7) Ubungqina obubhaliweyo bokuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa isithako esisebenzayo esingahambelani nemigangatho yangoku yobhaliso ukulawula isityalo esiyingozi.
I-8) Ukugqitywa kovavanyo ngalunye okanye isifundo esibandakanya i-vertebrates, chaza amanyathelo athathiweyo ukuphepha ukuvavanywa kwii-vertebrates.Ulwazi olongeziweyo lobhaliso aluyi kuqulatha nayiphi na ingxelo yovavanyo yokusetyenziswa ngabom kwesithako esisebenzayo ebantwini okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso equlethe isithako esisebenzayo.
9) Ikopi yesicelo se-MRLS engeniswe ngokuhambelana neSiqendu 7 soMgaqo-nkqubo (EC) No 396/2005 wePalamente yaseYurophu kunye neBhunga.
10) Isiphakamiso sokuhlelwa okanye ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kwesithako esisebenzayo ngokuhambelana noMgaqo we-1272/2008.
11) Uluhlu lwezixhobo ezinokubonisa ubungqina bokuzaliseka kwesicelo sokuqhubeka, kwaye uphawule idatha entsha engeniswe ngeli xesha.
12) Ngokuhambelana neSiqendu 8 (5) soMgaqo we-1107/2009, isishwankathelo kunye neziphumo zoncwadi lwenzululwazi lukawonkewonke oluphononongwe ngoontanga.
13) Vavanya lonke ulwazi olungenisiweyo ngokwemeko yangoku yenzululwazi nethekhinoloji, kubandakanywa nokuphononongwa kwakhona kwedatha ethile yobhaliso lwangaphambili okanye idatha yokuqhubeka nobhaliso olulandelayo.
14) Ukuqwalaselwa kunye nokucetyiswa kwawo nawaphi na amanyathelo ayimfuneko nafanelekileyo okunciphisa umngcipheko.
15) Ngokuhambelana neSiqendu 32b soMmiselo 178/2002, i-EFSA inokugunyazisa iimvavanyo zenzululwazi eziyimfuneko ukuba zenziwe liziko lophando lwezenzululwazi elizimeleyo kwaye linxibelelane ngeziphumo zeemvavanyo kwiPalamente yaseYurophu, kwiKhomishini nakuMazwe angamaLungu.Ezo zigunyaziso zivulekile kwaye ziselubala, kwaye lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo kwisaziso solingo kufuneka lufakwe kwisicelo sokwandiswa kobhaliso.
Ukuba idatha yobhaliso lwangaphambili isahlangabezana neemfuno zangoku zedatha kunye nemigangatho yokuvavanya, inokuqhubeka isetyenziselwa olu lwandiso lokubhalisa, kodwa kufuneka lufakwe kwakhona.Umfaki-sicelo kufuneka asebenzise iinzame zakhe zokufumana kunye nokubonelela ngeenkcukacha zobhaliso lokuqala okanye ulwazi olufanelekileyo njengokuqhubeka kobhaliso olulandelayo.Ukuba umfaki-sicelo wokuhlaziywa kobhaliso akayena umfaki-sicelo wokubhaliswa kokuqala kwesithako esisebenzayo (oko kukuthi, umfaki-sicelo akanalo ulwazi olungenisiweyo okokuqala), kuyimfuneko ukufumana ilungelo lokusebenzisa ubhaliso olukhoyo. ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo ngomfaki-sicelo kubhaliso lokuqala okanye isebe lolawulo lwelizwe lovavanyo.Ukuba umfaki-sicelo wohlaziyo lobhaliso ubonelela ngobungqina bokuba ulwazi olufanelekileyo alufumaneki, iLizwe elongameleyo okanye i-EFSA eqhube uhlaziyo lwangaphambili kunye/okanye olwalandelayo luya kuzama ukunika olo lwazi.
Ukuba idatha yobhaliso yangaphambili ayihambelani neemfuno zangoku, iimvavanyo ezintsha kunye neengxelo ezintsha kufuneka zenziwe.Umfaki-sicelo kufuneka achonge kwaye adwelise iimvavanyo ezintsha eziza kwenziwa kunye nethayimthebhile yazo, kubandakanywa noluhlu oluhlukeneyo lweemvavanyo ezintsha kuzo zonke i-vertebrates, ngokuqwalasela impendulo enikezwe yi-EFSA ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kwesicelo.Ingxelo entsha yovavanyo kufuneka imakishwe ngokucacileyo, icacise isizathu kunye nemfuneko.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvuleka kunye nokungafihli kunye nokunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kweemvavanyo, iimvavanyo ezintsha kufuneka zifakwe kwi-EFSA ngaphambi kokuba ziqale, kwaye iimvavanyo ezingafayilishwanga aziyi kwamkelwa.Umfaki-sicelo unokufaka isicelo sokukhuselwa kwedatha kwaye angenise zombini iinguqulelo eziyimfihlo nezingezomfihlo zale datha.
3.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Ukuqhubela phambili kokubhaliswa kweemveliso zamachiza kusekelwe kwizithako ezisebenzayo eziye zagqitywa.Ngokungqinelana neSiqendu 43 (2) soMgaqo we-1107/2009, izicelo zokuqhubekeka kwamalungiselelo ziya kubandakanya:
1) Ikopi yesatifikethi sokubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo.
2) nayiphi na idatha entsha efunekayo ngexesha lokufaka isicelo ngenxa yotshintsho kwiimfuno zolwazi, izikhokelo kunye neendlela zabo (okt, utshintsho kwisiphelo sovavanyo lwecandelo elisebenzayo elibangelwa ukuvavanya okuqhubekayo kobhaliso).
I-3) Izizathu zokungenisa idatha entsha: iimfuno zolwazi olutsha, izikhokelo kunye nemigangatho ayizange isebenze ngexesha lokubhaliswa kwemveliso;Okanye ukuguqula iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwemveliso.
4) Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso ihlangabezana neemfuno zokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo kwimimiselo (kubandakanywa nezithintelo ezifanelekileyo).
5) Ukuba imveliso ibekwe iliso, ingxelo yolwazi lokubeka iliso iya kunikwa.
6) Apho kukho imfuneko, iinkcukacha zovavanyo oluthelekisayo ziya kungeniswa ngokuhambelana nezikhokelo ezifanelekileyo.
3.1.2.1 Ukuthelekisa idatha yezithako ezisebenzayo
Xa ufaka isicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kweemveliso zamayeza, umenzi-sicelo uya kuthi, ngokwesigqibo sovavanyo lwesithako esisebenzayo, abonelele ngolwazi olutsha lwesithako ngasinye esisebenzayo ekufuneka sihlaziywe ngenxa yotshintsho kwiimfuno zedatha kunye nemigangatho, ukuguqula nokuphucula imveliso yemveliso yamayeza. idatha ehambelanayo yemveliso yamayeza, kwaye uqhube uvavanyo lomngcipheko ngokuhambelana nezikhokelo ezitsha kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphela kokuqinisekisa ukuba umngcipheko usekuluhlu olwamkelekileyo.Ukumataniswa kwedatha yesithako esisebenzayo kudla ngokuba luxanduva lwelizwe elongameleyo ukwenza uphononongo oluqhubekayo lobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo.Umfaki-sicelo unokubonelela ngolwazi olusebenzayo lwesithako esisebenzayo kwiLizwe elikhokelayo elichongiweyo ngokubonelela ngesibhengezo sokuba ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo lukwixesha elingakhuselekanga, ubungqina belungelo lokusebenzisa ulwazi, isibhengezo sokuba ukulungiswa kukhululiwe ekungeniseni ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo, okanye ngokucebisa ukuphinda uvavanyo.Ukuvunywa kolwazi lwesicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo kunokuxhomekeka kuphela kwichiza elifanayo loqobo elihlangabezana nomgangatho omtsha, kwaye xa umgangatho weyeza elichongiweyo elifanayo loqobo litshintsha (kubandakanywa umxholo ophezulu wokungcola), umfaki-sicelo unokubonelela ngeengxoxo ezifanelekileyo. ukuba iyeza lokuqala elisetyenzisiweyo lisenokuthathwa njengelilingana.
3.1.2.2 Utshintsho kwizenzo ezilungileyo zezolimo (GAP)
Umfaki-sicelo kufuneka anike uluhlu lweenjongo zokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, kubandakanywa inkcazo ebonisa ukuba akukho tshintsho oluphawulekayo kwi-GAP kwindawo ukususela ngexesha lokubhalisa, kunye noluhlu oluhlukeneyo lokusetyenziswa okwesibini kwifom ye-GAP kwifomathi emiselweyo. .Utshintsho olubalulekileyo kuphela kwi-GAP oluyimfuneko ukuthobela utshintsho kuvavanyo lwecandelo elisebenzayo (amaxabiso amatsha okugqibela, ukwamkelwa kwezikhokelo ezitsha, iimeko okanye izithintelo kwimimiselo yokuhlaziywa kobhaliso) ziyamkeleka, ngaphandle kokuba umenzi-sicelo ungenise yonke ingcaciso efunekayo yokuxhasa.Ngokomgaqo, akukho tshintsho olubalulekileyo lwefom yedosi enokuthi yenzeke kwisicelo sokuqhubeka
3.1.2.3 Idatha yokuphumelela kweziyobisi
Ukuphumelela, umenzi-sicelo kufuneka amisele kwaye athethelele ukungeniswa kwedatha yovavanyo olutsha.Ukuba utshintsho lwe-GAP lubangelwa ixabiso elitsha lokugqibela, izikhokelo ezitsha, idatha yovavanyo olusebenzayo lwe-GAP entsha kufuneka ifakwe, ngaphandle koko, kuphela idatha yokuchasana kufuneka ifakwe kwisicelo sokuqhubeka.
3.2 eMelika
Iimfuno zedatha ye-US EPA yokuphononongwa kwakhona kwezitshabalalisi ziyahambelana nokubhaliswa kwezitshabalalisi, utshintsho lobhaliso, nokubhaliswa kwakhona, kwaye akukho migaqo yahlukileyo.Izicelo ezijoliswe kuzo zolwazi olusekelwe kwiimfuno zovavanyo lomngcipheko ekuphononongeni kwakhona, ingxelo efunyenweyo ngexesha lokubonisana noluntu, njl. njl., iya kupapashwa ngendlela yesicwangciso sokugqibela somsebenzi kunye nesaziso sokufowunelwa kwedatha.
4 Eminye Imiba
4.1 ISicelo esiHlangeneyo
4.1.1 IManyano yaseYurophu
Ngokuhambelana neSiqendu 5, iSahluko sesi-3 soMmiselo we-2020/1740, ukuba isicelo esingaphezulu kwesinye isicelo sokuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, bonke abafaki-zicelo baya kuthatha onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukungenisa ulwazi ngokubambisana.Umbutho otyunjwe ngumfaki-sicelo unokwenza isicelo esidibeneyo egameni lomfaki-sicelo, kwaye bonke abafake izicelo banokuqhagamshelwana nesindululo sokungeniswa kolwazi ngokubambisana.
Abafaki-zicelo banokungenisa ulwazi olupheleleyo ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa kufuneka bachaze izizathu ezikulwazi.Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhambelana neSiqendu 62 soMgaqo we-1107/2009, iimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo kwii-vertebrates azikwamkelekanga, ngoko ke abafaki-zicelo abanakho kunye nabaphathi beenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zokugunyazwa kufuneka benze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zeemvavanyo ze-vertebrate kunye nezifundo ezibandakanyekayo zabelwana ngazo.Ukuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo esibandakanya abafaki-zicelo abaninzi, yonke idatha kufuneka ihlaziywe kunye, kwaye izigqibo kunye neengxelo kufuneka zenziwe emva kohlalutyo olubanzi.
4.1.2 EMelika
I-EPA icebisa ukuba abafaki-zicelo babelane ngedatha yokuphononongwa kwakhona, kodwa akukho mfuneko inyanzelekileyo.Ngokwesaziso sokufowuna kwedatha, umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso sesithako esisebenzayo sesibulali-zinambuzane unokugqiba ukuba ngaba ukubonelela ngokudibeneyo ngedatha nabanye abafake izicelo, ukuqhuba izifundo ezahlukeneyo, okanye ukurhoxisa ukubhaliswa.Ukuba ulingo olwahlukileyo ngabafaki-zicelo abahlukeneyo lukhokelela kumanqaku amabini ahlukeneyo, i-EPA iya kusebenzisa eyona ndawo yokuphela yogcino.
4.2 Ubudlelwane phakathi kohlaziyo lobhaliso kunye nobhaliso olutsha
4.2.1 IManyano yaseYurophu
Ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kohlaziyo lokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba iLungu leLungu lifumane ukuhlaziywa kwesicelo sokubhalisa isithako esisebenzayo, umenzi-sicelo unokuqhubeka efaka isicelo sokubhaliswa kwemveliso yonyango echaphazelekayo kwiLizwe leLungu (ingingqi) ;Emva kokuqaliswa kohlaziyo lobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo, umenzi-sicelo akakwazi ukungenisa isicelo sobhaliso lolungiselelo oluhambelanayo kwiLizwe leLungu, kwaye kufuneka alinde ukukhutshwa kwesigqibo sohlaziyo lobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo ngaphambi kokusingenisa. ngokuhambelana neemfuno ezintsha.
4.2.2 EMelika
Ukuba ubhaliso olongezelelweyo (umzekelo, ukulungiswa kwedosi entsha) aluqalisi uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko, i-EPA inokwamkela ubhaliso olongezelelweyo ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwakhona;Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubhaliso olutsha (njengoluhlu olutsha lokusetyenziswa) lunokuthi luqalise uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko, i-EPA inokubandakanya imveliso kuphononongo lomngcipheko wovavanyo kwakhona okanye iqhube uvavanyo lomngcipheko olwahlukileyo lwemveliso kwaye isebenzise iziphumo kuvavanyo kwakhona.Ukuguquguquka kwe-EPA kungenxa yokuba amacandelo amathathu akhethekileyo eSebe leeMpembelelo zeMpilo, iSebe leeNgqongileyo zokuZiphatha kunye neMpembelelo, kunye neSebe loHlalutyo lwe-Biological and Economic lixhasa umsebenzi weRegistry kunye neSebe lokuHlola kwakhona, kwaye inokubona konke. idatha yobhaliso kunye nokuphononongwa kwakhona ngaxeshanye.Ngokomzekelo, xa ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwenze isigqibo sokuguqula ileyibhile, kodwa ayikakhutshelwa, ukuba inkampani ifaka isicelo sokutshintshwa kwelebhile, irejistri iya kuyiqhubela phambili ngokwesigqibo sokuphononongwa kwakhona.Le ndlela iguquguqukayo ivumela i-EPA ukuba idibanise ngcono izixhobo kwaye incede iinkampani zibhalise kwangethuba.
4.3 Ukhuseleko lweenkcukacha
4.3.1 IManyano yaseYurophu
Ixesha lokukhuselwa kwedatha yesithako esitsha esisebenzayo kunye nedatha yokulungiselela esetyenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso ziinyanga ezingama-30, ukususela kumhla xa imveliso yolungiselelo ehambelanayo ibhaliswe okokuqala ukuze ihlaziywe kwiLizwe leLungu ngalinye, umhla othile uyahluka kancinci ukusuka kwelinye iLungu leLungu ukuya kwelinye.
4.3.2 eMelika
Idatha esandul' ukufakwa yokuvavanya kwakhona inexesha lokukhusela idatha ye-15 leminyaka ukususela kumhla wokungeniswa, kwaye xa umfaki-sicelo ebhekisela kwidatha efakwe lelinye ishishini, kufuneka ibonise ubungqina bokuba imbuyekezo inikezelwe kumnini wedatha okanye imvume ifunyenwe.Ukuba ishishini lobhaliso lwechiza elisebenzayo ligqiba ukuba lingenise idatha efunekayo yokuphononongwa kwakhona, imveliso yokulungiselela eveliswe kusetyenziswa ichiza elisebenzayo lifumene imvume yokusebenzisa idatha yechiza elisebenzayo, ngoko linokugcina ubhaliso ngokuthe ngqo ngokwe isiphelo sophononongo ngokutsha lwechiza elisebenzayo, ngaphandle kokongeza ulwazi olongezelelweyo, kodwa kusafuneka kuthathelwe amanyathelo okulawula umngcipheko njengokuguqula ileyibhile njengoko kufuneka.
5. Isishwankathelo kunye nethemba
Ngokubanzi, i-EU kunye ne-US zinenjongo efanayo ekuqhubeni ukuphononongwa kwakhona kweemveliso ze-pesticide ezibhalisiweyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba njengoko amandla okuhlola umngcipheko aphuhla kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo iyatshintsha, zonke izitshabalalisi ezibhalisiweyo zingaqhubeka zisetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye azibeki umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni kwimpilo yabantu. kunye nokusingqongileyo.Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungafani kwiinkqubo ezithile.Okokuqala, kubonakala kunxibelelwano phakathi kovavanyo lweteknoloji kunye nokwenziwa kwezigqibo zolawulo.Ulwandiso lobhaliso lwe-EU lubandakanya uvavanyo lobugcisa kunye nezigqibo zokugqibela zolawulo;Ukuphononongwa kwakhona e-United States kwenza kuphela izigqibo zovavanyo lobugcisa ezifana nokuguqula iilebhile kunye nokungenisa idatha entsha, kwaye umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso kufuneka athathe inyathelo lokuqala ukwenza ngokuhambelana nesiphelo kwaye enze izicelo ezihambelanayo zokuphumeza izigqibo zolawulo.Okwesibini, iindlela zokuphunyezwa zihlukile.Ukwandiswa kobhaliso kwi-EU kwahlulwe ngamanyathelo amabini.Isinyathelo sokuqala kukwandiswa kobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo kwinqanaba le-EU.Emva kokwandiswa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo kudluliselwe, ukwandiswa kokubhaliswa kweemveliso zamachiza kuqhutyelwa kumazwe angamalungu ahambelanayo.Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwezithako ezisebenzayo kunye neemveliso zokwenziwa e-United States zenziwa ngaxeshanye.
Ukuvunywa kobhaliso kunye nokuphononongwa kwakhona emva kobhaliso yimiba emibini ebalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi.NgoMeyi ka-1997, i-China yabhengeza "iMimiselo yoLawulo lweZitshabalalisi", kwaye emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 yophuhliso, inkqubo yobhaliso epheleleyo kunye nenkqubo yokuvavanya imigangatho iye yasekwa.Okwangoku, i-China ibhalise ngaphezu kwe-700 iintlobo ze-pesticides kunye neemveliso ezingaphezu kwe-40,000 zokulungiselela, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sazo zibhaliswe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20.Ixesha elide, elibanzi kunye nezixa ezikhulu zokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kukhokelela ekunyukeni kokumelana nebhayoloji koko kujoliswe kuko, ukwanda kokuqokeleleka kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokwanda kwemingcipheko yokhuseleko lomntu nezilwanyana.Ukuphononongwa kwakhona emva kokubhaliswa yindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wexesha elide wokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kunye nokuqaphela umjikelo wobomi bonke wolawulo lwezitshabalalisi, kwaye lusincediso esiluncedo kwinkqubo yobhaliso kunye nokuvunywa.Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi waseTshayina wokuvavanya kwakhona izitshabalalisi waqala emva kwexesha, kwaye "Amanyathelo oLawulo lokuBhaliswa kwePesticide" eyabhengezwa ngo-2017 yabonisa okokuqala ngqa kwinqanaba lokulawula ukuba iintlobo ze-pesticide ezibhalisiwe ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15 kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ukuze zithwale. uphononongo lwamaxesha athile ngokwemeko yemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kunye notshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo woshishino.I-NY/ T2948-2016 "Inkcazo yobuGcisa yoVavanyo ngokutsha lwe-Pesticide" ekhutshwe kwi-2016 inika imigaqo esisiseko kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ngokutsha kweentlobo ze-pesticide ezibhalisiweyo, kwaye ichaza imigaqo efanelekileyo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kwayo kulinganiselwe njengomgangatho ocetyiswayo.Ngokunxulumene nomsebenzi osebenzayo wokulawula i-pesticide e-China, uphando kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo yokuphonononga kwakhona ye-EU kunye ne-United States inokusinika ezi ngcinga zilandelayo kunye nokukhanya.
Okokuqala, nikela umdlalo opheleleyo kuxanduva oluphambili lomnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso ekuphononongeni kwakhona kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo.Inkqubo jikelele yokuphononongwa kwakhona kwezitshabalalisi kwi-EU nase-United States kukuba isebe lolawulo lobhaliso liphuhlisa isicwangciso somsebenzi, libeka phambili iintlobo zophononongo ngokutsha kunye neenkxalabo malunga neendawo ezinobungozi, kwaye umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso lwesitshabalalisi ungenisa ulwazi njengoko lufunwa ngaphakathi. ixesha elichaziweyo.I-China inokutsalela izifundo kwimeko yokwenyani, itshintshe indlela yokucinga yesebe lolawulo lobhaliso lwezitshabalalisi ukwenza iimvavanyo zokuqinisekisa kwaye igqibezele umsebenzi opheleleyo wokuphononongwa kwakhona kwezibulali zinambuzane, icacise ngakumbi uxanduva lomnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso lwesitshabalalisi ekwenzeni uphononongo ngokutsha kunye nokuqinisekisa. ukhuseleko lwemveliso, kunye nokuphucula iindlela zokuphunyezwa kokuhlolwa kwakhona kwezitshabalalisi eTshayina.
Okwesibini kukusekwa kwenkqubo yokhuseleko lwedatha yokuphononongwa kwakhona kwezibulali-zinambuzane.IMimiselo yoLawulo lwePesticide kunye nemithetho yayo exhasayo ichaza ngokucacileyo inkqubo yokukhusela iintlobo ezintsha ze-pesticide e-China kunye neemfuno zokugunyazwa kwedatha yokubhaliswa kwe-pesticide, kodwa ukukhuselwa kwakhona kwedatha kunye neemfuno zokugunyazwa kwedatha azicaci.Ngoko ke, abanini bezatifikethi zobhaliso lwezitshabalalisi kufuneka bakhuthazwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngenkuthalo kumsebenzi wokuphononongwa kwakhona, kwaye inkqubo yokhuseleko lwedatha yokuphononongwa kwakhona kufuneka icaciswe ngokucacileyo, ukuze abanini bedatha bangaphambili bakwazi ukubonelela ngedatha kwabanye abafake izicelo zembuyekezo, ukunciphisa iimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo, kwaye ukunciphisa umthwalo kumashishini.
Okwesithathu kukwakha inkqubo yovavanyo lwasemva kobhaliso lokubeka iliso kumngcipheko wezitshabalalisi, ukuphononongwa kwakhona kunye nokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa.Ngo-2022, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezoLimo kunye neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni isanda kukhupha "iMimiselo yoLawulo lokuHlolwa kweNgcipheko yePesticide kunye noVavanyo (i-Draft for Comment)", ebonisa ukuzimisela kwe-China ukuhambisa ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye nokuqhuba rhoqo emva kokubhaliswa kokulawulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Kwixesha elizayo, kufuneka kwakhona sicinge ngendlela eyakhayo, senze uphando olubanzi, kwaye sifunde kwiinkalo ezininzi, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe siseke kwaye siphucule inkqubo yolawulo lokhuseleko lwasemva kobhaliso lwezitshabalalisi ezihambelana neemeko zelizwe laseTshayina ngokubeka iliso, ukuphonononga kwakhona kunye nokuphucula inkqubo yokulawula ukhuseleko lwasemva kobhaliso. ukubhaliswa komngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi, ukuze kuncitshiswe ngokwenene zonke iintlobo zemingcipheko yokhuseleko enokuthi ibangelwe kukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi, nokukhusela ngokufanelekileyo imveliso yezolimo, impilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-27-2024