Izibulali-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo zezolimo nezamahlathi, ukuphucula isivuno sengqolowa kunye nokuphucula umgangatho weenkozo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuzisa iziphumo ezibi kumgangatho nokhuseleko lweemveliso zezolimo, impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. IKhowudi yoLawulo lweZibulali-zinambuzane yaMazwe ngaMazwe, ekhutshwe ngokubambisana yi-Food and Agriculture Organisation yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-World Health Organisation, ifuna ukuba amagunya olawulo lwezibulali-zinambuzane kuzwelonke amisele inkqubo yokubhalisa kwakhona ukuze kwenziwe uphononongo rhoqo kunye novavanyo lweemveliso zezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo. Qinisekisa ukuba iingozi ezintsha zichongwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye kuthathwa amanyathelo olawulo asebenzayo.
Okwangoku, i-European Union, i-United States, iKhanada, iMexico, i-Australia, iJapan, iSouth Korea kunye neThailand ziseke iinkqubo zokujonga umngcipheko emva kokubhalisa kunye nokuvavanya kwakhona ngokweemeko zazo.
Ukususela ekuqalisweni kwenkqubo yokubhalisa izibulali-zinambuzane ngo-1982, iimfuno zedatha yokubhalisa izibulali-zinambuzane ziye zahlaziywa kathathu, kwaye iimfuno zobugcisa kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo lokhuseleko iphuculwe kakhulu, kwaye iimveliso zezibulali-zinambuzane ezindala ezibhaliswe ngaphambili azisakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zovavanyo lokhuseleko lwangoku. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokudityaniswa kwezixhobo, inkxaso yeprojekthi kunye neminye imiqathango, uMphathiswa wezoLimo kunye neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni uye wandisa ngokuqhubekayo ulawulo lokhuseleko lobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane, kwaye walandela kwaye wavavanya inani leentlobo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezinobungozi kakhulu nezinobungozi obukhulu. Umzekelo, kumngcipheko olandelayo weziyobisi we-metsulfuron-methyl, umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo we-flubendiamide kunye nomngcipheko wempilo yabantu we-paraquat, qalisa uphando olukhethekileyo, kwaye uqalise amanyathelo olawulo angavumelekanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo; Ukunciphisa i-phorate, i-isofenphos-methyl, i-isocarbophos, i-ethoprophos, i-omethoate, i-carbofuran ngo-2022 nango-2023. Izibulali-zinambuzane ezisibhozo ezinobungozi kakhulu, ezifana ne-methomyl kunye ne-aldicarb, zinciphise umlinganiselo wezibulali-zinambuzane ezinobungozi kakhulu ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1% yenani lilonke lezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo, nto leyo enciphisa ngempumelelo iingozi zokhuseleko zokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
Nangona iTshayina iye yakhuthaza kwaye yahlola kancinci kancinci indlela yokubeka esweni ukusetyenziswa kunye novavanyo lokhuseleko lwezibulali zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo, ayikamiseli imithetho nemigaqo yovavanyo kwakhona ecwangcisiweyo nejolise kuyo, kwaye umsebenzi wovavanyo kwakhona awonelanga, inkqubo ayikalungiswa, kwaye uxanduva oluphambili alucaci, kwaye kusekho umsantsa omkhulu xa kuthelekiswa namazwe aphuhlileyo. Ke ngoko, ukufunda kwimodeli evuthiweyo kunye namava eManyano yaseYurophu kunye ne-United States, ukucacisa iinkqubo zokuphunyezwa kunye neemfuno zovavanyo kwakhona lobhaliso lwezibulali zinambuzane eTshayina, kunye nokwakha imodeli entsha yolawulo lwezibulali zinambuzane edibanisa uphononongo lobhaliso, uvavanyo kwakhona kunye nokuqhubeka kobhaliso ngumxholo obalulekileyo wolawulo ukuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwemizi-mveliso.
1 Vavanya kwakhona udidi lweprojekthi
1.1 Umanyano lwaseYurophu
1.1.1 Inkqubo yokuphonononga iintlobo ezindala
Ngo-1993, iKhomishini yaseYurophu (ebizwa ngokuba yi-“European Commission”) ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yoMyalelo 91/414, phantse izithako ezisebenzayo zezinambuzane ezili-1,000 ezibhaliswe ukusetyenziswa kwimarike ngaphambi kukaJulayi 1993 zaphinda zahlolwa ngokwamaqela amane. NgoMatshi 2009, uvavanyo lwagqitywa ngokusisiseko, kwaye malunga nezithako ezisebenzayo ezingama-250, okanye i-26%, zaphinda zabhaliswa kuba zazihlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko; i-67% yezithako ezisebenzayo zarhoxa kwimarike ngenxa yolwazi olungaphelelanga, akukho sicelo seshishini okanye ukurhoxiswa kwenyathelo leshishini. Ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ezingama-70 okanye i-7% zasuswa kuba azizange zihlangabezane neemfuno zovavanyo olutsha lokhuseleko.
1.1.2 Uhlolo lokuvunywa
Inqaku 21 loMthetho omtsha we-EU Pesticide Management Act 1107/2009 lichaza ukuba iKhomishini yaseYurophu ingaqalisa nangaliphi na ixesha ukuphinda ihlole izithako ezisebenzayo ezibhalisiweyo, oko kukuthi, ukuphinda ihlole okukhethekileyo. Izicelo zokuphinda ihlolwe ngamazwe angamalungu ngokujonga iziphumo ezintsha zesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nedatha yokubeka iliso kufuneka ziqwalaselwe yiKhomishini ukuze kuqaliswe ukuphinda ihlole okukhethekileyo. Ukuba iKhomishini icinga ukuba isithako esisebenzayo asinakuhlangabezana neemfuno zobhaliso, iya kwazisa amazwe angamalungu, iGunya loKhuseleko lokutya laseYurophu (i-EFSA) kunye nenkampani evelisayo ngale meko kwaye ibeke umhla wokugqibela wokuba inkampani ingenise ingxelo. IKhomishini ingafuna ingcebiso okanye uncedo lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kumazwe angamalungu kunye ne-EFSA kwiinyanga ezintathu ukususela kumhla wokufumana isicelo sengcebiso okanye uncedo lobugcisa, kwaye i-EFSA iya kungenisa uluvo lwayo okanye iziphumo zomsebenzi wayo kwiinyanga ezintathu ukususela kumhla wokufumana isicelo. Ukuba kugqitywe kwelokuba isithako esisebenzayo asisahlangabezani neemfuno zobhaliso okanye ukuba ulwazi olongezelelweyo oluceliweyo alunikwanga, iKhomishini iya kukhupha isigqibo sokurhoxisa okanye sokulungisa ubhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo ngokuhambelana nenkqubo yolawulo.
1.1.3 Ukuhlaziywa koBhaliso
Ukuqhubeka kokubhaliswa kweemveliso zezibulali-zinambuzane kwi-EU kufana novavanyo oluqhubekayo eTshayina. Ngo-1991, i-EU yapapasha umyalelo we-91/414/EEC, ochaza ukuba ixesha lokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo alinakudlula iminyaka eli-10, kwaye kufuneka ifake isicelo sokubhaliswa kwakhona xa iphelelwa lixesha, kwaye inokuhlaziywa emva kokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokubhalisa. Ngo-2009, i-European Union yapapasha uMthetho omtsha wolawulo lwezibulali-zinambuzane u-1107/2009, othatha indawo ye-91/414/EEC. UMthetho 1107/2009 uchaza ukuba izithako ezisebenzayo kunye nokulungiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kufuneka kufake isicelo sokuhlaziywa kobhaliso emva kokuphelelwa lixesha, kwaye umda wexesha elithile lokwandiswa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwazo kunye neziphumo zovavanyo: ixesha lokwandiswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulali-zinambuzane ngokubanzi alidluli kwiminyaka eli-15; Ubude bomviwa wokutshintshwa abudluli kwiminyaka esi-7; Izithako ezisebenzayo ezifunekayo ekulawuleni izinambuzane nezifo zezityalo ezinzulu ezingahlangabezani neemfuno zobhaliso zangoku, ezifana ne-Class 1A okanye i-1B carcinogens, izinto ezinobuthi zokuzala ze-Class 1A okanye i-1B, izithako ezisebenzayo ezineempawu zokuphazamisa i-endocrine ezinokubangela iziphumo ezimbi ebantwini nakwizinto eziphilayo ezingajoliswanga kuzo, aziyi kwandiswe ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-5.
1.2 I-United States
1.2.1 Ukubhaliswa kwakhona kweentlobo ezindala
Ngo-1988, uMthetho we-Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, kunye neRodenticide Act (FIFRA) watshintshwa ukuze kufunwe ukuba kuhlolwe kwakhona izithako ezisebenzayo kwizinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo ngaphambi komhla woku-1 kweyeNkanga, ngo-1984. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kolwazi lwesayensi lwangoku kunye nemigangatho yolawulo. NgoSeptemba 2008, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yagqiba uphononongo kwakhona lwezithako ezisebenzayo ezili-1,150 (ezahlulwe zibe zizihloko ezingama-613) ngeNkqubo yoBhaliso lweNdalo oluDlulileyo, apho izihloko ezingama-384 zavunywa, okanye ama-63 ekhulwini. Bekukho izihloko ezingama-229 malunga nokurhoxiswa kobhaliso, ezibalelwa kuma-37 ekhulwini.
1.2.2 uphononongo olukhethekileyo
Phantsi kwe-FIFRA kunye neKhowudi yeMigaqo yeSizwe (CFR), uvavanyo olutsha olukhethekileyo lunokuqaliswa xa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesibulali-zinambuzane kuhlangabezana nenye yezi meko zilandelayo:
1) Ingabangela ukwenzakala okukhulu ebantwini okanye kwimfuyo.
2) Isenokuba yi-carcinogenic, i-teratogenic, i-genotoxic, i-fetal toxic, i-productive toxic okanye i-chronic delayed toxic kubantu.
3) Inqanaba lentsalela kwizinto eziphilayo ezingezizo ezojoliswayo kwindawo ezingqongileyo linokulingana okanye lidlule uxinzelelo lweziphumo ezinobuthi ezibukhali okanye ezingapheliyo, okanye linokuba nemiphumo emibi ekuzalweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezingezizo ezojoliswayo.
4) inokubangela umngcipheko ekuqhubekeni kokusinda kweentlobo ezisengozini okanye ezisengozini njengoko kuchaziwe nguMthetho weeNtlobo ezisengozini.
5) Inokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo zokuhlala ezibalulekileyo zezilwanyana ezisengozini okanye ezisengozini okanye olunye utshintsho olubi.
6) Kunokubakho iingozi ebantwini okanye kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukumisela ukuba iingenelo zokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zinokuphelisa na iziphumo ezimbi kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho nakwezokusingqongileyo.
Uvavanyo olutsha olukhethekileyo ludla ngokubandakanya uvavanyo olunzulu lwengozi enye okanye ezininzi ezinokubakho, injongo yokugqibela kukunciphisa umngcipheko we-pesticide ngokuhlaziya idatha ekhoyo, ukufumana ulwazi olutsha kunye/okanye ukwenza uvavanyo olutsha, ukuvavanya iingozi ezichongiweyo kunye nokumisela amanyathelo afanelekileyo okunciphisa umngcipheko. Emva kokuba uvavanyo olutsha lugqityiwe, i-EPA inokuqalisa iinkqubo ezisesikweni zokurhoxisa, ukukhanyela, ukwahlulahlula, okanye ukuguqula ubhaliso lwemveliso echaphazelekayo. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1970, i-EPA yenze uvavanyo olutsha olukhethekileyo lwe-pesticide ezingaphezu kwe-100 kwaye igqibe uninzi lwalo phononongo. Okwangoku, uvavanyo olutsha olukhethekileyo lulindile: i-aldicarb, i-atrazine, i-propazine, i-simazine, kunye ne-ethyleneoxide.
1.2.3 Uhlolo lobhaliso
Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokubhalisa kwakhona iintlobo ezindala sele igqityiwe kwaye uvavanyo olutsha olukhethekileyo luthathe iminyaka emininzi, i-EPA igqibe ekubeni iqalise uvavanyo olutsha njengenkqubo elandelayo yokubhalisa kwakhona iintlobo ezindala kunye novavanyo olutsha olukhethekileyo. Uvavanyo olutsha lwe-EPA lwangoku lulingana novavanyo lwamaxesha athile eTshayina, kwaye isiseko salo esisemthethweni yi-Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), eyacebisa uvavanyo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha lwezibulali zinambuzane okokuqala ngo-1996, yaza yalungisa i-FIFRA. I-EPA kufuneka ihlaziye rhoqo isibulali zinambuzane ngasinye esibhalisiweyo ubuncinane kanye kwiminyaka eli-15 ukuqinisekisa ukuba isibulali zinambuzane ngasinye esibhalisiweyo sihlala sihambelana nemigangatho yangoku njengoko amanqanaba ovavanyo lomngcipheko etshintsha kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo itshintsha.
Ngowama-2007, i-FIFRA ikhuphe isilungiso sokuqalisa ngokusesikweni uphononongo olutsha, ifuna i-EPA ukuba igqibezele uphononongo lwayo lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezingama-726 ezibhalisiweyo ngaphambi komhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha, ngo-2007, ngaphambi komhla wama-31 ku-Okthobha, ngo-2022. Njengenxalenye yesigqibo sophononongo, i-EPA kufuneka izalisekise uxanduva lwayo phantsi koMthetho weeNtlobo ezisengozini yokuthatha amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko kwangethuba kwizilwanyana ezisengozini yokutshabalala. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobhubhane we-COVID-19, ukulibaziseka kokungenisa idatha evela kubafaki-zicelo kunye nobunzima bovavanyo, umsebenzi awuzange ugqitywe ngexesha. Ngowama-2023, i-EPA ikhuphe isicwangciso esitsha sovavanyo olutsha seminyaka emi-3, esiya kuhlaziya umhla wokugqibela wovavanyo ngokutsha kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezingama-726 ezibhalisiweyo ngaphambi komhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha, ngo-2007, kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezingama-63 ezibhalisiweyo emva kwaloo mhla ukuya kumhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha, ngo-2026. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, nokuba isibulali-zinambuzane siphinde sahlolwa kwakhona, i-EPA iya kuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo olawulo xa igqiba kwelokuba ukuvezwa kwesibulali-zinambuzane kuyingozi engxamisekileyo ebantwini okanye kwindalo esingqongileyo efuna ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza.
Iinkqubo ezi-2 ezinxulumene noko
Njengoko uvavanyo lweentlobo ezindala ze-EU lugqityiwe, ubhaliso kwakhona lweentlobo ezindala ze-United States kunye neeprojekthi zovavanyo olutsha olukhethekileyo zigqityiwe, okwangoku, i-EU ikakhulu ngolwandiso lobhaliso, i-United States ikakhulu ngeprojekthi yovavanyo olutsha ukwenza uvavanyo lokhuseleko lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo, olulingana novavanyo oluqhubekayo eTshayina.
2.1 Umanyano lwaseYurophu
Ukuqhubeka kobhaliso kwi-EU kwahlulwe ngamanyathelo amabini, elokuqala kukuqhubeka kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo. Isithako esisebenzayo singahlaziywa ukuba kufunyenwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa okufunekayo kwesithako esisebenzayo kunye nemveliso enye yokulungiselela equlethe isithako esisebenzayo kuyahlangabezana neemfuno zobhaliso. IKhomishini inokudibanisa izithako ezisebenzayo ezifanayo kwaye imisele izinto eziphambili kunye neenkqubo zomsebenzi ngokusekelwe kwimiphumo yazo kwimpilo yabantu nezilwanyana kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ithathela ingqalelo, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, imfuneko yolawulo olusebenzayo kunye nolawulo lokuchasana kwenjongo. Inkqubo kufuneka ibandakanye oku kulandelayo: iinkqubo zokungeniswa kunye novavanyo lwezicelo zokuhlaziywa kobhaliso; Ulwazi ekufuneka lungeniswe, kubandakanya amanyathelo okunciphisa uvavanyo lwezilwanyana, njengokusetyenziswa kwamaqhinga ovavanyo olukrelekrele njengokuhlolwa kwe-in vitro; Umhla wokugqibela wokungeniswa kwedatha; Imithetho emitsha yokungeniswa kwedatha; Uvavanyo kunye namaxesha okwenza izigqibo; kunye nokwabiwa kovavanyo lwezithako ezisebenzayo kumazwe angamalungu.
2.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
Izithako ezisebenzayo zingena kumjikelo olandelayo wokuhlaziya kwiminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphela kwexesha lokusebenza kwesatifikethi sabo sokubhalisa, kwaye abafaki-zicelo abanomdla wokuhlaziya ubhaliso (nokuba ngumfaki-sicelo ngexesha lokuvunywa kokuqala okanye abanye abafaki-zicelo) kufuneka bangenise isicelo sabo kwiminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphelelwa kwesatifikethi sokubhalisa. Uvavanyo lwedatha yokuqhubeka kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo lwenziwa ngokubambisana lilizwe elilungu le-rapporteur (RMS) kunye nelizwe elilungu le-co-rapporteur (Co-RMS), kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-EFSA kunye namanye amazwe angamalungu. Ngokuhambelana nemigangatho ebekwe yimigaqo efanelekileyo, izikhokelo kunye nezikhokelo, iLizwe ngalinye eliLungu lichaza iLizwe eliLungu elinezixhobo kunye nezakhono ezifunekayo (abasebenzi, ukugcwala kwemisebenzi, njl.njl.) njengeLizwe eliLawulayo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, iLizwe eliLawulayo kunye neLizwe eliLawulayo lovavanyo kwakhona linokwahluka kwiLizwe apho igama labhaliswa khona okokuqala. Ngomhla wama-27 kweyoKwindla ngo-2021, uMgaqo-nkqubo 2020/1740 weKhomishini yaseYurophu waqala ukusebenza, uchaza imiba ethile yokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulali-zinambuzane, ezisebenza kwizithako ezisebenzayo ixesha lokubhalisa eliphakathi okanye emva komhla wama-27 kweyoKwindla ngo-2024. Kwizithako ezisebenzayo eziphelelwa ngaphambi komhla wama-27 kweyoKwindla ngo-2024, uMgaqo-nkqubo 844/2012 uza kuqhubeka usebenza. Inkqubo ethile yokuhlaziya ubhaliso kwi-EU yile ilandelayo.
2.1.1.1 Isaziso sangaphambi kokufaka isicelo kunye neengcebiso zempendulo
Ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe isicelo sokuvuselelwa kobhaliso, ishishini kufuneka liqale lingenise kwi-EFSA isaziso sezilingo ezifanelekileyo eliceba ukuzenza ukuxhasa ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso, ukuze i-EFSA ikwazi ukuyinika ingcebiso epheleleyo kwaye yenze udliwanondlebe noluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo zenziwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangendlela efanelekileyo. Amashishini angafuna ingcebiso kwi-EFSA nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphambi kokuba avuselele isicelo sawo. I-EFSA iya kwazisa iLizwe eliphetheyo kunye/okanye iLizwe eliphetheyo ngesaziso esingeniswe lishishini kwaye yenze isindululo ngokubanzi esisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwalo lonke ulwazi olunxulumene nesithako esisebenzayo, kubandakanya ulwazi lobhaliso lwangaphambili okanye ukuqhubeka kolwazi lobhaliso. Ukuba abafaki-zicelo abaninzi ngaxeshanye bafuna ingcebiso ngokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwecandelo elifanayo, i-EFSA iya kubacebisa ukuba bangenise isicelo sokuhlaziya esidibeneyo.
2.1.1.2 Ukungeniswa nokwamkelwa kwesicelo
Umfaki-sicelo uza kungenisa isicelo sokuhlaziya ngekhompyutha kungekapheli iminyaka emi-3 ngaphambi kokuphela kobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo ngenkqubo yokungenisa ephakathi echongiwe yi-European Union, apho uRhulumente ophetheyo, uRhulumente ophetheyo, amanye amazwe angamalungu, i-EFSA kunye neKhomishini banokwaziswa ngayo. URhulumente ophetheyo uza kwazisa umfaki-sicelo, uRhulumente ophetheyo, iKhomishini kunye ne-EFSA, kungekapheli inyanga yokungeniswa kwesicelo, ngomhla wokwamkelwa kunye nokwamkelwa kwesicelo sokuhlaziywa. Ukuba into enye okanye ezingaphezulu azikho kwizixhobo ezifakiweyo, ingakumbi ukuba idatha epheleleyo yovavanyo ayingeniswanga njengoko kufuneka, ilizwe eliphetheyo liza kwazisa umfaki-sicelo ngomxholo ongekhoyo kungekapheli inyanga ukususela kumhla wokwamkelwa kwesicelo, kwaye lifune ukutshintshwa kungekapheli iintsuku ezili-14, ukuba izixhobo ezilahlekileyo azingeniswanga okanye akukho zizathu zivakalayo zinikiweyo ekupheleni, isicelo sokuhlaziya asiyi kwamkelwa. URhulumente ophetheyo uza kwazisa ngokukhawuleza umfaki-sicelo, uRhulumente ophetheyo, iKhomishini, amanye amazwe angamalungu kunye ne-EFSA ngesigqibo kunye nezizathu zokungamkeleki kwaso. Ngaphambi komhla wokugqibela wokuqhubeka kwesicelo, iLizwe eliza kulawula kunye nalo liza kuvumelana ngayo yonke imisebenzi yokuhlaziya kunye nokwabiwa komthwalo womsebenzi.
2.1.1.3 Uhlolo lwedatha
Ukuba isicelo sokuqhubeka samkelwe, iLizwe eliphetheyo liza kuhlaziya ulwazi oluphambili kwaye lifune izimvo zoluntu. I-EFSA, zingadlulanga iintsuku ezingama-60 ukususela kumhla wokupapashwa kwesicelo sokuqhubeka, iya kuvumela uluntu ukuba lungenise izimvo ezibhaliweyo malunga nolwazi lwesicelo sokuqhubeka kunye nokuba khona kolunye ulwazi okanye iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo. ILizwe eliphetheyo kunye neLizwe eliphetheyo emva koko liqhuba uvavanyo oluzimeleyo, olungenamkhethe nolucacileyo lokuba ingaba isithako esisebenzayo sisahlangabezana neemfuno zemigangatho yokubhalisa, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zesayensi zangoku kunye namaxwebhu esikhokelo afanelekileyo, ukuhlola lonke ulwazi olufunyenweyo kwisicelo sokuhlaziya, idatha yokubhalisa engeniswe ngaphambili kunye nezigqibo zovavanyo (kubandakanya uvavanyo lwangaphambili) kunye nezimvo ezibhaliweyo ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokubonisana noluntu. Ulwazi olungeniswe ngabafaki-zicelo ngaphaya komda wesicelo, okanye emva komhla wokugqibela wokungenisa ochaziweyo, aluyi kuqwalaselwa. ILizwe eliphetheyo liza kungenisa ingxelo yovavanyo lokuhlaziya oluyidrafti (dRAR) kwiKhomishini nakwi-EFSA zingadlulanga iinyanga ezili-13 emva kokungeniswa kwesicelo sokuhlaziya. Ngeli xesha, iLizwe eliphetheyo lingacela ulwazi olongezelelweyo kumfaki-sicelo kwaye limisele ixesha lolwazi olongezelelweyo, lingaqhagamshelana ne-EFSA okanye licele ulwazi olongezelelweyo lwesayensi nobugcisa kwamanye amazwe angamalungu, kodwa aliyi kubangela ukuba ixesha lovavanyo lidlule kwiinyanga ezili-13 ezichaziweyo. Ingxelo yovavanyo lolwandiso lobhaliso oluyilwayo kufuneka iqulathe ezi zinto zilandelayo:
1) Iziphakamiso zokuqhubeka nokubhalisa, kuquka nayiphi na imiqathango nemiqathango efunekayo.
2) Iingcebiso malunga nokuba ingaba isithako esisebenzayo sifanele sithathwe njengesithako esisebenzayo "esinomngcipheko ophantsi".
3) Iingcebiso malunga nokuba isithako esisebenzayo sifanele sithathwe njengesifanelekileyo ukutshintshwa.
4) Iingcebiso zokumisela umda ophezulu wentsalela (MRL), okanye izizathu zokungabandakanyi i-MRL.
5) Iingcebiso zokwahlulahlula, ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kwezithako ezisebenzayo.
6) Ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iimvavanyo kwidatha yokuqhubeka nobhaliso ezifanelekileyo kuvavanyo.
7) Iingcebiso malunga nokuba zeziphi iindawo zengxelo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ziingcali.
8) Apho kufanelekileyo, iLizwe elilawulayo alivumelani namanqaku ovavanyo lweLizwe eliLawulayo, okanye amanqaku apho kungekho sivumelwano phakathi kwaMazwe angamalungu abumba iPhaneli edibeneyo yaMazwe aLawulayo.
9) Isiphumo sengxoxo-mpikiswano yoluntu kunye nendlela eza kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngayo.
Ilizwe eliphetheyo kufuneka linxibelelane ngokukhawuleza neegunya zolawulo lweeKhemikhali kwaye, okokugqibela, lingenise isindululo kwi-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ngexesha lokungeniswa kwengxelo yovavanyo lokuqhubeka ukuze kufunyanwe ubuncinci udidi phantsi koMgaqo we-EU Classification, Labeling and Packaging Regulation for Substances and Mixtures. Isithako esisebenzayo sisiqhushumbisi, ubuthi obuyingozi, ukugqwala/ukucaphuka kwesikhumba, ukwenzakala/ukucaphuka okukhulu kwamehlo, ukungezwani nokuphefumla okanye ulusu, ukuguqulwa kweeseli zentsholongwane, umhlaza, ubuthi bokuzala, ubuthi obuthile obujoliswe kubo obuvela ekuvezweni kube kanye okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kunye nodidi olufanayo lweengozi kwindalo yasemanzini. Ilizwe elivavanyiweyo liya kuchaza ngokwaneleyo izizathu zokuba isithako esisebenzayo singahlangabezani nemigangatho yokwahlulahlula enye okanye ngaphezulu yeeklasi zobungozi, kwaye i-ECHA inokuphawula ngezimvo zeLizwe elivavanyiweyo.
2.1.1.4 Izimvo kwingxelo yovavanyo lokuqhubeka noyilo
I-EFSA iya kujonga ukuba ingxelo yovavanyo lokuqhubeka iqulathe lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo ize ilusasaze kumfaki-sicelo nakwamanye amazwe angamalungu kungadlulanga iinyanga ezi-3 emva kokufumana ingxelo. Emva kokufumana ingxelo yovavanyo lokuqhubeka iqulathe, umfaki-sicelo angacela, kwiiveki ezimbini, ukuba agcine ulwazi oluthile luyimfihlo, kwaye i-EFSA iya kwenza ingxelo yovavanyo lokuqhubeka iqulathe uluntu, ngaphandle kolwazi oluyimfihlo olwamkelweyo, kunye nolwazi oluhlaziyiweyo lwesicelo sokuqhubeka. I-EFSA iya kuvumela uluntu ukuba lungenise izimvo ezibhaliweyo kwiintsuku ezingama-60 ukususela kumhla wokupapashwa kwengxelo yovavanyo lokuqhubeka iqulathe kwaye luzithumele, kunye nezimvo zalo, kwiLizwe eliphetheyo, kwiLizwe eliphetheyo okanye kwiqela laMazwe angamalungu aphetheyo.
2.1.1.5 Uphononongo lontanga kunye nokukhutshwa kwesisombululo
I-EFSA iququzelela iingcali (iingcali zelizwe elilawulayo kunye neengcali zamanye amazwe angamalungu) ukuba zenze uphononongo lontanga, zixoxe ngezimvo zophononongo zelizwe elilawulayo kunye neminye imiba engekagqitywa, zenze izigqibo zokuqala kunye nokubonisana noluntu, kwaye ekugqibeleni zingenise izigqibo kunye nezigqibo kwiKhomishini yaseYurophu ukuze zivunywe kwaye zikhutshwe. Ukuba, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphaya kolawulo lomfaki-sicelo, uvavanyo lwesithako esisebenzayo alugqitywanga ngaphambi komhla wokuphelelwa, i-EU iya kukhupha isigqibo sokwandisa ukusebenza kobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso kugqityiwe kakuhle.
2.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso esifanelekileyo, kwisithuba seenyanga ezi-3 emva kokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo, uza kungenisa isicelo sokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwemveliso yamayeza kwiLizwe eliLungu elifumene ubhaliso lwemveliso yamayeza ehambelanayo. Ukuba umnini wesicelo ufaka isicelo sokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwemveliso yamayeza efanayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, lonke ulwazi lwesicelo luza kwaziswa kuwo onke amaLizwe aLungu ukuze kube lula ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi phakathi kwamaLizwe aLungu. Ukuze kuthintelwe uvavanyo oluphindwe kabini, umfaki-sicelo, ngaphambi kokuba enze uvavanyo okanye uvavanyo, uza kujonga ukuba amanye amashishini afumene ubhaliso olufanayo lwemveliso yokulungiselela, kwaye uza kuthatha onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo ngendlela efanelekileyo necacileyo ukuze afikelele kwisivumelwano sokwabelana ngengxelo yovavanyo kunye novavanyo.
Ukuze kudalwe inkqubo yokusebenza edibeneyo nesebenzayo, i-EU isebenzisa inkqubo yobhaliso lwengingqi yamalungiselelo, eyahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: eMntla, embindini naseMzantsi. IKomiti yoLawulo lwezoni (i-SC yezoni) okanye amazwe angamalungu ayo aza kubuza bonke abanini besatifikethi sobhaliso lwemveliso abafanelekileyo ukuba bafake isicelo sokuhlaziya ubhaliso kwaye kuwuphi ummandla, Ikwamisela iLungu le-Rapporteur lezoni (i-RMS yezoni). Ukuze kucetywe kwangaphambili, iLizwe elilawulayo lengingqi kufuneka liqeshwe kwangethuba ngaphambi kokungeniswa kwesicelo sokuqhubeka kwemveliso yeziyobisi, okucetyiswa ngokubanzi ukuba kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba i-EFSA ipapashe izigqibo zophononongo lwezithako ezisebenzayo. Luxanduva lweLizwe elilawulayo lengingqi ukuqinisekisa inani labafaki-zicelo abafake izicelo zokuhlaziya, ukwazisa abafaki-zicelo ngesigqibo kunye nokugqiba uvavanyo egameni lamanye amazwe akulo mmandla (uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lokusetyenziswa okuthile kweemveliso zamayeza ngamanye amaxesha lwenziwa liLizwe eliLungu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inkqubo yobhaliso lwezoni). Ilizwe elihlola izithako ezisebenzayo kufuneka ligqibezele uthelekiso lwedatha yokuqhubeka kwezithako ezisebenzayo nedatha yokuqhubeka kwemveliso yeziyobisi. ILizwe eliphetheyo lesithili liza kugqiba uvavanyo lwedatha yokuqhubeka kokulungiswa kwisithuba seenyanga ezi-6 lize liyithumele kuMazwe aMalungu kunye nabafaki-zicelo ukuze banike izimvo. ILizwe ngalinye eliMalungu liza kugqiba ukuvunywa okuqhubekayo kweemveliso zalo zokwenziwa kwisithuba seenyanga ezintathu. Inkqubo yonke yokuhlaziya ukwenziwa kufuneka igqitywe kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-12 emva kokuphela kokuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo.
2.2 I-United States
Kwinkqubo yokuhlaziya, i-US EPA kufuneka yenze uvavanyo lomngcipheko, igqibe ukuba ingaba isibulali-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana na neemfuno zobhaliso lwe-FIFRA, kwaye ikhuphe isigqibo sokuhlaziya. I-Arhente yoLawulo lwezibulala-zinambuzane ye-EPA inamacandelo asixhenxe, amacandelo amane olawulo, kunye namacandelo amathathu akhethekileyo. INkonzo yoBhaliso noVavanyo kwakhona liSebe elilawulayo, kwaye iRegistry inoxanduva lwezicelo ezintsha, ukusetyenziswa kunye notshintsho kuzo zonke izibulali-zinambuzane zekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo; INkonzo yoVavanyo kwakhona inoxanduva lokuvavanya izibulali-zinambuzane zemveli emva kokubhaliswa. ISebe leMiphumo yezeMpilo, iSebe lokuziphatha kweNdalo kunye neMiphumo kunye neSebe loHlalutyo lweBiological and Economic, ezingamacandelo akhethekileyo, ngokuyintloko zinoxanduva lokuhlaziya ngobuchwephesha yonke idatha efanelekileyo yobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye novavanyo lwasemva kokubhaliswa, kunye nokugqitywa kovavanyo lomngcipheko.
2.2.1 Ulwahlulo lwemixholo
Isihloko sovavanyo ngokutsha siqulathe isithako esinye okanye ezingaphezulu ezisebenzayo kunye nazo zonke iimveliso eziqulathe ezo zithako zisebenzayo. Xa ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zetyhefu zezithako ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo, kwaye inxalenye okanye yonke idatha efunekayo kuvavanyo lobungozi inokwabelwana ngayo, inokwahlulwa ibe yinxalenye yesihloko esinye; Iimveliso zezinambuzane eziqulathe izithako ezininzi ezisebenzayo nazo ziphantsi kwesihloko sovavanyo ngokutsha kwisithako ngasinye esisebenzayo. Xa idatha entsha okanye ulwazi lufumaneka, i-EPA inokwenza utshintsho kwisihloko sovavanyo ngokutsha. Ukuba ifumanisa ukuba izithako ezininzi ezisebenzayo kwisihloko azifani, i-EPA ingahlulahlula isihloko sibe zizihloko ezibini okanye ezingaphezulu ezizimeleyo, okanye inokongeza okanye isuse izithako ezisebenzayo kwisihloko sovavanyo ngokutsha.
2.2.2 Ukwenziwa kweshedyuli
Isihloko ngasinye sovavanyo ngokutsha sinomhla osisiseko, nokuba ngumhla wokuqala wobhaliso okanye umhla wobhaliso kwakhona wemveliso yezibulali-zinambuzane ebhaliswe okokuqala kwisihloko (umhla wobhaliso kwakhona ubhekisa kumhla apho isigqibo sobhaliso kwakhona okanye isigqibo sexeshana sasayinwa ngawo), ngokubanzi nokuba yeyiphi na eyalandelayo. I-EPA idla ngokuseka ishedyuli yayo yovavanyo ngokutsha kumhla osisiseko okanye uvavanyo olutsha lwakutshanje, kodwa inokuphinda ihlole izihloko ezininzi ezifanelekileyo ngaxeshanye ukuze isebenze kakuhle. I-EPA iya kuthumela ifayile yovavanyo ngokutsha, kuquka umhla osisiseko, kwiwebhusayithi yayo kwaye igcine ishedyuli yovavanyo ngokutsha yonyaka eyapapashwa ngawo kwaye ubuncinane iminyaka emibini elandelayo emva koko.
2.2.3 Uvavanyo olutsha luyaqala
2.2.3.1 ukuvula idokethi
I-EPA iqalisa uphononongo ngokutsha ngokwenza idosi kawonke-wonke yesihloko ngasinye sovavanyo ngokutsha lwezibulali-zinambuzane kwaye icele izimvo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-EPA igqiba kwelokuba isibulali-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana nemigangatho yobhaliso lwe-FIFRA kwaye akukho phononongo lungaphezulu olufunekayo, ingalitsiba eli nyathelo ize ibhengeze isigqibo sayo sokugqibela ngqo ngeRejista yeFederal. Ifayile nganye yetyala iya kuhlala ivuliwe kuyo yonke inkqubo yovavanyo ngokutsha de kwenziwe isigqibo sokugqibela. Ifayile ibandakanya, kodwa ayipheleli nje koku, oku kulandelayo: isishwankathelo semeko yeprojekthi yovavanyo ngokutsha; Uluhlu lobhaliso olukhoyo kunye nababhalisileyo, nasiphi na isaziso seRejista yeFederal malunga nobhaliso olulindileyo, imida ekhoyo okanye eseleyo; Amaxwebhu ovavanyo lomngcipheko; Uluhlu lweencwadi zerejista yangoku; Isishwankathelo sedatha yengozi; Nalo naluphi na olunye ulwazi okanye ulwazi olufanelekileyo. Ifayile ikwabandakanya isicwangciso somsebenzi sokuqala esiquka ulwazi olusisiseko i-EPA enalo ngoku malunga nesibulali-zinambuzane ekufuneka silawulwe kunye nendlela esiza kusetyenziswa ngayo, kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko oluqikelelweyo, iimfuno zedatha, kunye neshedyuli yophononongo.
2.2.3.2 Izimvo zikawonke-wonke
I-EPA ipapasha isaziso kwiRejista yeSizwe ukuze uluntu luphawule ngefayile yovavanyo ngokutsha kunye nesicwangciso somsebenzi sokuqala kangangexesha elingaphantsi kweentsuku ezingama-60. Ngeli xesha, abachaphazelekayo banokubuza imibuzo, benze iziphakamiso okanye banike ulwazi olufanelekileyo. Ukungeniswa kolwazi olunjalo kufuneka kuhlangabezane neemfuno ezilandelayo.
1) Ulwazi olufanelekileyo kufuneka lungeniswe kwixesha elichaziweyo lokuphawula, kodwa i-EPA iya kuqwalasela, ngokubona kwayo, ukuba iyakwamkela na idatha okanye ulwazi olungeniswe emva koko.
2) Ulwazi kufuneka lungeniswe ngendlela efundekayo nesebenzisekayo. Umzekelo, naluphi na ulwazi olungekho ngesiNgesi kufuneka luhambisane nenguqulelo yesiNgesi, kwaye naluphi na ulwazi olungeniswe ngendlela yeaudio okanye yevidiyo kufuneka luhambisane nerekhodi ebhaliweyo. Iziphakamiso ezibhaliweyo zingangeniswa ngephepha okanye nge-elektroniki.
3) Umthumeli kufuneka achaze ngokucacileyo umthombo wedatha okanye ulwazi olungenisiweyo.
4) Umntu ofake isicelo kwifayile angacela ukuba i-EPA iphinde ihlolisise ulwazi oluchasiweyo kuphononongo lwangaphambili, kodwa kufuneka achaze izizathu zophononongo kwakhona.
Ngokusekelwe kulwazi olufunyenweyo ngexesha lokuphawula kunye nophononongo lwangaphambili, i-EPA iphuhlisa kwaye ikhuphe isicwangciso somsebenzi sokugqibela esiquka iimfuno zedatha zesicwangciso, izimvo ezifunyenweyo, kunye nesishwankathelo seempendulo ze-EPA.
Ukuba isithako esisebenzayo sesibulali-zinambuzane asinayo nayiphi na imveliso ebhalisiweyo, okanye zonke iimveliso ezibhalisiweyo zirhoxisiwe, i-EPA ayisayi kuphinda iyihlole isibulali-zinambuzane.
2.2.3.3 Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabathathi-nxaxheba
Ukwandisa ukucaca kunye nokubandakanyeka kunye nokujongana nokungaqiniseki okunokuchaphazela uvavanyo lomngcipheko wezibulali zinambuzane kunye nezigqibo zolawulo lomngcipheko, njengokulebhelishwa okungacacanga okanye idatha yovavanyo engekhoyo, i-EPA ingaqhuba iintlanganiso ezigxile kubachaphazelekayo kwizihloko ezizayo okanye eziqhubekayo zovavanyo lokuphinda. Ukuba nolwazi olwaneleyo kwangethuba kunokunceda i-EPA inciphise uvavanyo lwayo kwiindawo ezifuna ingqalelo ngokwenene. Umzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe uvavanyo lokuphinda, i-EPA ingabonisana nomnini wesatifikethi sokubhalisa okanye umsebenzisi wezibulali zinambuzane malunga nokusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, kwaye ngexesha lovavanyo lokuphinda, i-EPA ingabonisana nomnini wesatifikethi sokubhalisa, umsebenzisi wezibulali zinambuzane okanye abanye abasebenzi abafanelekileyo ukuze baphuhlise kunye isicwangciso solawulo lomngcipheko wezibulali zinambuzane.
2.2.4 Uvavanyo ngokutsha kunye nokusetyenziswa
2.2.4.1 Vavanya utshintsho olwenzekileyo ukusukela kuphononongo lokugqibela
I-EPA iza kuvavanya naluphi na utshintsho kwimigaqo, imigaqo-nkqubo, iindlela zovavanyo lomngcipheko, okanye iimfuno zedatha ezenzekileyo ukusukela kuphononongo lokugqibela lobhaliso, imisele ukubaluleka kwezo nguqu, kwaye imisele ukuba ingaba isibulali-zinambuzane esivavanyiweyo kwakhona sisahlangabezana nemigangatho yobhaliso lwe-FIFRA. Kwangaxeshanye, hlaziya yonke idatha entsha okanye ulwazi olufanelekileyo ukuze ubone ukuba ngaba uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko okanye uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko/lwenzuzo luyimfuneko.
2.2.4.2 Yenza uvavanyo olutsha njengoko kufuneka
Ukuba kufunyenwe ukuba uvavanyo olutsha luyimfuneko kwaye idatha yovavanyo ekhoyo yanele, i-EPA iya kuphinda iqhube uvavanyo lomngcipheko okanye uvavanyo lomngcipheko/inzuzo. Ukuba idatha okanye ulwazi olukhoyo aluhlangabezani neemfuno zovavanyo olutsha, i-EPA iya kukhupha isaziso sokufowunelwa kwedatha kumnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso ofanelekileyo ngokuhambelana nemigaqo efanelekileyo ye-FIFRA. Umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso uhlala kufuneka aphendule zingadlulanga iintsuku ezingama-90 ukuze avumelane ne-EPA ngolwazi oluza kungeniswa kunye nexesha lokugqiba isicwangciso.
2.2.4.3 Uvavanyo lwempembelelo kwizilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela
Xa i-EPA iphinda ivavanye isithako esisebenzayo sesibulali-zinambuzane kuvavanyo olutsha, inyanzelekile ukuba ithobele imiqathango yoMthetho weeNtlobo ezisengozini yokuphela ukuze kuthintelwe ukonakala kweentlobo ezisengozini okanye ezisengozini yokuphela ezidweliswe kurhulumente kunye nefuthe elibi kwiindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekileyo ezikhethiweyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-EPA iya kubonisana ne-US Fish and Wildlife Service kunye ne-National Marine Fisheries Service.
2.2.4.4 Ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu
Ukuba kwenziwa uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko, i-EPA iya kupapasha isaziso kwiRejista yeFederal enika uvavanyo lomngcipheko oluyilwayo ukuze kuhlolwe uluntu kunye nezimvo, kunye nexesha lokuphawula ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-30 kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-60. I-EPA iya kuthumela ingxelo yovavanyo lomngcipheko oluhlaziyiweyo kwiRejista yeFederal, inkcazo yalo naluphi na utshintsho kuxwebhu olucetywayo, kunye nempendulo kwizimvo zoluntu. Ukuba uvavanyo lomngcipheko oluhlaziyiweyo lubonisa ukuba kukho iingozi ezixhalabisayo, ixesha lokuphawula ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-30 linokunikezelwa ukuvumela uluntu ukuba lungenise ezinye iingcebiso zamanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko. Ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala lubonisa inqanaba eliphantsi lokusetyenziswa/ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, impembelelo ephantsi kubachaphazelekayo okanye kuluntu, umngcipheko ophantsi, kunye nenyathelo elincinci okanye akukho mfuneko yokunciphisa umngcipheko, i-EPA ayinakwenza izimvo zoluntu ezahlukeneyo kuvavanyo lomngcipheko oluyilwayo, kodwa endaweni yoko yenza uxwebhu lufumaneke ukuze luhlolwe luluntu kunye nesigqibo sovavanyo kwakhona.
2.2.5 isigqibo sokuhlolwa kobhaliso
Isigqibo sokuphinda sivavanywe sisigqibo se-EPA sokuba ingaba isibulali-zinambuzane siyahlangabezana na neemfuno zobhaliso ezisemthethweni, oko kukuthi, sihlola izinto ezifana nelebheli yemveliso, izithako ezisebenzayo kunye nokupakishwa kwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isibulali-zinambuzane siya kwenza umsebenzi waso ngaphandle kokubangela iziphumo ezibi ezingafanelekanga kwimpilo yabantu okanye kwindalo esingqongileyo.
2.2.5.1 isigqibo sophononongo lobhaliso olucetywayo okanye isigqibo sexeshana esicetywayo
Ukuba i-EPA ifumanisa ukuba uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko alufuneki, iya kukhupha isigqibo sovavanyo olutsha olucetywayo phantsi kwemigaqo ("Isigqibo Esicetywayo"); Xa kufuneka uvavanyo olongezelelweyo, olufana novavanyo lweentlobo ezisengozini okanye uvavanyo lwe-endocrine, isigqibo sexeshana esicetywayo singakhutshwa. Isigqibo esicetywayo siya kupapashwa ngeRejista yeFederal kwaye siya kufumaneka kuluntu ukuze kunikelwe izimvo ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-60. Isigqibo esicetywayo siquka ikakhulu ezi zinto zilandelayo:
1) Xela izigqibo zayo ezicetywayo malunga neendlela zokubhalisa i-FIFRA, kuquka iziphumo zokubonisana ngokusesikweni kwe-Endangered Species Act, kwaye ubonise isiseko sezi zigqibo ezicetywayo.
2) Chonga amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko acetywayo okanye ezinye iindlela zokulungisa ezifunekayo uze uzixhase.
3) Bonisa ukuba idatha eyongezelelweyo iyafuneka na; Ukuba kuyimfuneko, chaza iimfuno zedatha kwaye wazise umnini wekhadi lokubhalisa ngefowuni yedatha.
4) Cacisa naluphi na utshintsho olucetywayo lweleyibhile.
5) Misela umhla wokugqibela wokugqiba isenzo ngasinye esifunekayo.
2.2.5.2 Isigqibo sokuhlolwa kobhaliso lwexeshana
Emva kokuqwalasela zonke izimvo kwisigqibo sexeshana esicetywayo, i-EPA, ngokubona kwayo, inokuthi ikhuphe isigqibo sexeshana ngeRejista yeSizwe ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe uvavanyo olutsha. Isigqibo sexeshana siquka ingcaciso yalo naluphi na utshintsho kwisigqibo sexeshana esicetywayo sangaphambili kunye nempendulo kwizimvo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye isigqibo sexeshana sinoku: funa amanyathelo amatsha okunciphisa umngcipheko okanye asebenzise amanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko wexeshana; Cela ukungeniswa kweelebheli ezihlaziyiweyo; Cacisa ulwazi lwedatha olufunekayo ukuze kugqitywe uvavanyo kunye neshedyuli yokungenisa (izaziso zefowuni yedatha zinokukhutshwa ngaphambi, ngexesha elinye okanye emva kokuba kukhutshwe isigqibo sovavanyo olutsha lwexeshana). Ukuba umnini wesatifikethi sokubhalisa akakwazi ukusebenzisana nezenzo ezifunekayo kwisigqibo sovavanyo olutsha lwexeshana, i-EPA ingathatha amanyathelo asemthethweni afanelekileyo.
2.2.5.3 isigqibo sokugqibela
I-EPA iza kukhupha isigqibo sokugqibela emva kokuba kugqityiwe uvavanyo lonke lovavanyo ngokutsha, kuquka, apho kufanelekileyo, uvavanyo kunye nokubonisana ngeentlobo ezidweliswe kuLuhlu lweZilwanyana zasendle ezisengozini kunye nezisengozini, kunye nokuhlolwa kweenkqubo zokuhlola ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine. Ukuba umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso akaphumeleli ukusebenzisana nezenzo ezifunekayo kwisigqibo sovavanyo ngokutsha, i-EPA ingathatha amanyathelo asemthethweni afanelekileyo phantsi kwe-FIFRA.
3 Bhalisa isicelo sokuqhubeka
3.1 Umanyano lwaseYurophu
Ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwe-EU lwezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulali-zinambuzane luvavanyo olupheleleyo oludibanisa idatha endala nentsha, kwaye abafaki-zicelo kufuneka bangenise idatha epheleleyo njengoko kufuneka.
3.1.1 Izithako ezisebenzayo
Inqaku lesi-6 loMgaqo-nkqubo ka-2020/1740 malunga nokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lichaza ulwazi oluza kungeniswa ukuze kuhlaziywe ubhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo, kuquka:
1) Igama kunye nedilesi yomfaki-sicelo onoxanduva lokuqhubeka nesicelo kunye nokuzalisekisa uxanduva oluchazwe kwimigaqo.
2) Igama kunye nedilesi yomfaki-sicelo odibeneyo kunye negama lombutho wabavelisi.
3) Indlela emele ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso enye yokukhusela izityalo equlethe isithako esisebenzayo kwisityalo esikhuliswe kakhulu kummandla ngamnye, kunye nobungqina bokuba imveliso iyahlangabezana neemfuno zobhaliso ezichazwe kwiNqaku 4 loMgaqo-nkqubo No. 1107/2009.
“Indlela yokusebenzisa” engentla ibandakanya indlela yokubhalisa kunye novavanyo ekuqhubekeni kokubhalisa. Ubuncinane enye yeemveliso zokukhusela izityalo ezineendlela ezimele ukusetyenziswa ezingentla kufuneka ingabi nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo. Ukuba ulwazi olungeniswe ngumfaki-sicelo alugubungeli zonke iindawo ezibandakanyekayo, okanye alukhuliswanga kakhulu kuloo ndawo, isizathu kufuneka sinikwe.
4) idatha efunekayo kunye neziphumo zovavanyo lomngcipheko, kuquka: i) ukubonisa utshintsho kwiimfuno zomthetho nezolawulo ukusukela ekuvunyweni kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo okanye ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwakutshanje; ii) ukubonisa utshintsho kwisayensi nakwitekhnoloji ukusukela ekuvunyweni kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo okanye ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwakutshanje; iii) ukubonisa utshintsho ekusetyenzisweni okumelayo; iv) kubonisa ukuba ubhaliso luyaqhubeka nokutshintsha ukusuka kubhaliso lokuqala.
(5) umbhalo opheleleyo wengxelo nganye yovavanyo okanye yophando kunye nesishwankathelo sayo njengenxalenye yolwazi lobhaliso lokuqala okanye ulwazi olulandelayo lokuqhubeka nobhaliso ngokuhambelana neemfuno zolwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo.
6) umbhalo opheleleyo wengxelo nganye yovavanyo okanye yophando kunye nesishwankathelo sayo njengenxalenye yedatha yobhaliso yokuqala okanye idatha yobhaliso elandelayo, ngokuhambelana neemfuno zedatha yokulungiselela amayeza.
7) Ubungqina obubhaliweyo bokuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa isithako esisebenzayo esingahlangabezani nemigangatho yobhaliso yangoku ukulawula izinambuzane eziyingozi kwizityalo.
8) Ukugqiba uvavanyo ngalunye okanye uphando olubandakanya izilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo, chaza amanyathelo athatyathiweyo ukuze kuthintelwe uvavanyo kwizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo. Ulwazi lolwandiso lobhaliso aluyi kuba nangxelo yovavanyo lokusetyenziswa ngabom kwesithako sisebenzayo ebantwini okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso enesithako esisebenzayo.
9) Ikopi yesicelo se-MRLS esingeniswe ngokweCandelo 7 loMgaqo (EC) No 396/2005 wePalamente yaseYurophu kunye neBhunga.
10) Isiphakamiso sokuhlelwa okanye ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kwesithako esisebenzayo ngokuhambelana noMmiselo 1272/2008.
11) Uluhlu lwezinto ezinokungqina ukugqibelela kwesicelo sokuqhubeka, kwaye ziphawule idatha entsha engenisiweyo ngeli xesha.
12) Ngokuhambelana neNqaku 8 (5) loMgaqo Nombolo 1107/2009, isishwankathelo kunye neziphumo zoncwadi lwenzululwazi oluphononongwa ngoontanga.
13) Ukuvavanya lonke ulwazi olungenisiweyo ngokwemeko yangoku yesayensi netekhnoloji, kubandakanya ukuvavanywa kwakhona kwezinye zedatha yobhaliso lokuqala okanye idatha yokuqhubeka kobhaliso elandelayo.
14) Ukuqwalaselwa kunye neengcebiso zamanyathelo okunciphisa umngcipheko ayimfuneko nafanelekileyo.
15) Ngokuhambelana neNqaku 32b loMgaqo 178/2002, i-EFSA ingayalela uvavanyo lwesayensi olufunekayo ukuba lwenziwe liziko lophando lwesayensi elizimeleyo kwaye idlulisele iziphumo zovavanyo kwiPalamente yaseYurophu, kwiKhomishini nakuMazwe angamalungu. Ezo miyalelo zivulekile kwaye zicacile, kwaye lonke ulwazi oluhambelana nesaziso sovavanyo kufuneka lufakwe kwisicelo sokwandiswa kobhaliso.
Ukuba idatha yobhaliso lokuqala isahlangabezana neemfuno zedatha zangoku kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo, ingaqhubeka isetyenziselwa olu lwandiso lobhaliso, kodwa kufuneka ingeniswe kwakhona. Umfaki-sicelo kufuneka asebenzise konke okusemandleni akhe ukufumana nokubonelela ngolwazi lobhaliso lokuqala okanye ulwazi olufanelekileyo njengokuqhubeka kobhaliso olulandelayo. Ukuba umfaki-sicelo wokuhlaziya ubhaliso akangomfaki-sicelo wobhaliso lokuqala lwesithako esisebenzayo (oko kukuthi, umfaki-sicelo akanalo ulwazi olungenisiweyo okokuqala), kuyimfuneko ukufumana ilungelo lokusebenzisa ulwazi olukhoyo lobhaliso lwesithako esisebenzayo ngomfaki-sicelo wobhaliso lokuqala okanye isebe lolawulo lelizwe lovavanyo. Ukuba umfaki-sicelo wokuhlaziya ubhaliso unika ubungqina bokuba ulwazi olufanelekileyo alufumaneki, iLizwe eliphetheyo okanye i-EFSA eyenze uphononongo lwangaphambili kunye/okanye lokuhlaziya oluzayo iya kuzama ukubonelela ngolwazi olunjalo.
Ukuba idatha yobhaliso lwangaphambili ayihlangabezani neemfuno zangoku, kufuneka kwenziwe iimvavanyo ezintsha kunye neengxelo ezintsha. Umfaki-sicelo kufuneka achonge aze adwelise iimvavanyo ezintsha eziza kwenziwa kunye neshedyuli yazo, kuquka uluhlu olwahlukileyo lovavanyo olutsha lwazo zonke izilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo, ethathela ingqalelo ingxelo enikwe yi-EFSA ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kwesicelo. Ingxelo yovavanyo olutsha kufuneka iphawulwe ngokucacileyo, ichaze isizathu kunye nemfuneko. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvuleleka kunye nokungafihli nto kunye nokunciphisa ukuphindaphindwa kovavanyo, iimvavanyo ezintsha kufuneka zifakwe kwi-EFSA ngaphambi kokuba ziqale, kwaye iimvavanyo ezingafakwanga aziyi kwamkelwa. Umfaki-sicelo angangenisa isicelo sokukhuselwa kwedatha kwaye angenise zombini iinguqulelo eziyimfihlo nezingeyomfihlo zale datha.
3.1.2 Amalungiselelo
Ukuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kweemveliso zamayeza kusekelwe kwizithako ezisebenzayo ezigqityiweyo. Ngokuhambelana neNqaku 43 (2) loMgaqo Nombolo 1107/2009, izicelo zokuqhubeka nokulungiselela ziya kuquka:
1) Ikopi yesatifikethi sokubhalisa ukulungiselela.
2) nayiphi na idatha entsha efunekayo ngexesha lokufaka isicelo ngenxa yotshintsho kwiimfuno zolwazi, izikhokelo kunye nemigangatho yazo (oko kukuthi, utshintsho kwiindawo zovavanyo lwecandelo elisebenzayo oluvela kuvavanyo oluqhubekayo lobhaliso).
3) Izizathu zokungenisa idatha entsha: iimfuno zolwazi olutsha, izikhokelo kunye nemigangatho bezingasebenzi ngexesha lokubhaliswa kwemveliso; Okanye ukutshintsha iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwemveliso.
4) Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso iyahlangabezana neemfuno zokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo kwimigaqo (kubandakanya nemiqathango efanelekileyo).
5) Ukuba imveliso ibekwe esweni, kuya kunikwa ingxelo yolwazi lokubeka esweni.
6) Apho kuyimfuneko, ulwazi lovavanyo oluthelekisayo luya kungeniswa ngokuhambelana nezikhokelo ezifanelekileyo.
3.1.2.1 Ukuthelekiswa kwedatha yezithako ezisebenzayo
Xa efaka isicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kweemveliso zamayeza, umfaki-sicelo uya kuthi, ngokwesigqibo sovavanyo lwesithako esisebenzayo, anike ulwazi olutsha lwesithako ngasinye esisebenzayo esifuna ukuhlaziywa ngenxa yotshintsho kwiimfuno zedatha kunye nemigangatho, atshintshe kwaye aphucule idatha yemveliso yamayeza ehambelanayo, kwaye enze uvavanyo lomngcipheko ngokuhambelana nezikhokelo ezintsha kunye namaxabiso okugqibela ukuqinisekisa ukuba umngcipheko usekuluhlu olwamkelekileyo. Ukudityaniswa kwedatha yesithako esisebenzayo kudla ngokuba luxanduva lwelizwe elilawulayo eliqhuba uphononongo oluqhubekayo lokubhaliswa kwesithako esisebenzayo. Umfaki-sicelo unokubonelela ngolwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo olufanelekileyo kwiLizwe elikhokelayo elityunjiweyo ngokunika isibhengezo sokuba ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo lukwixesha elingakhuseliyo, ubungqina belungelo lokusebenzisa ulwazi, isibhengezo sokuba ulungiselelo alunakukhutshwa ekungeniseni ulwazi lwesithako esisebenzayo, okanye ngokucebisa ukuphinda uvavanyo. Ukuvunywa kolwazi lwesicelo sokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo kunokuxhomekeka kuphela kwiyeza elifanayo lokuqala elihlangabezana nomgangatho omtsha, kwaye xa umgangatho weyeza elifanayo lokuqala elichongiweyo utshintsha (kubandakanya umxholo ophezulu wokungcola), umfaki-sicelo unokubonelela ngeengxoxo ezifanelekileyo zokuba iyeza lokuqala elisetyenzisiweyo lisenokuthathwa njengelilinganayo.
3.1.2.2 Utshintsho kwiindlela ezilungileyo zolimo (i-GAP)
Umfaki-sicelo kufuneka anike uluhlu lwezinto ezicetywayo zokusetyenziswa kwemveliso, kuquka ingxelo ebonisa ukuba akukho tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwi-GAP kuloo ndawo ukususela ngexesha lokubhalisa, kunye noluhlu olwahlukileyo lokusetyenziswa kwesibini kwifomu ye-GAP kwifomathi emiselweyo. Kuphela lutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwi-GAP olufunekayo ukuthobela utshintsho kuvavanyo lwecandelo elisebenzayo (amaxabiso amatsha okugqibela, ukwamkelwa kwezikhokelo ezintsha, iimeko okanye imiqathango kwimigaqo yokuhlaziya ubhaliso) eyamkelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba umfaki-sicelo engenisa lonke ulwazi oluxhasayo oluyimfuneko. Ngokomgaqo, akukho tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwifomu yedosi olunokwenzeka kwisicelo sokuqhubeka.
3.1.2.3 Idatha yokusebenza kakuhle kwamayeza
Ukuze kusebenze kakuhle, umfaki-sicelo kufuneka amisele aze athethelele ukungeniswa kwedatha entsha yovavanyo. Ukuba utshintsho lwe-GAP lubangelwa lixabiso elitsha lokugqibela, kufuneka kungeniswe izikhokelo ezintsha, idatha yovavanyo lokusebenza kakuhle kwe-GAP entsha, kungenjalo, kufuneka kungeniswe idatha yokumelana kuphela kwisicelo sokuqhubeka.
3.2 I-United States
Iimfuno zedatha ze-US EPA zokuhlaziywa kwakhona kwezibulali-zinambuzane ziyahambelana nokubhaliswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, utshintsho lobhaliso, kunye nokubhaliswa kwakhona, kwaye akukho mithetho yahlukileyo. Izicelo ezijoliswe kuzo zolwazi olusekelwe kwiimfuno zovavanyo lomngcipheko kuvavanyo kwakhona, ingxelo efunyenweyo ngexesha lokubonisana noluntu, njl.njl., ziya kupapashwa ngendlela yesicwangciso somsebenzi sokugqibela kunye nesaziso sokufowunelwa kwedatha.
4 Eminye Imiba
4.1 Isicelo esiDibeneyo
4.1.1 Umanyano lwaseYurophu
Ngokuhambelana neNqaku 5, iSahluko 3 soMgaqo-nkqubo 2020/1740, ukuba abafaki-zicelo abangaphezu komnye bafaka izicelo zokuhlaziywa kokubhaliswa kwesithako esifanayo esisebenzayo, bonke abafaki-zicelo baya kuthatha onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo okungenisa ulwazi kunye. Umbutho otyunjwe ngumfaki-sicelo unokwenza isicelo esidibeneyo egameni lomfaki-sicelo, kwaye bonke abafaki-zicelo abanokubakho banokuqhagamshelwa ngesicelo sokungenisa ulwazi kunye.
Abafaki-zicelo banokungenisa ulwazi olupheleleyo ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa kufuneka bachaze izizathu ezikulwazi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhambelana neNqaku 62 loMgaqo 1107/2009, uvavanyo oluphindaphindwayo kwizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo alwamkelekanga, ngoko ke abafaki-zicelo abanokubakho kunye nabanini bedatha yogunyaziso olufanelekileyo kufuneka benze yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwezilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo kunye nezifundo ezibandakanyekayo ziyabelwana ngazo. Ukuhlaziya ubhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo ezibandakanya abafaki-zicelo abaninzi, yonke idatha kufuneka ihlolwe kunye, kwaye izigqibo kunye neengxelo kufuneka zenziwe emva kohlalutyo olupheleleyo.
4.1.2 I-United States
I-EPA icebisa ukuba abafaki-zicelo babelane ngedatha yovavanyo ngokutsha, kodwa akukho mfuneko inyanzelekileyo. Ngokwesaziso sedatha, umnini wesatifikethi sokubhalisa sesithako esisebenzayo sesibulali-zinambuzane unokugqiba ukuba anike idatha kunye nabanye abafaki-zicelo, enze izifundo ezahlukeneyo, okanye arhoxise ubhaliso. Ukuba uvavanyo olwahlukeneyo ngabafaki-zicelo abahlukeneyo luphumela kumanqaku amabini ahlukeneyo okugqibela, i-EPA iya kusebenzisa inqaku lokugqibela elinolondolozo kakhulu.
4.2 Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuhlaziywa kobhaliso kunye nobhaliso olutsha
4.2.1 Umanyano lwaseYurophu
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba iLizwe eliLungu lifumane ukuhlaziywa kwesicelo sokubhaliswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo, umfaki-sicelo angaqhubeka nokungenisa isicelo sokubhaliswa kwemveliso yamayeza efanelekileyo kwiLizwe eliLungu (ummandla); Emva kokuqala kokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo, umfaki-sicelo akasenakufaka isicelo sokubhaliswa kolungiselelo olufanelekileyo kwiLizwe eliLungu, kwaye kufuneka alinde ukukhutshwa kwesigqibo sokuhlaziywa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo ngaphambi kokuba asingenise ngokuhambelana neemfuno ezintsha.
4.2.2 I-United States
Ukuba ubhaliso olongezelelweyo (umz., ukulungiswa kwedosi entsha) aluqalisi uvavanyo olutsha lomngcipheko, i-EPA ingamkela ubhaliso olongezelelweyo ngexesha lovavanyo lokuphinda; Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubhaliso olutsha (njengoluhlu olutsha lokusetyenziswa) lunokubangela uvavanyo lomngcipheko olutsha, i-EPA ingabandakanya imveliso kuvavanyo lomngcipheko lokuphinda uvavanyo okanye yenze uvavanyo lomngcipheko olwahlukileyo lwemveliso kwaye isebenzise iziphumo kuvavanyo lokuphinda uvavanyo. Ukuguquguquka kwe-EPA kungenxa yokuba amacandelo amathathu akhethekileyo eSebe leMiphumo yezeMpilo, iSebe leMiphumo yoKuziphatha kunye neMiphumo yokuSingqongileyo, kunye neSebe leMiphumo yoHlalutyo lweBiological and Economic axhasa umsebenzi weRegistry kunye neSebe leMiphumo yoKuphinda uvavanyo, kwaye anokubona yonke idatha yerejista kunye novavanyo lokuphinda uvavanyo ngaxeshanye. Umzekelo, xa uvavanyo lokuphinda lwenze isigqibo sokutshintsha ilebheli, kodwa alukakhutshwa, ukuba inkampani ingenisa isicelo sokutshintsha ilebheli, irejista iya kuyicubungula ngokwesigqibo sovavanyo lokuphinda uvavanyo. Le ndlela iguquguqukayo ivumela i-EPA ukuba idibanise ngcono izixhobo kwaye incede iinkampani zibhaliswe kwangethuba.
4.3 Ukhuseleko lweDatha
4.3.1 Umanyano lwaseYurophu
Ixesha lokukhuselwa kwedatha yesithako esitsha esisebenzayo kunye nedatha yokulungiselela esetyenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kobhaliso ziinyanga ezingama-30, ukususela kumhla apho imveliso yokulungiselela ehambelanayo ibhaliswe okokuqala ukuze ihlaziywe kwiLizwe ngalinye eliLungu, umhla othile uyahluka kancinci ukusuka kwelinye iLizwe eliLungu ukuya kwelinye.
4.3.2 I-United States
Idatha yovavanyo olutsha olungenisiweyo inexesha lokukhuselwa kwedatha leminyaka eli-15 ukususela kumhla wokungeniswa, kwaye xa umfaki-sicelo ebhekisa kwidatha engeniswe lelinye ishishini, kufuneka ibonakalise ukuba imbuyekezo inikwe umnini wedatha okanye imvume ifunyenwe. Ukuba ishishini lokubhalisa iziyobisi elisebenzayo ligqiba ekubeni lingenise idatha efunekayo yokuvavanywa kwakhona, imveliso yokulungiselela eyenziwe kusetyenziswa iyeza elisebenzayo ifumene imvume yokusebenzisa idatha yeyeza elisebenzayo, ukuze ikwazi ukugcina ubhaliso ngokuthe ngqo ngokwesigqibo sokuvavanywa kwakhona kweyeza elisebenzayo, ngaphandle kokongeza ulwazi olongezelelweyo, kodwa kusafuneka ithathe amanyathelo okulawula umngcipheko njengokutshintsha ilebheli njengoko kufuneka.
5. Isishwankathelo kunye nethemba
Ngokubanzi, i-EU kunye ne-US zinenjongo efanayo ekwenzeni uvavanyo ngokutsha lweemveliso zezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba njengoko amandla ovavanyo lomngcipheko ephuhliswa kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo itshintsha, zonke izibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo zinokuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye azibeki mngcipheko ungenamsebenzi kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko othile kwiinkqubo ezithile. Okokuqala, kubonakala kunxibelelwano phakathi kovavanyo lwetekhnoloji kunye nokwenza izigqibo zolawulo. Ulwandiso lobhaliso lwe-EU lugubungela zombini izigqibo zovavanyo lobuchwephesha kunye nezolawulo lokugqibela; Uvavanyo olutsha e-United States lwenza kuphela izigqibo zovavanyo lobuchwephesha ezifana nokuguqula iileyibhile kunye nokungenisa idatha entsha, kwaye umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso kufuneka athathe inyathelo lokwenza ngokuhambelana nesigqibo kwaye enze izicelo ezifanelekileyo zokuphumeza izigqibo zolawulo. Okwesibini, iindlela zokuphumeza zahlukile. Ulwandiso lobhaliso kwi-EU lwahlulwe ngamanyathelo amabini. Inyathelo lokuqala kukwandiswa kobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo kwinqanaba le-EU. Emva kokuba ulwandiso lobhaliso lwezithako ezisebenzayo ludlulisiwe, ulwandiso lobhaliso lweemveliso zamayeza lwenziwa kumazwe angamalungu afanelekileyo. Uvavanyo kwakhona lwezithako ezisebenzayo kunye neemveliso zokwenziwa e-United States lwenziwa ngaxeshanye.
Ukuvunywa kobhaliso kunye nokuhlolwa kwakhona emva kobhaliso ziinkalo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane. NgoMeyi 1997, iTshayina yabhengeza "iMigqaliselo yoLawulo lweZibulali-zinambuzane", kwaye emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 yophuhliso, inkqubo epheleleyo yobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nenkqubo yomgangatho wovavanyo sele imiselwe. Okwangoku, iTshayina ibhalise iintlobo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwama-700 kunye neemveliso zokulungiselela ezingaphezu kwama-40,000, ezingaphezulu kwesiqingatha sazo ezibhaliswe iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ixesha elide, elibanzi nelikhulu kuya kukhokelela ekunyukeni kokumelana kwezinto eziphilayo kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo, ukwanda kokuqokelelwa kwendalo, kunye nokwanda kwemingcipheko yokhuseleko lwabantu nezilwanyana. Ukuhlolwa kwakhona emva kobhaliso yindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wexesha elide wokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokufezekisa ulawulo lomjikelo wobomi bonke bezibulali-zinambuzane, kwaye sisongezelelo esiluncedo kwinkqubo yobhaliso kunye nemvume. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wokuvavanya kwakhona izibulali-zinambuzane eTshayina waqala kade, kwaye "Amanyathelo oLawulo loBhaliso lweZibulali-zinambuzane" owapapashwa ngo-2017 wabonisa okokuqala kwinqanaba lolawulo ukuba iintlobo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15 kufuneka zicwangciswe ukuze zenze uvavanyo oluqhubekayo ngokwemeko yemveliso nokusetyenziswa kunye notshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo wemizi-mveliso. I-NY/ T2948-2016 "Inkcazo yoBugcisa boVavanyo lweZibulali-zinambuzane" eyakhutshwa ngo-2016 inika imigaqo esisiseko kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ukuvavanya kwakhona iintlobo zezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo, kwaye ichaza amagama afanelekileyo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kwayo kulinganiselwe njengomgangatho ocetyiswayo. Ngokuphathelele umsebenzi osebenzayo wolawulo lwezibulali-zinambuzane eTshayina, uphando kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo yokuhlaziya kwakhona ye-EU kunye ne-United States inokusinika iingcinga ezilandelayo kunye nokukhanya.
Okokuqala, nika wonke umsebenzi ophambili womnini wesatifikethi sokubhalisa ekuhlolweni kwakhona kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuhlolwa kwakhona kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwi-EU nase-United States kukuba isebe lolawulo lobhaliso liphuhlise isicwangciso somsebenzi, libonise iintlobo zovavanyo ngokutsha kunye neenkxalabo malunga neendawo zomngcipheko, kwaye umnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane angenise ulwazi njengoko kufuneka ngexesha elichaziweyo. I-China inokufumana izifundo kwimeko yokwenyani, itshintshe indlela yokucinga yesebe lolawulo lobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane ukuze yenze uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa kwaye igqibezele umsebenzi opheleleyo wovavanyo ngokutsha kwezibulali-zinambuzane, icacise ngakumbi uxanduva oluphambili lomnini wesatifikethi sobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane ekwenzeni uvavanyo ngokutsha kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso, kunye nokuphucula iindlela zokusetyenziswa kovavanyo ngokutsha kwezibulali-zinambuzane e-China.
Okwesibini kukusekwa kwenkqubo yokukhusela idatha yovavanyo ngokutsha kwezibulali-zinambuzane. IMithetho yoLawulo lweZibulali-zinambuzane kunye nemithetho yayo exhasayo ichaza ngokucacileyo inkqubo yokukhusela iintlobo ezintsha zezibulali-zinambuzane eTshayina kunye neemfuno zokugunyazisa idatha yobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane, kodwa iimfuno zokhuseleko lovavanyo ngokutsha kunye nemvume yedatha azicaci. Ke ngoko, abanini beziqinisekiso zobhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane kufuneka bakhuthazwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kumsebenzi wovavanyo ngokutsha, kwaye inkqubo yokukhusela idatha yovavanyo ngokutsha kufuneka ichazwe ngokucacileyo, ukuze abanini bedatha yokuqala bakwazi ukubonelela ngedatha kwabanye abafaki-zicelo ukuze bafumane imbuyekezo, banciphise uvavanyo oluphindaphindwayo, kwaye banciphise umthwalo kumashishini.
Okwesithathu kukwakha inkqubo yovavanyo emva kokubhaliswa kokubeka esweni umngcipheko wezibulali zinambuzane, ukuphinda uhlolwe kunye nokuqhubeka nokubhaliswa. Ngo-2022, uMphathiswa wezoLimo kunye neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni ukhuphe ngokutsha "iMigqaliselo yoLawulo loKubeka esweni umngcipheko wezibulali zinambuzane kunye noVavanyo (uYilo lokuphawula)", ebonisa ukuzimisela kweTshayina ukusasaza ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye nokwenza rhoqo ulawulo lwezibulali zinambuzane emva kokubhaliswa. Kwixesha elizayo, kufuneka sicinge kakuhle, senze uphando olubanzi, kwaye sifunde kwiinkalo ezininzi, kwaye kancinci kancinci siseke kwaye siphucule inkqubo yolawulo lokhuseleko emva kokubhaliswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ehambelana neemeko zelizwe laseTshayina ngokubeka esweni, ukuphinda uhlolwe kunye nokubhaliswa komngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane, ukuze kuncitshiswe ngokwenene zonke iintlobo zeengozi zokhuseleko ezinokubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane, kwaye kukhuselwe ngempumelelo imveliso yezolimo, impilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-27-2024