Ukutshiza nge-insecticide yangaphakathi (IRS) yindlela ephambili yokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-vector-borne ye-Trypanosoma cruzi, ebangela isifo se-Chagas kuninzi lwaseMzantsi Melika.Nangona kunjalo, impumelelo ye-IRS kwingingqi yeGrand Chaco, equka iBolivia, iArgentina kunye neParaguay, ayinakukhuphisana neyamanye amazwe aseSouthern Cone.
Olu phononongo luvavanye izenzo ze-IRS eziqhelekileyo kunye nolawulo lomgangatho wezitshabalalisi kwindawo eqhelekileyo ehlala ihleli e-Chaco, eBolivia.
Isithako esisebenzayo i-alpha-cypermethrin (ai) sifakwe kwiphepha lokucoca elifakwe kudonga lwesitshizi kwaye lilinganiswe kwizisombululo zetanki zokutshiza ezilungisiweyo kusetyenziswa i-Insecticide Quantitative Kit (IQK™) eqinisekisiweyo yobuninzi beendlela ze-HPLC.Idatha yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa imodeli engalunganga ye-binomial yeziphumo ezixubeneyo zokubuyisela umva ukuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi koxinaniso lwesitshabalalisi esisetyenziswa kwiphepha lokuhluza kunye nokuphakama kodonga lwesitshizi, ukugqunywa kwesitshizi (indawo yesitshizi somphezulu / ixesha lokutshiza [m2/min]), kunye nesitshizi esijongweyo/esilindelweyo.umlinganiselo wezinga.Umahluko phakathi kwababoneleli bezempilo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwabaninimzi ngeemfuno zekhaya ezingenamntu ze-IRS nazo zavavanywa.Izinga lokumisa i-alpha-cypermethrin emva kokuxuba kwiitanki zokutshiza ezilungisiweyo zalinganiswa kwibhubhoratri.
Ukwahluka okuphawulekayo kwabonwa kwi-alpha-cypermethrin AI concentrations, kunye ne-10.4% kuphela (50/480) yezihlungi kunye ne-8.8% (5/57) yamakhaya afezekisa ukugxininiswa okujoliswe kuyo kwe-50 mg ± 20% AI / m2.Ugxininiso olubonisiweyo aluxhomekekanga kugxininiso olufunyenwe kwizisombululo zesitshizi esifanelekileyo.Emva kokuxuba i-alpha-cypermethrin ai kwisisombululo esilungisiweyo somphezulu wetanki yokutshiza ngokukhawuleza yahlala, eyakhokelela ekulahlekeni kwe-alpha-cypermethrin ai ngomzuzu kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-49% emva kwemizuzu eyi-15.Kuphela yi-7.5% (6/80) yezindlu eziye zanyangwa ngokwezinga lokutshizwa le-WHO elicetyiswayo le-19 m2/min (±10%), ngelixa ama-77.5% (62/80) ezindlu aye anyangwa ngeqondo elingaphantsi kunoko belilindelekile.Umndilili woxinaniso lwesithako esisebenzayo esiziswe ekhaya ubunganxulumananga kakhulu nokugqunywa kwesitshizi.Ukuthotyelwa kwekhaya akuzange kuchaphazele kakhulu ukugubungela isitshizi okanye umyinge wokuxinana kwe-cypermethrin eziswa kumakhaya.
Unikezelo lwe-IRS oluphezulu lunokuba ngenxa yenxalenye yeempawu ezibonakalayo zemichiza yezinambuzane kunye nesidingo sokuphonononga iindlela zokuhanjiswa kwezitshabalalisi, kubandakanya noqeqesho lwamaqela e-IRS kunye nemfundo yoluntu ukukhuthaza ukuthotyelwa.I-IQK™ sisixhobo esibalulekileyo esiphucula umgangatho we-IRS kwaye siququzelele uqeqesho lwababoneleli bezempilo kunye nokwenza izigqibo kubaphathi kwi-Chagas control vector.
Isifo se-Chagas sibangelwa ukosulelwa yi-parasite i-Trypanosoma cruzi (i-kinetoplastid: i-Trypanosomatidae), ebangela uluhlu lwezifo ebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana.Ebantwini, usulelo olunophawu olubukhali lwenzeka kwiiveki ukuya kwiinyanga emva kosulelo kwaye luphawulwa ngumkhuhlane, i-malaise, kunye ne-hepatosplenomegaly.Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-20-30% yosulelo luqhubela phambili kwifomu engapheliyo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-cardiomyopathy, ebonakaliswe ngokukhubazeka kwenkqubo yokuqhubela phambili, i-cardiac arrhythmias, ukungasebenzi kwe-ventricular yasekhohlo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuhluleka kwentliziyo kunye, ngokuqhelekileyo, isifo sesisu.Ezi meko zinokuqhubeka amashumi eminyaka kwaye kunzima ukunyanga [1].Akukho sitofu sokugonya.
Umthwalo wehlabathi jikelele wesifo se-Chagas kwi-2017 uqikelelwa kwi-6.2 yezigidi zabantu, okubangelwa ukufa kwe-7900 kunye ne-232,000 yokukhubazeka iminyaka yokuphila (DALYs) kuyo yonke iminyaka [2,3,4].I-Triatominus cruzi idluliselwa kulo lonke elaseMbindi kunye noMzantsi Melika, nakwiindawo ezikumazantsi eNyakatho Melika, nge-Triatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), i-akhawunti ye-30,000 (77%) yenani elipheleleyo lamatyala amatsha eLatin America kwi-2010 [5].Ezinye iindlela zosulelo kwimimandla engagungqiyo njengeYurophu neUnited States ziquka ukosulela kokuzalwa nokutofelwa igazi elosulelekileyo.Ngokomzekelo, eSpain, kukho malunga neemeko ze-67,500 zosulelo phakathi kwabafuduki baseLatin America [6], okubangelwa iindleko zenkqubo yezempilo yonyaka ye-US $ 9.3 yezigidi [7].Phakathi kwe-2004 kunye ne-2007, i-3.4% yabasetyhini abakhulelweyo baseLatin America abafudukayo bahlolwe kwisibhedlele sase-Barcelona babene-seropositive ye-Trypanosoma cruzi [8].Ke ngoko, iinzame zokulawula usulelo lwe-vector kumazwe akhoyo zibalulekile ukunciphisa umthwalo wesifo kumazwe angenayo i-triatomine ye-vector [9].Izindlela zokulawula zangoku zibandakanya ukutshiza kwangaphakathi (IRS) ukunciphisa i-vector populations kwimizi kunye nakwiindawo ezikufutshane nemizi, ukuhlolwa komama ukuchonga kunye nokuphelisa ukuhanjiswa kokuzalwa, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kunye neebhanki zokufakelwa kwamalungu, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo [5,10,11,12].
Kwi-Cone yaseMzantsi yaseMzantsi Melika, i-vector ephambili yi-pathogenic triatomine bug.Olu hlobo ngokuyintloko luyinto engapheliyo kwaye luyaphela kwaye luzalela ngokubanzi kumakhaya nakwiishedi zezilwanyana.Kwizakhiwo ezakhiwe kakubi, iintanda kwiindonga kunye neesilingi zineebhugi ze-triatomine, kwaye uhlaselo kumakhaya lubi kakhulu [13, 14].Inyathelo leSouthern Cone (INCOSUR) likhuthaza iinzame ezilungelelanisiweyo zamazwe ngamazwe zokulwa usulelo lwasekhaya eTri.Sebenzisa i-IRS ukufumana ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic kunye nezinye i-agent-specific site-specific [15, 16].Oku kwakhokelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kweziganeko zesifo se-Chagas kunye nokuqinisekiswa okulandelayo nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-vector kupheliswe kwamanye amazwe (Uruguay, Chile, iindawo zaseArgentina naseBrazil) [10, 15].
Ngaphandle kwempumelelo ye-INCOSUR, i-vector ye-Trypanosoma cruzi iqhubekile kwingingqi yaseGran Chaco yase-USA, indawo eyomileyo yamahlathi exesha lonyaka ethatha i-1.3 yesigidi seekhilomitha kwimida ye-Bolivia, Argentina kunye neParaguay [10].Abahlali balo mmandla baphakathi kwawona maqela angathathi ntweni kwaye baphila kwintlupheko egqithisileyo ngokufikelela kukhathalelo lwempilo [17].Isiganeko sokusuleleka kwe-T. cruzi kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-vector kule ndawo iphakathi kweyona ndawo iphakamileyo kwihlabathi [5,18,19,20] kunye ne-26-72% yamakhaya ahlaselwe yi-trypanosomatids.i-infestans [13, 21] kunye ne-40-56% ye-Tri.Iibhaktheriya ze-Pathogenic zichaphazela i-Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23].Uninzi (>93%) lwazo zonke iimeko zesifo se-Chagas esithwalwa yiVector kwingingqi ye-Southern Cone zenzeka eBolivia [5].
I-IRS ngoku kuphela kwendlela eyamkelwe ngokubanzi yokunciphisa i-triacine ebantwini.i-infestans sisicwangciso esiqinisekisiweyo ngokwembali sokunciphisa umthwalo wezifo ezininzi ezithwala abantu [24, 25].Isabelo sezindlu kwilali yaseTri.i-infestans (isalathisi sosulelo) luphawu oluphambili olusetyenziswa ngabasemagunyeni bezempilo ukwenza izigqibo malunga nokuthunyelwa kwe-IRS kwaye, ngokubalulekileyo, ukulungelelanisa unyango lwabantwana abanesifo esingapheliyo ngaphandle komngcipheko wokubuyisela kwakhona [16,26,27,28,29].Ukusebenza kwe-IRS kunye nokuzingisa kokudluliselwa kwe-vector kummandla we-Chaco kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi: umgangatho ombi wokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo [19, 21], ukuphunyezwa kwe-IRS ephantsi kunye neendlela zokuhlola ukuhlaselwa kwe-infestation [30], ukungaqiniseki koluntu malunga neemfuno ze-IRS Ukuthotyelwa okuphantsi [ I-31], umsebenzi omfutshane oseleyo wokuqulunqwa kwe-pesticide [32, 33] kunye ne-Tri.i-infestans inciphise ukuchasana kunye / okanye ukuvakalelwa kwi-insecticides [22, 34].
Izibulali-zinambuzane ze-Synthetic pyrethroid zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-IRS ngenxa yokuba yingozi kuluntu olusesichengeni lwe-triatomine bugs.Kwiindawo ezisezantsi, amayeza okubulala izinambuzane epyrethroid nawo asetyenzisiwe njengezinto ezicaphukisayo ukugungxula ii-vectors ngaphandle kweentanda zodonga ngeenjongo zokubeka iliso [35].Uphando malunga nokulawulwa komgangatho wezenzo ze-IRS zilinganiselwe, kodwa kwenye indawo kuye kwaboniswa ukuba kukho ukuhluka okuphawulekayo kwimilinganiselo yezithako ezisebenzayo ze-pesticide (AIs) ezinikezelwe kumakhaya, kunye namanqanaba ahlala ehla ngaphantsi koluhlu oluchanekileyo logxininiso [33,36], 37,38].Esinye isizathu sokunqongophala kophando lolawulo lomgangatho kukuba ukusebenza okuphezulu kwechromatography yolwelo (HPLC), umgangatho wegolide wokulinganisa ukuhlangana kwezithako ezisebenzayo kwizitshabalalisi, zintsonkothile ngokobuchwephesha, ziyabiza, kwaye zihlala zingalungelanga iimeko ezixhaphakileyo eluntwini.Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kuvavanyo lwaselabhoratri ngoku ibonelela ngeendlela ezizezinye kwaye ezingabizi kakhulu zokuvavanya ukuhanjiswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye nezenzo ze-IRS [39, 40].
Olu phononongo lwenzelwe ukulinganisa utshintsho ekugxininiseni izitshabalalisi ngexesha lemikhankaso ye-IRS yesiqhelo ejolise kwi-Tri.I-Phytophthora infestans yeetapile kwingingqi yaseChaco, eBolivia.Ugxininiso lwezithako ezisebenzayo zesitshabalalisi zilinganiswe ngokwemixube elungiswe kwiitanki zokutshiza nakwisampulu zephepha lokucoca eziqokelelwe kumagumbi okutshiza.Imiba enokuba nefuthe ekuhanjisweni kwezibulali zinambuzane emakhayeni nazo ziye zavavanywa.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sisebenzise uvavanyo lwekhemikhali yombala ukulinganisa ukuxinana kweepyrethroids kwezi sampuli.
Uphononongo lwenziwe e-Itanambicua, umasipala waseCamili, isebe laseSanta Cruz, eBolivia (20 ° 1′5.94″ S; 63 ° 30′41″ W) (Umfanekiso 1).Lo mmandla uyinxalenye yengingqi yaseGran Chaco yase-USA kwaye ubonakala ngamahlathi awomileyo ngamaxesha athile onyaka namaqondo obushushu angama-0–49 °C kunye nemvula engama-500–1000 mm/ngonyaka [41].I-Itanambicua yenye yabahlali baseGuaraní abali-19 esixekweni, apho abantu abamalunga ne-1,200 bahlala kwizindlu ezingama-220 ezakhiwe ngokuyintloko ngezitena zelanga (i-adobe), ucingo lwesintu kunye neetabhique (ezaziwa ekuhlaleni njenge tabique), amaplanga, okanye imixube yezi zinto.Ezinye izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ezikufutshane nendlu ziquka iishedi zezilwanyana, amagumbi okugcina impahla, amakhitshi kunye nezindlu zangasese, ezakhiwe ngezinto ezifanayo.Uqoqosho lwasekhaya lusekwe kulimo lokuziphilisa, ingakumbi umbona namandongomane, kunye neenkukhu ezincinci, iihagu, iibhokhwe, amadada kunye neentlanzi, kunye nentsalela yemveliso yasekhaya ethengiswa kwidolophu yentengiso yasekhaya yaseKamili (malunga ne-12 km kude).Idolophu yaseKamili ikwabonelela ngenani lamathuba engqesho kubemi, ingakumbi kwicandelo lolwakhiwo kunye neenkonzo zasekhaya.
Kuphononongo lwangoku, izinga losulelo lwe-T. cruzi phakathi kwabantwana base-Itanambiqua (iminyaka eyi-2-15) yayingu-20% [20].Oku kuyafana ne-seroprevalence yosulelo phakathi kwabantwana ekuxelwe kubo kuluntu oluselumelwaneni lwase-Guarani, oluye lwabona ukwanda kokuxhaphaka ngobudala, uninzi lwabahlali abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 bosulelekile [19].Usasazo lweVector luthathwa njengeyona ndlela iphambili yosulelo kolu luntu, kwaye iTri iyeyona iphambili.Iinfestans zigqogqa izindlu kunye nezakhiwo ezingaphandle [21, 22].
Ugunyaziwe wezempilo kamasipala osanda kunyulwa akakwazanga ukubonelela ngeengxelo malunga nemisebenzi ye-IRS e-Itanambicua ngaphambi kolu phononongo, nangona kunjalo iingxelo ezivela kwiindawo ezikufutshane zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba imisebenzi ye-IRS kumasipala iye yaxhaphaka ukususela ngo-2000 kunye nokutshizwa ngokubanzi kwe-20% ye-beta cypermethrin;kwaqhutywa ngo-2003, kulandelwa kukutshiza okugxininisiweyo kwezindlu ezizele luluntu ukusukela ngo-2005 ukuya ku-2009 [22] kunye nokutshiza okucwangcisiweyo ukusuka ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2011 [19].
Kulo luntu, i-IRS yenziwa ngabasebenzi abathathu bezempilo abaqeqeshwe kuluntu basebenzisa i-20% yokuqulunqwa kwe-alpha-cypermethrin suspension concentrate [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd., Manchester, UK).I-insecticide yaqulunqwa ngogxininiso lokunikezelwa kwe-50 mg ai / m2 ngokweemfuno zeNkqubo yoLawulo lweSifo se-Chagas yeSebe loLawulo lwe-Santa Cruz (i-Servicio Departamental de Salud-SEDES).Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane asetyenziswa kusetyenziswa isitshizi se-Guarany® ubhaka (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil) esinomthamo osebenzayo we-8.5 l (ikhowudi yetanki: 0441.20), exhotyiswe ngombhobho wokutshiza osicaba kunye nesantya esiqhelekileyo sokuqukuqela. I-757 ml / min, ukuvelisa umlambo we-angle ye-80 ° kumgangatho oqhelekileyo woxinzelelo lwe-cylinder ye-280 kPa.Abasebenzi bezococeko nabo baxuba iinkonkxa ze-aerosol kunye nezindlu ezitshizwayo.Aba basebenzi babekhe baqeqeshwa lisebe lezempilo lesixeko sasekuhlaleni ukuba balungiselele baze bazise izibulali-zinambuzane, kunye nokutshiza izibulali-zinambuzane ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezindlu.Bakwacetyiswa ukuba bafune abahlali ukuba bacoce ikhaya lazo zonke izinto, kubandakanywa nefenitshala (ngaphandle kweefreyimu zebhedi), ubuncinane kwiiyure ezingama-24 ngaphambi kokuba i-IRS ithathe inyathelo lokuvumela ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwekhaya ukuze kutshizwe.Ukuthotyelwa kwale mfuno kulinganiswa njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi.Abahlali bakwacetyiswa ukuba balinde de zome iindonga ezipeyintiweyo phambi kokuba baphinde bangene ekhaya, njengoko kucetyiswa [42].
Ukulinganisa i-concentration ye-lambda-cypermethrin AI ehanjiswe kumakhaya, abaphandi bafake iphepha lokucoca (Whatman No. 1; 55 mm ububanzi) kwiindonga zezindlu ze-57 phambi kwe-IRS.Onke amakhaya afumana i-IRS ngelo xesha abandakanyeka (amakhaya angama-25/25 ngoNovemba 2016 kunye ne-32/32 amakhaya ngoJanuwari-Februwari 2017).Ezi ziquka izindlu ze-adobe ezingama-52 kunye nezindlu ze-tabik ezi-5.Kwafakelwa iziqwenga ezisibhozo ukuya kwezisithoba zephepha lokuhluza kwindlu nganye, zahlulwe zaba ziindonga ezintathu ezibude (0.2, 1.2 no-2 m ukusuka emhlabeni), ngodonga ngalunye kwezo zintathu lukhethwe ngokunxamnye newotshi, kuqalwa kumnyango omkhulu.Oku kubonelele ngokuphindaphinda kathathu kumphakamo wodonga ngalunye, njengoko kunconyiwe ukujonga ukuhanjiswa okusebenzayo kwezitshabalalisi [43].Ngokukhawuleza emva kokusebenzisa isibulali-zinambuzane, abaphandi baqokelela iphepha lokucoca baze balomise kude nelanga elithe ngqo.Emva kokuba yomile, iphepha lokucoca lihlanganiswe nge-tape ecacileyo ukukhusela kwaye ubambe i-insecticide kwindawo edibeneyo, emva koko ifakwe kwi-aluminium foil kwaye igcinwe kwi-7 ° C de kube uvavanyo.Kumaphepha okucoca angama-513 ewonke aqokelelweyo, angama-480 kwizindlu ezingama-57 akhoyo ukuze avavanywe, oko kukuthi amaphepha esihluzo esi-8-9 kwikhaya ngalinye.Iisampulu zovavanyo zibandakanya amaphepha okucoca angama-437 avela kwizindlu ezingama-52 ze-adobe kunye namaphepha angama-43 okucoca avela kwizindlu ze-tabik ezi-5.Isampulu ihambelana nokuxhaphaka okuzalanayo kweentlobo zezindlu kuluntu (76.2% [138/181] i-adobe kunye ne-11.6% [21/181] tabika) ebhalwe kuphando lwendlu ngendlu kolu phononongo.Uhlalutyo lwephepha lokuhluza usebenzisa i-Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwayo kusetyenziswa i-HPLC ichazwe kwiFayile eyongezelelweyo 1. I-pesticide concentration yi-50 mg ai / m2, evumela ukunyamezela kwe-± 20% (okt 40-60 mg ai /m2).
Ukugxininiswa kobungakanani be-AI kwagqitywa kwii-canisters ze-29 ezilungiselelwe ngabasebenzi bezonyango.Sithathe i-1-4 iitanki ezilungiselelwe ngosuku, kunye nomyinge we-1.5 (uluhlu: 1-4) iitanki ezilungiselelwe ngosuku malunga neentsuku ze-18.Ulandelelwano lwesampulu lulandele ulandelelwano lwesampulu olusetyenziswa ngabasebenzi bezempilo ngoNovemba 2016 nangoJanuwari 2017. Inkqubela phambili yemihla ngemihla ukusuka;NgoJanuwari ngoFebruwari.Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuxutywa ngokucokisekileyo kokubunjwa, i-2 ml yesisombululo iqokelelwe ebusweni bomxholo.Isampulu ye-2 mL iye yaxutywa elabhoratri ngokuvota imizuzu emi-5 phambi kokuba iisampulu ezimbini ze-5.2 μL ziqokelelwe kwaye zavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-IQK™ njengoko kuchaziwe (jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1).
Amazinga okubekwa kwesithako esisebenzayo sesibulali-zinambuzane aye alinganiswa kumatanki amane okutshiza ngokukhethekileyo akhethwe ukumela ugxininiso lwezithako zokuqala (ezinguziro) phakathi koluhlu oluphezulu, olusezantsi, kunye noluhlu ekujoliswe kulo.Emva kokuxuba imizuzu eli-15 elandelelanayo, susa iisampulu ezintathu ze-5.2 µL kumphezulu wesampulu ye-2 mL ye-vortex nganye kwimizuzu ye-1.Ugxininiso lwesisombululo esijoliswe kuyo kwitanki yi-1.2 mg ai / ml ± 20% (okt 0.96-1.44 mg ai / ml), elilingana nokufezekisa ukugxininiswa okujoliswe kuyo kuhanjiswe kwiphepha lokucoca, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla.
Ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kwemisebenzi yokutshiza izitshabalalisi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezitshabalalisi, umphandi (RG) wayekhapha abasebenzi ababini bezempilo be-IRS bengingqi ngexesha lokusasazwa kwe-IRS kumakhaya angama-87 (amakhaya angama-57 athathwe ngasentla kunye nama-30 kumakhaya angama-43 atshizwe ngesibulali-zinambuzane).Matshi 2016).Ishumi elinesithathu kula makhaya angama-43 ayengabandakanywanga kuhlalutyo: abanini abathandathu bala, kwaye amakhaya asixhenxe aphathwa ngokuyinxenye.Umhlaba uwonke oza kutshizwa (iimitha ezisikwere) ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekhaya ulinganiswe ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye ixesha lilonke elichithwe ngabasebenzi bezempilo betshiza (imizuzu) labhalwa ngokufihlakeleyo.Ezi nkcukacha zegalelo zisetyenziselwa ukubala izinga lokutshiza, elichazwa njengendawo engaphezulu etshizwe ngomzuzu (m2/min).Kolu lwazi, umlinganiselo ojongweyo/olindelekileyo wokutshiza unokubalwa njengomlinganiselo ozalanayo, kunye nomlinganiselo olindelekileyo olindelekileyo wokutshiza ube yi-19 m2/min ± 10% kwimilinganiselo yesixhobo sokutshiza [44].Ngomlinganiselo obonwayo / olindelekileyo, uluhlu lokunyamezela luyi-1 ± 10% (0.8-1.2).
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, izindlu ezingama-57 zafakelwa iphepha lokucoca eludongeni.Ukuvavanya ukuba ubukho bembonakalo yephepha lokucoca luchaphazele amazinga okutshizwa kwabasebenzi bezococeko, amazinga okutshiza kula makhaya angama-57 athelekiswe namazinga okutshiza kumakhaya angama-30 anyangwayo ngoMatshi ka-2016 ngaphandle kokufakwa kwephepha lokucoca.Imiyinge yezibulali-zinambuzane yayilinganiswa kuphela kumakhaya axhotyiswe ngephepha lokuhluza.
Abahlali bamakhaya angama-55 babhalwe ukuba bathobele iimfuno zangaphambili zokucoca ikhaya le-IRS, kubandakanywa amakhaya angama-30 atshizwe ngoMatshi ka-2016 kunye namakhaya angama-25 atshizwe ngoNovemba 2016. 0–2 (0 = zonke okanye izinto ezininzi zihlala endlwini; = izinto ezininzi zisusiwe;Isiphumo sokuthotyelwa komnini kumazinga okutshizwa kunye nokugxilwa kwezibulali zinambuzane ze-moxa zaphononongwa.
Amandla eenkcukacha-manani abalwe ukufumanisa ukunxaxha okubalulekileyo kugxininiso olulindelekileyo lwe-alpha-cypermethrin esetyenziswa kwiphepha lokuhluza, kunye nokubhaqa umahluko omkhulu kugxininiso lwesibulali-zinambuzane kunye namazinga okutshiza phakathi kwamaqela adityaniswe ngokwahlukileyo ezindlu.Ubuncinane bamandla eenkcukacha-manani (α = 0.05) babalelwa elona nani lincinane lamakhaya athatyathwe iisampulu kulo naliphi na iqela loluhlu (okt, ubungakanani besampulu esisigxina) obumiselwe kwisiseko.Isishwankathelo, uthelekiso lokuxinana kwezibulali zinambuzane kwisampulu enye kuzo zonke iipropati ezili-17 ezikhethiweyo (ezichazwe njengabanini abangathobeliyo) ibe namandla angama-98.5% okubona ukutenxa nge-20% kugxininiso olulindelekileyo olulindelekileyo lwe-50 mg ai/m2, apho ukuhluka (SD = 10) i-overestimated ngokusekelwe kwimigqaliselo epapashwe kwenye indawo [37, 38].Ukuthelekiswa kogxininiso lwe-insecticide kwiitoti ze-aerosol ezikhethiweyo ekhaya ukuze zisebenze ngokulinganayo (n = 21)> 90%.
Ukuthelekiswa kweesampulu ezimbini zoxinzelelo lwe-pesticide ephakathi kwi-n = 10 kunye ne-n = izindlu ezili-12 okanye imilinganiselo yokutshiza imilinganiselo kwi-n = 12 kunye ne-n = i-23 yezindlu inike amandla ezibalo ze-66.2% kunye ne-86.2% yokufunyanwa.Amaxabiso alindelekileyo kwi-20% umahluko yi-50 mg ai / m2 kunye ne-19 m2 / min, ngokulandelanayo.Ngokulondolozwa, kwakucingelwa ukuba kuya kubakho ukuhluka okukhulu kwiqela ngalinye kwinqanaba lokutshiza (SD = 3.5) kunye nokugxilwa kwe-insecticide (SD = 10).Amandla eenkcukacha-manani aye>90% kuthelekiso olulinganayo lwemilinganiselo yokutshiza phakathi kwezindlu ezinephepha lokucoca (n = 57) kunye nezindlu ezingenaphepha lokuhluza (n = 30).Zonke izibalo zamandla zenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-SAMPSI kwi-STATA v15.0 software [45]).
Amaphepha okucoca aqokelelwe kwindlu ahlolwe ngokufaka idatha kwi-multivariate negative binomial mix-effects model (iprogram ye-MENBREG kwi-STATA v.15.0) kunye nendawo yeendonga ngaphakathi kwendlu (amanqanaba amathathu) njengempembelelo engahleliweyo.Ugxininiso lwemitha yeBeta.-cypermethrin io Iimodeli zazisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya utshintsho oluhambelana nokuphakama kodonga lwe-nebulizer (amanqanaba amathathu), izinga le-nebulization (m2 / min), usuku lokufaka i-IRS, kunye nesimo somboneleli wezempilo (amanqanaba amabini).Imodeli yomgca ngokubanzi (i-GLM) yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-alpha-cypermethrin kwiphepha lokucoca elinikezelwe kwikhaya ngalinye kunye nokugxininiswa kwisisombululo esihambelanayo kwitanki yokutshiza.I-Sedimentation yoxinaniso lwe-pesticide kwisisombululo setanki yokutshiza ngokuhamba kwexesha yavavanywa ngendlela efanayo ngokubandakanya ixabiso lokuqala (ixesha elingu-zero) njengemodeli yokulinganisa, ukuvavanya ixesha lokusebenzisana le-ID yetanki × ixesha (iintsuku).Amanqaku edatha yangaphandle x achongwa ngokusebenzisa umgaqo oqhelekileyo we-Tukey boundary, apho x
Ukuchaneka kwe-AI IQK™ ikhemikhali yobungakanani bemichiza ye-alpha-cypermethrin iqinisekisiwe ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso eesampuli zephepha le-27 lokucoca ukusuka kwizindlu ezintathu zeenkukhu ezivavanywe yi-IQK™ kunye ne-HPLC (umgangatho wegolide), kwaye iziphumo zibonise ulungelelwaniso olomeleleyo. r = 0.93; p <0.001) (Umfanekiso 2).
Ulungelelwaniso lokugxilwa kwe-alpha-cypermethrin kwiisampulu zephepha lokucoca eziqokelelwe kwizindlu zeenkukhu ze-post-IRS, ezibalwe yi-HPLC kunye ne-IQK™ (n = 27 amaphepha okucoca avela kwizindlu ezintathu zeenkukhu)
I-IQK™ yavavanywa kumaphepha okucoca angama-480 aqokelelwe kwizindlu zeenkukhu ezingama-57.Kwiphepha lokucoca, umxholo we-alpha-cypermethrin usuka kwi-0.19 ukuya kwi-105.0 mg ai / m2 (i-median 17.6, IQR: 11.06-29.78).Kuzo, kuphela i-10.4% (50 / 480) yayingaphakathi kwinqanaba lokugxininiswa kwe-40-60 mg ai / m2 (umzobo 3).Uninzi lweesampuli (84.0% (403/480)) zine-<40 mg ai/m2 kunye ne-5.6% (27/480) zine> 60 mg ai/m2.Umahluko kwi-concentration ye-median eqikelelweyo kwikhaya ngalinye kwiifilitha ze-8-9 eziqokelelwe kwikhaya ngalinye yayingumyalelo wobukhulu, kunye ne-19.6 mg ai / m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, uluhlu: 0. 60-67.45).Kuphela yi-8.8% (5/57) yeziza ezifumene umlinganiselo olindelekileyo wezibulali-zinambuzane;I-89.5% (51/57) yayingaphantsi kwemida yoluhlu olujoliswe kuyo, kwaye i-1.8% (1/57) yayingaphezu kwemida yoluhlu olujoliswe kuyo (umzobo 4).
Ukuhanjiswa rhoqo kwee-alpha-cypermethrin zokugxila kwiifilitha eziqokelelwe kumakhaya aphethwe yi-IRS (n = 57 amakhaya).Umgca othe nkqo ubonisa uluhlu olujoliswe kuyo lwe-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai / m2).
Ugxininiso lweMedian beta-cypermethrin av kwi-8-9 amaphepha okucoca ikhaya ngalinye, eqokelelwe kwi-IRS-processed amakhaya (n = 57 amakhaya).Umgca othe tye ubonisa uluhlu olujoliswe kuyo lwe-alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai / m2).Iibar zemposiso zimele imida esezantsi kunye nephezulu yamaxabiso akufutshane aphakathi.
Ugxininiso lweMedian olunikezelwa kwiifilitha ezinobude bodonga lwe-0.2, 1.2 kunye ne-2.0 m yi-17.7 mg ai / m2 (IQR: 10.70-34.26), 17.3 mg a.i./m2 (IQR: 11.43-26.91) kunye ne-17.6 mg .ngokulandelanayo (IQR: 10.85-31.37) (eboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 2).Ukulawula umhla we-IRS, imodeli yeziphumo ezixubeneyo ayibonakalisi nantlukwano enkulu ekugxininiseni phakathi kobude bodonga (z <1.83, p> 0.067) okanye utshintsho olubalulekileyo ngomhla wokutshiza (z = 1.84 p = 0.070).Ugxininiso oluphakathi olunikezelwe kwizindlu ze-adobe ze-5 aluzange luhluke kwi-concentration ye-median ehanjiswa kwizindlu ze-adobe ze-52 (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
Ugxininiso lwe-AI kwi-29 elungiselelwe ngokuzimeleyo i-Guarany® i-aerosol cans isampuli ngaphambi kokuba isicelo se-IRS sihluke nge-12.1, ukusuka kwi-0.16 mg AI / mL ukuya kwi-1.9 mg AI / mL ngetoti (Figure 5).Kuphela i-6.9% (2/29) yeetoti ze-aerosol eziqulethe ugxininiso lwe-AI ngaphakathi kwinqanaba le-dose ekujoliswe kuyo ye-0.96-1.44 mg AI / ml, kunye ne-3.5% (1/29) yeetoti ze-aerosol eziqulethwe yi-AI yoxinzelelo> 1.44 mg AI / ml..
Umyinge wogxininiso we-alpha-cypermethrin ai ulinganiswe kwii-29 ze-spray formulations.Umgca othe tyaba ubonisa ugxininiso lwe-AI olucetyiswayo kwiitoti ze-aerosol (0.96-1.44 mg / ml) ukufezekisa uluhlu lwe-AI olujoliswe kuyo lwe-40-60 mg / m2 kwindlu yenkukhu.
Kwiitoti ze-aerosol ezingama-29 ezihloliweyo, ezingama-21 zihambelana nezindlu ezingama-21.Ukugxininiswa kwe-median ye-ai ehanjiswe kwindlu ayizange idibaniswe nogxininiso kwiitanki zokutshiza zomntu ngamnye ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha indlu (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), ebonakaliswe kwi-conrelation ephantsi (rSp2 = -0.02) ( Umfanekiso .6).).
Ulungelelwaniso phakathi koxinaniso lwe-beta-cypermethrin AI kumaphepha e-8-9 okucoca aqokelelwe kwizindlu eziphathwa nge-IRS kunye noxinaniso lwe-AI kwizisombululo zokutshiza ezilungiselelwe ekhaya ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha indlu nganye (n = 21)
Ukuxinwa kwe-AI kwizisombululo zomphezulu we-sprayer ezine eziqokelelwe ngokukhawuleza emva kokugubha (ixesha le-0) lihluka ngo-3.3 (0.68-2.22 mg AI / ml) (umzobo 7).Kwitanki enye amaxabiso angaphakathi koluhlu ekujoliswe kulo, kwitanki enye amaxabiso angaphezulu koko kujoliswe kuko, kwamanye amatanki amabini amaxabiso angaphantsi koko kujoliswe kuko;I-pesticide concentrations ke yehla kakhulu kuwo onke amachibi amane ngexesha le-15-min elandelayo yokulandela isampuli (b = -0.018 ukuya -0.084; z > 5.58; p <0.001).Ukuqwalasela amaxabiso okuqala etanki ngalinye, i-ID yeTanki x Ixesha (imizuzu) yokusebenzisana kwexesha lalingabalulekanga (z = -1.52; p = 0.127).Kumachibi amane, ilahleko ephakathi kwe-mg ai / ml insecticide yayingu-3.3% ngomzuzu (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), ukufikelela kwi-49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) emva kwemizuzu ye-15 (umzobo 7).
Emva kokuxuba ngokucokisekileyo izisombululo kwiitanki, isantya semvula ye-alpha-cypermethrin ai yalinganiswa.kwiitanki ezine zokutshiza kwimizuzu eyi-1 yemizuzu engama-15.Umgca omele eyona nto ifanelekileyo kwidatha iboniswe kwindawo yokugcina amanzi.Ukuqwalaselwa (amanqaku) amele i-median yeesampulu ezintathu.
Umyinge wendawo yodonga kwikhaya ngalinye lonyango lwe-IRS olunokuthi lube yi-128 m2 (IQR: 99.0-210.0, uluhlu: 49.1-480.0) kunye nexesha eliqhelekileyo elichithwe ngabasebenzi bezempilo laliyimizuzu eyi-12 (IQR: 8. 2-17.5, uluhlu: 1.5) –36.6).) indlu nganye yatshizwa (n = 87).Ukhuseleko lokutshiza olujongwe kwezi zindlu zeenkukhu ukusuka kwi-3.0 ukuya kwi-72.7 m2 / min (i-median: 11.1; IQR: 7.90-18.00) (Umfanekiso 8).Izinto zangaphandle zaye zakhutshelwa ngaphandle kwaye amazinga okutshiza athelekiswa noluhlu olucetyiswayo lwe-WHO lwezinga lokutshiza lwe-19 m2/min ± 10% (17.1–20.9 m2/min).Kuphela yi-7.5% (6/80) yamakhaya awayekolu luhlu;I-77.5% (62/80) yayikuluhlu oluphantsi kwaye i-15.0% (12/80) yayikuluhlu oluphezulu.Akukho budlelwane bufunyenweyo phakathi komyinge woxinaniso lwe-AI olunikezelwe kumakhaya kwaye lujongwe ukugqunywa kwesitshizi (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = 52 amakhaya).
Ukuqwalaselwa kwesantya sokutshiza (min/m2) kwizindlu zeenkukhu eziphathwa nge-IRS (n = 87).Umgca wereferensi umele umlinganiselo olindelekileyo wokunyamezela izinga lokutshiza le-19 m2/min (±10%) ekhuthazwa yimigaqo yezixhobo zetanki yokutshiza.
I-80% yezindlu ezingama-80 bezinomlinganiselo ojongiweyo/olindelekileyo wokutshizwa kokutshizwa ngaphandle komlinganiselo we-1 ± 10% wokunyamezelana, kunye ne-71.3% (57/80) yezindlu iphantsi, i-11.3% (9/80) iphezulu, kwaye izindlu ezili-16 zawela ngaphakathi. uluhlu lonyamezelo phakathi koluhlu.Ukuhanjiswa rhoqo kwamaxabiso omlinganiselo ojongweyo/okulindelekileyo kuboniswa kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 3.
Kwakukho umehluko omkhulu kwisantya esiphakathi kwe-nebulization rate phakathi kwabasebenzi ababini bezempilo abaqhuba rhoqo i-IRS: 9.7 m2 / min (IQR: 6.58-14.85, n = 68) ngokubhekiselele kwi-15.5 m2 / min (IQR: 13.07-21.17, n = 12) ).(z = 2.45, p = 0.014, n = 80) (njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFayile eyoNgezelelweyo 4A) kunye nomlinganiselo ojongwe/olindelekileyo wezinga lokutshiza (z = 2.58, p = 0.010) (njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFayile eyoNgezelelweyo 4B Bonisa) .
Ngaphandle kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga, ngumsebenzi wezempilo omnye kuphela owatshiza izindlu ezingama-54 apho iphepha lokuhluza lalifakelwe.Izinga lokutshiza eliphakathi kwezi zindlu laliyi-9.23 m2 / min (IQR: 6.57-13.80) xa kuthelekiswa ne-15.4 m2 / min (IQR: 10.40-18.67) kwizindlu ze-26 ngaphandle kwephepha lokucoca (z = -2.38, p = 0.017).).
Ukuthotyelwa kwemizi nemfuneko yokushiya amakhaya abo ukuze kuhanjiswe i-IRS kuye kwahluka: 30.9% (17/55) ayizange iwashiye ngokupheleleyo amakhaya awo kwaye i-27.3% (15/55) ayizange iwashiye ngokupheleleyo;bachitha amakhaya abo.
Amanqanaba okutshizwa okuphawulweyo kwizindlu ezingenanto (17.5 m2/min, IQR: 11.00–22.50) ayephezulu ngokubanzi kunezindlu ezingenanto (14.8 m2/min, IQR: 10.29–18 .00) kunye nezindlu ezingenanto ngokupheleleyo (11.7 m2) )./ min, IQR: 7.86-15.36), kodwa umehluko wawungabalulekanga (z> -1.58; p> 0.114, n = 48) (eboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 5A).Iziphumo ezifanayo zifunyenwe xa kuqwalaselwa utshintsho oluhambelana nobukho okanye ukungabikho kwephepha lokucoca, elingakhange lifumaneke njenge-covariate ebalulekileyo kumzekelo.
Kuwo onke amaqela amathathu, ixesha elipheleleyo elifunekayo lokutshiza izindlu alizange lihluke phakathi kwezindlu (z < -1.90, p > 0.057), ngelixa indawo ephakathi nendawo yahlukile: izindlu ezingenanto ngokupheleleyo (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0-169, 0) m2) ]) incinci ngokwezibalo kunezindlu ezingenanto (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0–284.0 m2]) kunye nezindlu ezingenanto (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0–384.0 m2]) (z > 2 .17; p < 0.031, n = 48).Amakhaya angenamntu ngokupheleleyo amalunga nesiqingatha sobukhulu (ummandla) wamakhaya angenamntu okanye angenamntu.
Kwinani elincinci lamakhaya (n = 25) kunye nedatha ye-AI yokuthotyelwa kunye ne-pesticide, akukho ntlukwano kwiimpawu ze-AI eziziswe kumakhaya phakathi kwezi ndidi zokuthobela (z <0.93, p > 0.351) njengoko kucacisiwe kwiFayile eyongezelelweyo 5B.Iziphumo ezifanayo zifunyenwe xa kulawulwa ubukho / ukungabikho kwephepha lokucoca kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwe-spray coverage (n = 22).
Olu phononongo luvavanya izenzo kunye neenkqubo ze-IRS kwindawo yasemaphandleni eqhelekileyo kwingingqi yaseGran Chaco eBolivia, indawo enembali ende yosulelo lwe-vector [20].Ukuxinwa kwe-alpha-cypermethrin ai elawulwa ngexesha le-IRS yesiqhelo yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezindlu, phakathi kwezihluzo zomntu ngamnye ngaphakathi kwendlu, kunye naphakathi kwetanki zokutshiza ezilungiselelwe ukufikelela kwi-concentration efanayo ye-50 mg ai / m2.Kuphela i-8.8% yamakhaya (i-10.4% yezihluzi) yayinogxininiso ngaphakathi koluhlu olujoliswe kuyo lwe-40-60 mg ai / m2, kunye nesininzi (i-89.5% kunye ne-84% ngokulandelanayo) enogxininiso olungaphantsi komda ophantsi ovumelekileyo.
Enye into enokubakho yokuhanjiswa kwe-alpha-cypermethrin ekhaya kukuhlanjululwa okungachanekanga kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye namanqanaba angahambelaniyo okunqunyanyiswa alungiselelwe kwiitanki zokutshiza [38, 46].Kuphononongo lwangoku, uqwalaselo lwabaphandi lwabasebenzi bezempilo baqinisekisa ukuba balandela iiresiphi zokulungiselela i-pesticide kwaye baqeqeshwa yi-SEDES ukuvuselela ngamandla isisombululo emva kokuhlanjululwa kwitanki yokutshiza.Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwemixholo ye-reservoir lubonise ukuba ugxininiso lwe-AI lwahluka nge-factor ye-12, kunye ne-6.9% kuphela (2/29) yezisombululo ze-reservoir ezingaphakathi kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo;Uphando olongezelelweyo, izisombululo kumphezulu wetanki yesitshizi zilinganiswe kwiimeko zebhubhoratri.Oku kubonisa ukuhla komgca kwi-alpha-cypermethrin ai ye-3.3% ngomzuzu emva kokuxuba kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-cumulative ye-49% emva kwemizuzu ye-15 (95% CL 25.7, 78.7).Amazinga aphezulu e-sedimentation ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kokunqunyanyiswa kwe-pesticide eyenziwe ekuxutyweni komgubo omanzi (WP) ukwakheka akuqhelekanga (umzekelo, i-DDT [37, 47]), kwaye uphononongo lwangoku lubonisa ngakumbi oku kwi-SA pyrethroid formulations.I-Suspension concentrates isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-IRS kwaye, njengazo zonke izilungiso ze-insecticidal, ukuzinza kwabo ngokomzimba kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ngakumbi ubungakanani be-particle yesithako esisebenzayo kunye nezinye izithako.I-Sedimentation inokuchaphazeleka bubunzima obupheleleyo bamanzi asetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-slurry, into enzima ukuyilawula kwintsimi.Umzekelo, kwesi siza sophononongo, ukufikelela kwamanzi kulinganiselwe kwimilambo yendawo ebonisa ukuguquguquka kwamaxesha onyaka ekuhambeni kunye namasuntswana omhlaba axhonyiweyo.Iindlela zokubeka esweni uzinzo lomzimba lweziqendu zoMzantsi Afrika ziphantsi kophando [48].Nangona kunjalo, amachiza angaphantsi kwesikhumba asetyenziswe ngempumelelo ukunciphisa usulelo lwasekhaya eTri.iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic kwezinye iindawo zaseLatin America [49].
Ukungonelanga kwemixube yesibulali-zinambuzane kukwaxelwe kwezinye iinkqubo zolawulo lwezityalo.Ngokomzekelo, kwinkqubo yokulawula i-leishmaniasis ye-visceral e-Indiya, kuphela i-29% yamaqela angama-51 okutshiza abeka iliso ngokufanelekileyo kunye nezisombululo ze-DDT ezilungiselelwe kakuhle, kwaye akukho nanye i-tank yesitshizi ezaliswe njengoko kunconywa [50].Uvavanyo lweelali zase-Bangladesh lubonise umkhwa ofanayo: kuphela i-42-43% yamaqela e-IRS amacandelo alungisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane kwaye azalise i-canisters njengeprothokholi, ngelixa kwisithilana esinye isibalo sasiyi-7.7% [46] kuphela.
Utshintsho oluphawulweyo kugxininiso lwe-AI oluziswe ekhaya nalo alulodwa.E-Indiya, kuphela i-7.3% (41 ye-560) yamakhaya anyangwayo afumana ugxininiso ekujoliswe kulo lwe-DDT, kunye nokwahlukana ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamakhaya ngokulinganayo [37].E-Nepal, iphepha lokucoca lithathe umyinge we-1.74 mg ai / m2 (uluhlu: 0.0-17.5 mg / m2), kuphela i-7% yogxininiso olujoliswe kuyo (25 mg ai / m2) [38].Uhlalutyo lwe-HPLC lwephepha lokucoca lubonise ukungafani okukhulu kwi-deltamethrin ai ekugxininiseni kwiindonga zezindlu e-Chaco, eParaguay: ukusuka kwi-12.8-51.2 mg ai / m2 ukuya kwi-4.6-61.0 mg ai / m2 kumaphahla [33].E-Tupiza, eBolivia, iNkqubo yokuLawula i-Chagas ibike ukuhanjiswa kwe-deltamethrin kumakhaya amahlanu kwiindawo ezigxininisiweyo ze-0.0-59.6 mg / m2, ezichazwe yi-HPLC [36].
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-16-2024