Isibulali-zinambuzane sangaphakathiUkutshiza (i-IRS) yindlela ephambili yokunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwe-Trypanosoma cruzi ethwalwa ziintsholongwane, ebangela isifo saseChagas kwiindawo ezininzi zaseMzantsi Melika. Nangona kunjalo, impumelelo ye-IRS kummandla weGrand Chaco, ogubungela iBolivia, iArgentina kunye neParaguay, ayinakukhuphisana naleyo yamanye amazwe aseMzantsi Cone.
Olu phononongo luvavanye iindlela eziqhelekileyo ze-IRS kunye nolawulo lomgangatho wezibulali-zinambuzane kuluntu oluqhelekileyo olufumaneka eChaco, eBolivia.
Isithako esisebenzayoi-alpha-cypermethrin(ii) ithathwe kwiphepha lesihluzo elifakwe kumphezulu wodonga lwesitshizi kwaye ilinganiswe kwizisombululo zetanki yesitshizi ezilungisiweyo kusetyenziswa i-Insecticide Quantitative Kit (IQK™) elungisiweyo eqinisekisiweyo ngeendlela ze-HPLC ezinobungakanani. Idatha ihlalutywe kusetyenziswa imodeli yokulinganisa iziphumo ezixutyiweyo ze-binomial negative ukuze kuhlolwe ulwalamano phakathi koxinzelelo lwezinambuzane olusetyenziswa kwiphepha lesitshizi kunye nokuphakama kodonga lwesitshizi, ukugubungela isitshizi (indawo yomphezulu wesitshizi/ixesha lesitshizi [m2/min]), kunye nomlinganiselo wesantya sesitshizi obonwe/olindelweyo. Umahluko phakathi kokuthobela kwababoneleli bezempilo kunye nabanini bezindlu kwiimfuno ze-IRS zezindlu ezingenabantu nawo uvavanyiwe. Izinga lokuhlawula le-alpha-cypermethrin emva kokuxuba kwiitanki zesitshizi ezilungisiweyo lilinganiswe kwilebhu.
Utshintsho olukhulu lubonwe kumanqanaba e-alpha-cypermethrin AI, kunye ne-10.4% (50/480) kuphela yezihluzi kunye ne-8.8% (5/57) yamakhaya afikelela kumanqanaba ekujoliswe kuwo angama-50 mg ± 20% AI/m2. Amanqanaba abonakalisiweyo axhomekeke kumanqanaba afunyenwe kwizisombululo zokutshiza ezifanelekileyo. Emva kokuxuba i-alpha-cypermethrin ai kwisisombululo somphezulu esilungisiweyo setanki yokutshiza ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ekhokelele ekulahlekelweni okuthe ngqo kwe-alpha-cypermethrin ai ngomzuzu kunye nokulahleka kwe-49% emva kwemizuzu eli-15. Kuphela yi-7.5% (6/80) yezindlu ezanyangwa ngesantya sokutshiza esicetyiswa yi-WHO se-19 m2/min (±10%), ngelixa i-77.5% (62/80) yezindlu zanyangwa ngesantya esiphantsi kunokuba bekulindelwe. Uxinzelelo oluphakathi lwesithako esisebenzayo esiziswe ekhayeni aluzange luhambelane kakhulu nokugqunywa kwesitshiza okuboniweyo. Ukuthobela imithetho yekhaya akuzange kuyichaphazele kakhulu ukugqunywa kwesitshiza okanye uxinano oluphakathi lwe-cypermethrin oluziswe emakhayeni.
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-IRS okungaphantsi kokufaneleka kusenokubangelwa yimpawu zomzimba zezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nesidingo sokuhlaziya iindlela zokuhanjiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, kubandakanya uqeqesho lwamaqela e-IRS kunye nemfundo yoluntu ukukhuthaza ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho. I-IQK™ sisixhobo esibalulekileyo esinobuhlobo nentsimi esiphucula umgangatho we-IRS kwaye senza kube lula ukuqeqeshwa kwababoneleli bezempilo kunye nokwenza izigqibo kubaphathi kulawulo lwe-vector yeChagas.
Isifo seChagas sibangelwa kusulelo lweparasite iTrypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid: Trypanosomatidae), ebangela uluhlu lwezifo ebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana. Kubantu, usulelo olukhawulezileyo oluneempawu luvela kwiiveki ukuya kwiinyanga emva kosulelo kwaye lubonakaliswa ngumkhuhlane, ukungonwabi, kunye ne-hepatosplenomegaly. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-20-30% yosulelo iqhubekela kwimo engapheliyo, edla ngokuba yi-cardiomyopathy, ebonakaliswa ziziphene zenkqubo yokuhambisa umoya, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwentliziyo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-ventricular yasekhohlo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukusilela kwentliziyo kunye, okungaqhelekanga, isifo sesisu. Ezi meko zinokuqhubeka amashumi eminyaka kwaye kunzima ukunyanga [1]. Akukho gonyo.
Umthwalo wehlabathi wesifo seChagas ngo-2017 uqikelelwe kubantu abazizigidi eziyi-6.2, nto leyo ebangele ukufa kwabantu abayi-7900 kunye neminyaka yobomi ehlengahlengiswe ngokukhubazeka eyi-232,000 (ii-DALY) kubo bonke ubudala [2,3,4]. I-Triatominus cruzi idluliselwa kulo lonke elaseMbindini naseMzantsi Melika, nakwiindawo ezisemazantsi eMntla Melika, yi-Triatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), ebalelwa kwi-30,000 (77%) yenani lilonke lamatyala amatsha eLatin America ngo-2010 [5]. Ezinye iindlela zosulelo kwiindawo ezingezizo ezixhaphakileyo ezifana neYurophu ne-United States ziquka ukudluliselwa kwegazi elinosulelo kunye notofelo-gazi olunentsholongwane. Umzekelo, eSpain, kukho malunga ne-67,500 yamatyala osulelo phakathi kwabafuduki baseLatin America [6], nto leyo ebangela iindleko zonyaka zenkqubo yezempilo ezifikelela kwi-US$9.3 yezigidi [7]. Phakathi kowama-2004 nowama-2007, ama-3.4% abasetyhini abakhulelweyo baseLatin America abafudukele esibhedlele saseBarcelona babene-seropositive ye-Trypanosoma cruzi [8]. Ke ngoko, imizamo yokulawula ukudluliselwa kwe-vector kumazwe ahlala ekhona ibalulekile ekunciphiseni umthwalo wesifo kumazwe angenazo ii-triatomine vector [9]. Iindlela zokulawula ezikhoyo ngoku ziquka ukutshiza ngaphakathi (IRS) ukunciphisa inani lee-vector emakhaya nakwiindawo ezikufutshane nawo, ukuvavanywa koomama ukuchonga nokuphelisa ukudluliselwa kwe-congenital, ukuvavanywa kwegazi kunye neebhanki zokufakelwa amalungu omzimba, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo [5,10,11,12].
KwiSouthern Cone yaseMzantsi Melika, i-vector ephambili yi-pathogenic triatomine bug. Olu hlobo luhlala ...
Nangona i-INCOSUR iphumelele, i-vector Trypanosoma cruzi iyaqhubeka kwingingqi yaseGran Chaco e-USA, indawo ehlala amahlathi awomileyo ngokwexesha elithile egubungela i-1.3 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zesikwere ngaphesheya kwemida yeBolivia, iArgentina neParaguay [10]. Abemi balo mmandla baphakathi kwamaqela ahluphekileyo kwaye bahlala kubuhlwempu obukhulu kwaye abanalo ukufikelela kunyango oluncinci [17]. Ukuxhaphaka kosulelo lwe-T. cruzi kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-vector kwezi ndawo kuphakathi kwezona ziphezulu kwihlabathi [5,18,19,20] kunye ne-26-72% yamakhaya azaliswe yi-trypanosomatids. infestans [13, 21] kunye ne-40-56% ye-Tri. Iibhaktheriya ezibangela izifo zosulela i-Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23]. Uninzi (>93%) lwazo zonke iimeko zesifo seChagas esithwalwa yivector kummandla weSouthern Cone luvela eBolivia [5].
I-IRS okwangoku yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yokunciphisa i-triacine ebantwini. I-infestans yindlela eqinisekisiweyo ngokwembali yokunciphisa umthwalo wezifo ezininzi ezithwalwa ngabantu [24, 25]. Isabelo sezindlu kwilali yaseTri. infestans (isalathisi sosulelo) sisalathisi esiphambili esisetyenziswa ziingcali zempilo ukwenza izigqibo malunga nokusasazwa kwe-IRS kwaye, okubalulekileyo, ukuthethelela unyango lwabantwana abasulelekileyo ngokungapheliyo ngaphandle komngcipheko wokosuleleka kwakhona [16,26,27,28,29]. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-IRS kunye nokuqhubeka kokudluliselwa kwevector kwingingqi yaseChaco kuchaphazeleka zizinto ezininzi: umgangatho ophantsi wokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo [19, 21], ukuphunyezwa kwe-IRS okungaphantsi kunye neendlela zokujonga ukusasazeka [30], ukungaqiniseki koluntu malunga neemfuno ze-IRS Ukuthobela okuphantsi [31], umsebenzi omfutshane wentsalela yefomyula yezinambuzane [32, 33] kunye ne-Tri. infestans zinokumelana okunciphileyo kunye/okanye ukuva ubuthathaka kwizinambuzane [22, 34].
Izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziwe nge-pyrethroid zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-IRS ngenxa yokuba zibulala abantu abaninzi abasengozini yeencukuthu ze-triatomine. Xa zinomlinganiselo ophantsi, izibulali-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid nazo zisetyenziswe njengezicaphukisi zokususa ii-vectors kwiimfanta zodonga ngeenjongo zokujonga [35]. Uphando malunga nolawulo lomgangatho weendlela ze-IRS lunqongophele, kodwa kwenye indawo kubonisiwe ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu kumanqanaba ezithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane (ii-AI) ezithunyelwa emakhaya, kunye namanqanaba ahlala ehla ngaphantsi koluhlu loxinzelelo olusebenzayo [33,36,37,38]. Esinye isizathu sokungabikho kophando lolawulo lomgangatho kukuba i-chromatography yolwelo olusebenza kakuhle (i-HPLC), umgangatho wegolide wokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwezithako ezisebenzayo kwizibulala-zinambuzane, iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwetekhnoloji, ibiza kakhulu, kwaye ayifanelekanga kwiimeko ezixhaphakileyo kuluntu. Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje kuvavanyo lwelabhoratri ngoku ibonelela ngeendlela ezizezinye nezingabizi kakhulu zokuvavanya ukuhanjiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kunye neendlela ze-IRS [39, 40].
Olu phononongo lwenzelwe ukulinganisa utshintsho kumanqanaba ezinambuzane ngexesha leephulo ze-IRS ezijolise kwi-Tri. Phytophthora infestans yeetapile kummandla waseChaco, eBolivia. Uxinzelelo lwezithako ezisebenzayo zezinambuzane lulinganiswe kwiifomyula ezilungiselelwe kwiitanki zokutshiza nakwiisampuli zephepha lesihluzo eziqokelelwe kumagumbi okutshiza. Izinto ezinokuchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane emakhaya nazo zivavanyiwe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sisebenzise uvavanyo lwe-chemical colorimetric ukulinganisa uxinano lwe-pyrethroids kwezi sampuli.
Olu phononongo lwenziwe e-Itanambicua, umasipala waseCamili, isebe laseSanta Cruz, eBolivia (20°1′5.94″ S; 63°30′41″ W) (Umzobo 1). Lo mmandla uyinxalenye yommandla waseGran Chaco e-USA kwaye ubonakala ngamahlathi omileyo ngamaxesha athile onyaka anamaqondo obushushu angama-0–49 °C kunye nemvula engama-500–1000 mm/ngonyaka [41]. I-Itanambicua yenye yeendawo ezili-19 zaseGuaraní kwisixeko, apho abemi abamalunga ne-1,200 bahlala kwizindlu ezingama-220 ezakhiwe kakhulu ngezitena zelanga (i-adobe), ucingo lwendabuko kunye neetabique (ezaziwa apha njengetabique), umthi, okanye umxube wezi zinto. Ezinye izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ezikufutshane nendlu ziquka iishedi zezilwanyana, amagumbi okugcina impahla, iikhitshi kunye nezindlu zangasese, ezakhiwe ngezinto ezifanayo. Uqoqosho lwengingqi lusekelwe kwezolimo eziziphilisayo, ikakhulu umbona namandongomane, kunye neenkukhu ezincinci, iihagu, iibhokhwe, amadada kunye neentlanzi, kunye nemveliso yasekhaya engaphezulu ethengiswa kwidolophu yemarike yasekuhlaleni yaseKamili (malunga ne-12 km ukusuka apha). Idolophu yaseKamili ikwabonelela ngamathuba emisebenzi kubemi, ikakhulu kwicandelo leenkonzo zokwakha nelasekhaya.
Kolu phononongo lwangoku, izinga losulelo lwe-T. cruzi phakathi kwabantwana base-Itanambiqua (abaneminyaka emi-2-15) yayiyi-20% [20]. Oku kufana nokusasazeka kwesifo phakathi kwabantwana abaxeliweyo kuluntu olukufutshane lwaseGuarani, oluye lwabona ukwanda kokuxhaphaka ngokweminyaka, uninzi lwabemi abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala besulelekile [19]. Usulelo lwe-vector luthathwa njengendlela ephambili yosulelo kwezi ndawo, i-Tri yeyona vector iphambili. Ii-infestans zingena ezindlwini nakwizakhiwo zangaphandle [21, 22].
Igunya lezempilo likamasipala elisandula ukunyulwa alikwazanga ukubonelela ngeengxelo ngemisebenzi ye-IRS e-Itanambicua ngaphambi kolu phononongo, nangona kunjalo iingxelo ezivela kuluntu olukufutshane zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba imisebenzi ye-IRS kumasipala ibisoloko isenzeka ukususela ngo-2000 kwaye ukutshizwa ngokubanzi kwe-20% ye-beta cypermethrin; kwenziwa ngo-2003, kwalandela ukutshizwa okuxineneyo kwizindlu ezichaphazelekileyo ukususela ngo-2005 ukuya ku-2009 [22] kunye nokutshizwa okucwangcisiweyo ukususela ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2011 [19].
Kolu luntu, i-IRS yenziwe ziingcali zempilo ezintathu eziqeqeshwe luluntu zisebenzisa i-20% ye-alpha-cypermethrin suspension concentrate [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd., Manchester, UK). Isibulali-zinambuzane senziwe ngoxinzelelo lokuhanjiswa olujoliswe kulo lwe-50 mg ai/m2 ngokweemfuno zeChagas Disease Control Programme yeSanta Cruz Administrative Department (Servicio Department of Salud-SEDES). Izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswe kusetyenziswa isitshizi sebhegi yeGuarany® (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil) esinomthamo osebenzayo we-8.5 l (ikhowudi yetanki: 0441.20), sixhotyiswe nge-flat-spray nozzle kunye nesantya sokuhamba esiqhelekileyo se-757 ml/min, sivelisa umlambo we-engile ye-80° kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwesilinda ye-280 kPa. Abasebenzi bococeko baxuba nee-aerosol cans kunye nezindlu ezitshiziweyo. Abasebenzi babeqeqeshwe ngaphambili lisebe lezempilo lesixeko sasekuhlaleni ukulungiselela nokuhambisa izibulali-zinambuzane, kunye nokutshiza izibulali-zinambuzane kwiindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zamakhaya. Bakwacetyiswa ukuba bacele abahlali ukuba basuse zonke izinto endlwini, kuquka nefenitshala (ngaphandle kweefreyimu zebhedi), ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24 ngaphambi kokuba i-IRS ithathe inyathelo lokuvumela ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwendlu ukuze kutshizwe. Ukuthobela le mfuneko kulinganiswa njengoko kuchaziwe ngezantsi. Abahlali bakwacetyiswa ukuba balinde de iindonga ezipeyintiweyo zome ngaphambi kokuba bangene kwakhona endlwini, njengoko kucetyiswa [42].
Ukuze kulinganiswe ubungakanani be-lambda-cypermethrin AI engeniswa emakhayeni, abaphandi bafake iphepha lokucoca (iWhatman No. 1; ububanzi obuyi-55 mm) kwiindawo zodonga zezindlu ezingama-57 phambi kwe-IRS. Onke amakhaya afumana i-IRS ngelo xesha ayebandakanyeka (amakhaya angama-25/25 ngoNovemba 2016 kunye nezindlu ezingama-32/32 ngoJanuwari-Februwari 2017). Ezi ziquka izindlu ezingama-52 ze-adobe kunye nezindlu ezi-5 ze-tabik. Iziqwenga ezisibhozo ukuya kwezisithoba zephepha lokucoca zafakwa kwindlu nganye, zahlulwe zaba ziindonga ezintathu eziphakamileyo (0.2, 1.2 kunye ne-2 m ukusuka emhlabeni), kwaye udonga ngalunye lwezintathu lukhethwe ngokuchasene newotshi, luqala emnyango ophambili. Oku kwabonelela ngeekopi ezintathu kubude bodonga ngalunye, njengoko kucetyiswayo ukujonga ukuhanjiswa ngempumelelo kwezibulali-zinambuzane [43]. Emva nje kokusebenzisa isibulali-zinambuzane, abaphandi baqokelela iphepha lokucoca baza balomisa kude nelanga elithe ngqo. Nje ukuba lome, iphepha lokucoca lalisongwa ngeteyipu ecacileyo ukukhusela nokubamba isibulali-zinambuzane kumphezulu ogqunyiweyo, emva koko lasongwa ngefoyile ye-aluminium kwaye lagcinwa kwi-7°C de kuvavanywe. Kwiphepha lesihluzo ezingama-513 eziqokelelweyo, izindlu ezingama-480 kwezingama-57 bezifumaneka ukuze zivavanyelwe, oko kukuthi, amaphepha esihluzo angama-8-9 ngekhaya ngalinye. Iisampulu zovavanyo zaziquka amaphepha esihluzo angama-437 avela kwizindlu ze-adobe ezingama-52 kunye namaphepha esihluzo angama-43 avela kwizindlu ezi-5 ze-tabik. Isampulu ihambelana nokuxhaphaka kweentlobo zezindlu kuluntu (76.2% [138/181] adobe kunye ne-11.6% [21/181] tabika) ezirekhodwe kuphando lwendlu ngendlu kolu phononongo. Uhlalutyo lwephepha lesihluzo kusetyenziswa i-Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwayo kusetyenziswa i-HPLC zichazwe kwiFayile eyongezelelweyo 1. Uxinzelelo lwezibulali-zinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzo yi-50 mg ai/m2, evumela ukunyamezelana kwe-± 20% (oko kukuthi, 40–60 mg ai/m2).
Ubungakanani boxinzelelo lwe-AI bufunyenwe kwiibhokisi ezingama-29 ezilungiselelwe ngabasebenzi bezonyango. Sithathe iisampulu zeetanki ezilungisiweyo eziyi-1-4 ngosuku, kunye nomyinge weetanki eziyi-1.5 (uluhlu: 1-4) ezilungiselelwe ngosuku kwixesha leentsuku ezili-18. Ulandelelwano lweesampulu lulandele ulandelelwano lweesampulu ezisetyenziswe ngabasebenzi bezempilo ngoNovemba 2016 nangoJanuwari 2017. Inkqubela yemihla ngemihla ukusuka; ngoJanuwari Februwari. Emva nje kokuxuba ngokupheleleyo umxube, i-2 ml yesisombululo yaqokelelwa kumphezulu womxholo. Isampulu ye-2 mL yaxutywa kwilebhu ngokuyivortex imizuzu emi-5 ngaphambi kokuba kuqokelelwe iisampulu ezimbini ze-5.2 μL kwaye zavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-IQK™ njengoko kuchaziwe (jonga ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1).
Amanqanaba okufakwa kwesithako esisebenzayo sezinambuzane alinganiswe kwiitanki ezine zokutshiza ezikhethwe ngokukodwa ukumela uxinano lokuqala (olungenanto) lwezithako ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi koluhlu oluphezulu, olusezantsi, nolujoliswe kulo. Emva kokuxuba imizuzu eli-15 elandelelanayo, susa iisampulu ezintathu ze-5.2 µL kumaleko womphezulu wesampulu nganye ye-2 mL yevortex ngexesha lomzuzu o-1. Uxinano lwesisombululo esijoliswe kulo etankini yi-1.2 mg ai/ml ± 20% (oko kukuthi, 0.96–1.44 mg ai/ml), okulingana nokufikelela kuxinano olujoliswe kulo oluziswa kwiphepha lesihluzo, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla.
Ukuze kuqondwe ubudlelwane phakathi kwemisebenzi yokutshiza izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, umphandi (RG) uhambe nabasebenzi bezempilo ababini be-IRS basekuhlaleni ngexesha lokuthunyelwa rhoqo kwe-IRS kumakhaya angama-87 (amakhaya angama-57 athathwe iisampulu apha ngasentla kunye namakhaya angama-30 kwangu-43 atshizwa ngezibulali-zinambuzane). NgoMatshi 2016). Ishumi elinesithathu kula makhaya angama-43 akhutshelwa ngaphandle kuhlalutyo: abanini abathandathu bala, kwaye amakhaya asixhenxe anyangwa kancinci kuphela. Ummandla wonke womphezulu oza kutshizwa (iimitha zesikwere) ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekhaya ulinganiswe ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye ixesha lilonke elichithwa ngabasebenzi bezempilo betshiza (imizuzu) lirekhodwe ngasese. Le datha yokufaka isetyenziselwa ukubala izinga lokutshiza, elichazwa njengendawo yomphezulu etshizwa ngomzuzu (m2/min). Kule datha, umlinganiselo wokutshiza obonweyo/olindelweyo ungabalwa njengomlinganiselo ohambelanayo, kunye nezinga lokutshiza elicetyiswayo elilindelweyo liyi-19 m2/min ± 10% kwiinkcukacha zezixhobo zokutshiza [44]. Kumlinganiselo obonweyo/olindelweyo, uluhlu lokunyamezelana yi-1 ± 10% (0.8–1.2).
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, izindlu ezingama-57 zazifakelwe iphepha lokucoca eludongeni lwazo. Ukuvavanya ukuba ukubonakala kwephepha lokucoca kuyayichaphazela na imilinganiselo yokutshiza kwabasebenzi bococeko, imilinganiselo yokutshiza kula makhaya angama-57 ithelekiswe nemilinganiselo yokutshiza kumakhaya angama-30 anyangiweyo ngoMatshi 2016 ngaphandle kokufakwa kwephepha lokucoca. Amanqanaba ee-pesticide alinganiswe kuphela kumakhaya axhotyiswe ngephepha lokucoca.
Abemi bamakhaya angama-55 babhalwe phantsi ukuba bayayithobela imiqathango yangaphambili yokucoca amakhaya ye-IRS, kuquka amakhaya angama-30 atshizwa ngoMatshi 2016 kunye namakhaya angama-25 atshizwa ngoNovemba 2016. 0–2 (0 = zonke okanye uninzi lwezinto zisele endlwini; 1 = uninzi lwezinto zisusiwe; 2 = indlu ingenanto kwaphela). Isiphumo sokuthobela imithetho yomnini kwizinga lokutshiza kunye noxinzelelo lwe-moxa zinambuzane sifundwe.
Amandla ezibalo abalwe ukuze kufunyanwe ukuphambuka okubalulekileyo kumanqanaba alindelekileyo e-alpha-cypermethrin esetyenziswe kwiphepha lokucoca, kunye nokufumanisa umahluko obalulekileyo kumanqanaba ezinambuzane kunye namazinga okutshiza phakathi kwamaqela ezindlu adibeneyo ngokweendidi. Amandla amancinci ezibalo (α = 0.05) abalwe kwinani elincinci lezindlu ezithathwe iisampulu kulo naliphi na iqela leentlobo (oko kukuthi, ubungakanani besampulu esisigxina) emiselwe ekuqaleni. Ngamafutshane, uthelekiso lwamanqanaba aphakathi ezinambuzane kwisampulu enye kwiipropati ezili-17 ezikhethiweyo (ezihlelwe njengabanini abangathobeliyo) zazinamandla angama-98.5% okufumanisa ukuphambuka kwama-20% kumanqanaba alindelekileyo e-50 mg ai/m2, apho umahluko (SD = 10) uqikelelwa kakhulu ngokusekelwe kwimibono epapashwe kwenye indawo [37, 38]. Uthelekiso lwamanqanaba ezinambuzane kwiitini ze-aerosol ezikhethwe ekhaya ukuze kusebenze ngokulinganayo (n = 21) > 90%.
Ukuthelekiswa kweesampuli ezimbini zomlinganiselo wokutyalwa kwezibulali zinambuzane kwizindlu ezi-n = 10 kunye ne-n = 12 okanye amazinga okutshiza aphakathi kwizindlu ezi-n = 12 kunye ne-n = 23 kuvelise amandla ezibalo angama-66.2% kunye nama-86.2% ukuze kufunyanwe. Amaxabiso alindelekileyo kumahluko we-20% yi-50 mg ai/m2 kunye ne-19 m2/min, ngokulandelelana. Ngokwesiko, kwakucingelwa ukuba kuya kubakho umahluko omkhulu kwiqela ngalinye kwizinga lokutshiza (SD = 3.5) kunye noxinzelelo lwezinambuzane (SD = 10). Amandla ezibalo ayengaphezulu kwama-90% kuthelekiso olulinganayo lwamazinga okutshiza phakathi kwezindlu ezinephepha lokuhluza (n = 57) kunye nezindlu ezingenaphepha lokuhluza (n = 30). Zonke izibalo zamandla zenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-SAMPSI kwisoftware ye-STATA v15.0 [45]).
Amaphepha okucoca aqokelelwe endlwini ahlolwe ngokufaka idatha kwimodeli ye-multivariate negative binomial mixed-effects (inkqubo ye-MENBREG kwi-STATA v.15.0) kunye nendawo yeendonga ngaphakathi endlwini (amanqanaba amathathu) njengesiphumo esingacwangciswanga. Uxinzelelo lwemitha ye-Beta. Iimodeli ze-cypermethrin io zisetyenzisiwe ukuvavanya utshintsho oluhambelana nokuphakama kodonga lwe-nebulizer (amanqanaba amathathu), izinga lokucoca (m2/min), umhla wokufaka i-IRS, kunye nesimo somboneleli wezempilo (amanqanaba amabini). Imodeli yomgca oqhelekileyo (i-GLM) isetyenzisiwe ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo oluphakathi lwe-alpha-cypermethrin kwiphepha lokucoca elihanjiswa kwikhaya ngalinye kunye noxinzelelo kwisisombululo esifanelekileyo kwitanki yokutshiza. Ukuchithwa koxinzelelo lwezinambuzane kwisisombululo setanki yokutshiza ngokuhamba kwexesha kuhlolwe ngendlela efanayo ngokubandakanya ixabiso lokuqala (ixesha elingu-zero) njengemodeli yokulinganisa, ukuvavanya ixesha lokunxibelelana kwe-tank ID × ixesha (iintsuku). Amanqaku edatha angaphandle x afunyanwa ngokusebenzisa umthetho oqhelekileyo weTukey boundary, apho x < Q1 - 1.5 × IQR okanye x > Q3 + 1.5 × IQR. Njengoko kubonisiwe, amazinga okutshiza kwizindlu ezisixhenxe kunye nomlinganiselo ophakathi we-ai yezinambuzane kwindlu enye azifakwanga kuhlalutyo lwezibalo.
Ukuchaneka kokulinganiswa kweekhemikhali ze-ai IQK™ ze-alpha-cypermethrin kuqinisekiswe ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso eesampuli zephepha lesihluzo ezingama-27 ezivela kwiindlu ezintathu zeenkukhu ezivavanywe yi-IQK™ kunye ne-HPLC (umgangatho wegolide), kwaye iziphumo zibonise ulwalamano oluqinileyo (r = 0.93; p < 0.001) (Umzobo 2).
Ulwalamano lwamanani e-alpha-cypermethrin kwiisampuli zephepha lesihluzo eziqokelelwe kwiindlu zeenkukhu emva kwe-IRS, ezilinganiswe yi-HPLC kunye ne-IQK™ (n = amaphepha esihluzo angama-27 avela kwiindlu zeenkukhu ezintathu)
I-IQK™ ivavanyiwe kumaphepha okucoca angama-480 aqokelelwe kwiindlu zeenkukhu ezingama-57. Kwiphepha lokucoca, umxholo we-alpha-cypermethrin wawuphakathi kwe-0.19 ukuya kwi-105.0 mg ai/m2 (umyinge we-17.6, IQR: 11.06-29.78). Kula maphepha, yi-10.4% kuphela (50/480) eyayikuluhlu loxinzelelo olujoliswe kulo lwe-40–60 mg ai/m2 (Umzobo 3). Uninzi lweesampuli (84.0% (403/480)) lwalune-60 mg ai/m2. Umahluko kuxinzelelo oluqikelelweyo oluphakathi kwikhaya ngalinye kwiifilitha zovavanyo eziyi-8-9 eziqokelelwe kwikhaya ngalinye yayiluluhlu lobukhulu, kunye nomyinge we-19.6 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, uluhlu: 0. 60-67.45). Yi-8.8% kuphela (5/57) yeendawo efumene uxinano olulindelekileyo lwezibulali zinambuzane; Ama-89.5% (51/57) ayengaphantsi kwemida yoluhlu olujoliswe kulo, kwaye i-1.8% (1/57) yayingaphezulu kwemida yoluhlu olujoliswe kulo (Umzobo 4).
Ukusasazwa rhoqo kwamanqanaba e-alpha-cypermethrin kwiifilitha eziqokelelwe kwizindlu eziphathwe yi-IRS (n = izindlu ezingama-57). Umgca othe nkqo umele uluhlu loxinzelelo olujoliswe kulo lwe-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).
Uxinaniso oluphakathi lwe-beta-cypermethrin av kumaphepha esihluzo ayi-8-9 ngekhaya ngalinye, aqokelelwe kumakhaya acutshungulwe yi-IRS (n = amakhaya angama-57). Umgca othe tye umele uluhlu loxinaniso olujoliswe kulo lwe-alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2). Iibha zempazamo zimele imida esezantsi nephezulu yamaxabiso aphakathi akufutshane.
Uxinaniso oluphakathi oluziswe kwizihluzo ezinobude bodonga obuyi-0.2, 1.2 kunye ne-2.0 m yayiyi-17.7 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 10.70–34.26), 17.3 mg a .i./m2 (IQR: 11.43–26.91) kunye ne-17.6 mg ai/m2. ngokulandelelana (IQR: 10.85–31.37) (kuboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 2). Ukulawula umhla we-IRS, imodeli yeziphumo ezixutyiweyo ayibonisanga mahluko mkhulu kuxinaniso phakathi kobude bodonga (z < 1.83, p > 0.067) okanye utshintsho olubalulekileyo ngomhla wokutshiza (z = 1.84 p = 0.070). Uxinaniso oluphakathi oluziswe kwizindlu ze-adobe ezi-5 belungahlukanga kuxinaniso oluphakathi oluziswe kwizindlu ze-adobe ezingama-52 (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
Uxinaniso lwe-AI kwiinkonkxa ze-aerosol ze-Guarany® ezingama-29 ezilungiselelwe ngokuzimeleyo ezithathwe iisampulu ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe i-IRS zahluka nge-12.1, ukusuka kwi-0.16 mg AI/mL ukuya kwi-1.9 mg AI/mL ngenkonkxa (Umfanekiso 5). Yi-6.9% (2/29) kuphela yeenkonkxa ze-aerosol ezaziqulathe uxinaniso lwe-AI ngaphakathi koluhlu lwedosi olujoliswe kuyo lwe-0.96–1.44 mg AI/ml, kunye ne-3.5% (1/29) yeenkonkxa ze-aerosol ezaziqulathe uxinaniso lwe-AI >1.44 mg AI/ml. .
Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo lwe-alpha-cypermethrin ai ulinganiswe kwiifomyula zokutshiza ezingama-29. Umgca othe tye umele umlinganiselo we-AI ocetyiswayo kwiinkonkxa ze-aerosol (0.96–1.44 mg/ml) ukuze kufezekiswe uluhlu loxinzelelo lwe-AI olujoliswe kulo lwe-40–60 mg/m2 endlwini yeenkukhu.
Kwii-aerosol cans ezingama-29 ezihloliweyo, ezingama-21 zihambelana nezindlu ezingama-21. Uxinzelelo oluphakathi lwe-ai oluziswa endlwini aluzange ludibaniswe noxinzelelo olukwiitanki zokutshiza ezisetyenziswa ukunyanga indlu (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), olubonakaliswe kulwalamano oluphantsi (rSp2 = -0.02) (Umzobo .6). ).
Ulwalamano phakathi koxinzelelo lwe-beta-cypermethrin AI kumaphepha esihluzo ayi-8-9 aqokelelwe kwizindlu eziphathwe yi-IRS kunye noxinzelelo lwe-AI kwizisombululo zesitshizi ezilungiselelwe ekhaya ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga indlu nganye (n = 21)
Uxinzelelo lwe-AI kwizisombululo zomphezulu zee-sprayers ezine eziqokelelwe emva kokushukuma (ixesha 0) lwahluka nge-3.3 (0.68–2.22 mg AI/ml) (Umzobo 7). Kwitanki enye amaxabiso angaphakathi koluhlu olujoliswe kulo, kwitanki enye amaxabiso angaphezulu kwethagethi, kwezinye iitanki ezimbini amaxabiso angaphantsi kwethagethi; Uxinzelelo lwezibulali-zinambuzane lwancipha kakhulu kuzo zonke iidama ezine ngexesha lesampulu elandelayo yemizuzu eli-15 (b = −0.018 ukuya kwi −0.084; z > 5.58; p < 0.001). Xa kujongwa amaxabiso okuqala etanki nganye, ixesha lokunxibelelana kweTanki ID x Ixesha (imizuzu) lalingabalulekanga (z = -1.52; p = 0.127). Kumachibi amane, ukulahleka okuqhelekileyo kwesibulali-zinambuzane i-mg ai/ml yayiyi-3.3% ngomzuzu (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), ifikelela kwi-49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) emva kwemizuzu eli-15 (Umzobo 7).
Emva kokuxuba ngokupheleleyo izisombululo ezikwiitanki, izinga lemvula ye-alpha-cypermethrin ai lilinganiswe. kwiitanki ezine zokutshiza ngemizuzu e-1 imizuzu eli-15. Umgca omele ukulingana kakuhle kwedatha uboniswa kwidama ngalinye. Ukuqwalaselwa (amanqaku) kumela umyinge weesampulu ezintathu ezingaphantsi.
Ummandla wodonga oqhelekileyo ngekhaya ngalinye lonyango lwe-IRS olunokwenzeka yayiyi-128 m2 (IQR: 99.0–210.0, uluhlu: 49.1–480.0) kwaye ixesha eliqhelekileyo elichithwe ngabasebenzi bezempilo yayiyimizuzu eli-12 (IQR: 8. 2–17.5, uluhlu: 1.5–36.6). ) indlu nganye yatshizwa (n = 87). Ukufuthwa kwesitshizi okubonwe kwezi zindlu zeenkukhu kwaqala kwi-3.0 ukuya kwi-72.7 m2/min (umyinge: 11.1; IQR: 7.90–18.00) (Umfanekiso 8). Ii-Outliers azifakwanga kwaye amazinga okutshiza athelekiswa noluhlu olucetyiswa yi-WHO lwe-19 m2/min ± 10% (17.1–20.9 m2/min). Yi-7.5% kuphela (6/80) yamakhaya awayekuluhlu olu; Ama-77.5% (62/80) ayekwinqanaba eliphantsi kwaye ama-15.0% (12/80) ayekwinqanaba eliphezulu. Akukho budlelwane bufunyenweyo phakathi koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-AI oluthunyelwa emakhaya kunye nokufuthwa kwe-spray okubonweyo (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = amakhaya angama-52).
Izinga lokutshiza elibonweyo (min/m2) kwiindlu zeenkukhu ezinyangwe nge-IRS (n = 87). Umgca wesalathiso umele uluhlu lokunyamezela izinga lokutshiza elilindelekileyo le-19 m2/min (±10%) elicetyiswa ziinkcukacha zezixhobo zetanki yokutshiza.
I-80% yezindlu ezingama-80 yayinomlinganiselo wokufuthwa kwesifutho ojongiweyo/olindelweyo ngaphandle komlinganiselo wokunyamezelana we-1 ± 10%, kunye ne-71.3% (57/80) yezindlu iphantsi, i-11.3% (9/80) iphezulu, kwaye izindlu ezili-16 ziphantsi komlinganiselo wokunyamezelana ngaphakathi koluhlu. Ukusasazwa rhoqo kwexabiso lomlinganiselo ojongiweyo/olindelweyo kuboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 3.
Bekukho umahluko omkhulu kwizinga eliphakathi lokufutha phakathi kwabasebenzi bezempilo ababini ababesenza i-IRS rhoqo: 9.7 m2/min (IQR: 6.58–14.85, n = 68) xa kuthelekiswa ne-15.5 m2/min (IQR: 13.07–21.17, n = 12). (z = 2.45, p = 0.014, n = 80) (njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFayile eyoNgezelelweyo 4A) kunye nomlinganiselo wesantya sokutshiza obonwe/olindelweyo (z = 2.58, p = 0.010) (njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFayile eyoNgezelelweyo 4B Show).
Ngaphandle kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga, ngumsebenzi wezempilo omnye kuphela otshize izindlu ezingama-54 apho kwafakelwa khona iphepha lokucoca. Isantya esiphakathi sokutshiza kwezi zindlu yayiyi-9.23 m2/min (IQR: 6.57–13.80) xa kuthelekiswa ne-15.4 m2/min (IQR: 10.40–18.67) kwizindlu ezingama-26 ezingenaphepha lokucoca (z = -2.38, p = 0.017). ).
Ukuthobela imiqathango yamakhaya yokuphuma emakhayeni abo ukuze kuhanjiswe i-IRS kwahluka: ama-30.9% (17/55) awazange aphume emakhayeni awo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ama-27.3% (15/55) awazange aphume emakhayeni awo ngokupheleleyo; atshabalalisa amakhaya awo.
Amanqanaba okutshiza abonweyo kwizindlu ezingenanto (17.5 m2/min, IQR: 11.00–22.50) ngokubanzi ayephezulu kunakwizindlu ezingenanto (14.8 m2/min, IQR: 10.29–18 .00) kunye nezindlu ezingenanto ngokupheleleyo (11.7 m2). /min, IQR: 7.86–15.36), kodwa umahluko wawungabalulekanga (z > -1.58; p > 0.114, n = 48) (iboniswe kwifayile eyongezelelweyo 5A). Iziphumo ezifanayo zifunyenwe xa kujongwa utshintsho olunxulumene nokuba khona okanye ukungabikho kwephepha lesihluzo, elingafunyanwanga njenge-covariate ebalulekileyo kwimodeli.
Kuwo onke amaqela amathathu, ixesha elipheleleyo elifunekayo lokutshiza izindlu alizange lahluke phakathi kwezindlu (z < -1.90, p > 0.057), ngelixa indawo ephakathi yomphezulu yahlukile: izindlu ezingenanto ngokupheleleyo (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0–169, 0 m2) ]) zincinci ngokwezibalo kunezindlu ezingenanto ngokupheleleyo (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0–284.0 m2]) kunye nezindlu ezingenanto ngokupheleleyo (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0–384.0 m2]) (z > 2 .17; p < 0.031, n = 48). Izindlu ezingenamntu ngokupheleleyo zimalunga nesiqingatha sobukhulu (indawo) bezindlu ezingenanto okanye ezingenamntu ngokupheleleyo.
Kwinani elincinci lamakhaya (n = 25) kunye nedatha ye-AI yokuthobela imithetho kunye neyokubulala iizinambuzane, bekungekho mahluko kwi-avareji yoxinzelelo lwe-AI oluhanjiswa kumakhaya phakathi kwezi ndidi zokuthobela imithetho (z < 0.93, p > 0.351), njengoko kuchaziwe kwiFayile eyoNgezelelweyo 5B. Iziphumo ezifanayo zifunyenwe xa kulawulwa ubukho/ukungabikho kwephepha lesihluzo kunye nokugqunywa kwesitshizi okubonweyo (n = 22).
Olu phononongo luvavanya iindlela kunye neenkqubo ze-IRS kuluntu oluqhelekileyo lwasemaphandleni kummandla waseGran Chaco eBolivia, indawo enembali ende yokudluliselwa kwevector [20]. Uxinzelelo lwe-alpha-cypermethrin ai olunikezelwa ngexesha le-IRS eqhelekileyo lwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezindlu, phakathi kwezihluzo zomntu ngamnye ngaphakathi endlwini, naphakathi kweetanki zokutshiza zomntu ngamnye ezilungiselelwe ukufikelela kuxinzelelo olufanayo oluhanjiswayo lwe-50 mg ai/m2. Yi-8.8% kuphela yezindlu (10.4% yezihluzo) ezazinoxinzelelo ngaphakathi koluhlu olujoliswe kulo lwe-40–60 mg ai/m2, uninzi (89.5% kunye ne-84% ngokulandelelana) olunoxinzelelo olungaphantsi komda ophantsi ovumelekileyo.
Enye into enokubangela ukuhanjiswa kwe-alpha-cypermethrin ekhayeni kukungaxutywanga kakuhle kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye namanqanaba angaguqukiyo okumiswa okulungiselelwe kwiitanki zokutshiza [38, 46]. Kolu phononongo lwangoku, ukubonwa ngabaphandi ngabasebenzi bezempilo kuqinisekisile ukuba balandela iindlela zokupheka izibulali zinambuzane kwaye baqeqeshwe yi-SEDES ukuba bashukumise isisombululo ngamandla emva kokuxutywa kwitanki yokutshiza. Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lomxholo wedama lubonise ukuba uxinaniso lwe-AI lwahluka nge-12, kunye ne-6.9% kuphela (2/29) yezisombululo zedama lovavanyo ezikuluhlu olujoliswe kulo; Ukuze kuphandwe ngakumbi, izisombululo ezikumphezulu wetanki yokutshiza zalinganiswa kwiimeko zelebhu. Oku kubonisa ukwehla okuthe ngqo kwi-alpha-cypermethrin ai ye-3.3% ngomzuzu emva kokuxuba kunye nokulahleka okuqokelelweyo kwe-ai ye-49% emva kwemizuzu eli-15 (95% CL 25.7, 78.7). Amanqanaba aphezulu okutsalwa kwetyuwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezithambisi-zinambuzane ezenziwe emva kokuxutywa kwefomyula yepowder emanzi (WP) ayiqhelekanga (umz., iDDT [37, 47]), kwaye olu phononongo lubonisa oku ngakumbi kwiifomyula ze-SA pyrethroid. Izithambisi-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-IRS kwaye, njengazo zonke izinto ezibulala izinambuzane, ukuzinza kwazo ngokwasemzimbeni kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ingakumbi ubungakanani besuntswana yesithako esisebenzayo kunye nezinye izithako. Ukutsalwa kwetyuwa kungachaphazeleka bubunzima bamanzi asetyenziswa ukulungiselela ukutsalwa kwetyuwa, into enzima ukuyilawula endle. Umzekelo, kule ndawo yophando, ukufikelela kwamanzi kunqunyelwe kwimilambo yasekuhlaleni ebonisa utshintsho lwexesha lokuhamba kwamanzi kunye namasuntswana omhlaba axhonyiweyo. Iindlela zokujonga uzinzo lwangempela lwezinto ezixutyiweyo zeSA ziphantsi kophando [48]. Nangona kunjalo, amayeza angaphantsi komhlaba asetyenziswe ngempumelelo ukunciphisa usulelo lwasekhaya kwi-Tri. iibhaktheriya ezibangela izifo kwezinye iindawo zaseLatin America [49].
Iifomyula ezingonelanga zokubulala izinambuzane ziye zaxelwa nakwezinye iinkqubo zokulawula iivektha. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo yokulawula i-visceral leishmaniasis eIndiya, yi-29% kuphela yamaqela e-sprayer angama-51 ajonge izisombululo ze-DDT ezilungisiweyo nezixutyiweyo ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye akukho nanye iitanki ze-sprayer ezalisiweyo njengoko kucetyisiwe [50]. Uvavanyo lweelali zaseBangladesh lubonise umkhwa ofanayo: yi-42–43% kuphela yamaqela e-IRS alungiselele izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nee-canister ezigcwalisiweyo ngokwemigaqo, ngelixa kwelinye icandelo inani lalingu-7.7% kuphela [46].
Utshintsho olubonweyo kuxinzelelo lwe-AI oluziswa ekhayeni nalo alufani. EIndiya, yi-7.3% kuphela (41 kwi-560) yamakhaya anyangiweyo afumene uxinzelelo olujoliswe kuyo lwe-DDT, umahluko ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamakhaya wawulingana [37]. ENepal, iphepha lesihluzo lifunxe umyinge we-1.74 mg ai/m2 (uluhlu: 0.0–17.5 mg/m2), eliyi-7% kuphela yoxinzelelo olujoliswe kuyo (25 mg ai/m2) [38]. Uhlalutyo lwe-HPLC lwephepha lesihluzo lubonise umahluko omkhulu kuxinzelelo lwe-deltamethrin ai kwiindonga zezindlu eChaco, eParaguay: ukusuka kwi-12.8–51.2 mg ai/m2 ukuya kwi-4.6–61.0 mg ai/m2 eluphahleni [33]. ETupiza, eBolivia, iChagas Control Program ibike ukuhanjiswa kwe-deltamethrin kumakhaya amahlanu kuxinzelelo lwe-0.0–59.6 mg/m2, olulinganiswe yi-HPLC [36].
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-16-2024