Injongo yolu phononongo kukubonelela ngedathaisibulali zinambuzaneukuchasa ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kwiinkqubo zolawulo oluchasayo eTogo.
Imeko yokuba sesichengeni se-Anopheles gambiae (SL) kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwimpilo yoluntu yavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-WHO in vitro test protocol. Ii-Bioassays zokuxhathisa ipyrethroid zenziwe ngokweeprothokholi zovavanyo lwebhotile yeCDC. Imisebenzi ye-enzyme ye-detoxifying yavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-synergists piperonyl butoxide, i-SSS-phosphorothioate, kunye ne-ethacrine. Ukuchongwa kohlobo oluthile kunye nohlobo lwegenotyping ye-kdr yenguqu kwi-Anopheles gambiae SL kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-PCR.
Abemi bengingqi yase-Anopheles gambiae sl babonise ukuba semngciphekweni ngokupheleleyo kwipirimiphos-methyl eLomé, eKowie, e-Aniye naseKpeletutu. Ukufa kwaba yi-90% e-Bayda, ebonisa ukuchasana okunokwenzeka kwi-pirimiphos-methyl. Ukuchaswa kwe-DDT, i-benzodicarb kunye nepropoxur zarekhodwa kuzo zonke iziza. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuchasana ne-pyrethroids arekhodwa, kunye ne-oxidases, i-esterases kunye ne-glutathione-s-transferases ibe yi-enzymes ye-detoxifying ejongene nokuchasana, ngokweemvavanyo ze-synergistic. Ezona ntlobo zifunyenweyo yi-Anopheles gambiae (ss) kunye ne-Anopheles cruzi. Iifrikhwensi eziphezulu ze-kdr L1014F kunye nee-frequencies ezisezantsi ze-kdr L1014S alleles zichongiwe kuzo zonke iisayithi.
Olu pho nonongo lubonisa imfuneko yezixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokuqinisa ukungenelela kokulawula i-malaria esekelwe kwi-insecticide (IRS kunye ne-LLN).
Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala izinambuzane yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeenkqubo zokulawula isifo seengcongconi eAfrika [1]. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kokuchasana kwiiklasi eziphambili ze-insecticide ezisetyenziselwa unyango lwe-bednet kunye nokutshiza kwe-indoor residual (IRS) kufuna ukuba siphinde sihlolisise ukusetyenziswa kwezi mveliso kunye nokulawulwa kwe-vector resistance [2]. Ukuvela kokumelana neziyobisi kuye kwabikwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo eNtshona Afrika kuquka iBenin, Burkina Faso, Mali [3, 4, 5] kwaye ngakumbi iTogo [6, 7]. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-synergists kunye nendibaniselwano ye-insecticide kwandisa ukuchaphazeleka kwe-malariya vectors kwiindawo ezinokumelana okuphezulu kwi-pyrethroids [8, 9]. Ukugcina ukuzinza kwezicwangciso zokulawula, ukuhlanganiswa okucwangcisiweyo kokulawulwa kokumelana naluphi na umgaqo-nkqubo wokulawula i-vector kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo [2]. Naliphi na ilizwe kufuneka lixhase ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokulawula ukuchasana ngokufumanisa ukuchasana [10]. Ngokutsho kwe-World Health Organization (WHO) iingcebiso [10], ulawulo oluchasayo lubandakanya ukuphunyezwa kweendlela ezintathu ezibandakanya (1) ukuhlolwa kwe-insecticide susceptibility status of vectors, (2) ukubonakaliswa kokuqina kokumelana, kunye (3) nokuhlolwa kweendlela ze-physiological, ingqwalasela ngokukodwa ekusebenzeni kwe-synergist butoksidi piperon (i-BOYL). E-Togo, inyathelo lokuqala, uvavanyo lwemeko yokuchaphazeleka kwezinambuzane ze-malaria, lwenziwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwe-3 kwiindawo ze-Sentinel zeNkqubo yoLawulo lweMalariya yeSizwe (NMCP). Amandla okumelana kunye nokusebenza kwamanyathelo amabini okugqibela (oko kukuthi, i-potentiators piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S, S, S-tributyl trisulfate phosphate (DEF), kunye ne-ethacrynic acid (EA)) ayizange ifundwe ngokubanzi.
Injongo yolu phononongo kukujongana nale miba mithathu kunye nokubonelela nge-NMCP ngedatha ethembekileyo ukwenza izigqibo kulawulo lokuchasa eTogo.
Olu phononongo lwenziwe ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuSeptemba 2021 kwiindawo zabalindi ezikhethiweyo ze-NMCP kwizithili zempilo ezithathu kumazantsi eTogo (Umfanekiso 1). Iziza ezintlanu ze-NMCP zikhethelwe ukubeka iliso ngokwejografi (imimandla eyahlukeneyo yococeko) kunye neempawu zokusingqongileyo (ubuninzi bezityalo, iindawo ezisisigxina zokuzalela imibungu): iLomé, iBayda, iKowie, iAnyere neKpeletoutou (Itheyibhile 1).
Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba iingcongconi zengingqi i-Anopheles gambiae kumazantsi eTogo ziyaxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane ezempilo yoluntu, ngaphandle kwepirimiphos-methyl. Amanqanaba aphezulu okumelana ne-pyrethroid abonwa kwindawo yophando, enokuthi idibaniswe ne-enzyme ye-detoxifying (i-oxidases, i-esterases kunye ne-glutathione-s-transferases). Utshintsho lwe-kdr L1014F ichongiwe kwiintlobo zoodade ababini i-Anopheles gambiae ss kunye ne-Anopheles kruzi ene-allele frequency variable kodwa ephezulu (>0.50), ngelixa uguqulo lwe-kdr L1014S lwenzeka ngamaxesha aphantsi kakhulu kwaye lufunyenwe kuphela kwiingcongconi ze-Anopheles cruzi. I-synergists ye-PBO kunye ne-EA ibuyisele ngokuyinxenye ukuchaphazeleka kwi-pyrethroids kunye ne-organochlorines, ngokulandelelanayo, kuzo zonke iisayithi, ngelixa i-DEF inyuse ukuchaphazeleka kwi-carbamates kunye ne-organophosphates kuzo zonke iisayithi ngaphandle kwe-Anye. Ezi nkcukacha zinokunceda iNkqubo yeSizwe yoLawulo lweMalariya yaseTogo ukuba iphuhlise amacebo okulawula i-vector asebenzayo ngakumbi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-23-2024