Injongo yolu phononongo kukubonelela ngedatha malungaisibulali-zinambuzaneukuchasana nokwenza izigqibo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lokuchasana eTogo.
Imeko yokuchaphazeleka kwe-Anopheles gambiae (SL) kwizinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwimpilo yoluntu ihlolwe kusetyenziswa i-WHO in vitro test protocol. Uvavanyo lwe-bioassays lokumelana ne-pyrethroid lwenziwe ngokweenkqubo zovavanyo lwebhotile ye-CDC. Imisebenzi ye-enzyme yokususa ityhefu ivavanyiwe kusetyenziswa i-synergists piperonyl butoxide, SSS-phosphorothioate, kunye ne-etacrine. Ukuchongwa kweentlobo ezithile kunye nokuchonga i-genotyping ye-kdr mutation kwi-Anopheles gambiae SL kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ye-PCR.
Abemi bendawo base-Anopheles gambiae sl babonakalise ukuba semngciphekweni ngokupheleleyo kwi-pirimiphos-methyl eLomé, eKowie, e-Aniye naseKpeletutu. Ukufa bekuyi-90% eBayda, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho ukumelana ne-pirimiphos-methyl. Ukuxhathisa kwi-DDT, i-benzodicarb kunye ne-propoxur kubhalwe phantsi kuzo zonke iindawo. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuxhathisa kwi-pyrethroids abhalwe phantsi, kunye ne-oxidases, ii-esterases kunye ne-glutathione-s-transferases ezizii-enzymes ezikhupha ityhefu ezinoxanduva lokuxhathisa, ngokweemvavanyo ze-synergistic. Iintlobo eziphambili ezifunyenweyo yayiyi-Anopheles gambiae (ss) kunye ne-Anopheles cruzi. Ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwe-kdr L1014F kunye nokuxhathisa okuphantsi kwe-kdr L1014S alleles kufunyenwe kuzo zonke iindawo.
Olu phononongo lubonisa imfuneko yezixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokuqinisa iindlela ezikhoyo zokulawula imalariya ezisekelwe kwizinambuzane (i-IRS kunye ne-LLIN).
Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeenkqubo zokulawula i-malaria vector e-Afrika [1]. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kokuchasana kwiindidi eziphambili zezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kunyango lwe-bednet kunye nokutshiza okusele ngaphakathi (IRS) kufuna ukuba siphinde siqwalasele ukusetyenziswa kwezi mveliso kunye nolawulo lokuchasana kwe-vector [2]. Ukuvela kokuchasana namayeza kuye kwaxelwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo eNtshona Afrika kuquka iBenin, iBurkina Faso, iMali [3, 4, 5] kwaye ngakumbi iTogo [6, 7]. Izifundo zakutshanje zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-synergists kunye nokudibanisa izibulali-zinambuzane kwandisa ukuchasana kwe-malaria vectors kwiindawo ezinokumelana okuphezulu kwi-pyrethroids [8, 9]. Ukugcina uzinzo lwezicwangciso zokulawula, ukuhlanganiswa okucwangcisiweyo kolawulo lokuchasana kuyo nayiphi na imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwe-vector kufuneka kuqwalaselwe [2]. Naliphi na ilizwe kufuneka lixhase ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zolawulo lokuchasana ngokuchongwa kokuchasana [10]. Ngokweengcebiso zeWorld Health Organisation (WHO) [10], ulawulo lokuxhathisa lubandakanya ukuphunyezwa kwendlela enamanyathelo amathathu equka (1) uvavanyo lwemeko yokuchasana nezinambuzane kwiivektha, (2) ukuchazwa kobunzulu bokuchasana, kunye (3) uvavanyo lweendlela zomzimba, ngakumbi ingqalelo ekusebenzeni kwe-synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). ETogo, inyathelo lokuqala, uvavanyo lwemeko yokuchasana nezinambuzane kwiivektha zemalariya, lwenziwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-2-3 kwiindawo ezikufutshane zeNkqubo yoLawulo lweMalariya yeSizwe (NMCP). Amandla okuchasana kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamanyathelo amabini okugqibela (oko kukuthi, ii-potentiators piperonyl butoxide (PBO), i-S,S,S-tributyl trisulfate phosphate (DEF), kunye ne-ethacrynic acid (EA)) azikafundwa ngokubanzi.
Injongo yolu phononongo kukujongana nezi nkalo zintathu kunye nokubonelela nge-NMCP ngedatha ethembekileyo yokwenza izigqibo malunga nolawulo lokuxhathisa eTogo.
Olu phononongo lwenziwe ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuSeptemba 2021 kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo ze-NMCP Guardian kwizithili ezintathu zempilo kumazantsi eTogo (Umfanekiso 1). Iindawo ezintlanu zokubeka iliso ze-NMCP zikhethwe ukuze zibekwe iliso ngokusekelwe kwiindawo zazo (iindawo ezahlukeneyo zococeko) kunye neempawu zokusingqongileyo (ubuninzi bezilwanyana ezithwala iintsholongwane, iindawo ezihlala zihleli zokuzalela ii-larva): iLomé, iBayda, iKowie, iAnyère kunye neKpeletoutou (Itheyibhile 1).
Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba iinkumbi zeAnopheles gambiae zasekuhlaleni kumazantsi eTogo ziyamelana nezinambuzane ezininzi eziphambili zempilo yoluntu, ngaphandle kwe-pirimiphos-methyl. Amanqanaba aphezulu okumelana ne-pyrethroid abonwe kwindawo yophando, mhlawumbi enxulumene nee-enzymes zokususa ubuthi (ii-oxidases, ii-esterases kunye ne-glutathione-s-transferases). Inguqu ye-kdr L1014F ifunyenwe kwiintlobo ezimbini ezingoodade i-Anopheles gambiae ss kunye ne-Anopheles kruzi ezine-allele frequency eziguquguqukayo kodwa eziphezulu (>0.50), ngelixa inguqu ye-kdr L1014S yenzeka ngesantya esiphantsi kakhulu kwaye ifunyenwe kuphela kwiingcongconi ze-Anopheles cruzi. I-synergists i-PBO kunye ne-EA zibuyisele kancinci ukuthambekela kwi-pyrethroids kunye ne-organochlorines, ngokwahlukeneyo, kuzo zonke iindawo, ngelixa i-DEF yonyusa ukuthambekela kwi-carbamates kunye ne-organophosphates kuzo zonke iindawo ngaphandle kwe-Anye. Olu lwazi lunokunceda iNkqubo yoLawulo lweMalariya yeSizwe yaseTogolese ukuphuhlisa amaqhinga okulawula i-vector asebenzayo ngakumbi.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-23-2024