Ukuhlasela kwe-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokwanda kwesifo se-malaria kulo mmandla. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda iprofayili yokumelana nezinambuzane kunye nolwakhiwo lwabemi be-Anopheles stephensi efunyenwe kutshanje eFike, e-Ethiopia kubalulekile ukukhokela ulawulo lwe-vector ukuze kumiswe ukusasazeka kwesi sityalo se-malaria esihlaselayo kweli lizwe. Emva kokuhlolwa kwe-Anopheles stephensi eFike, kwiSithili saseSomalia, e-Ethiopia, siqinisekisile ukuba kukho i-Anopheles stephensi eFike kumanqanaba e-morphological kunye ne-molecular. Ukuchazwa kweendawo zokuhlala ze-larval kunye novavanyo lokuchaphazeleka kwezinambuzane kutyhile ukuba i-A. fixini yayifumaneka kakhulu kwizikhongozeli zokwenziwa kwaye yayinganyangeki kakhulu kwii-insecticide ezininzi zabantu abadala ezivavanyiweyo (i-organophosphates, i-carbamates,iipyrethroids) ngaphandle kwe-pirimiphos-methyl kunye ne-PBO-pyrethroid. Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba e-larval angavuthwanga ayechaphazeleka yi-temephos. Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lwe-genomic lwenziwe kunye neentlobo zangaphambili ze-Anopheles stephensi. Uhlalutyo lwamanani e-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kusetyenziswa ii-SNPs eziyi-1704 ze-biallelic lubonise unxibelelwano lwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwamanani e-A. fixais kunye ne-Anopheles stephensi kumbindi nasempuma ye-Ethiopia, ngakumbi i-A. jiggigas. Iziphumo zethu kwiimpawu zokuchasana nezinambuzane kunye namanani anokubakho e-Anopheles fixini anokunceda ekuphuhliseni amaqhinga okulawula le vector ye-malaria kwimimandla yaseFike naseJigjiga ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwayo ukusuka kwezi ndawo zimbini ukuya kwezinye iindawo zelizwe nakwilizwekazi lase-Afrika liphela.
Ukuqonda iindawo zokuzalela iingcongconi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni amaqhinga okulawula iingcongconi njengokusebenzisa ii-larvicides (i-temephos) kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo (ukususwa kweendawo zokuhlala ze-larval). Ukongeza, i-World Health Organisation icebisa ulawulo lwe-larval njengenye yeendlela zokulawula ngokuthe ngqo i-Anopheles stephensi kwiindawo zasezidolophini nakwiindawo ezikufutshane nedolophu kwiindawo ezichaphazelekileyo. 15 Ukuba umthombo we-larval awunakususwa okanye uncitshiswe (umz. iindawo zamanzi zasekhaya okanye zasezidolophini), ukusetyenziswa kwe-larvicides kunokuqwalaselwa. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yokulawula i-vector ibiza kakhulu xa kunyangwa iindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu ze-larval. 19 Ke ngoko, ukujolisa kwiindawo ezithile zokuhlala apho iingcongconi ezindala zikhona ngobuninzi yenye indlela engabizi kakhulu. 19 Ke ngoko, ukumisela ukuba i-Anopheles stephensi eFik City isengozini yokuchaphazeleka yi-larvicides efana ne-temephos kunokunceda ekuthatheni izigqibo xa kuphuhliswa iindlela zokulawula i-malaria vectors ehlaselayo eFik City.
Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe-genomic lunokunceda ekuphuhliseni amaqhinga olawulo olongezelelweyo lwe-Anopheles stephensi esandul’ ukufunyanwa. Ngokukodwa, ukuvavanya ukwahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kunye nolwakhiwo lwabemi be-Anopheles stephensi kunye nokuzithelekisa nabemi abakhoyo kulo mmandla kunokubonelela ngengqiqo ngembali yabo yabemi, iipatheni zokusasazeka, kunye nabemi abanokubakho.
Ngoko ke, emva konyaka emva kokufunyaniswa kokuqala kwe-Anopheles stephensi kwidolophu yaseFike, kummandla waseSomalia, e-Ethiopia, senze uphando lwezinambuzane ukuze siqale sichaze indawo yokuhlala ye-Anopheles stephensi larvae size sifumanise ukuba ivakalelwa njani kwizinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane, kuquka ne-larvicide temephos. Emva kokuchongwa kwesimo sendalo, senze uqinisekiso lwebhayoloji yemolekyuli kwaye sasebenzisa iindlela ze-genomic ukuhlalutya imbali yoluntu kunye nolwakhiwo lwabemi be-Anopheles stephensi kwidolophu yaseFike. Sithelekise olu lwakhiwo lwabemi kunye nabemi be-Anopheles stephensi abafunyenwe ngaphambili empuma ye-Ethiopia ukuze sifumanise ubungakanani bokuhlala kwabo eFike town. Siphinde savavanya ubudlelwane babo bemfuza nala maqela ukuze sichonge abemi abanokuba ngabom kuloo mmandla.
I-synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ivavanywe kwi-pyrethroids ezimbini (i-deltamethrin kunye ne-permethrin) ngokuchasene ne-Anopheles stephensi. Uvavanyo lwe-synergistic lwenziwe ngokutyhila iingcongconi kwiphepha le-PBO eliyi-4% ngaphambi kokuba zifumane intsholongwane imizuzu engama-60. Emva koko iingcongconi zadluliselwa kwiityhubhu ezine-pyrethroid ekujoliswe kuyo imizuzu engama-60 kwaye umngcipheko wazo wamiselwa ngokwemigangatho yokufa ye-WHO echazwe apha ngasentla24.
Ukuze sifumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nemvelaphi enokubakho yeqela le-Fiq Anopheles stephensi, senze uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi sisebenzisa iseti yedatha ye-SNP edibeneyo evela kwi-Fiq sequences (n = 20) kwaye iGenbank ikhuphe i-Anopheles stephensi sequences kwiindawo ezili-10 ezahlukeneyo empuma ye-Ethiopia (n = 183, uSamake et al. 29). Sisebenzise i-EDENetworks41, evumela uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi olusekelwe kwi-matrixes yomgama we-genetic ngaphandle kweengcamango ze-priori. Inethiwekhi inee-nodes ezimele i-populations ezidityaniswe yimiphetho/iikhonkco ezilinganiswe yi-Reynolds genetic distance (D)42 ngokusekelwe kwi-Fst, enika amandla ekhonkco phakathi kwezibini ze-populations41. Okukhona umphetho/ikhonkco lityebile, kokukhona ubudlelwane be-genetic phakathi kwe-populations ezimbini buqina. Ngaphezu koko, ubungakanani be-node buhambelana ne-cumulative weighted edge links zeqela ngalinye. Ke ngoko, okukhona i-node inkulu, kokukhona i-hub okanye indawo yokudibanisa iphezulu. Ukubaluleka kwezibalo ze-nodes kuhlolwe kusetyenziswa ii-bootstrap replicates ezili-1000. Ama-node avela kuluhlu oluphezulu lwe-5 kunye nolwe-1 lwexabiso le-betweenness centrality (BC) (inani leendlela ezimfutshane ze-genetic ezidlula kwi-node) anokuthathwa njengobalulekileyo ngokwezibalo43.
Sixela ukuba kukho i-An. stephensi ngamanani amaninzi ngexesha lemvula (ngoMeyi ukuya kuJuni 2022) eFike, kwiSithili saseSomalia, e-Ethiopia. Kwizibungu ze-Anopheles ezingaphezu kwama-3,500 eziqokelelweyo, zonke zikhuliswe kwaye zachongwa ngokwesimo sendalo njenge-Anopheles stephensi. Ukuchongwa kwe-molecular yeqela lezibungu kunye nohlalutyo olongezelelweyo lwe-molecular kuqinisekisile ukuba isampuli efundwayo yayiyeye-Anopheles stephensi. Zonke iindawo zokuhlala ze-An. stephensi ezichongiweyo zaziziindawo zokuzalela ezenziweyo ezifana namachibi agqunywe ngeplastiki, iitanki zamanzi ezivaliweyo nezivulekileyo, kunye neebhareli, ezihambelana nezinye iindawo zokuhlala ze-An. stephensi ezixeliweyo empuma ye-Ethiopia45. Inyani yokuba izibungu zezinye iintlobo ze-An. stephensi ziqokelelwe ibonisa ukuba i-An. stephensi inokusinda kwixesha elomileyo kwi-Fike15, eyahlukileyo ngokubanzi kwi-An. arabiensis, i-vector ephambili ye-malaria e-Ethiopia46,47. Nangona kunjalo, eKenya, ii-Anopheles stephensi… larvae zifunyenwe kwizikhongozeli ezenziweyo nakwiindawo ezikwimijelo yamanzi48, nto leyo egxininisa ukwahluka kweendawo zokuhlala kwezi zi-Anopheles stephensi larvae ezingenayo, nto leyo enefuthe ekujongeni izinambuzane kwixesha elizayo kwesi sigulo semalariya esingenayo e-Ethiopia nase-Afrika.
Olu phononongo luchonge ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kweengcongconi ezisasaza i-malaria ze-Anopheles ezihlaselayo eFickii, iindawo ezihlala kuzo ii-larvae, imeko yokumelana nezinambuzane zabantu abadala kunye nee-larvae, ulwahlulo lwemfuza, ubume babemi kunye namaqela anokuba yimvelaphi. Iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba inani le-Anopheles fickii lalichaphazeleka yi-pirimiphos-methyl, i-PBO-pyrethrin kunye ne-temetafos. B1 Ngoko ke, ezi zinambuzane zingasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwizicwangciso zokulawula le vector ye-malaria ehlaselayo kummandla weFickii. Sikwafumanise ukuba inani le-Anopheles fik lalinobudlelwane bemfuza namaziko amabini aphambili e-Anopheles empuma ye-Ethiopia, iJig Jiga kunye neDire Dawa, kwaye lalinxulumene kakhulu neJig Jiga. Ke ngoko, ukuqinisa ulawulo lwe-vector kwezi ndawo kunokunceda ukuthintela ukuhlasela okungakumbi kweengcongconi ze-Anopheles eFike nakwezinye iindawo. Ukuqukumbela, olu phononongo lubonelela ngendlela ebanzi yokufunda ngokuqhambuka kwe-Anopheles kutshanje. I-Stephenson's stem borer iyandiswa kwiindawo ezintsha zejografi ukuze kuchongwe ubungakanani bokusasazeka kwayo, kuhlolwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwee-insecticides, kwaye kuchongwe amaqela anokuba yimvelaphi ukuthintela ukusasazeka okungakumbi.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-19-2025