Ukuhlasela kuka-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwesifo seengcongconi kulo mmandla. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda iprofayili yokumelana nezitshabalalisi kunye nesakhiwo sabemi be-Anopheles stephensi esandula kubhaqwa e-Fike, e-Ethiopia kubalulekile ukukhokela ulawulo lwezityalo ukuze kunqandwe ukusasazeka kolu hlobo lwesifo seengcongconi elizweni. Ukulandela uphononongo lwezinambuzane zika-Anopheles stephensi eFike, kwiNgingqi yaseSomali, e-Ethiopia, siye saqinisekisa ubukho be-Anopheles stephensi e-Fike kwinqanaba le-morphological and molecular. Iimpawu zeendawo ezihlala imibungu kunye nokuvavanywa kokuchaphazeleka kwesitshabalalisi zibonise ukuba i-A. fixini yayidla ngokufunyanwa kwizikhongozelo ezenziweyo kwaye yayinokumelana nezinambuzane ezininzi zabantu abadala ezivavanyiweyo (i-organophosphates, i-carbamates,iipyrethroids) ngaphandle kwe-pirimiphos-methyl kunye ne-PBO-pyrethroid. Nangona kunjalo, izigaba zemibungu engekavuthwa zazichaphazeleka kwi-temephos. Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lokuthelekisa i-genomic lwenziwa kunye neentlobo zangaphambili ze-Anopheles stephensi. Uhlalutyo lwabantu be-Anopheles stephensi e-Ethiopia kusetyenziswa i-1704 biallelic SNPs luveze unxibelelwano lwemfuzo phakathi kwe-A. fixais kunye ne-Anopheles stephensi yabantu kumbindi nakwimpuma ye-Ethiopia, ngakumbi i-A. jiggigas. Izinto esizifumeneyo kwiimpawu zokuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane kwakunye nomthombo onokubakho weAnopheles fixini zinokunceda ekuphuhliseni amacebo okulawula esi sifo semalariya kwimimandla yaseFike naseJigjiga ukunciphisa ukwanda kwayo ukusuka kule mimandla mibini ukuya kwezinye iindawo zelizwe nakwilizwekazi lonke lase-Afrika.
Ukuqonda indawo ezizalela kuyo iingcongconi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni amacebo okulawula iingcongconi afana nokusetyenziswa kwemibungu (temephos) kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo (ukupheliswa kweendawo zokuhlala zombungu). Ukongeza, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ucebisa ulawulo lwemibungu njengenye yezicwangciso-qhinga zokulawula ngokuthe ngqo i-Anopheles stephensi kwiindawo ezisezidolophini nakwimimandla ekufutshane nedolophu kwiindawo ezihlaselwe luhlaselo. 15 Ukuba umthombo wombungu awunakususwa okanye uncitshiswe (umzekelo amadama amanzi asekhaya okanye asezidolophini), ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kunokuqwalaselwa. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yokulawula i-vector iyabiza xa kunyanga iindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu zemibungu. 19 Ngoko ke, ukujolisa kwiindawo zokuhlala ezithile apho iingcongconi zabantu abadala zikhona ngamanani amakhulu yenye indlela engabizi kakhulu. 19 Ke ngoko, ukumisela ukuba sesichengeni kuka-Anopheles stephensi kwiSixeko saseFik kwizitshabalalisi ezifana ne-temephos kunokunceda ukwazisa izigqibo xa kusenziwa iindlela zokulawula iintsholongwane ezihlaselayo zemalariya kwiSixeko saseFik.
Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe-genomic lunokunceda ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezongezelelweyo zokulawula i-Anopheles stephensi esanda kufunyanwa. Ngokukodwa, ukuvavanywa kweyantlukwano yemfuza kunye nokwakheka kwabemi baka-Anopheles stephensi kwaye ubathelekise nabantu abasele bekho kulo mmandla kunokunika ulwazi ngembali yabo yabemi, iipatheni zokusasazeka, kunye nemithombo enokubakho yabemi.
Ngoko ke, emva konyaka sibhaqiwe okokuqala iAnopheles stephensi kwidolophu yaseFike, kummandla waseSomalia, e-Ethiopia, senza uphando ngezinambuzane ukuze sibone kuqala indawo ehlala imibungu iAnopheles stephensi saza safumanisa ukuba inobuzaza kusini na kwizibulali-zinambuzane, kuquka nesibulali-zinambuzane ekuthiwa yitemephos. Ukulandela ukuchongwa kwe-morphological, senze i-molecular biological verification kwaye sasebenzisa iindlela ze-genomic ukuhlalutya imbali yabemi kunye nesakhiwo sabemi be-Anopheles stephensi kwidolophu yaseFike. Sithelekise olu luhlu lwabemi kunye ne-Anopheles stephensi esele ifunyenwe kwimpuma ye-Ethiopia ukuze sibone ubungakanani bobukoloniyali bayo kwidolophu yaseFike. Siphinde savavanya ubudlelwane babo bemfuza kwaba bantu ukuchonga abantu abanokuba ngumthombo wabo kulo mmandla.
I-synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) yavavanywa ngokuchasene neepyrethroids ezimbini (deltamethrin kunye nepermethrin) ngokuchasene ne-Anopheles stephensi. Uvavanyo lwe-synergistic lwenziwa ngokubeka iingcongconi kwangaphambili kwi-4% yephepha le-PBO kwimizuzu engama-60. Iimiyane zaye zatshintshelwa kwiibhubhu eziqulethe i-pyrethroid ekujoliswe kuyo kwimizuzu ye-60 kwaye ukuxhatshazwa kwabo kunqunywe ngokwemigaqo yokufa kwe-WHO echazwe ngasentla24.
Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nemithombo enokubakho yabemi be-Fiq Anopheles stephensi yabemi, senze uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi sisebenzisa i-dataset ye-biallelic ye-SNP edityanisiweyo evela kulandelelwano lwe-Fiq (n = 20) kunye ne-Genbank ekhutshwe ulandelelwano lwe-Anopheles stephensi ukusuka kwiindawo ezili-10 ezahlukeneyo kwimpuma ye-Ethiopia (n = 183, Samake et al. 29). Sisebenzise i-EDENetworks41, evumela uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi olusekelwe kwiimatriki zomgama wemfuza ngaphandle kweengcinga eziphambili. Uthungelwano luquka iindawo ezimele abantu abadityaniswe ngamacandelwana/amakhonkco alinganiswe ngumgama wemfuza weReynolds (D)42 esekelwe kwi-Fst, enika amandla ekhonkco phakathi kwababini babantu41. Okukhona umphetho/ikhonkco lingqindilili, kokukhona bomelela unxulumano lwemfuza phakathi kwabantu ababini. Ngaphaya koko, ubungakanani bendawo ekudityanwa kuyo i-node bulungelelaniswa ne-cumulative weighted edge links yabantu bonke. Ngoko ke, i-node enkulu, iphezulu i-hub okanye indawo yokudibanisa yoqhagamshelwano. Ukubaluleka kwamanani eendawo zokuhlala kuhlolwe kusetyenziswa i-1000 yokuphindaphinda i-bootstrap. IiNodes ezivela kuluhlu oluphezulu lwe-5 kunye ne-1 yoluhlu oluphakathi kombindi (BC) amaxabiso (inani leendlela ezimfutshane zofuzo kwi-node) zinokuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokwezibalo43.
Sixela ubukho buka-An. stephensi ngamanani amakhulu ngexesha lemvula (ngoMeyi–Juni 2022) eFike, kwiNgingqi yaseSomalia, e-Ethiopia. Kwimibungu eyi-Anopheles engaphezu kwama-3 500 eyaqokelelwayo, yonke yakhuliswa yaza yachazwa ngokwendlela yokumila kwayo njengeAnopheles stephensi. Ukuchongwa kwemolekyuli yeqela elincinane lemibungu kunye nohlalutyo olongezelelweyo lwemolekyuli lukwaqinisekise ukuba isampulu ephononongwayo yeka-Anopheles stephensi. Zonke zichongiwe u-An. Iindawo zokuhlala zestethensi zombungu yayiziindawo zokwenziwa zokuzalela ezifana namachibi aneplastiki, iitanki zamanzi ezivaliweyo nezivulekileyo, kunye nemigqomo, ehambelanayo nezinye iAn. indawo yokuhlala imibungu yasestephensi echazwe kwimpuma ye-Ethiopia45. Inyaniso yokuba imibungu yomnye u-An. iintlobo stephensi zaqokelelwa icebisa ukuba An. I-stephensi inokusinda kwixesha elomileyo le-Fike15, elihluke ngokubanzi kwi-An. arabiensis, eyona ndawo iphambili yesifo seengcongconi e-Ethiopia46,47. Nangona kunjalo, eKenya, u-Anopheles stephensi… imibungu yafunyanwa kuzo zombini izikhongozeli zokwenziwa kunye neemekobume eziqukuqelayo48, iqaqambisa ukohluka okunokubakho kweendawo zokuhlala zale mibungu i-Anopheles stephensi, enefuthe kuphononongo lwentomological lwexesha elizayo lwesi sifo sihlaselayo semalariya e-Ethiopia nase-Afrika.
Uphononongo luchonge ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kweengcongconi ezisasaza isifo seengcongconi i-Anopheles e-Fickii, indawo ezihlala kuyo imibungu, imeko yokuxhathisa imichiza yabantu abadala nemibungu, iyantlukwano yemfuza, ubume boluntu kunye nemithombo enokubakho yabemi. Iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba inani labantu base-Anopheles fickii liye lachanabeka kwi-pirimiphos-methyl, PBO-pyrethrin kunye ne-temetafos. B1 Ke, ezi zinambuzane zinokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwizicwangciso zokulawula le vector yemalariya ehlaselayo kwingingqi yeFickii. Kwakhona siye safumanisa ukuba abantu baseAnopheles fik babenolwalamano lwemfuza namaziko amabini aphambili e-Anopheles asempuma Ethiopia, iJig Jiga neDire Dawa, yaye yayihlobene kakhulu neJig Jiga. Ngoko ke, ukomeleza ulawulo lwezityalo kwezi ndawo kusenokunceda ukuthintela uhlaselo olungakumbi lweengcongconi ze-Anopheles kwiFike nakwezinye iindawo. Ukuqukumbela, olu phononongo lubonelela ngendlela ebanzi kuphononongo lokuqhambuka kweAnopheles yakutsha nje. I-stem borer kaStephenson iyandiswa kwiindawo ezintsha zejografi ukujonga ubungakanani bokusasazeka kwayo, ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwezibulali zinambuzane, kunye nokuchonga abantu abanokuba ngumthombo ukunqanda ukusasazeka.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-19-2025