I-Malaria isengunobangela omkhulu wokufa nokugula e-Afrika, kwaye umthwalo omkhulu kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala. Ezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuthintela esi sifo ziiarhente zokulawula izinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ezijolise kwiingcongconi ezindala ze-Anopheles. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezi ndlela zokungenelela, ukumelana neendidi zezinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku kusasazeka kulo lonke elase-Afrika. Ukuqonda iindlela ezisisiseko ezikhokelela kule phenotype kubalulekile ukulandelela ukusasazeka kokuxhathisa kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo ezintsha zokuyoyisa.
Kolu phononongo, sithelekise ukwakheka kwe-microbiome ye-Anopheles gambiae engangeni zinambuzane, i-Anopheles cruzi, kunye ne-Anopheles arabiensis evela eBurkina Faso kunye ne-athomu ebuthathaka kwi-insecticide, nayo evela e-Ethiopia.
Asifumananga mahluko kwi-microbiota phakathi kwe-antiseptic kunye ne-isibulali-zinambuzane-abemi abasengozini eBurkina Faso. Esi siphumo siqinisekiswe zizifundo zelebhu zamakoloni avela kumazwe amabini aseBurkina Faso. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwi-Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes ezivela e-Ethiopia, umahluko ocacileyo kwi-microbiota composition wabonwa phakathi kwezo zafayo nezo zasinda ekuvezweni yi-insecticide. Ukuze siqhubeke nokuphanda ukumelana kwale Anopheles arabiensis population, senze i-RNA sequencing saza safumana ukubonakaliswa okwahlukileyo kwe-detoxification genes enxulumene nokuxhathisa i-insecticide, kunye notshintsho kwi-respiratory, metabolic, kunye ne-synaptic ion channels.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba kwezinye iimeko i-microbiota inokuba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kokuxhathisa izinambuzane, ukongeza kutshintsho lwe-transcriptome.
Nangona ukumelana kudla ngokuchazwa njengecandelo lemfuza le-Anopheles vector, izifundo zakutshanje zibonise ukuba i-microbiome iyatshintsha xa isabela ekuchaphazelweni yi-insecticide, nto leyo ebonisa indima yezi zinto ziphilayo ekuchaseni. Enyanisweni, izifundo ze-Anopheles gambiae mosquito vectors eMzantsi naseMbindini Melika zibonise utshintsho olukhulu kwi-epidermal microbiome emva kokuvezwa kwi-pyrethroids, kunye notshintsho kwi-microbiome iyonke emva kokuvezwa kwi-organophosphates. E-Afrika, ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kuye kwanxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwindlela ekwakhiwe ngayo i-microbiota eCameroon, eKenya, naseCôte d'Ivoire, ngelixa i-Anopheles gambiae ehlengahlengiswe kwilabhoratri ibonise utshintsho kwi-microbiota yayo emva kokukhethwa kokuchasana ne-pyrethroid. Ngaphezu koko, unyango lovavanyo olusebenzisa ii-antibiotics kunye nokongezwa kweebhaktheriya ezaziwayo kwi-Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes ezikwi-laboratory zibonise ukunyamezelana okukhulu kwi-pyrethroids. Zizonke, ezi datha zibonisa ukuba ukumelana ne-insecticide kunokunxulunyaniswa ne-mosquito microbiome kwaye olu candelo lokuchasana ne-insecticide lunokusetyenziswa ukulawula i-vector yesifo.
Kolu phononongo, sisebenzise i-16S sequencing ukufumanisa ukuba i-microbiota yeengcongconi eziqokelelwe kwilabhoratri kunye neziqokelelwe emasimini eNtshona naseMpuma Afrika zahlukile na phakathi kwezo zasindayo kunye nezo zafa emva kokuchaphazeleka yi-pyrethroid deltamethrin. Kwimeko yokuchasana neezinambuzane, ukuthelekisa ii-microbiota ezivela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseAfrika kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba okuchasana kunokunceda ukuqonda impembelelo yengingqi kuluntu lweentsholongwane. Iikholoni zelabhoratri zazivela eBurkina Faso kwaye zikhuliswe kwiilabhoratri ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zaseYurophu (i-An. coluzzii eJamani kunye ne-An. arabiensis e-United Kingdom), iingcongconi ezivela eBurkina Faso zazimele zonke iintlobo ezintathu ze-An. gambiae species complex, kwaye iingcongconi ezivela e-Ethiopia zazimele i-An. arabiensis. Apha, sibonisa ukuba i-Anopheles arabiensis evela e-Ethiopia yayineempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-microbiota kwiingcongconi eziphilayo nezifileyo, ngelixa i-Anopheles arabiensis evela eBurkina Faso kunye neelabhoratri ezimbini zazingenazo. Injongo yolu phononongo kukuphanda ngakumbi ukuchasana neezinambuzane. Senze ukulandelelana kwe-RNA kwiintlobo ze-Anopheles arabiensis saza safumanisa ukuba ii-genes ezinxulumene nokuchasana nezinambuzane zanda, ngelixa ii-genes ezinxulumene nokuphefumla zatshintshwa ngokubanzi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezi datha kunye neqela lesibini elivela e-Ethiopia kuchongwe ii-genes eziphambili zokukhupha ityhefu emzimbeni kulo mmandla. Ukuthelekiswa ngakumbi ne-Anopheles arabiensis evela eBurkina Faso kutyhile umahluko omkhulu kwiiprofayili ze-transcriptome, kodwa kusachongwe ii-genes ezine eziphambili zokukhupha ityhefu emzimbeni ezazisetyenziswa kakhulu kulo lonke elase-Afrika.
Iingcongconi eziphilayo nezifileyo zeentlobo ngeentlobo ezivela kummandla ngamnye zalandelelaniswa kusetyenziswa ulandelelwano lwe-16S kwaye kwabalwa ubukho bezinto ezininzi. Akukho mahluko kumahluko we-alpha owabonwayo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba akukho mahluko kubutyebi beyunithi yokusebenza ye-taxonomic (OTU); nangona kunjalo, umahluko we-beta wahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, kwaye amagama okusebenzisana kwelizwe kunye nesimo se-live/dead (PANOVA = 0.001 kunye no-0.008, ngokulandelelana) abonise ukuba umahluko ukhona phakathi kwezi zinto. Akukho mahluko kumahluko we-beta owabonwayo phakathi kwamazwe, nto leyo ebonisa umahluko ofanayo phakathi kwamaqela. Iploti yokukala ye-Bray-Curtis multivariate (Umfanekiso 2A) ubonise ukuba iisampulu zahlulwe kakhulu ngokwendawo, kodwa kukho ezinye izinto eziphawulekayo. Iisampulu ezininzi ezivela kuluntu lwe-An. arabiensis kunye nesampulu enye evela kuluntu lwe-An. coluzzii zahlulwe nesampulu evela eBurkina Faso, ngelixa isampulu enye evela kwiisampulu ze-An. arabiensis ezivela eBurkina Faso zahlulwe nesampulu yoluntu lwe-An. arabiensis, nto leyo enokubonisa ukuba i-microbiota yokuqala yayigcinwe ngokungacwangciswanga kwizizukulwana ezininzi nakwiindawo ezininzi. Iisampulu zaseBurkina Faso azizange zahlulwe ngokucacileyo ngokweentlobo; Olu kungabikho kokwahlulwahlulwa kwakulindelekile kuba abantu babehlanganiswa emva koko nangona bevela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeengqaka. Enyanisweni, izifundo zibonise ukuba ukwabelana ngendawo yendalo ngexesha lesigaba sasemanzini kunokuphembelela kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-microbiota [50]. Okunomdla kukuba, nangona iisampulu zeengcongconi zaseBurkina Faso kunye noluntu alubonisanga mahluko ekusindeni okanye ekufeni kweengcongconi emva kokuvezwa kwizinambuzane, iisampulu zase-Ethiopia zahlulwe ngokucacileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukwakheka kwe-microbiota kwezi sampuli ze-Anopheles kunxulunyaniswa nokuchasana nezinambuzane. Iisampulu zaqokelelwa kwindawo enye, nto leyo enokuchaza unxulumano oluqinileyo.
Ukuchasana nezibulali-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid yinto entsonkothileyo, kwaye nangona utshintsho kwi-metabolism kunye neethagethi zifundwa kakuhle, utshintsho kwi-microbiota luqala ukuphononongwa. Kolu phononongo, sibonisa ukuba utshintsho kwi-microbiota lunokuba lubaluleke ngakumbi kumaqela athile abantu; sichaza ngakumbi ukuchasana nezibulali-zinambuzane kwi-Anopheles arabiensis evela eBahir Dar kwaye sibonisa utshintsho kwiingxelo ezaziwayo ezinxulumene nokuchasana, kunye notshintsho olubalulekileyo kwizakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nokuphefumla ezazibonakala nakwisifundo sangaphambili se-RNA seqela le-Anopheles arabiensis elivela e-Ethiopia. Zizonke, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuchasana nezibulali-zinambuzane kwezi ngcongconi kunokuxhomekeka kudibaniso lwezinto zezakhi zofuzo kunye nezingezizo zezakhi zofuzo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ubudlelwane bokubambisana neebhaktheriya zemveli bunokongeza ukuwohloka kwezibulali-zinambuzane kumaqela anamanqanaba aphantsi okuchasana.
Izifundo zamva nje zidibanise ukuphefumla okwandileyo nokuxhathisa izinambuzane, ngokuhambelana namagama e-ontology atyebileyo kwi-Bahir Dar RNAseq kunye nedatha edibeneyo yase-Ethiopia efunyenwe apha; kwakhona icebisa ukuba ukuxhathisa kubangela ukuphefumla okwandisiweyo, nokuba yimbangela okanye isiphumo sale phenotype. Ukuba olu tshintsho lukhokelela kumahluko kwi-reactive oxygen kunye ne-nitrogen species potential, njengoko kucetyisiwe ngaphambili, oku kunokuchaphazela ubuchule be-vector kunye ne-microbial colonization ngokuxhathisa iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo kwi-ROS scavenging yi-long commensal bacteria.
Idatha evezwe apha inika ubungqina bokuba i-microbiota inokuphembelela ukunganyangeki kwezinambuzane kwiindawo ezithile. Sikwabonise ukuba iingcongconi zase-An. arabiensis e-Ethiopia zibonisa utshintsho olufanayo lwe-transcriptome olubangela ukunganyangeki kwezinambuzane; nangona kunjalo, inani lee-genes ezihambelana nezo zaseBurkina Faso lincinci. Kusekho isilumkiso esiliqela malunga nezigqibo ezifikelelwe apha nakwezinye izifundo. Okokuqala, ubudlelwane obubangela phakathi kokusinda kwe-pyrethroid kunye ne-microbiota kufuneka buboniswe kusetyenziswa izifundo ze-metabolomic okanye ukufakelwa kwe-microbiota. Ukongeza, ukuqinisekiswa kwabaviwa abaphambili kwiindawo ezininzi ezivela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kufuneka kuboniswe. Okokugqibela, ukudibanisa idatha ye-transcriptome kunye nedatha ye-microbiota ngezifundo ezijoliswe emva kokutsalwa kwezityalo kuya kubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokuba i-microbiota inefuthe ngqo kwi-transcriptome yengcongconi ngokubhekiselele ekunganyangeki kwe-pyrethroid. Nangona kunjalo, xa zizonke, idatha yethu icebisa ukuba ukunganyangeki kukwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, nto leyo egxininisa imfuneko yokuvavanya iimveliso ezintsha ze-insecticide kwimimandla emininzi.
Ixesha leposi: Matshi-24-2025