Isifo seengcongconi sisengoyena nobangela uphambili wokusweleka nokugula e-Afrika, nowona mthwalo mkhulu kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala. Ezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuthintela esi sifo ziintsholongwane ezibulala iingcongconi ezikhulileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Anopheles. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kolu ngenelelo, ukuxhathisa kwezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zokubulala izinambuzane ngoku kuxhaphakile kwiAfrika iphela. Ukuqonda iindlela ezisisiseko ezikhokelela kule phenotype kubalulekile kokubili ukulandelela ukusasazeka kokuchasana kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo ezitsha zokuyinqoba.
Kolu phononongo, sithelekise ukwakhiwa kwemicrobiome ye-Anopheles gambiae enganyangekiyo kwisibulali-zinambuzane, i-Anopheles cruzi, kunye ne-Anopheles arabiensis yabemi baseBurkina Faso nabantu abangavani namayeza okubulala izinambuzane, nawo avela e-Ethiopia.
Asifumananga mahluko ekubunjweni kwe-microbiota phakathi kwe-insecticide-resistant kunyeisibulali zinambuzane-abemi abasesichengeni eBurkina Faso. Esi siphumo saqinisekiswa zizifundo zaselabhoratri zamakholoni ezivela kumazwe amabini aseBurkina Faso. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwiingcongconi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Anopheles arabiensis zase-Ethiopia, kwabonwa umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwezo zifileyo nezo zisindayo ekutshatyalalisweni zizibulali-zinambuzane. Ukuphanda ngakumbi ukuxhathisa kwaba bantu be-Anopheles arabiensis, senze ulandelelwano lwe-RNA saza safumana ukubonakaliswa okwahlukileyo kwimizila yemfuza yokukhupha ityhefu enxulumene nokuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane, kunye notshintsho kwimijelo yokuphefumla, ye-metabolic, ne-synaptic ion.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba kwezinye iimeko i-microbiota inokufaka isandla ekuphuhliseni ukuxhathisa i-insecticide, ngaphezu kweenguqu ze-transcriptome.
Nangona ukuxhathisa kudla ngokuchazwa njengenxalenye yemfuza ye-Anopheles vector, uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba i-microbiome iyatshintsha ekuphenduleni kokuvezwa kwezibulali zinambuzane, okucebisa indima yezi ntsholongwane ekuxhathiseni. Ngenene, uphononongo lwezityalo zeengcongconi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Anopheles gambiae kuMzantsi nakuMbindi Merika lubonise utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwi-epidermal microbiome emva kokuvelelwa kwipyrethroids, kunye notshintsho kwi-microbiome iyonke emva kokuchanabeka kwi-organophosphates. E-Afrika, ukuxhathisa kwe-pyrethroid kuye kwanxulunyaniswa notshintsho ekubunjweni kwe-microbiota eCameroon, eKenya, naseCôte d'Ivoire, ngelixa i-Anopheles gambiae eguqulelwe kwilabhoratri ibonise utshintsho kwi-microbiota yabo emva kokukhethwa kwe-pyrethroids. Ngaphezu koko, unyango oluvavanywayo ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane nokongezwa kweentsholongwane ezaziwayo kwiingcongconi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Anopheles arabiensis eselabhorethri kubonise ukunyamezela okukhulu kwi-pyrethroids . Ngokudibeneyo, ezi nkcukacha zibonisa ukuba ukuxhathisa kwezinambuzane kunokudibaniswa ne-mosquito microbiome kwaye lo mba wokuxhathisa izinambuzane unokusetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo zezifo.
Kolu phononongo, sasebenzisa ulandelelwano lwe-16S ukufumanisa ukuba i-microbiota ye-laboratory-colonized and field-collected mosquitoes eNtshona naseMpuma Afrika yahluke phakathi kwezo zisindileyo kunye nezo zafa emva kokuvezwa kwi-deltamethrin ye-pyrethroid. Kwimeko yokumelana ne-insecticide, ukuthelekisa i-microbiota evela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yase-Afrika kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba okumelana kunokunceda ukuqonda iimpembelelo zengingqi kwiindawo ezincinci ze-microbial. Iikholoni zeLebhu zazisuka eBurkina Faso kwaye zakhuliswa kwiilabhoratri ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zaseYurophu (An. coluzzii eJamani kunye neAn. arabiensis eUnited Kingdom), iingcongconi ezivela eBurkina Faso zazimele zontathu iintlobo zeAn. iintlobo ze-gambiae eziyinkimbinkimbi, kunye neengcongconi ezivela e-Ethiopia zimele i-An. arabiensis. Apha, sibonisa ukuba u-Anopheles arabiensis wase-Ethiopia wayene-microbiota signatures ezahlukeneyo kwiingcongconi eziphilayo nezifileyo, ngelixa u-Anopheles arabiensis wase-Burkina Faso kunye neelabhoratri ezimbini azizange. Injongo yolu phononongo kukuphanda ngakumbi ukuxhathisa amayeza ezinambuzane. Senze ulandelelwano lwe-RNA kubantu be-Anopheles arabiensis saza safumanisa ukuba imizila yemfuza enxulumene nokunganyangeki kwezibulali zinambuzane yayilawulwa, ngoxa imizila yemfuza enxulumene nokuphefumla yayitshintshwa ngokubanzi. Ukudityaniswa kwezi datha kunye nabemi besibini abavela e-Ethiopia bachonge izakhi zofuzo eziphambili zokukhutshwa kwingingqi. Uthelekiso olongezelelweyo no-Anopheles arabiensis wase-Burkina Faso lubonise umahluko obonakalayo kwiiprofayili ze-transcriptome, kodwa kuchongwe iintlobo ezine ezingundoqo zokukhupha ubutyhefu ebezixhaswe ngokugqithisileyo kwi-Afrika iphela.
Iingcongconi eziphilayo nezifileyo zohlobo ngalunye ukusuka kummandla ngamnye zaye zalandelelaniswa kusetyenziswa ulandelelwano lwe-16S kunye nobuninzi obunxulumeneyo babalwa. Akukho mahluko kwiyantlukwano ye-alpha ebonwe, ebonisa ukuba akukho mahluko kubutyebi beyunithi yokusebenza yetaxonomic (OTU); nangona kunjalo, iyantlukwano ye-beta yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, kunye nemigaqo yokusebenzisana yelizwe kunye nesimo sokuphila / sokufa (i-PANOVA = 0.001 kunye ne-0.008, ngokulandelanayo) ibonise ukuba ukuhlukahluka kwakukho phakathi kwezi zinto. Akukho mahluko kumahluko we-beta owabonwayo phakathi kwamazwe, ebonisa iyantlukwano efanayo phakathi kwamaqela. I-Bray-Curtis multivariate scaling plot (Figure 2A) ibonise ukuba iisampulu zahlulwe kakhulu ngendawo, kodwa kukho izinto eziphawulekayo. Iisampulu ezininzi kwi-An. arabiensis uluntu kunye nesampulu enye evela An. Uluntu lwase-coluzzii lugqitywe ngesampulu evela eBurkina Faso, ngelixa isampuli enye evela kwi-An. iisampulu ze-arabiensis ezivela eBurkina Faso zigqitywe ngeAn. isampuli yoluntu ye-arabiensis, enokuthi ibonise ukuba i-microbiota yasekuqaleni yayigcinwe ngokungenamkhethe kwizizukulwana ezininzi nakwimimandla emininzi. Iisampulu zaseBurkina Faso azizange zohlulwe ngokucacileyo ngeentlobo; oku kunqongophala kocalucalulo bekulindelekile kuba abantu baye badityaniswa emva koko besuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zombungu. Enyanisweni, uphando lubonise ukuba ukwabelana nge-ecological niche ngexesha lesigaba sasemanzini kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukubunjwa kwe-microbiota [50]. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngelixa iisampulu zeengcongconi zaseBurkina Faso kunye noluntu lubonisa ukuba akukho mahluko ekusindeni kweengcongconi okanye ekufeni emva kokuvezwa kwezinambuzane, iisampulu zaseTopiya zahlulwa ngokucacileyo, zibonisa ukuba ukubunjwa kwe-microbiota kwezi sampuli ze-Anopheles kuhambelana nokuxhathisa izinambuzane. Iisampulu ziqokelelwe kwindawo enye, enokuthi ichaze umbutho owomeleleyo.
Ukumelana ne-pyrethroid insecticide yi-phenotype eyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye ngelixa utshintsho kwi-metabolism kunye neethagethi zifundwa kakuhle, utshintsho kwi-microbiota luqala ukuphononongwa. Kule sifundo, sibonisa ukuba utshintsho kwi-microbiota lunokubaluleka ngakumbi kubantu abathile; Sibonisa ngakumbi ukuxhathisa amayeza ezinambuzane kwi-Anopheles arabiensis esuka e-Bahir Dar kwaye sibonise utshintsho kwimibhalo eyaziwayo ehambelana nokuxhathisa, kunye notshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiijenethi ezinxulumene nokuphefumla eziye zabonakala kuphononongo lwangaphambili lwe-RNA-seq lwe-Anopheles arabiensis yabemi base-Ethiopia. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane kwezi ngcongconi kunokuxhomekeka kwindibaniselwano yemfuza kunye nezinto ezingezizo ezemfuza, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ubudlelwane be-symbiotic kunye neebhaktiriya zemveli bunokuncedisa ukuthotywa kwezibulali zinambuzane kubantu abanamanqanaba asezantsi okuxhathisa.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje ludibanise ukuphefumula okwandisiweyo ukuchasana nezinambuzane, ngokuhambelana nemigaqo ye-ontology etyetyisiweyo eBahir Dar RNAseq kunye nedatha edibeneyo yaseTopiya efunyenwe apha; kwakhona ecebisa ukuba ukuxhathisa kubangela ukunyuka kokuphefumla, mhlawumbi njengesizathu okanye isiphumo sale phenotype. Ukuba olu tshintsho lukhokelela kumahluko kwi-oksijini esebenzayo kunye neentlobo ze-nitrogen, njengoko bekucetyisiwe ngaphambili, oku kunokuchaphazela ubuchule be-vector kunye ne-microbial colonization ngokusebenzisa ukuchasana kwebhaktheriya kwi-ROS yokuhlanjululwa yi-bacteria ye-commensal yexesha elide.
Idatha echazwe apha inika ubungqina bokuba i-microbiota inokuchaphazela ukuxhathisa i-insecticide kwiindawo ezithile. Siye sabonisa ukuba u-An. Iingcongconi ze-arabiensis e-Ethiopia zibonisa iinguqulelo ezifanayo ze-transcriptome ezinikezela ukuxhathisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane; nangona kunjalo, inani lemizila yemfuza ehambelana naleyo yaseBurkina Faso lincinci. Kushiyeke iingcinga ezininzi malunga nezigqibo ekufikelelwe kuzo apha nakwezinye izifundo. Okokuqala, ubudlelwane be-causal phakathi kokusinda kwe-pyrethroid kunye ne-microbiota kufuneka kuboniswe kusetyenziswa izifundo ze-metabolomic okanye i-microbiota transplantation. Ukongeza, ukuqinisekiswa kwabaviwa abaphambili kuluntu oluninzi oluvela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kufuneka kuboniswe. Ekugqibeleni, ukudibanisa idatha ye-transcriptome kunye nedatha ye-microbiota ngezifundo ezijoliswe kuzo emva kokutshintshwa kuya kunika ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokuba i-microbiota ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-mosquito transcriptome ngokubhekiselele kwi-pyrethroid resistance. Nangona kunjalo, kuthathwe kunye, idatha yethu icebisa ukuba ukuxhathisa kukokwasekhaya kunye nokwamazwe ngamazwe, kugxininisa imfuneko yokuvavanya iimveliso ezintsha zokubulala inambuzane kwimimandla emininzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-24-2025