I-Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) yenye yezona njongo ziphambili zophuhliso lweentlobo ezintsha ze-herbicide, ebangela inani elikhulu lemarike. Ngenxa yokuba le herbicide isebenza kakhulu kwi-chlorophyll kwaye inetyhefu encinci kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo, le herbicide ineempawu zokusebenza kakuhle, ityhefu ephantsi kunye nokhuseleko.
Izilwanyana, izityalo, iibhaktheriya kunye neefungi zonke ziqulathe i-protoporphyrinogen oxidase, ekhuthaza i-protoporphyrinogen IX ukuya kwi-protoporphyrin IX phantsi kwemo ye-oxygen yemolekyuli, i-protoporphyrinogen oxidase yi-enzyme yokugqibela eqhelekileyo kwi-tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, ikakhulu idibanisa i-ferrous heme kunye ne-chlorophyll. Kwizityalo, i-protoporphyrinogen oxidase inee-isoenzymes ezimbini, ezikwi-mitochondria kunye ne-chloroplasts ngokwahlukeneyo. I-Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors zii-contact herbicides ezinamandla, ezinokufezekisa injongo yokulawula ukhula ikakhulu ngokuthintela ukwenziwa kwee-pigment zezityalo, kwaye zibe nexesha elifutshane eliseleyo emhlabeni, elingelona yingozi kwizityalo ezizayo. Iindidi ezintsha zale herbicides zineempawu zokukhetha, ukusebenza okuphezulu, ubuthi obuphantsi kwaye azilula ukuziqokelela kwindawo engqongileyo.
Izithinteli ze-PPO zeentlobo eziphambili ze-herbicide
1. Izibulali-zinambuzane zeDiphenyl ether
Ezinye iintlobo zePPO zamva nje
3.1 Igama le-ISO elithi saflufenacil elifunyenwe ngo-2007 – BASF, ilungelo lomenzi wechiza liphelelwe lixesha ngo-2021.
Ngowama-2009, i-benzochlor yabhaliswa okokuqala eMelika yaza yathengiswa ngo-2010. I-Benzochlor okwangoku ibhalisiwe eMelika, eKhanada, eTshayina, eNicaragua, eChile, eArgentina, eBrazil naseOstreliya. Okwangoku, amashishini amaninzi eTshayina akwinkqubo yokubhalisa.
3.2 Ndifumene igama le-ISO elithi tiafenacil ngo-2013 kwaye ilungelo lomenzi liphelelwa ngu-2029.
Ngowama-2018, i-flursulfuryl ester yaqalwa ukuveliswa eMzantsi Korea; ngowama-2019, yaqaliswa eSri Lanka, nto leyo eyavula uhambo lokuthengisa imveliso kwiimarike zaphesheya. Okwangoku, i-flursulfuryl ester ibhalisiwe e-Australia, e-United States, eKhanada, eBrazil nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye ibhalisiwe ngokukhutheleyo kwezinye iimarike ezinkulu.
3.3 Igama le-ISO elithi trifludimoxazin (trifluoxazin) lafunyanwa ngo-2014 kwaye ilungelo lomenzi liphelelwa ngu-2030.
Ngomhla wama-28 kuCanzibe ngo-2020, iyeza lokuqala le-trifluoxazine labhaliswa e-Australia okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni, kwaye inkqubo yokuthengisa i-trifluoxazine kwihlabathi liphela yaphucuka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngomhla woku-1 kuJulayi kunyaka ofanayo, imveliso ye-BASF edityanisiweyo (125.0g /L tricfluoxazine + 250.0g /L benzosulfuramide suspension) nayo yavunywa ukuba ibhaliswe e-Australia.
3.4 Igama le-ISO i-cyclopyranil efunyenwe ngo-2017 - ilungelo lomenzi liphelelwa ngu-2034.
Inkampani yaseJapan ifake isicelo selungelo lomenzi laseYurophu (EP3031806) kwikhompawundi eqhelekileyo, kuquka nekhompawundi ye-cyclopyranil, yaza yangenisa isicelo se-PCT, ushicilelo lwamazwe ngamazwe uNombolo WO2015020156A1, olunemihla yesi-7 ka-Agasti 2014. Eli lungelo lomenzi ligunyazisiwe eTshayina, eOstreliya, eBrazil, e-Itali, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, eRashiya, nase-United States.
I-3.5 epyrifenacil inikwe igama le-ISO ngo-2020
I-Epyrifenacil broad spectrum, iyasebenza ngokukhawuleza, isetyenziswa kakhulu kumbona, ingqolowa, irhasi, irayisi, i-sorghum, iimbotyi zesoya, umqhaphu, iswekile, i-peanut, i-sunflower, i-rape, iintyatyambo, izityalo zokuhombisa, imifuno, ukuthintela ukhula oluninzi olunamagqabi abanzi kunye nokhula lwengca, olufana ne-setae, ingca yeenkomo, ingca ye-barnyard, i-ryegrass, ingca yomsila njalo njalo.
I-ISO eyi-3.6 ebizwa ngokuba yi-flufenoximacil (Flufenoximacil) ngo-2022
I-Fluridine sisibulali-zinambuzane esithintela i-PPO esine-wide seentsholongwane, isantya sokusebenza ngokukhawuleza, sisebenza ngosuku olunye lokusetyenziswa, kwaye sinokuguquguquka okuhle kwizityalo ezilandelayo. Ukongeza, i-fluridine ikwanomsebenzi ophezulu kakhulu, inciphisa inani lezithako ezisebenzayo ze-insecticidal herbicides ukuya kwinqanaba legram, elinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.
Ngo-Epreli 2022, i-fluridine yabhaliswa eCambodia, okukuqala ukubhengezwa kwayo kwihlabathi liphela. Imveliso yokuqala equlethe esi sithako siphambili iza kubhengezwa eTshayina phantsi kwegama lorhwebo elithi "Fast as the wind".
Ixesha leposi: Matshi-26-2024