ILambda-cyhalothrin, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cyhalothrin kunye ne-kungfu cyhalothrin, yaphuhliswa ngempumelelo liqela le-AR Jutsum ngo-1984. Indlela esebenza ngayo kukutshintsha ukuvuleka kwe-membrane ye-nerve yezinambuzane, ukuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwe-axon ye-nerve yezinambuzane, ukutshabalalisa umsebenzi we-neuron ngokusebenzisana nomjelo we-ion ye-sodium, ukwenza isinambuzane esinetyhefu sivuse kakhulu, singasebenzi kakuhle size sife, kwaye sinokuyiwisa ngokukhawuleza i-nambuzane. I-Lambda-cyhalothrin ineempawu zokubulala izinambuzane ezibanzi, isebenza kakhulu kwaye isebenza ixesha elide, kwaye ifanelekile ukulawula izinambuzane kwizityalo ezifana nengqolowa, umbona, imithi yeziqhamo, umqhaphu, imifuno ebethelwa emnqamlezweni, njl.njl.
1 Imeko esisiseko
高效氯氟氰菊酯Igama lesiNgesi: iLambda-cyhalothrin; Ifomula yemolekyuli: C23H19ClF3NO3; Iqondo lokubila: 187～190℃/0.2 mmHg; Inombolo yeCAS: 91465-08-633.
Ulwakhiwo lwemveliso luboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.
Umfanekiso 1 Ifomyula yolwakhiwo lwe-beta-cyhalothrin
2 Iithagethi zobungozi kunye nolawulo
I-Beta-cyhalothrin inemiphumo yokubulala ngokudibanayo kunye nokutyhefa isisu, kwaye ikwanayo nemiphumo ethile yokuphepha kwaye ayinayo imiphumo yomzimba. Inempembelelo entle yokulawula izinambuzane ezitya i-mouthpart ezifana nee-Lepidoptera larvae kunye nezinye ii-Coleoptera beetles, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ezitya i-mouthpart ezihlabayo ezifana ne-pear psyllium. Izinto eziphambili zokulawula i-beta-cyhalothrin zii-midges, ii-armyworms, ii-corn borers, ii-beet armyworms, ii-heartworms, ii-leaf rollers, ii-armyworms, ii-swallowtail butterflies, ii-fruit armyworms, ii-cotton bollworms, ii-red bollworms, ii-cabbage caterpillars, njl. Kwizityalo zengca, ingca kunye nezityalo ezomileyo, inokuthintela kwaye ilawule i-grass borer, njl. Sebenzisa amaxesha onyaka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi: eTshayina, ikakhulu ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya ku-Agasti; eMzantsi/eMntla Melika, ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya kuMeyi kunye noSeptemba ukuya kuDisemba; eMzantsi-mpuma Asia, ukususela ngoDisemba ukuya kuMeyi; eYurophu, ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya kuMeyi kunye noSeptemba ukuya kuDisemba inyanga.
3 Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwezinto kunye nezinto eziphambili eziphakathi
(1) Ukwenziwa kwe-trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid chloride
I-Trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid (i-Kung fu acid) iphendula kunye ne-thionyl chloride, inyibilike kwaye ilungise ukuze ifumane i-trifluorochlorochrysanthemic acid chloride.
(2) Ukwenziwa kweoyile eluhlaza ye-chlorofluorocyanide
I-chlorofluroyl chloride, i-m-phenoxybenzaldehyde (i-ether aldehyde) kunye ne-sodium cyanide zenziwa ukuze zenze i-chlorofluorocyanide crude oil phantsi kwesenzo se-catalyst.
(3) Ukwenziwa kwe-beta-cyhalothrin
Phantsi kwesenzo se-organic amines, i-crude chlorofluorocyanide ifakwa kwi-epimerization ukuze ivelise i-beta-cyhalothrin.
4 Imeko yemarike yasekhaya
Ngokutsho kombuzo we-China Pesticide Information Network, ukusukela nge-20 kaMeyi 2022, inani lobhaliso lobuchwephesha be-alpha-cyhalothrin belingama-45, kwaye umxholo obhalisiweyo ubungama-81%, 95%, 97%, 96%, kunye nama-98%. Phakathi kwabo, ubhaliso olune-95%, 96%, kunye ne-98% lomxholo lubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngokutsho kombuzo we-China Pesticide Information Network, ukususela nge-20 kaMeyi 2022. Idatha yobhaliso lwasekhaya lwamalungiselelo e-beta-cyhalothrin ibonisa ukuba kukho imixube yedosi enye, apho i-621 idosi enye kwaye i-216 idityanisiwe. Idosi enye: 621 ebhalisiweyo, amalungiselelo aphambili yi-2.5%, 2.7%, 5%, 25g/L microemulsion, 5%, 10%, 25g/L, 2.5% water emulsion, 5%, 2.5%, 25% g/L, 50 g/L EC, 25%, 10%, 2.5% WP, 2.5%, 10%, 25 g/L microcapsule suspension, njl. Imixube edibeneyo: 216 ebhalisiweyo, ikakhulu nge-Acitretin, Acitrate, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Phoxim, Triazophos, Dextromethrin, Pymetrozine kunye nezinye iimveliso ezidityanisiweyo. Iifom eziphambili zedosi zezi: 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 22%, 44% i-emulsion yamanzi, 16%, 20%, 25%, 26% EC, 15%, 22%, 30% i-anxisting agent, 2%, 5%, 10%, 12%, 30% i-microemulsion, 2%, 4% iigranules, 4.5%, 22%, 24%, 30% umgubo omanzi, njl.
5 Imeko yemarike yaphesheya
5.1 Ukubhaliswa kwamalungiselelo aphesheya kolwandle
Iidosi eziphambili ezibhalisiweyo yi-25 g/L, 50 g/L, 2.5% EC, 2.5%, 10% WP.
Iingxube eziphambili zezi: i-beta-cyhalothrin 9.4% + i-thiamethoxam 12.6% ye-microcapsule suspension, i-beta-cyhalothrin 1.7% + i-abamectin 0.3% EC, i-thiamethoxam 14.1% + i-chlorofluorocarbon esebenza kakuhle kakhulu i-Cypermethrin 10.6% ye-suspension agent, i-Acetamiprid 2% + i-Beta-cyhalothrin 1.5% EC.
5.2 Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yiTshayina
Ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2019, iinkampani ezingama-582 zizonke zithumele iimveliso zobugcisa nezokulungiselela ze-cyhalothrin ezisebenzayo kakhulu, kwaye umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe weenkampani ezilishumi eziphambili ube yi-45% yomthamo uwonke wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (ukuqokelelwa kweminyaka emi-5). Iinkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu zidweliswe kwiTheyibhile 2.
Umthamo oqhelekileyo wezinto zobugcisa ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-2,400 yeetoni ngonyaka, kwaye umthamo ophezulu wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-3,000 yeetoni ngonyaka. Umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe unyukile unyaka nonyaka ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2019. Umthamo ophakathi wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe wamalungiselelo abonakalayo yi-14,800 yeetoni ngonyaka, kwaye umthamo ophezulu wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yi-17,000 yeetoni (2017), kwaye emva koko umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe uzinzile; umthamo ophakathi wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe wamalungiselelo yi-460 yeetoni ngonyaka, kwaye owona uphezulu yi-515 yeetoni ngonyaka.
Ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2019, iimveliso zobugcisa nezokulungiselela ze-cyhalothrin zithunyelwe kwiimarike ezingama-77. Iimarike ezintlanu eziphambili yayiyi-United States, iBelgium, i-India, i-Argentina, kunye nePakistan. Iimarike ezintlanu eziphambili zazibandakanya i-57% yexabiso lilonke leemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseTshayina. (Iminyaka emi-5 iyonke).
Iindlela ezi-6 zamva nje zemarike
Ngokutsho kwemithombo yeendaba, nge-7 kaMeyi 2022, ngexesha lendawo, umzi-mveliso wenkampani yezolimo yaseIndiya iBharat Rasayan, evelisa kakhulu iimveliso zepyrethroid kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene noko, watsha emva kokuqhuma kwebhoyila.
I-India yenye yezona mveliso ziphambili zezibulali-zinambuzane ezingezizo ipatent ehlabathini, apho amandla okuvelisa izinto eziphambili zemveliso ye-pyrethroid, i-methyl betinate kunye ne-ether aldehyde, aphezulu kakhulu. Ngo-2021, iBharat Rasayan izakuthumela ngaphandle ngaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-6,000 zamayeza obuchwephesha, amalungiselelo kunye nezinto eziphakathi, apho ama-61% angamayeza obuchwephesha, ama-13% amalungiselelo kunye nama-26% aphakathi (ikakhulu ii-pyrethroid intermediates). Njenge-intermediate ebalulekileyo yokwenza izibulali-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid, i-ether aldehyde inesidingo sasekhaya esimalunga neetoni ezingama-6,000 ngonyaka, apho phantse isiqingatha sazo kufuneka sithengwe eIndiya.
Ekubeni imakethi yasekhaya ye-cyhalothrin isondela esiphelweni sayo, kwaye inkampani yaseIndiya ayiloshishini liphambili elivelisa izinto ezinxulumene ne-alpha-cyhalothrin ezifana ne-ether aldehydes, impembelelo kwimakethi yasekhaya incinci, kwaye kufuneka ingqalelo kakhulu kwimpahla ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kutshanje. Iingcaphuno.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-08-2022