Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezibulali-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxaki ezininzi, kuquka ukuvela kwezinto ezixhathisayo, ukuthotywa kwemekobume kunye nokwenzakala kwimpilo yabantu. Ke ngoko, i-microbial entshaizibulali zinambuzaneezikhuselekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo zifuneka ngokukhawuleza. Kule sifundo, i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant eveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubuthi kwi-mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) kunye ne-termite (Odontotermes obesus) izibungu. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba kukho izinga lokusweleka elixhomekeke kwidosi phakathi konyango. I-LC50 (i-50% yoxinaniso olubulalayo) ixabiso kwiiyure ze-48 ze-termite kunye ne-mosquito larval biosurfactants yamiselwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokulinganisa i-curve ye-nonlinear regression fitting. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ixabiso le-LC50 yeyure ye-48 (i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba) ye-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite umsebenzi we-biosurfactant yayingu-26.49 mg / L (uluhlu lwe-25.40 ukuya kwi-27.57) kunye ne-33.43 mg / L (uluhlu lwe-31.09 ukuya kwi-35.68) ngokulandelanayo. Ngokutsho kovavanyo lwe-histopathological, unyango nge-biosurfactants lubangele umonakalo omkhulu kwizicubu ze-organelle zombungu kunye neentubi. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba i-microbial biosurfactant eveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 sisixhobo esihle kakhulu kwaye sinokusebenza ngempumelelo kulawulo lweCx. quinquefasciatus kunye ne-O. obesus.
Amazwe aseTropiki afumana inani elikhulu lezifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi1. Ukufaneleka kwezifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi kuxhaphakile. Bangaphezu kwama-400,000 abantu ababulawa sisifo seengcongconi nyaka ngamnye, kwaye ezinye izixeko ezikhulu zithwaxwa ngubhubhani wezifo ezinzulu ezifana nedengue, yellow fever, chikungunya kunye neZika. iimeko ezibalulekileyo3,4. I-Culex, i-Anopheles kunye ne-Aedes zezona ntlobo zintathu zeengcongconi eziqhele ukunxulunyaniswa nosulelo lwezifo5. Ukuxhaphaka komkhuhlane wedengue, usulelo oludluliselwa yingcongconi ye-Aedes aegypti, iye yanda kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo kwaye ibeka ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yoluntu4,7,8. Ngokutsho koMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO), ngaphezu kwe-40% yabemi behlabathi basengozini ye-dengue fever, kunye ne-50-100 yezigidi zeemeko ezitsha ezenzeka ngonyaka kumazwe angaphezu kwe-1009,10,11. I-Dengue fever ibe yingxaki enkulu yezempilo yoluntu njengoko izehlo zayo zonyuke kwihlabathi12,13,14. I-Anopheles gambiae, eyaziwa njengeengcongconi zase-Afrika ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Anopheles mosquito, yeyona ngcongconi ibalulekileyo yesifo seengcongconi ebantwini kwiindawo ezikwiitropikhi nakwimimandla ekweleenjiko15. Intsholongwane ye-West Nile, i-encephalitis yaseSt. Ukongeza, nazo zingabathwali bezifo zebhaktheriya kunye ne-parasitic16. Kukho ngaphezu kwe-3,000 iintlobo zeentubi emhlabeni, kwaye sele zikho ngaphezu kwe-150 yezigidi zeminyaka17. Uninzi lwezinambuzane zihlala emhlabeni kwaye zondla ngemithi kunye neemveliso zokhuni ezineselulosi. Intubi yaseIndiya iOdontotermes obesus sisitshabalalisi esibalulekileyo esenza umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo ezibalulekileyo kunye nemithi yokutyala18. Kwiindawo zezolimo, uhlaselo lweentubi kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo lunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezoqoqosho kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo zemithi kunye nezixhobo zokwakha. Iintubi nazo zinokubangela iingxaki zempilo yabantu19.
Umba wokumelana ne-microorganisms kunye nezinambuzane kwiindawo zanamhlanje zamachiza kunye nezolimo ziyinkimbinkimbi20,21. Ke ngoko, zombini iinkampani kufuneka zijonge ii-antimicrobial ezintsha ezinexabiso eliphantsi kunye ne-biopesticides ekhuselekileyo. Amayeza okwenziwa amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi ayafumaneka ngoku kwaye abonakaliswe ukuba ayosulela kwaye agxotha izinambuzane eziluncedo ezingajoliswanga22. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando malunga nee-biosurfactants luye lwanda ngenxa yosetyenziso lwazo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. I-Biosurfactants iluncedo kakhulu kwaye ibalulekile kwezolimo, ukulungiswa komhlaba, ukutsalwa kwepetroleum, iibhaktheriya kunye nokususwa kwezinambuzane, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya23,24. I-Biosurfactants okanye i-microbial surfactants ziikhemikhali ze-biosurfactant eziveliswa yi-microorganisms ezifana neebhaktheriya, i-yeast kunye ne-fungi kwiindawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni kunye neendawo ezingcolileyo ze-oyile25,26. Ii-surfactants ezenziwe ngokwekhemikhali kunye nee-biosurfactants zimbini iindidi ezifumaneka ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo yendalo27. Ii-biosurfactants ezahlukeneyo zifunyanwa kwiindawo zokuhlala zaselwandle28,29. Ke ngoko, izazinzulu zikhangela itekhnoloji entsha yokuvelisa i-biosurfactants esekwe kwibhaktheriya yendalo30,31. Inkqubela phambili kolu phando ibonisa ukubaluleka kwezi khompawundi zebhayoloji kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo32. I-Bacillus, i-Pseudomonas, i-Rhodococcus, i-Alcaligenes, i-Corynebacterium kunye nale genera yebhaktheriya ngabameli abafunde kakuhle23,33.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-biosurfactants ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo34. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yale mixube kukuba ezinye zazo zine-antibacterial, larvicidal kunye nomsebenzi we-insecticidal. Oku kuthetha ukuba zinokusetyenziswa kushishino lwezolimo, lwekhemikhali, lwamayeza kunye nezokuthambisa35,36,37,38. Ngenxa yokuba ii-biosurfactants zidla ngokubola kwaye ziluncedo kokusingqongileyo, zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezihlangeneyo zolawulo lwezinambuzane ukukhusela izityalo39. Ngaloo ndlela, ulwazi olusisiseko lufunyenwe malunga nomsebenzi we-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite ye-microbial biosurfactants eveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Siye savavanya ukufa kunye notshintsho lwe-histological xa sibonakaliswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-rhamnolipid biosurfactants. Ukongeza, siye savavanya inkqubo yekhompyuter ye-Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) ukufumanisa ubutyhefu obubukhali kwi-microalgae, i-daphnia, kunye nentlanzi.
Kulo pho nonongo, umsebenzi we-antitermite (ubuthi) we-biosurfactants ehlambulukileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-30 ukuya kwi-50 mg / ml (ngexesha le-5 mg / ml) yavavanywa malunga ne-Indian termites, i-O. obesus kunye neentlobo zesine )Vavanya. Imibungu ye-instar Cx. Imibungu yeengcongconi i-quinquefasciatus. Ugxininiso lwe-Biosurfactant LC50 ngaphezu kweeyure ze-48 ngokuchasene ne-O. obesus kunye ne-Cx. C. solanacearum. Imibungu yeengcongconi ichongiwe kusetyenziswa indlela yokulinganisa igophe elingaguqukiyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukufa kweentubi kunyukile ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-biosurfactant. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-biosurfactant inomsebenzi we-larvicidal (Umfanekiso 1) kunye nomsebenzi wokulwa ne-termite (Umfanekiso 2), kunye ne-48-iyure ye-LC50 ixabiso (95% CI) ye-26.49 mg / L (25.40 ukuya kwi-27.57) kunye ne-33.43 mg / l (Umfanekiso 31.09 ukuya ku-35.68), ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 1). Ngokubhekiselele kwityhefu ebukhali (iiyure ezingama-48), i-biosurfactant ihlelwa “njengeyingozi” kwizinto eziphilayo ezivavanyiweyo. I-biosurfactant eveliswe kolu phononongo ibonise umsebenzi ogqwesileyo wokutshabalalisa imibungu nge-100% yokusweleka kwiiyure ezingama-24-48 zokuvezwa.
Bala ixabiso le-LC50 lomsebenzi we-larvicidal. I-nonlinear regression curve fitting (umgca oqinileyo) kunye ne-95% yexesha lokuzithemba (indawo enomthunzi) malunga nokufa okuhambelanayo (%).
Bala ixabiso le-LC50 lomsebenzi wokulwa nemihlwa. I-nonlinear regression curve fitting (umgca oqinileyo) kunye ne-95% yexesha lokuzithemba (indawo enomthunzi) malunga nokufa okuhambelanayo (%).
Ekupheleni kovavanyo, utshintsho lwe-morphological kunye ne-anomalies lwabonwa phantsi kwe-microscope. Utshintsho lwe-morphological lwabonwa kulawulo kunye namaqela aphathwayo kwi-40x yokukhulisa. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3, ukonakala kokukhula kwenzeka kuninzi lwemibungu enyangwa ngee-biosurfactants. Umzobo 3a ubonisa iCx eqhelekileyo. quinquefasciatus, Umfanekiso we-3b ubonisa i-Cx engaqhelekanga. Ibangela imibungu emihlanu ye-nematode.
Impembelelo ye-sublethal (LC50) iidosi ze-biosurfactants kuphuhliso lwe-Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Umfanekiso we-microscopy okhanyayo (a) we-Cx eqhelekileyo kwi-40 × ukukhulisa. quinquefasciatus (b) I-Cx engaqhelekanga. Ibangela imibungu emihlanu ye-nematode.
Kuphononongo lwangoku, ukuhlolwa kwe-histological ye-larvae ephathwayo (umzobo 4) kunye neentubi (umzobo 5) zibonakalise izinto ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga, kubandakanywa nokunciphisa indawo yesisu kunye nomonakalo kwimisipha, i-epithelial layers kunye nesikhumba. phakathi. I-Histology ibonise indlela yokusebenza kwe-inhibitory ye-biosurfactant esetyenziswe kolu phando.
I-Histopathology yesiqhelo esinganyangwanga se-4th instar Cx imibungu. I-quinquefasciatus larvae (ulawulo: (a,b)) kwaye iphathwe nge-biosurfactant (unyango: (c,d)). Iintolo zibonisa i-epithelium yamathumbu ephathwayo (epi), i-nuclei (n), kunye ne-muscle (mu). Ibha = 50 µm.
I-Histopathology ye-O. obesus eqhelekileyo engaphathwanga (ulawulo: (a,b)) kunye ne-biosurfactant enyangweyo (unyango: (c,d)). Iintolo zibonisa i-epithelium yamathumbu (epi) kunye nemisipha (mu), ngokulandelanayo. Ibha = 50 µm.
Kolu phononongo, i-ECOSAR yayisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ubutyhefu obubukhali bemveliso ye-rhamnolipid biosurfactant kubavelisi bokuqala (i-algae eluhlaza), abathengi bokuqala (iintakumba zamanzi) kunye nabathengi besibini (intlanzi). Le nkqubo isebenzisa ubucukubhede obuntsonkothileyo bobume bemifuziselo ehlanganisiweyo yokuvavanya ubutyhefu obusekwe kulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli. Imodeli isebenzisa i-software ye-structure-activity (SAR) ukubala i-acute kunye nexesha elide letyhefu yezinto kwiintlobo zasemanzini. Ngokukodwa, iTheyibhile 2 ishwankathela ingqikelelo ye-lethal concentrations (LC50) kunye nemilinganiselo esebenzayo (EC50) kwiintlobo ezininzi. Ubuthi oburhanelwayo bahlelwa ngokwamanqanaba amane kusetyenziswa i-Global Harmonized System of Classification kunye nokuFakwa kweLebhile yeeKhemikhali (Itheyibhile 3).
Ukulawulwa kwezifo ezithwala izifo, ngakumbi iintlobo zeengcongconi kunye neengcongconi ze-Aedes. AmaYiputa, ngoku umsebenzi onzima 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Nangona ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezifumaneka kwimichiza, njenge-pyrethroids kunye ne-organophosphates, ziluncedo ngandlel’ ithile, zibeka imingcipheko enkulu kwimpilo yabantu, kubandakanya nesifo seswekile, ukuphazamiseka kokuzala, ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo, umhlaza, kunye nezifo zokuphefumla. Ngaphezu koko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi zinambuzane ziyakwazi ukumelana nazo13,43,48. Ngaloo ndlela, amanyathelo okulawulwa kwebhayoloji asebenzayo kunye nokusingqongileyo aya kuba yindlela eyaziwayo yokulawula iingcongconi49,50. U-Benelli51 ucebise ukuba ukulawulwa kwangethuba kwintsholongwane zeengcongconi kuya kusebenza ngakumbi kwiindawo zasezidolophini, kodwa abazange bacebise ukuba kusetyenziswe izibulali-zinambuzane kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni52. U-Tom et al 53 uphinde wacebisa ukuba ukulawula iimiyane kwizigaba zabo ezingekabikho kuya kuba sisicwangciso esikhuselekileyo nesilula ngenxa yokuba banomdla ngakumbi kwii-agent zokulawula i-54.
Imveliso ye-Biosurfactant ngoxinzelelo olunamandla (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) ibonise ukusebenza okuhambelanayo kunye nokuthembisayo. Uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili luxele ukuba i-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ilungiselela ukuveliswa kwe-biosurfactant usebenzisa i-physicochemical parameters26. Ngokophononongo lwabo, ezona meko zifanelekileyo zokuveliswa kwe-biosurfactant nge-E. cloacae isolate enokubakho ziye zafukanyelwa iiyure ezingama-36, ukuphazamiseka ku-150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose njengomthombo wekhabhoni, 1% yeast . isicatshulwa sisetyenziswe njengomthombo we-nitrogen ukufumana i-2.61 g / L biosurfactant. Ukongeza, i-biosurfactants ibonakaliswe kusetyenziswa i-TLC, FTIR kunye ne-MALDI-TOF-MS. Oku kuqinisekisile ukuba i-rhamnolipid yi-biosurfactant. I-Glycolipid biosurfactants lolona didi lufundwa kakhulu kwezinye iintlobo ze-biosurfactants55. Ziquka i-carbohydrate kunye namalungu e-lipid, ubukhulu becala amatyathanga e-asidi enamafutha. Phakathi kwe-glycolipids, abameli abakhulu bangama-rhamnolipid kunye ne-sophorolipid56. I-Rhamnolipids iqulethe iindidi ezimbini ze-rhamnose ezidityaniswe ne-mono- okanye i-di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-rhamnolipids kumashishini ezonyango kunye namachiza kusungulwe kakuhle i-58, ngaphezu kokusetyenziswa kwabo kutshanje njenge-pesticides 59.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-biosurfactant kunye nommandla we-hydrophobic we-siphon yokuphefumula ivumela amanzi ukuba adlule kwi-stomatal cavity, ngaloo ndlela ekwandisa ukudibanisa kwemibungu kunye nendalo yasemanzini. Ubukho be-biosurfactants buchaphazela i-trachea, ubude bayo busondele kumphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuba izibungu zikhase phezulu kwaye ziphefumle. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi kuyancipha. Ekubeni i-larvae ayikwazi ukunamathela kumphezulu wamanzi, iwa phantsi kwetanki, iphazamise uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic, okubangelwa inkcitho yamandla amaninzi kunye nokufa ngokucwila38,60. Iziphumo ezifanayo zafunyanwa yi-Ghribi61, apho i-biosurfactant eveliswe yi-Bacillus subtilis ibonise umsebenzi we-larvicidal ngokuchasene ne-Ephestia kuehniella. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi we-larvicidal weCx. I-Das kunye ne-Mukherjee23 iphinde yavavanya umphumo we-cyclic lipopeptides kwi-quinquefasciatus larvae.
Iziphumo zolu phononongo zichaphazela umsebenzi we-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactants ngokuchasene ne-Cx. Ukubulawa kweemiyane ze-quinquefasciatus kuhambelana neziphumo ezipapashwe ngaphambili. Umzekelo, ii-biosurfactants ezisekwe kwi-surfactin eziveliswe ziibhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo zohlobo lwe-Bacillus ziyasetyenziswa. kunye nePseudomonas spp. Ezinye iingxelo zokuqala ezingama-64,65,66 zichaze umsebenzi wokubulala imibungu ye-lipopeptide biosurfactants evela kwi-Bacillus subtilis23. Deepali et al. I-63 yafumanisa ukuba i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ekwantiyo kwi-Stenotropomonas maltophilia inomsebenzi onamandla we-larvicidal kugxininiso lwe-10 mg/L. USilva et al. I-67 ichaze umsebenzi we-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ngokuchasene ne-Ae kugxininiso lwe-1 g/L. Aedes yaseYiputa. Kanakdande et al. I-68 ibike ukuba i-lipopeptide biosurfactants eveliswa yi-Bacillus subtilis ibangele ukufa ngokubanzi kwi-Culex larvae kunye ne-termites kunye neqhezu le-lipophilic le-Eucalyptus. Ngokufanayo, uMasendra et al. I-69 yabasebenzi imbovane exeliweyo (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) Ukufa kwe-61.7% kwi-lipophilic n -hexane kunye ne-EtOAc amaqhezu e-E. crude extract.
I-Parhipan et al 70 ichaze ukusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane ze-lipopeptide biosurfactants eziveliswe yi-Bacillus subtilis A1 kunye ne-Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 ngokuchasene no-Anopheles Stephensi, i-vector ye-malaria parasite Plasmodium. Baye baqaphela ukuba imibungu kunye ne-pupae ziphila ixesha elide, zinexesha elifutshane lokuphuma kwe-oviposition, zingenazintsholongwane, kwaye zinexesha elifutshane lokuphila xa zinyangwa ngoxinaniso olwahlukeneyo lwe-biosurfactants. Amaxabiso e-LC50 aqatshelweyo e-B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 ayeyi-3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 kunye ne-7.99 mg/L kumazwe ahlukeneyo ombungu (okt imibungu I, II, III, IV kunye nenqanaba lepupae) ngokulandelelanayo. Xa kuthelekiswa, i-biosurfactants yezigaba ze-larval I-IV kunye nezigaba ze-pupal ze-Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 zaziyi-2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 kunye ne-6.99 mg / L, ngokulandelanayo. Ukulibaziseka kwe-phenology ye-larvae ephilayo kunye ne-pupae kucingelwa ukuba sisiphumo esibalulekileyo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemetabolism okubangelwa unyango lwe-insecticide71.
I-Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain i-CCMA 0358 ivelisa i-biosurfactant ene-100% yomsebenzi wokutshabalalisa imibungu ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Aedes. I-aegypti i-24-iyure ye-38 yayiphezulu kunokuba ichazwe nguSilva et al. I-biosurfactant eveliswe kwi-Pseudomonas aeruginosa isebenzisa ioli ye-sunflower njengomthombo wekhabhoni ibonakaliswe ukubulala i-100% yeembungu kwiiyure ezingama-48 ze-67. U-Abinaya et al.72 kunye no-Pradhan et al.73 baphinde babonise i-larvicidal okanye i-insecticidal effects of surfactants eveliswa zii-isolate ezininzi ze-genus Bacillus. Uphononongo olupapashwe ngaphambili nguSenthil-Nathan et al. yafumanisa ukuba i-100% lemibungu yeengcongconi evezwe kumachweba ezityalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba ife. 74.
Ukuvavanya iziphumo ezinobungozi bezinambuzane kwi-biology yezinambuzane kubalulekile kwiinkqubo ezidibeneyo zokulawula izinambuzane kuba iidosi ezincinci / ukugxininiswa azibulali izinambuzane kodwa kunokunciphisa inani lezinambuzane kwizizukulwana ezizayo ngokuphazamisa iimpawu zebhayoloji10. I-Siqueira et al i-75 yabona umsebenzi opheleleyo we-larvicidal (i-100% yokufa) ye-rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg / ml) xa ivavanywa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezivela kwi-50 ukuya kwi-300 mg / ml. Inqanaba leLarval ye-Aedes aegypti strains. Bahlalutya iziphumo zexesha lokufa kunye nokugxilwa kwe-sublethal ekusindeni kombungu kunye nomsebenzi wokuqubha. Ukongeza, babone ukuncipha kwesantya sokubhukuda emva kweeyure ezingama-24-48 zokuvezwa kwi-sublethal concentrations ye-biosurfactant (umzekelo, i-50 mg / mL kunye ne-100 mg / mL). Iityhefu ezinendima ethembisayo ye-sublethal zicingelwa ukuba zisebenza ngakumbi ekudaleni umonakalo ophindaphindiweyo kwizitshabalalisi eziveziweyo76.
Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-Histological yeziphumo zethu kubonisa ukuba i-biosurfactants eveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 iguqula kakhulu izicubu zomiyane (Cx. quinquefasciatus) kunye ne-termite (O. obesus) izibungu. Iziphazamiso ezifanayo zabangelwa kukulungiswa kweoli ye-basil kwi-An. gambiaes.s kunye no-An. iarabica yachazwa nguOchola77. U-Kamaraj et al.78 uphinde wachaza ukungahambi kakuhle kwemophological kwi-An. Imibungu kaStephanie yavezwa kwiinanoparticles zegolide. I-Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 iphinde ichaze ukuba i-oyile yomalusi eyimfuneko yonakalise kakhulu igumbi kunye ne-epithelial layers ye-Aedes albopictus. Aedes yaseYiputa. U-Raghavendran et al wabika ukuba izibungu zeengcongconi zaphathwa nge-500 mg / ml isicatshulwa se-mycelial se-fungus ye-Penicillium yendawo. Ae bonisa umonakalo omkhulu wembali. iYiputa kunye neCx. izinga lokufa 80. Ngaphambili, Abinaya et al. Imibungu yesine ye-An yaphononongwa. Stephensi kunye noAe. I-egypti ifumene utshintsho oluninzi lwe-histological kwi-Aedes aegypti ephathwa nge-B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, kubandakanywa i-cecum ye-gastric, i-muscle atrophy, umonakalo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwe-nerve cord ganglia72. Ngokutsho kukaRaghavendran et al., emva kokunyangwa nge-P. daleae mycelial extract, iiseli ze-midgut zeengcongconi ezivavanyiweyo (i-4th instar larvae) zibonise ukudumba kwe-lumen yamathumbu, ukuncipha kwe-intercellular contents, kunye ne-nuclear degeneration81. Utshintsho olufanayo lwe-histological lubonwe kwimibungu yeengcongconi ephathwa nge-echinacea leaf extract, ebonisa amandla e-insecticidal kwi-compounds ephathwayo50.
Ukusetyenziswa kwesoftware ye-ECOSAR ifumene ukunakwa82 kumazwe ngamazwe. Uphando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba i-toxicity ebukhali ye-ECOSAR biosurfactants kwi-microalgae (C. vulgaris), intlanzi kunye neentakumba zamanzi (D. magna) ziwela phakathi kwecandelo "lobutyhefu" elichazwe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo83. Imodeli ye-ECOSAR ye-ecotoxicity isebenzisa i-SAR kunye ne-QSAR ukuqikelela ubuthi obunobungozi kunye nexesha elide lezinto ezinobungozi kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ubutyhefu bezinto ezingcolisayo zezinto eziphilayo82,84.
I-Paraformaldehyde, i-sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) kunye nazo zonke ezinye iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswe kolu phononongo zathengwa kwi-HiMedia Laboratories, eIndiya.
Imveliso ye-Biosurfactant yaqhutywa kwiiflasks ze-Erlenmeyer ezingama-500 mL eziqulathe i-200 mL ye-Bushnell Haas medium ekrwada edityaniswe ne-1% ye-oyile ekrwada njengomthombo wekhabhoni ekukuphela kwayo. I-preculture ye-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU / ml) ifakwe kwaye ikhuliswe kwi-orbital shaker kwi-37 ° C, i-200 rpm kwiintsuku ze-7. Emva kwexesha lokufukamela, i-biosurfactant yakhutshwa ngokubeka i-centrifuging i-culture medium kwi-3400×g ye-20 min kwi-4 ° C kwaye isiphumo se-supernatant sasetyenziselwa iinjongo zokuhlola. Iinkqubo zokwandisa kunye nophawu lwee-biosurfactants zamkelwa kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili26.
I-Culex quinquefasciatus larvae yafunyanwa kwiZiko loFundo oluPhezulu kwi-Biology ye-Marine (CAS), i-Palanchipetai, i-Tamil Nadu (e-Indiya). Imibungu yakhuliswa kwizikhongozeli zeplastiki ezizaliswe ngamanzi adiyoniyo kwi-27 ± 2°C kunye ne-photoperiod ye-12:12 (ukukhanya:mnyama). Imibungu yeengcongconi yondliwa nge-10% yesisombululo seglucose.
I-Culex quinquefasciatus larvae ifunyenwe kwiitanki ze-septic ezivulekileyo nezingakhuselekanga. Sebenzisa izikhokelo zokuhlela ezisemgangathweni ukuchonga kunye nemibungu yenkcubeko elabhoratri85. Ulingo lwe-Larvicidal lwenziwa ngokuhambelana neengcebiso zeWorld Health Organisation 86. SH. I-Fourth instar larvae ye-quinquefasciatus yaqokelelwa kwiityhubhu ezivaliweyo kumaqela e-25 ml kunye ne-50 ml kunye ne-gap yomoya wesibini kwisithathu somthamo wabo. I-Biosurfactant (0-50 mg / ml) yongezwa ityhubhu nganye ngabanye kwaye igcinwe kwi-25 ° C. I-tube yokulawula isetyenziswe kuphela amanzi adibeneyo (50 ml). Iimbungu ezifileyo zazithathwa njengezo zingabonisi zimpawu zokudada ngexesha lokufukamela (iiyure eziyi-12-48) 87. Bala ipesenti yokufa kombungu usebenzisa iequation. (1)88.
Usapho lwe-Odontotermitidae luquka iintubi zaseIndiya i-Odontotermes obesus, efumaneka kwizigodo ezibolileyo kwiKhampasi yezoLimo (iYunivesithi yase-Annamalai, eIndiya). Vavanya le biosurfactant (0-50 mg / ml) usebenzisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ukufumanisa ukuba kuyingozi. Emva kokumisa kwi-laminar air flow for 30 min, umgca ngamnye wephepha le-Whatman lifakwe kwi-biosurfactant kwi-concentration ye-30, i-40, okanye i-50 mg / ml. Imicu yamaphepha eqatywe ngaphambili kwaye ingagqunywanga yavavanywa kwaye yathelekiswa embindini wesitya sePetri. Isitya ngasinye se-petri siqulethe malunga namashumi amathathu eentubi ezisebenzayo i-O. obesus. Ukulawula nokuvavanya iintubi zanikwa iphepha elimanzi njengomthombo wokutya. Onke amacwecwe ayegcinwa kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi ngalo lonke elo xesha lokufukama. Iintubi zafa emva kwe-12, 24, 36 kunye ne-48 iiyure89,90. Inxaki yoku-1 iye yasetyenziswa ukuqikelela ipesenti yokufa kweentubi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-biosurfactant. (2).
Iisampulu zagcinwa emkhenkceni zaza zapakishwa kwii-microtubes ezine-100 ml ye-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) zaza zathunyelwa kwi-Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ye-Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. ISithili, isiTamil Nadu, eIndiya ukuze kuhlalutywe ngakumbi. Iisampuli zalungiswa ngokukhawuleza kwi-4% paraformaldehyde kwi-37 ° C kwiiyure ze-48.
Emva kwesigaba sokulungiswa, izinto eziphathekayo zihlanjwe kathathu nge-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), i-stepwise dehydrated kwi-ethanol kwaye ifakwe kwi-resin LEICA iintsuku ezi-7. Into ke ifakwa kubumba lweplastiki ezaliswe yintlaka kunye ne-polymerizer, emva koko ifakwe kwi-oven eshushu ukuya kuma-37°C de ibhloko equlethe into i polymerized ngokupheleleyo.
Emva kwe-polymerization, iibhloko zanqunyulwa ngokusebenzisa i-LEICA RM2235 microtome (i-Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) ukuya kwi-3 mm ubukhulu. Amacandelo abekwe ngokwamaqela kwizilayidi, anamacandelo amathandathu kwisilayidi ngasinye. Iislayidi zomisiwe kwiqondo lokushisa, emva koko zihlanjwe nge-hematoxylin kwi-7 min kwaye zihlanjwe ngamanzi ahambayo kwi-4 min. Ukongeza, sebenzisa isisombululo se-eosin kwesikhumba imizuzu emi-5 kwaye uhlambulule ngamanzi asebenzayo imizuzu emi-5.
Ityhefu ebukhali yaqikelelwa kwangaphambili kusetyenziswa izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezisuka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo etropiki: iintlanzi zeyure ezingama-96 i-LC50, iiyure ezingama-48 D. magna LC50, kunye ne-96 yeyure ye-algae eluhlaza EC50. Ubuthi be-rhamnolipid biosurfactants ekulobeni kunye ne-algae eluhlaza yavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-software ye-ECOSAR ye-2.2 ye-Windows ephuhliswe yi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US. (Ifumaneka kwi-intanethi ku-https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Zonke iimvavanyo zomsebenzi we-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite zenziwa kathathu. Ukunciphisa okungahambiyo (i-log ye-dose response variables) yedatha yokufa kwe-larval kunye ne-termite yenzelwe ukubala i-median lethal concentration (LC50) kunye ne-95% yexesha lokuzithemba, kwaye i-concentration curves yempendulo yenziwe kusetyenziswa i-Prism® (uhlobo lwe-8.0, i-GraphPad Software) Inc. USA) 84, 91.
Uphononongo lwangoku lubonisa i-microbial biosurfactants eveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 njenge-mosquito larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite agents, kwaye lo msebenzi uya kuba negalelo ekuqondeni ngcono iindlela ze-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite action. Izifundo ze-Histological ze-larvae ezinyangwa ngee-biosurfactants zibonise umonakalo kwi-digestive tract, i-midgut, i-cortex ye-cerebral kunye ne-hyperplasia yeeseli ze-epithelial zamathumbu. Iziphumo: Uvavanyo lwe-Toxicological lwe-antitermite kunye nomsebenzi we-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant eveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ibonise ukuba le nxalenye i-biopesticide enokuthi ikwazi ukulawula izifo ze-vector-borne of mosquitoes (Cx quinquefasciatus) kunye ne-termites (O. obesus). Kukho imfuneko yokuqonda ityhefu esisiseko yendalo esingqongileyo yee-biosurfactants kunye neempembelelo zazo ezinokubakho kokusingqongileyo. Olu phononongo lubonelela ngesiseko senzululwazi sokuvavanya umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo wee-biosurfactants.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-09-2024