Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo kukhokelele kwiingxaki ezininzi, kuquka ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezinganyangekiyo, ukonakala kwendalo kunye nokulimala kwimpilo yabantu. Ke ngoko, iintsholongwane ezintshaizibulali-zinambuzaneEzikhuselekileyo kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo zifuneka ngokukhawuleza. Kolu phononongo, i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant eveliswe yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 isetyenzisiwe ukuvavanya ubuthi kwi-mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) kunye ne-termite (Odontotermes obesus) larvae. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba kukho izinga lokufa elixhomekeke kwidosi phakathi konyango. Ixabiso le-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) kwiiyure ezingama-48 kwi-termite kunye ne-mosquito lamiselwa kusetyenziswa indlela yokulungisa i-nonlinear regression curve. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba amaxabiso e-LC50 eeyure ezingama-48 (95% confidence interval) yomsebenzi we-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite we-biosurfactant yayiyi-26.49 mg/L (uluhlu oluqala kwi-25.40 ukuya kwi-27.57) kunye ne-33.43 mg/L (uluhlu oluqala kwi-31.09 ukuya kwi-35.68) ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngokwe-histopathological examination, unyango olusebenzisa ii-biosurfactants lubangele umonakalo omkhulu kwizicubu ze-organelle zee-larvae kunye nee-termites. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba i-microbial biosurfactant eveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 sisixhobo esihle nesinokuba luncedo ekulawuleni i-Cx. quinquefasciatus kunye ne-O. obesus.
Amazwe akwiindawo ezishushu afumana inani elikhulu lezifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi1. Ukubaluleka kwezifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi kuxhaphake kakhulu. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-400,000 bayafa ngenxa yemalariya minyaka le, kwaye ezinye izixeko ezinkulu zijongene nobhubhane wezifo ezinzulu ezifana ne-dengue, i-yellow fever, i-chikungunya kunye ne-Zika.2 Izifo ezithwalwa ziintsholongwane zinxulunyaniswa nosulelo olunye kwezintandathu kwihlabathi liphela, apho iingcongconi zibangela ezona meko zibalulekileyo3,4. I-Culex, i-Anopheles kunye ne-Aedes zezona ntlobo zintathu zeengcongconi ezinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nosulelo lwesifo5. Ukuxhaphaka kwe-dengue fever, usulelo oluthwalwa yi-Aedes aegypti mosquito, kuye kwanda kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo kwaye kubeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo yoluntu4,7,8. Ngokutsho kwe-World Health Organisation (WHO), ngaphezulu kwama-40% abemi behlabathi basengozini ye-dengue fever, kunye namatyala amatsha angama-50–100 ezigidi ayenzeka minyaka le kumazwe angaphezu kwe-1009,10,11. I-dengue fever iye yaba yingxaki enkulu kwimpilo yoluntu njengoko ukwanda kwayo kuye kwanda kwihlabathi liphela12,13,14. I-Anopheles gambiae, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuba yi-African Anopheles mosquito, yeyona nto ibangela imalariya ebantwini kwiindawo ezishushu nezishushu15. Intsholongwane yeWest Nile, i-St. Louis encephalitis, i-Japanese encephalitis, kunye nosulelo lweentsholongwane zamahashe neentaka zidluliselwa yi-Culex mosquitoes, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-common house mosquitoes. Ukongeza, zikwathwala izifo zebhaktiriya kunye ne-parasites16. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-3,000 zee-termites emhlabeni, kwaye bezikho kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe-150 yezigidi17. Uninzi lwezinambuzane zihlala emhlabeni kwaye zitya iimveliso zomthi kunye neenkuni eziqulethe i-cellulose. I-Indian termite i-Odontotermes obesus sisinambuzane esibalulekileyo esibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo ezibalulekileyo kunye nemithi yezityalo18. Kwiindawo zezolimo, ukuhlasela kwee-termites kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezoqoqosho kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo zemithi kunye nezinto zokwakha. Ii-termites zinokubangela iingxaki zempilo yabantu19.
Umba wokuchasana neentsholongwane kunye nezinambuzane kwiinkalo zamayeza nezolimo zanamhlanje unzima20,21. Ke ngoko, zombini ezi nkampani kufuneka zikhangele amayeza amatsha alwa neentsholongwane angabizi kakhulu kunye ne-biopesticides ekhuselekileyo. Izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo ngoku ziyafumaneka kwaye zibonakalisiwe ukuba ziyasulela kwaye zigxotha izinambuzane eziluncedo ezingajoliswanga. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando malunga ne-biosurfactants luye lwanda ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ii-Biosurfactants ziluncedo kakhulu kwaye zibalulekile kwezolimo, ekulungisweni komhlaba, ekukhutshweni kwepetroleum, kwiibhaktiriya nasekususweni kwezinambuzane, nasekulungisweni kokutya23,24. Ii-Biosurfactants okanye ii-microbial surfactants ziikhemikhali ze-biosurfactant eziveliswa ziintsholongwane ezifana neebhaktiriya, igwele kunye nefungi kwiindawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni nakwiindawo ezingcoliswe yioyile25,26. Ii-surfactants kunye ne-biosurfactants eziveliswa ngeekhemikhali ziintlobo ezimbini ezifunyanwa ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo yendalo27. Ii-biosurfactants ezahlukeneyo zifunyanwa kwiindawo zokuhlala zaselwandle28,29. Ke ngoko, izazinzulu zikhangela ubuchwepheshe obutsha bokuvelisa ii-biosurfactants ezisekelwe kwiibhaktiriya zendalo30,31. Inkqubela phambili kolu phando ibonisa ukubaluleka kwezi zinto zebhayoloji ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo32. I-Bacillus, i-Pseudomonas, i-Rhodococcus, i-Alcaligenes, i-Corynebacterium kunye nezi ntsholongwane ziyimimeli efundwe kakuhle23,33.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-biosurfactants ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo34. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yale mixube kukuba eminye yayo inomsebenzi wokulwa neentsholongwane, ukubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala izinambuzane. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingasetyenziswa kumashishini ezolimo, amachiza, amayeza kunye nezobuhle35,36,37,38. Ngenxa yokuba ii-biosurfactants zihlala zibola kwaye ziluncedo kwindalo, zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo ukukhusela izityalo39. Ke ngoko, ulwazi olusisiseko lufunyenwe malunga nomsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nowokulwa neentsholongwane we-microbial biosurfactants eziveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Sihlolisise utshintsho lokufa kunye ne-histological xa sichatshazelwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-rhamnolipid biosurfactants. Ukongeza, sivavanye inkqubo yekhompyutha ye-Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) esetyenziswa kakhulu ukufumanisa ubuthi obuqatha kwi-microalgae, i-daphnia, kunye neentlanzi.
Kolu phononongo, umsebenzi wokulwa neentsholongwane (ubuthi) bee-biosurfactants ezicociweyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-30 ukuya kwi-50 mg/ml (kwizithuba ze-5 mg/ml) uvavanywe ngokuchasene neentsholongwane zaseIndiya, i-O. obesus kunye nohlobo lwesine )Vavanya. Iintsholongwane ze-instar Cx. Iintsholongwane zeengcongconi i-quinquefasciatus. Iintsholongwane ze-Biosurfactant LC50 ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-48 ngokuchasene ne-O. obesus kunye ne-Cx. C. solanacearum. Iingcongconi zichongiwe kusetyenziswa indlela yokulungisa i-nonlinear regression curve. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukufa kweengcongconi kwanda ngokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-biosurfactant. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-biosurfactant yayinomsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane (Umfanekiso 1) kunye nomsebenzi wokulwa neentsholongwane (Umfanekiso 2), kunye namaxabiso e-LC50 eeyure ezingama-48 (95% CI) angama-26.49 mg/L (25.40 ukuya kuma-27.57 ) kunye nama-33.43 mg/l (Umfanekiso 31.09 ukuya kuma-35.68), ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 1). Ngokuphathelele ubuthi obuqatha (iiyure ezingama-48), i-biosurfactant ihlelwe njenge "yingozi" kwizinto eziphilayo ezivavanyiweyo. I-biosurfactant eveliswe kolu phononongo ibonise umsebenzi obalaseleyo wokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokufa kwe-100% kwiiyure ezingama-24-48 zokuvezwa.
Bala ixabiso le-LC50 lomsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane. Ukulungiswa kwe-nonlinear regression curve (umgca oqinileyo) kunye ne-95% yesithuba sokuzithemba (indawo enomthunzi) malunga nokufa okuthelekisekayo (%).
Bala ixabiso le-LC50 lomsebenzi wokulwa neentsholongwane. Ukulungiswa kwe-nonlinear regression curve (umgca oqinileyo) kunye ne-95% yesithuba sokuzithemba (indawo enomthunzi) malunga nokufa okuthelekisekayo (%).
Ekupheleni kovavanyo, utshintsho lwemo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwabonwa phantsi kwemicroscope. Utshintsho lwemo luye lwabonwa kumaqela olawulo kunye namaqela anyangiweyo kwi-40x magnification. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3, ukuphazamiseka kokukhula kwenzeke kwinkoliso yee-larvae ezinyangwe nge-biosurfactants. Umfanekiso 3a ubonisa i-Cx. quinquefasciatus eqhelekileyo, Umfanekiso 3b ubonisa i-Cx engaqhelekanga. Ibangela ii-larvae ezintlanu ze-nematode.
Isiphumo seedosi ze-sublethal (LC50) ze-biosurfactants ekuphuhlisweni kwee-larvae ze-Culex quinquefasciatus. Umfanekiso we-microscopy ekhanyayo (a) ye-Cx eqhelekileyo kwi-40× magnification. quinquefasciatus (b) I-Cx engaqhelekanga. Ibangela ii-larvae ezintlanu ze-nematode.
Kolu phononongo lwangoku, uvavanyo lwe-histological lwee-larvae ezinyangiweyo (Umzobo 4) kunye nee-termites (Umzobo 5) lubonise izinto ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga, kuquka ukuncipha kwendawo yesisu kunye nomonakalo kwimisipha, ii-epithelial layers kunye ne-midgut yolusu. I-Histology ityhile indlela yokusebenza kokuthintela umsebenzi we-biosurfactant esetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo.
I-Histopathology ye-normal instar Cx larvae ye-4 enganyangwanga. I-quinquefasciatus larvae (control: (a,b)) kwaye inyangwe nge-biosurfactant (treatment: (c,d)). Iintolo zibonisa i-intestinal epithelium enyangiweyo (epi), i-nuclei (n), kunye ne-muscle (mu). I-Bar = 50 µm.
I-Histopathology ye-O. obesus enganyangwanga eqhelekileyo (ulawulo: (a,b)) kunye ne-biosurfactant enyangwayo (unyango: (c,d)). Iintolo zibonisa i-intestinal epithelium (epi) kunye nemisipha (mu), ngokulandelelana. I-Bar = 50 µm.
Kolu phononongo, i-ECOSAR isetyenzisiwe ukuxela kwangaphambili ubuthi obubukhali beemveliso ze-rhamnolipid biosurfactant kubavelisi abaphambili (i-algae eluhlaza), abathengi abaphambili (iintakumba zamanzi) kunye nabathengi besibini (iintlanzi). Le nkqubo isebenzisa iimodeli ze-quantitative structure-activity compound ezintsonkothileyo ukuvavanya ubuthi obusekelwe kwisakhiwo se-molecular. Le modeli isebenzisa isoftware ye-structure-activity (SAR) ukubala ubuthi obubukhali nobexesha elide bezinto eziphila emanzini. Ngokukodwa, iTheyibhile 2 ishwankathela uqikelelo lwe-mean lethal concentrations (LC50) kunye ne-mean effective concentrations (EC50) kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ubuthi oburhanelwayo buhlulwe ngamanqanaba amane kusetyenziswa iGlobally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Theyibhile 3).
Ulawulo lwezifo ezithwalwa ziintsholongwane, ingakumbi iintlobo zeengcongconi kunye neengcongconi ze-Aedes. AmaYiputa, ngoku asebenza nzima 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Nangona ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezifumaneka ngamakhemikhali, ezifana nee-pyrethroids kunye nee-organophosphates, ziluncedo kancinci, zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo yabantu, kubandakanya isifo seswekile, iingxaki zokuzala, iingxaki zemithambo-luvo, umhlaza, kunye nezifo zokuphefumla. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi zinambuzane zinokuchasana nazo13,43,48. Ke ngoko, amanyathelo olawulo lwebhayoloji asebenzayo nanobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo aya kuba yindlela ethandwayo yokulawula iingcongconi49,50. UBenelli51 ucebise ukuba ulawulo lwangethuba lwezilwanyana ezithwala iingcongconi luya kusebenza ngakumbi kwiindawo zasezidolophini, kodwa abazange bacebise ukusetyenziswa kwee-larvicides kwiindawo zasemaphandleni52. UTom et al 53 bacebise nokuba ukulawula iingcongconi xa zingakhuli kuya kuba licebo elikhuselekileyo nelilula kuba zinovelwano ngakumbi kwiiarhente zolawulo54.
Ukuveliswa kwe-Biosurfactant nguhlobo olunamandla (i-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) kubonise ukusebenza okuzinzileyo nokuthembisayo. Uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili lubike ukuba i-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 iphucula imveliso ye-biosurfactant isebenzisa iiparameter ze-physicochemical26. Ngokwesifundo sabo, iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuveliswa kwe-biosurfactant yi-E. cloacae isolate enokubakho yayikukufukamela iiyure ezingama-36, ukushukuma kwi-150 rpm, i-pH 7.5, i-37 °C, ityuwa eyi-1 ppt, i-2% yeglucose njengomthombo wekhabhoni, i-1% yeast. Isicatshulwa sisetyenziswe njengomthombo we-nitrogen ukufumana i-2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Ukongeza, ii-biosurfactants zachazwa kusetyenziswa i-TLC, i-FTIR kunye ne-MALDI-TOF-MS. Oku kuqinisekisile ukuba i-rhamnolipid yi-biosurfactant. Ii-Glycolipid biosurfactants lolona didi lufundwe kakhulu kwezinye iintlobo ze-biosurfactants55. Ziqulathe iinxalenye ze-carbohydrate kunye ne-lipid, ikakhulu ii-fatty acid chain. Phakathi kwe-glycolipids, abameli abaphambili yi-rhamnolipid kunye ne-sophorolipid56. Ii-Rhamnolipids ziqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini ze-rhamnose ezinxulumene ne-mono‐ okanye i-di‐β‐hydroxydecanoic acid57. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-rhamnolipids kumashishini ezonyango namayeza kuye kwaziwa kakuhle58, ukongeza ekusetyenzisweni kwazo kutshanje njengezibulali-zinambuzane59.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-biosurfactant nommandla we-hydrophobic we-respiratory siphon kuvumela amanzi ukuba adlule kwi-stomatal cavity yawo, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukunxibelelana kwe-larvae nokusingqongileyo kwamanzi. Ubukho be-biosurfactants buchaphazela ne-trachea, ubude bayo bukufutshane nomphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuba i-larvae ikhase iye kumphezulu ize iphefumle. Ngenxa yoko, uxinzelelo lomphezulu wamanzi luyehla. Ekubeni i-larvae ingenakunamathela kumphezulu wamanzi, iwela ezantsi kwetanki, iphazamisa uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic, nto leyo ebangela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amaninzi kunye nokufa ngokuntywila38,60. Iziphumo ezifanayo zifunyenwe yiGhribi61, apho i-biosurfactant eyenziwe yiBacillus subtilis ibonise umsebenzi we-larvicidal nxamnye ne-Ephestia kuehniella. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi we-larvicidal we-Cx. Das kunye ne-Mukherjee23 nabo bahlole isiphumo se-cyclic lipopeptides kwi-quinquefasciatus larvae.
Iziphumo zolu phononongo ziphathelele umsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane ze-rhamnolipid kwi-Cx. Ukubulawa kweengcongconi ze-quinquefasciatus kuhambelana neziphumo ezipapashwe ngaphambili. Umzekelo, ii-biosurfactants ezisekelwe kwi-surfactin eziveliswa ziibhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo zohlobo lweBacillus ziyasetyenziswa. kunye ne-Pseudomonas spp. Ezinye iingxelo zokuqala64,65,66 zibike umsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane ze-lipopeptide biosurfactants kwi-Bacillus subtilis23. UDeepali et al. 63 bafumanise ukuba i-rhamnolipid biosurfactant ehlukaniswe kwi-Stenotropomonas maltophilia yayinomsebenzi onamandla wokubulala iintsholongwane kwi-concentration ye-10 mg/L. USilva et al. 67 babike umsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant kwi-Ae kwi-concentration ye-1 g/L. U-Aedes aegypti. UKanakdande et al. I-68 ibike ukuba ii-biosurfactants ze-lipopeptide eziveliswe yiBacillus subtilis zibangele ukufa ngokubanzi kwi-Culex larvae kunye nee-termites nge-lipophilic fraction ye-Eucalyptus. Ngokufanayo, uMasendra et al. 69 babike ukufa kwe-worker ant (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) kwe-61.7% kwi-lipophilic n-hexane kunye ne-EtOAc fractions ye-E. crude extract.
UParthipan nabanye 70 baxele ngokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ze-lipopeptide biosurfactants eziveliswe yiBacillus subtilis A1 kunye nePseudomonas stutzeri NA3 nxamnye no-Anopheles Stephensi, umjelisi we-malaria parasite Plasmodium. Baqaphele ukuba ii-larvae kunye nee-pupae ziphila ixesha elide, zinexesha elifutshane lokuma kweqanda, zazingenazintsholongwane, kwaye zinexesha elifutshane lokuphila xa zinyangwa ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo e-biosurfactants. Amaxabiso e-LC50 abonweyo e-B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 ayeyi-3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 kunye ne-7.99 mg/L kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-larval (oko kukuthi, ii-larvae I, II, III, IV kunye nee-stage pupae) ngokwahlukeneyo. Xa kuthelekiswa, ii-biosurfactants ze-larval stages I-IV kunye ne-pupal stages ze-Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 zaziyi-2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 kunye ne-6.99 mg/L, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukulibaziseka kwe-phenology yee-larvae kunye nee-pupae ezisindayo kucingelwa ukuba yimbangela yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwe-physiological kunye ne-metabolism okubangelwa lunyango lwe-insecticide71.
Uhlobo lweWickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 luvelisa i-biosurfactant ene-100% ye-larvicidal activity nxamnye neengcongconi zaseAedes. Isithuba seeyure ezingama-24 se-aegypti 38 sasiphezulu kunokuba kuxelwe nguSilva et al. I-biosurfactant eyenziwe yiPseudomonas aeruginosa isebenzisa ioyile yelanga njengomthombo wekhabhoni ibonakalisiwe ukuba ibulala i-100% yeengcongconi kwiiyure ezingama-48. U-Abinaya et al.72 kunye noPradhan et al.73 nabo babonakalise iziphumo zokubulala iingcongconi okanye izinambuzane ze-surfactants eziveliswa zizilwanyana ezahlukeneyo ze-genus Bacillus. Uphononongo olupapashwe ngaphambili nguSenthil-Nathan et al. lufumanise ukuba i-100% yeengcongconi ezivezwe kwiilagoons zezityalo zinokufa. 74.
Ukuvavanya iziphumo ezingaphantsi kokubulala izibulali-zinambuzane kwibhayoloji yezinambuzane kubalulekile kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo kuba iidosi/uxinzelelo olungaphantsi kokubulala azibulali zizinambuzane kodwa lunokunciphisa inani lezinambuzane kwizizukulwana ezizayo ngokuphazamisa iimpawu zebhayoloji10. USiqueira et al 75 babone umsebenzi opheleleyo wokubulala izibungu (100% ukufa) kwe-rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) xa kuvavanywa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-50 ukuya kwi-300 mg/ml. Inqanaba lezibungu zeentlobo ze-Aedes aegypti. Bahlalutye iziphumo zokudlula kwexesha ukuya ekufeni kunye noxinzelelo olungaphantsi kokubulala kwizibungu kunye nomsebenzi wokubhukuda. Ukongeza, babone ukwehla kwesantya sokubhukuda emva kweeyure ezingama-24-48 zokuvezwa kumanqanaba angaphantsi kokubulala e-biosurfactant (umz., 50 mg/mL kunye ne-100 mg/mL). Iityhefu ezinemisebenzi ethembisayo yokubulala zicingelwa ukuba zisebenza ngakumbi ekubangeni umonakalo omninzi kwizinambuzane eziveziweyo76.
Uphononongo lwembali yeziphumo zethu lubonisa ukuba ii-biosurfactants eziveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 zitshintsha kakhulu izicubu ze-mosquito (Cx. quinquefasciatus) kunye ne-termite (O. obesus). Izinto ezifanayo ezingaqhelekanga zibangelwe kukulungiswa kweoyile ye-basil kwi-An. gambiaes.s kunye ne-An. arabica zichazwe ngu-Ochola77. UKamaraj et al.78 nabo bachaze ukungaqheleki okufanayo kwi-An. Ii-larvae zikaStephanie zavezwa kwi-nanoparticles zegolide. UVasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 nabo baxele ukuba ioyile ebalulekileyo yesikhwama sikaShepherd yonakalise kakhulu iileya ze-chamber kunye ne-epithelial ze-Aedes albopictus. U-Aedes aegypti. URaghavendran et al baxele ukuba ii-mosquito larvae zanyangwa nge-500 mg/ml mycelial extract ye-Penicillium fungus yasekuhlaleni. I-Ae ibonisa umonakalo omkhulu we-histological. i-aegypti kunye ne-Cx. Izinga lokufa 80. Ngaphambili, ii-Abinaya et al. I-fourth instar larvae ze-An zafundwa. UStephensi kunye no-Ae. aegypti bafumene utshintsho oluninzi lwe-histological kwi-Aedes aegypti enyangwe nge-B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, kubandakanya i-gastric cecum, i-muscle atrophy, umonakalo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwe-nerve cord ganglia72. Ngokutsho kukaRaghavendran et al., emva konyango nge-P. daleae mycelial extract, iiseli ze-midgut zeengcongconi ezivavanyiweyo (i-4th instar larvae) zibonise ukudumba kwe-intestinal lumen, ukwehla komxholo we-intercellular, kunye nokuwohloka kwe-nuclear81. Utshintsho olufanayo lwe-histological lubonwe kwi-mosburbs ezinyangwe nge-echinacea leaf extract, ebonisa amandla okubulala izinambuzane kwiikhompawundi ezinyangiweyo50.
Ukusetyenziswa kwesoftware ye-ECOSAR kuye kwaqatshelwa kwihlabathi liphela82. Uphando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba ubuthi obubukhali be-ECOSAR biosurfactants kwi-microalgae (C. vulgaris), iintlanzi kunye neentakumba zamanzi (D. magna) buwela kudidi "lwebuthi" oluchazwe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo83. Imodeli ye-ECOSAR ecotoxicity isebenzisa i-SAR kunye ne-QSAR ukuqikelela ubuthi obubukhali kunye nexesha elide bezinto kwaye idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ubuthi bezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo82,84.
I-Paraformaldehyde, i-sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) kunye nazo zonke ezinye iikhemikhali ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo zithengwe kwiHiMedia Laboratories, eIndiya.
Imveliso ye-biosurfactant yenziwe kwiiflaski ze-Erlenmeyer ezingama-500 mL eziqulethe i-200 mL ye-Bushnell Haas medium ecocekileyo eyongezwe yi-1% yeoyile ekrwada njengomthombo wekhabhoni kuphela. I-preculture ye-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) yafakwa kwi-incubator yaza yakhuliswa kwi-orbital shaker kwi-37°C, 200 rpm kangangeentsuku ezi-7. Emva kwexesha lokufunxa, i-biosurfactant yakhutshwa ngokufaka i-centrifuging i-culture medium kwi-3400 × g imizuzu engama-20 kwi-4°C kwaye i-supernatant ephumayo yasetyenziselwa iinjongo zokuhlola. Iinkqubo zokuphucula kunye nokuchazwa kwe-biosurfactants zamkelwe kuphando lwethu lwangaphambili26.
Iimbungu zeCulex quinquefasciatus zifunyenwe kwiZiko loPhando oluPhambili kwiMarine Biology (CAS), ePalanchipetai, eTamil Nadu (eIndiya). Iimbungu zikhuliswe kwizikhongozeli zeplastiki ezizaliswe ngamanzi acocekileyo kwi-27 ± 2°C kunye nexesha lokukhanya le-12:12 (elikhanyayo: elimnyama). Iimbungu zezinambuzane zondliwa ngesisombululo se-10% seglucose.
Iimbungu zeCulex quinquefasciatus zifunyenwe kwiitanki ze-septic ezivulekileyo nezingakhuselekanga. Sebenzisa izikhokelo zokwahlulahlula eziqhelekileyo ukuchonga nokukhulisa iimbungu kwilebhu85. Uvavanyo lokubulala iimbungu lwenziwe ngokweengcebiso zeWorld Health Organisation 86. SH. Iimbungu zesine ze-quinquefasciatus ziqokelelwe kwiityhubhu ezivaliweyo kumaqela angama-25 ml kunye nama-50 ml kunye nomsantsa womoya wesibini kwisithathu somthamo wazo. I-Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) yongezwa kwityhubhu nganye nganye kwaye igcinwe kwi-25 °C. Ityhubhu yokulawula isebenzise amanzi acocekileyo kuphela (50 ml). Iimbungu ezifileyo zithathwa njengezo zingakhange zibonise zimpawu zokudada ngexesha lokufukama (iiyure ezili-12–48) 87. Bala ipesenti yokufa kweembungu usebenzisa i-equation. (1)88.
Usapho lwe-Odontotermitidae luquka i-Indian termite Odontotermes obesus, efumaneka kwiinkuni ezibolileyo kwi-Agricultural Campus (kwiYunivesithi yase-Annamalai, eIndiya). Vavanya le biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) usebenzisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ukuze ubone ukuba iyingozi na. Emva kokomiswa emoyeni we-laminar imizuzu engama-30, umcu ngamnye wephepha le-Whatman wagqunywa nge-biosurfactant kuxinzelelo lwe-30, 40, okanye 50 mg/ml. Imicu yephepha egqunywe kwangaphambili nengagqunywanga yavavanywa yaza yathelekiswa embindini wesitya sePetri. Isitya ngasinye se-petri sinee-termites ezisebenzayo ezimalunga namashumi amathathu i-O. obesus. Ulawulo kunye novavanyo lwee-termites zanikwa iphepha elimanzi njengomthombo wokutya. Zonke iipleyiti zagcinwa kubushushu begumbi kulo lonke ixesha lokufukama. Ii-termites zafa emva kweeyure ezili-12, 24, 36 kunye ne-48889,90. I-Equation 1 yasetyenziswa ukuqikelela ipesenti yokufa kwee-termites kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-biosurfactant. (2).
Iisampulu zigcinwe emkhenkceni zaza zapakishwa kwiityhubhu ezincinci ezine-100 ml ye-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) zaze zathunyelwa kwiCentral Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) yeRajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, eSirkali, eMayiladuthurai. District, eTamil Nadu, eIndiya ukuze zihlalutywe ngakumbi. Iisampulu zalungiswa ngoko nangoko kwi-4% paraformaldehyde kwi-37°C kangangeeyure ezingama-48.
Emva kwesigaba sokulungisa, izinto zahlanjwa kathathu nge-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), zaza zacinywa kancinci kwi-ethanol zaza zacwiliswa kwi-LEICA resin kangangeentsuku ezisi-7. Emva koko ezi zinto zifakwa kwi-mold yeplastiki egcwele i-resin kunye ne-polymerizer, zaza zafakwa kwi-oven eshushu ukuya kuma-37°C de ibhloko equlethe ezi zinto ipolimethe ngokupheleleyo.
Emva kokwenziwa i-polymerization, iibhloko zanqunyulwa kusetyenziswa i-LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) ukuya kubukhulu obuyi-3 mm. Amacandelo ahlanganiswe kwiislayidi, ngamacandelo amathandathu kwislayidi nganye. Iislayidi zomiswa kubushushu begumbi, emva koko zafuthwa nge-hematoxylin imizuzu esi-7 zaza zahlanjwa ngamanzi abalekayo imizuzu emi-4. Ukongeza, faka isisombululo se-eosin eluswini imizuzu emi-5 kwaye uhlambe ngamanzi abalekayo imizuzu emi-5.
Ubuthi obuyingozi kakhulu buqikelelwe kusetyenziswa izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezivela kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo etropiki: intlanzi yeeyure ezingama-96 i-LC50, i-D. magna LC50 yeeyure ezingama-48, kunye ne-96-hour green algae i-EC50. Ubuthi be-rhamnolipid biosurfactants kwiintlanzi nakwi-green algae buvavanywe kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-ECOSAR version 2.2 yeWindows eyenziwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency. (Ifumaneka kwi-intanethi apha https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Zonke iimvavanyo zomsebenzi we-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite zenziwe kathathu. I-Nonlinear regression (i-log ye-dose response variables) yedatha ye-larval kunye ne-termite mortality yenziwe ukuze kubalwe i-median lethal concentration (LC50) nge-95% confidence interval, kwaye ii-concentration response curves zenziwe kusetyenziswa i-Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Olu phononongo lutyhila amandla ee-biosurfactants ze-microbial eziveliswa yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 njengee-arhente zokubulala ii-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite, kwaye lo msebenzi uza kuncedisa ekuqondeni ngcono iindlela zokusebenza kwe-larvicidal kunye ne-antitermite. Izifundo ze-Histological zee-larvae eziphathwe nge-biosurfactants zibonise umonakalo kwindlela yokugaya ukutya, i-midgut, i-cerebral cortex kunye ne-hyperplasia yeeseli ze-epithelial zamathumbu. Iziphumo: Uvavanyo lwetyhefu lomsebenzi we-antitermite kunye ne-larvicidal we-rhamnolipid biosurfactant eveliswe yi-Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 lutyhile ukuba le isolate yi-biopesticide enokubakho yokulawula izifo ezithwalwa yi-vector ze-moths (Cx quinquefasciatus) kunye ne-termites (O. obesus). Kukho imfuneko yokuqonda ubuthi obusisiseko be-biosurfactants kunye nefuthe lazo elinokubakho kwindalo. Olu phononongo lubonelela ngesiseko sesayensi sokuvavanya umngcipheko wendalo we-biosurfactants.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-09-2024