I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-kala-azar kwilizwekazi laseIndiya, sisifo esibangelwa yi-flagellated protozoan Leishmania enokubulala ukuba ayinyangwa ngokukhawuleza. I-sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes yeyona vector iqinisekisiweyo ye-VL kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, apho ilawulwa ngokutshiza okusele ngaphakathi (IRS), isibulali-zinambuzane esenziwe ngokwenziwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-DDT kwiinkqubo zokulawula i-VL kubangele uphuhliso lokumelana nezinambuzane kwi-sandflies, ngoko ke i-DDT ithatyathelwe indawo yi-insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Nangona kunjalo, i-alpha-cypermethrin isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-DDT, ngoko ke umngcipheko wokumelana nezinambuzane kwi-sandflies uyanda phantsi koxinzelelo olubangelwa kukuvezwa rhoqo kwesi sibulali-zinambuzane. Kolu phononongo, sivavanye ukuba iingcongconi zasendle kunye nenzala yazo ye-F1 zisengozini kangakanani sisebenzisa i-CDC bottle bioassay.
Siqokelele iingcongconi kwiilali ezili-10 kwisithili saseMuzaffarpur eBihar, eIndiya. Iilali ezisibhozo zaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu.i-cypermethrinxa kutshizwa ngaphakathi, ilali enye yayeka ukusebenzisa i-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu xa kutshizwa ngaphakathi, kwaye ilali enye ayizange isebenzise i-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu xa kutshizwa ngaphakathi. Iingcongconi eziqokelelweyo zavezwa kwidosi yokuxilonga echazwe kwangaphambili ixesha elithile (3 μg/ml imizuzu engama-40), kwaye izinga lokuwa kunye nokufa kwarekhodwa emva kweeyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba zichaphazelekile.
Amanani okubulawa kweengcongconi zasendle aqala kwi-91.19% ukuya kwi-99.47%, kwaye lawo ezizukulwana zabo ze-F1 aqala kwi-91.70% ukuya kwi-98.89%. Emva kweeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine emva kokuvezwa, ukufa kweengcongconi zasendle kwaqala kwi-89.34% ukuya kwi-98.93%, kwaye esizukulwana sabo se-F1 kwaqala kwi-90.16% ukuya kwi-98.33%.
Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba ukuxhathisa kunokuvela kwi-P. argentipes, nto leyo ebonisa imfuneko yokuqhubeka nokubeka esweni kunye nokuqapha ukuze kulawulwe emva kokuba kufeziwe ukupheliswa.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-kala-azar kwilizwekazi laseIndiya, sisifo esibangelwa yi-flagellated protozoan Leishmania kwaye sidluliselwa ngokulunywa ziimpukane zesanti ezibhinqileyo ezosulelekileyo (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Iimpukane zesanti zezona kuphela eziqinisekisiweyo ukuba zine-VL kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia. I-India isondele ekufezekiseni injongo yokuphelisa i-VL. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kugcinwe amazinga aphantsi okwanda emva kokupheliswa, kubalulekile ukunciphisa inani lazo ukuze kuthintelwe ukudluliselwa okunokwenzeka.
Ulawulo lweengcongconi eMzantsi-mpuma Asia lwenziwa ngokutshiza okusele ngaphakathi (IRS) kusetyenziswa izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo. Ukuziphatha okufihlakeleyo kwemilenze yesilivere kwenza ukuba ibe yindawo efanelekileyo yokulawula izinambuzane ngokutshiza okusele ngaphakathi [1]. Ukutshiza okusele ngaphakathi kwe-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) phantsi kweNkqubo yoLawulo lweMalariya yeSizwe eIndiya kube nemiphumo ebalulekileyo yokuchitheka ekulawuleni inani leengcongconi kwaye kunciphisa kakhulu iimeko ze-VL [2]. Olu lawulo lungacwangciswanga lwe-VL lwabangela ukuba iNkqubo yoKuphelisa i-VL yaseIndiya yamkele ukutshiza okusele ngaphakathi njengendlela ephambili yokulawula imilenze yesilivere. Ngo-2005, oorhulumente baseIndiya, eBangladesh, naseNepal batyikitya isivumelwano sokuqonda ngenjongo yokuphelisa i-VL ngo-2015 [3]. Imizamo yokuphelisa, equka indibaniselwano yolawulo lwe-vector kunye nokuxilongwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nonyango lwamatyala abantu, yayijolise ekungeneni kwinqanaba lokudibanisa ngo-2015, injongo eyathi kamva yahlaziywa ukuya ku-2017 kwaye emva koko yahlaziywa ukuya ku-2020.[4] Imephu entsha yehlabathi yokuphelisa izifo zasetropiki ezingakhathalelwanga ibandakanya ukupheliswa kwe-VL ngo-2030.[5]
Njengoko i-India ingena kwisigaba sokupheliswa kwe-BCD, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwi-beta-cypermethrin akuphuhli. Isizathu sokuxhathisa kukuba zombini i-DDT kunye ne-cypermethrin zinendlela efanayo yokusebenza, oko kukuthi, zijolise kwiproteni ye-VGSC [21]. Ngoko ke, umngcipheko wokukhula kokuxhathisa kwiimpukane zesanti unokwandiswa luxinzelelo olubangelwa kukuvezwa rhoqo kwi-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukujonga nokuchonga inani leempukane zesanti ezinokuxhathisa kwesi sinambuzane. Kulo mongo, injongo yolu phononongo yayikukujonga imeko yokuthambeka kwempukane zesanti zasendle kusetyenziswa iidosi zokuxilonga kunye nobude bexesha lokuchatshazelwa elimiselwe nguChaubey et al. [20] bafunde ii-P. argentipes ezivela kwiilali ezahlukeneyo kwisithili saseMuzaffarpur eBihar, eIndiya, ezazisoloko zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokutshiza zangaphakathi ezinyangwa nge-cypermethrin (iilali ze-IPS eziqhubekayo). Imeko yokuchaphazeleka kwe-wild P. argentipes ezivela kwiilali ezaziyekile ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokutshiza zangaphakathi ezinyangwa nge-cypermethrin (iilali zangaphambili ze-IPS) kunye nezo zingazange zisebenzise iinkqubo zokutshiza zangaphakathi ezinyangwa nge-cypermethrin (iilali ezingezizo ze-IPS) zithelekiswe kusetyenziswa i-CDC bottle bioassay.
Kukhethwe iilali ezilishumi kolu phando (Umzobo 1; Itheyibhile 1), apho ezisibhozo kuzo zazinembali yokutshiza rhoqo ngaphakathi kwe-pyrethroids zokwenziwa (i-hypermethrin; ebizwa ngokuba ziilali eziqhubekayo ze-hypermethrin) kwaye zazineemeko ze-VL (ubuncinane ityala elinye) kwiminyaka emi-3 edlulileyo. Kwiilali ezimbini ezisele kolu phando, ilali enye engazange isebenzise ukutshiza ngaphakathi kwe-beta-cypermethrin (ilali engeyiyo eyokutshiza ngaphakathi) ikhethwe njengelali yolawulo kwaye enye ilali eyayinokutshiza ngaphakathi kwe-beta-cypermethrin rhoqo (ilali etshiza ngaphakathi/ilali yangaphambili etshiza ngaphakathi) ikhethwe njengelali yolawulo. Ukukhethwa kwezi lali kwakusekelwe kwintsebenziswano neSebe lezeMpilo kunye neQela lokutshiza ngaphakathi kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweSicwangciso seMisebenzi yokutshiza ngaphakathi kwiSithili saseMuzaffarpur.
Imephu yejografi yesithili saseMuzaffarpur ebonisa iindawo zeelali ezibandakanyiweyo kolu phononongo (1–10). Iindawo zophononongo: 1, eManfulkaha; 2, eRamdas Majhauli; 3, eMadhubani; 4, eAnandpur Haruni; 5, ePandey; 6, eHirapur; 7, eMadhopur Hazari; 8, eHamidpur; 9, eNoonfara; 10, eSimara. Imephu yalungiswa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-QGIS (uhlobo 3.30.3) kunye ne-Open Assessment Shapefile.
Iibhotile zovavanyo lokuvezwa zilungiselelwe ngokweendlela zikaChaubey et al. [20] kunye noDenlinger et al. [22]. Ngamafutshane, iibhotile zeglasi ezingama-500 mL zalungiswa ngosuku olunye ngaphambi kovavanyo kwaye udonga lwangaphakathi lweebhotile lwalugqunywe ngesibulali-zinambuzane esibonisiweyo (idosi yokuxilonga ye-α-cypermethrin yayiyi-3 μg/mL) ngokufaka isisombululo se-acetone sesibulali-zinambuzane (2.0 mL) ezantsi, eludongeni nakwisiciko seebhotile. Ibhotile nganye yomiswa kwi-roller yoomatshini imizuzu engama-30. Ngeli xesha, vula kancinci isivalo ukuze uvumele i-acetone ukuba iphele. Emva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokomiswa, susa isivalo kwaye ujikelezise ibhotile de yonke i-acetone iphele. Iibhotile emva koko zashiywa zivulekile ukuze zome ubusuku bonke. Kuvavanyo ngalunye oluphindaphindwayo, ibhotile enye, esetyenziswa njengolawulo, yayigqunywe nge-2.0 mL ye-acetone. Zonke iibhotile zasetyenziswa kwakhona kulo lonke uvavanyo emva kokucoca ngokufanelekileyo ngokwenkqubo echazwe nguDenlinger et al. kunye neWorld Health Organisation [22, 23].
Ngosuku olulandela ukulungiswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, iingcongconi ezingama-30-40 ezibanjwe endle (iimazi ezilambayo) zasuswa kwiikheyiji ezikwiibhotile zaza zavuthelwa ngobunono kwibhotile nganye. Kwasetyenziswa inani elifanayo leengcongconi kwibhotile nganye egqunywe zizibulali-zinambuzane, kuquka nolawulo. Phinda oku ubuncinane izihlandlo ezihlanu ukuya kwezintandathu kwilali nganye. Emva kwemizuzu engama-40 yokuvezwa kwesibulali-zinambuzane, inani leengcongconi eziwiswe phantsi larekhodwa. Zonke iingcongconi zabanjwa nge-aspirator yomatshini, zafakwa kwizikhongozeli zekhadibhodi yepint ezigqunywe nge-mesh encinci, zaza zafakwa kwi-incubator eyahlukileyo phantsi komswakama ofanayo kunye neemeko zobushushu ezinomthombo ofanayo wokutya (iibhola zekotoni ezifakwe kwisisombululo seswekile esingama-30%) njengeekoloni ezinganyangwanga. Ukufa kwarekhodwa emva kweeyure ezingama-24 emva kokuvezwa kwesibulali-zinambuzane. Zonke iingcongconi zasikwa kwaye zahlolwa ukuqinisekisa ubuni beentlobo. Inkqubo efanayo yenziwa ngeengcongconi zenzala ye-F1. Amanqanaba okuwa kunye nokufa arekhodwa emva kweeyure ezingama-24 emva kokuvezwa. Ukuba ukufa kwiibhotile zolawulo bekungaphantsi kwe-5%, akukho lungiso lokufa lwenziweyo kwiikopi ezifanayo. Ukuba ukufa kwibhotile yokulawula bekuyi-≥ 5% kunye ne-≤ 20%, ukufa kwibhotile yokuvavanya yaloo kopi kulungisiwe kusetyenziswa ifomula ka-Abbott. Ukuba ukufa kwiqela lokulawula kudlule kwi-20%, lonke iqela lovavanyo lilahliwe [24, 25, 26].
Umyinge wokufa kweengcongconi ze-P. argentipes ezibanjwe endle. Iibha zempazamo zimele iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ze-avareji. Ukudibana kwemigca emibini ebomvu ethe tye negrafu (90% kunye ne-98% yokufa, ngokulandelelana) kubonisa ifestile yokufa apho ukuxhathisa kunokuvela khona.[25]
Umyinge wokufa kwenzala ye-F1 ye-P. argentipes ebanjwe endle. Iibha zempazamo zimele iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ze-mean. Iigophe ezidityaniswe yimigca emibini ebomvu ethe tye (90% kunye ne-98% yokufa, ngokulandelelana) zimele uluhlu lokufa apho ukumelana kunokukhula khona [25].
Iingcongconi kwilali yokulawula/engeyiyo i-IRS (iManifulkaha) zifunyenwe zinobuthathaka kakhulu kwizinambuzane. Umyinge wokufa (±SE) kweengcongconi ezibanjwe endle emva kweeyure ezingama-24 emva kokuwa kunye nokuvezwa yi-99.47 ± 0.52% kunye ne-98.93 ± 0.65%, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye umyinge wokufa kwenzala ye-F1 yayiyi-98.89 ± 1.11% kunye ne-98.33 ± 1.11%, ngokwahlukeneyo (Iitheyibhile 2, 3).
Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba iimpukane zesanti ezinemilenze esisilivere zinokumelana ne-pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin yokwenziwa kwiilali apho i-pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin yayisetyenziswa rhoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iimpukane zesanti ezinemilenze esisiliva eziqokelelwe kwiilali ezingagutyungelwanga yi-IRS/inkqubo yolawulo zifunyenwe zisengozini enkulu. Ukubeka esweni ukuchaneka kweentlobo zeempukane zesanti zasendle kubalulekile ekujonganeni nokusebenza kakuhle kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenzisiweyo, njengoko olu lwazi lunokunceda ekulawuleni ukuchasana nezibulali-zinambuzane. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuchasana ne-DDT axelwe rhoqo kwiimpukane zesanti ezivela kwiindawo ezixhaphakileyo zaseBihar ngenxa yoxinzelelo lokukhetha oluvela kwi-IRS esebenzisa esi sibulali-zinambuzane [1].
Sifumanise ukuba ii-P. argentipes zinobuthathaka kakhulu kwi-pyrethroids, kwaye uvavanyo lwasemasimini eIndiya, eBangladesh naseNepal lubonise ukuba i-IRS inamandla aphezulu e-entomological xa isetyenziswa kunye ne-cypermethrin okanye i-deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Kutshanje, uRoy et al. [18] baxele ukuba ii-P. argentipes ziye zafumana ukumelana ne-pyrethroids eNepal. Uphononongo lwethu lokuchaphazeleka kwintsimi lubonise ukuba iimpukane zesanti ezinemilenze emide eziqokelelwe kwiilali ezingezizo i-IRS ezivezwe zisengozini enkulu, kodwa iimpukane eziqokelelwe kwiilali ze-IRS ezihlala ixesha elide/ezangaphambili ze-IRS kunye ne-IRS eqhubekayo (ukufa kususela kwi-90% ukuya kwi-97% ngaphandle kweempukane zesanti ezivela e-Anandpur-Haruni ezazinokufa kwe-89.34% kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuchaphazeleka) kusenokwenzeka ukuba zazinokumelana ne-cypermethrin esebenza kakhulu [25]. Esinye isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuphuhliswa kolu xinzelelo luxinzelelo olukhutshwa kukutshiza rhoqo ngaphakathi (IRS) kunye neenkqubo zokutshiza zasekuhlaleni ezisekelwe kwimeko, eziziinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokulawula ukuqhambuka kwe-kala-azar kwiindawo/iibhloko/iilali ezixhaphakileyo (Inkqubo Eqhelekileyo Yokusebenza Yophando Nolawulo Lokuqhambuka [30]. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonelela ngezibonakaliso zokuqala zophuhliso loxinzelelo olukhethiweyo ngokuchasene ne-cypermethrin esebenza kakhulu. Ngelishwa, idatha yembali yokuchasana kwesi sifo kulo mmandla, efunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-CDC bottle bioassay, ayifumaneki ukuba ithelekiswe; zonke izifundo zangaphambili zijongile ukuchasana kwe-P. argentipes kusetyenziswa iphepha le-WHO elifakwe i-insecticide. Iidosi zokuxilonga ze-insecticide kwi-WHO test strips zii-concentrations ezicetyiswayo zokuchongwa kwe-insecticide zokusetyenziswa ngokuchasene ne-malaria vectors (Anopheles gambiae), kwaye ukusebenza kwezi ngxinano akucaci kuba i-sandflies zibhabha kancinci kuneengcongconi, kwaye zichitha ixesha elininzi zinxibelelana ne-substrate kwi-bioassay [23].
Iipyrethroids ezenziweyo zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezixhaphakileyo ze-VL eNepal ukusukela ngo-1992, zitshintshana ne-SPs alpha-cypermethrin kunye ne-lambda-cyhalothrin yokulawula i-sandfly [31], kwaye i-deltamethrin ikwasetyenziswa eBangladesh ukusukela ngo-2012 [32]. Ukumelana ne-phenotypic kufunyenwe kwiindawo zasendle zeempukane zesilivere ezinemilenze kwiindawo apho iipyrethroids ezenziweyo zisetyenziswe ixesha elide [18, 33, 34]. I-non-synonymous mutation (L1014F) ifunyenwe kwiindawo zasendle zeempukane ze-sandfly zaseIndiya kwaye inxulunyaniswe nokuxhathisa kwi-DDT, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukumelana ne-pyrethroid kuvela kwinqanaba le-molecular, njengoko zombini i-DDT kunye ne-pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) zijolise kwi-gene efanayo kwinkqubo ye-nervous yezinambuzane [17, 34]. Ke ngoko, uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo lokuchaphazeleka kwe-cypermethrin kunye nokubeka iliso kukumelana neengcongconi kubalulekile ngexesha lokupheliswa kunye nexesha lokupheliswa.
Umda onokubakho kolu phononongo kukuba sisebenzise i-CDC vial bioassay ukulinganisa ukuba sesichengeni, kodwa zonke iintengiselwano zisebenzise iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo zangaphambili sisebenzisa i-WHO bioassay kit. Iziphumo ezivela kwezi bioassay zimbini zisenokungafaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kuba i-CDC vial bioassay ilinganisa ukuhla ekupheleni kwexesha lokuxilonga, ngelixa i-WHO kit bioassay ilinganisa ukufa kwiiyure ezingama-24 okanye ezingama-72 emva kokuvezwa (eyokugqibela yeekhompawundi ezisebenza kancinci) [35]. Omnye umda onokubakho linani leelali ze-IRS kolu phononongo xa kuthelekiswa nelali enye engeyiyo i-IRS kunye nelali enye engeyiyo i-IRS/yangaphambili ye-IRS. Asinakucinga ukuba inqanaba lokusasazeka kwe-mosquito vector elibonwa kwiilali nganye kwisithili esinye limele inqanaba lokusasazeka kwezinye iilali kunye nezithili eBihar. Njengoko i-India ingena kwisigaba sokupheliswa kwe-leukemia virus, kubalulekile ukuthintela uphuhliso olubalulekileyo lokuxhathisa. Kufuneka ukubekwa esweni ngokukhawuleza kokuxhathisa kwiintlaka zesanti ezivela kwizithili ezahlukeneyo, iibhloko kunye neendawo zejografi. Idatha evezwe kolu phononongo yeyokuqala kwaye kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngokuthelekisa nobungakanani bokuchonga obupapashwe yi-World Health Organisation [35] ukuze kufunyanwe ingcamango ecacileyo yemeko yokuchaphazeleka kwe-P. argentipes kwezi ndawo ngaphambi kokuba kulungiswe iinkqubo zokulawula iivector ukuze kugcinwe inani elincinci leempukane zesanti kunye nokuxhasa ukususwa kwentsholongwane ye-leukemia.
I-mosquito P. argentipes, i-vector ye-leukosis virus, isenokuqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokuqala zokungamelani ne-cypermethrin esebenzayo kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kokungamelani ne-insecticide kwiindawo zasendle ze-P. argentipes kuyimfuneko ukugcina impembelelo ye-epidemiological yokungenelela kolawulo lwe-vector. Ukujikeleza kwe-insecticide ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunye/okanye uvavanyo kunye nokubhaliswa kwe-insecticide entsha kuyimfuneko kwaye kuyacetyiswa ukulawula ukunganyamezeli kwe-insecticide kunye nokuxhasa ukupheliswa kwe-leukosis virus eIndiya.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-17-2025