I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-kala-azar kwilizwekazi laseIndiya, sisifo esizifunxi-gazi esibangelwa yi-flagellated protozoan Leishmania enokubulala ukuba ayinyangwa ngokukhawuleza. I-sandfly i-Phlebotomus argentipes kuphela kwe-vector eqinisekisiweyo ye-VL kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, apho ilawulwa ngokutshizwa kwe-indoor residual spray (IRS), isibulali-zinambuzane sokwenziwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-DDT kwiinkqubo zokulawula i-VL kuye kwaphumela ekuphuhliseni ukuchasana kwi-sandflies, ngoko ke i-DDT ithathelwe indawo yi-insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Nangona kunjalo, i-alpha-cypermethrin yenza ngokufanayo ne-DDT, ngoko ke umngcipheko wokumelana neempukane uyanda phantsi koxinzelelo olubangelwa ukuvezwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwesi zinambuzane. Kolu phononongo, siye savavanya ukubakho kweengcongconi zasendle kunye nenzala yazo ye-F1 isebenzisa i-bioassay yebhotile ye-CDC.
Saqokelela iingcongconi kwiilali ezili-10 zaseMuzaffarpur kwisithili saseBihar, eIndiya. Iidolophana ezisibhozo zaqhubeka zisebenzisa amandla aphezuluicypermethrinUkutshiza ngaphakathi, enye ilali yayeka ukusebenzisa i-cypermethrin ephezulu kakhulu yokutshiza ngaphakathi, kwaye enye ilali ayizange isebenzise i-cypermethrin ephezulu yokutshiza ngaphakathi. Iimiyane eziqokelelweyo zibonakaliswe kwi-dose yokuxilonga echazwe kwangaphambili kwixesha elichaziweyo (i-3 μg / ml ye-40 min), kwaye izinga lokubethelwa kunye nokufa kwabhalwa kwi-24 h emva kokuvezwa.
Amazinga okubulala iingcongconi zasendle avela kwi-91.19% ukuya kwi-99.47%, kwaye ezo zezizukulwana zabo ze-F1 zivela kwi-91.70% ukuya kwi-98.89%. Iiyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine emva kokuvezwa, ukufa kweengcongconi zasendle ukusuka kwi-89.34% ukuya kwi-98.93%, kwaye isizukulwana sabo se-F1 sisuka kwi-90.16% ukuya kwi-98.33%.
Iziphumo zolu pho nonongo zibonisa ukuba ukuchasana kunokuphuhlisa kwi-P. argentipes, ebonisa imfuneko yokubeka iliso ngokuqhubekayo kunye nokuqapha ukugcina ulawulo xa ukupheliswa kuphunyeziwe.
I-Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-kala-azar kwilizwekazi laseIndiya, sisifo esizifunxi-gazi esibangelwa yi-flagelated protozoan Leishmania kwaye sisasazwa ngokulunywa ziimpukane zesanti zasemazi ezosulelekileyo (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Iimpukane zesanti kuphela kwe-VL eqinisekisiweyo kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. I-Indiya isondele ekufezekiseni injongo yokuphelisa i-VL. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina amazinga aphantsi ezehlo emva kokupheliswa, kubalulekile ukunciphisa inani labantu be-vector ukuthintela usulelo olunokwenzeka.
Ulawulo lweengcongconi eMzantsi-mpuma Asia lufezekiswa ngokutshizwa kwentsalela yangaphakathi (IRS) kusetyenziswa izibulali-zinambuzane zokwenziwa. Ukuziphatha okufihlakeleyo kokuphumla kwe-silverlegs kwenza kube yinto ekujoliswe kuyo efanelekileyo yokulawula izinambuzane ngokutshiza okushiyekileyo ngaphakathi [1]. Ukutshizwa kwentsalela yangaphakathi kwe-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) phantsi kweNkqubo yeSizwe yoLawulo lweMalariya e-Indiya kube neziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuchitheka ekulawuleni inani lengcongconi kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu iimeko ze-VL [2]. Olu lawulo lungacwangciswanga lwe-VL lubangele iNkqubo ye-Indian VL Eradication ukuba yamkele ukutshiza okushiyekileyo kwangaphakathi njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokulawula i-silverlegs. Ngo-2005, oorhulumente baseIndiya, eBangladesh, naseNepal batyikitya imemorandam yokuqondana ngenjongo yokuphelisa iVL ngo-2015 [3]. Imizamo yokuphelisa, ebandakanya indibaniselwano yolawulo lwe-vector kunye nokuxilongwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokunyangwa kwamatyala abantu, kwakujoliswe ekungeneni kwisigaba sokudibanisa ngo-2015, ekujoliswe kuyo emva koko kuhlaziywe kwi-2017 kunye ne-2020 [4]. Umkhombandlela omtsha wehlabathi wokuphelisa izifo ezingahoywanga zetropiki ziquka ukupheliswa kweVL ngo-2030. [5]
Njengoko i-Indiya ingena kwisigaba sokupheliswa kwe-BCVD, kunyanzelekile ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukuchasana okubalulekileyo kwi-beta-cypermethrin akuphuhli. Isizathu sokuchasana kukuba zombini i-DDT kunye ne-cypermethrin zinendlela efanayo yokwenza, oko kukuthi, zijolise kwiprotheni ye-VGSC [21]. Ke ngoko, umngcipheko wophuhliso loxhathiso kwiisanti zesanti unokunyuswa luxinzelelo olubangelwa kukuvezwa rhoqo kwi-cypermethrin enamandla kakhulu. Ngoko ke kunyanzelekile ukuba kubekwe iliso kwaye kuchongwe iimpukane ezinokuthi zixhathise kwesi sibulali zinambuzane. Kulo mongo, injongo yolu phononongo yayikukubeka iliso kwimeko yokuchaphazeleka kweesanti zasendle zisebenzisa iidosi zokuxilonga kunye namaxesha okuvezwa agqitywe nguChaubey et al. [20] wafunda P. argentipes ukusuka kwiilali ezahlukeneyo Muzaffarpur kwisithili Bihar, India, leyo ngokuqhubekayo kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zokutshiza yangaphakathi ephathwa cypermethrin (iilali IPS eziqhubekayo). Ubume be-susceptibility ye-Wild P. argentipes ukusuka kwiilali eziye zayeka ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokutshiza zangaphakathi ze-cypermethrin (iilali zangaphambili ze-IPS) kunye nezo zingazange zisebenzise iinkqubo zokutshiza zangaphakathi ze-cypermethrin (iilali ezingezizo ze-IPS) zifaniswa usebenzisa i-CDC ibhotile bioassay.
Iidolophana ezilishumi zakhethwa kwisifundo (umzobo 1; Itheyibhile 1), apho ezisibhozo zinembali yokutshiza ngokuqhubekayo kwangaphakathi kwe-synthetic pyrethroids (hypermethrin; echongwe njengemizi eqhubekayo ye-hypermethrin) kwaye ibe neemeko ze-VL (ubuncinci imeko) kwiminyaka eyi-3 yokugqibela. Kwiilali ezimbini eziseleyo kuphononongo, ilali enye engazange iphumeze ukutshiza kwangaphakathi kwe-beta-cypermethrin (ilali yokutshiza engeyiyo yangaphakathi) yakhethwa njengelali yokulawula kunye nenye ilali eyayinokutshiza okungaphakathi kwe-beta-cypermethrin (ilali yokutshiza yangaphakathi / yangaphambili yokutshiza yangaphakathi) yakhethwa njengelali yolawulo. Ukukhethwa kwezi lali kwakusekwe kunxibelelwano neSebe lezeMpilo kunye neQela lokutshiza langaphakathi kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwesiCwangciso sokuSebenza sangaphakathi sokutshiza kwiSithili saseMuzaffarpur.
Imephu yejografi yesithili saseMuzaffarpur ebonisa iindawo zeelali ezibandakanyiweyo kuphononongo (1–10). Iindawo zokufunda: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, uRamdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, uHirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. Imephu yalungiswa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-QGIS (uguqulelo 3.30.3) kunye neFayile yoVavanyo eVulekileyo.
Iibhotile zovavanyo lokuvezwa zilungiswe ngokweendlela zikaChaubey et al. [20] kunye noDenlinger et al. [22]. Ngokufutshane, iibhotile zeglasi ze-500 mL zalungiswa ngolunye usuku ngaphambi kovavanyo kwaye udonga lwangaphakathi lweebhotile lufakwe kwi-insecticide ebonisiweyo (i-dose yokuxilonga ye-α-cypermethrin yayingu-3 μg / mL) ngokusebenzisa isisombululo se-acetone se-insecticide (2.0 mL) ukuya ezantsi, iindonga kunye ne-cap yebhotile. Ibhotile nganye yomiswa kwi-roller yomatshini kwi-30 min. Ngeli xesha, kancinane ukhulule i-cap ukuze i-acetone iphume. Emva kwemizuzu engama-30 yokomisa, susa i-cap kwaye ujikeleze ibhotile de yonke i-acetone ibe ngumphunga. Iibhotile zaziyekwa zivuliwe ukuze zome ubusuku bonke. Kuvavanyo ngalunye lokuphindaphinda, ibhotile enye, esetyenziswe njengolawulo, yayifakwe i-2.0 mL ye-acetone. Zonke iibhotile zaphinda zasetyenziswa kulo lonke uvavanyo emva kokucoca ngokufanelekileyo ngokwenkqubo echazwe nguDenlinger et al. kunye noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi [22, 23].
Ngomhla emva kokulungiswa kwe-insecticide, i-30-40 iingcongconi ezibanjwe zasendle (iimazi ezilambileyo) zakhutshwa kwii-cages kwii-vials kwaye zivuthelwe ngobunono kwi-vial nganye. Ngokumalunga nenani elifanayo leempukane ezisetyenzisiweyo kwibhotile nganye egqunywe ngesibulali zinambuzane, kubandakanywa nolawulo. Phinda oku ubuncinane izihlandlo ezihlanu ukuya kwezintandathu kwidolophana nganye. Emva kwemizuzu engama-40 yokuchanabeka kwisibulali-zinambuzane, inani leempukane eziwisiweyo labhalwa phantsi. Zonke iimpukane zabanjwa kunye ne-aspirator yomatshini, zifakwe kwi-pint cardboard izitya ezigqunywe nge-mesh emihle, kwaye zifakwe kwi-incubator eyahlukileyo phantsi komswakama ofanayo kunye neemeko zokushisa kunye nomthombo ofanayo wokutya (iibhola zomqhaphu ezifakwe kwi-30% yesisombululo seswekile) njengamakholoni angaphathwanga. Ukufa kwarekhodwa kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuvezwa kwisibulali zinambuzane. Zonke iingcongconi zachithwa kwaye zahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba zeziphi iintlobo. Inkqubo efanayo yenziwa kunye neempukane ze-F1. Amazinga okubhuqa kunye nokufa ashicilelwe kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba sesichengeni. Ukuba ukufa kwiibhotile zokulawula kwaba <5%, akukho kulungiswa kokufa okwenziwe kwiikopi. Ukuba ukufa kwibhotile yokulawula kwaba ≥ 5% kunye ≤ 20%, ukufa kwiibhotile zokuvavanya kweso siphindaphinda kwalungiswa kusetyenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott. Ukuba ukufa kwiqela lolawulo kudlule i-20%, lonke iqela lovavanyo lachithwa [24, 25, 26].
Kuthetha ukufa kweengcongconi ezibanjwe zasendle ze-P. argentipes. Iibar zemposiso zibonisa iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zentsingiselo. I-intersection yemigca emibini ebomvu enqamlekileyo kunye negrafu (i-90% kunye ne-98% yokufa, ngokulandelanayo) ibonisa ifestile yokufa apho ukuchasana kunokukhula khona.[25]
Ukufa okuqhelekileyo kwe-F1 inzala ye-wild-caught P. argentipes. Iibar zemposiso zibonisa iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zentsingiselo. Iingqungquthela ezixutywe yimigca emibini ebomvu ebomvu (i-90% kunye ne-98% yokufa, ngokulandelanayo) imele uluhlu lokufa apho ukuchasana kunokukhula[25].
Iingcongconi kwindawo yokulawula / engeyiyo i-IRS kwilali (eManifulkaha) zifunyenwe zinovelwano kakhulu kwi-insecticide. Ukufa okulinganiselweyo (±SE) kweengcongconi ezibanjwe zasendle i-24 h emva kokubethelwa kunye nokuvezwa kwaba yi-99.47 ± 0.52% kunye ne-98.93 ± 0.65%, ngokulandelanayo, kunye nokufa okuqhelekileyo kwe-F1 inzala yayingu-98.89 ± 1.131% kunye ne-98. 2, 3).
Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba iimpukane zesanti ezinemilenze yesilivere zinokukhula ukumelana ne-synthetic pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin kwiilali apho i-pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin yayisetyenziswa rhoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iimpukane zesanti ezinemilenze yesilivere eziqokelelwe kwiilali ezingagqunywanga yi-IRS/inkqubo yolawulo zifunyenwe zichaphazeleka kakhulu. Ukubeka esweni ukuba sesichengeni kweempukane zesanti zasendle kubalulekile ekubekeni iliso kwimpumelelo yezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswayo, njengoko olu lwazi lunokunceda ekulawuleni ukuxhathisa kumayeza okubulala izinambuzane. Amanqanaba aphezulu okumelana ne-DDT axelwe rhoqo kwiimpukane zesanti ezivela kwiindawo ezingapheliyo zaseBihar ngenxa yoxinzelelo lokhetho lwembali oluvela kwi-IRS usebenzisa le zinambuzane [1].
Sifumene i-P. argentipes inomdla kakhulu kwi-pyrethroids, kunye nezilingo zentsimi eIndiya, eBangladesh naseNepal zibonise ukuba i-IRS ine-entomological efficacy ephezulu xa isetyenziswe ngokudibanisa ne-cypermethrin okanye i-deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Kutshanje, uRoy et al. [18] ingxelo yokuba i-P. argentipes iye yavelisa ukuxhathisa kwi-pyrethroids eNepal. Uphononongo lwethu lokuchaphazeleka kwintsimi yethu lubonise ukuba iimpukane zesanti ezinomlenze wesilivere eziqokelelwe kwiilali ezingezizo ze-IRS zisesichengeni kakhulu, kodwa iimpukane eziqokelelwe kwiilali ze-IRS zangaphakathi/yangaphambili kunye neelali ze-IRS eziqhubekayo (ukufa bekusuka kwi-90% ukuya kuma-97% ngaphandle kweempukane zesanti ezisuka e-Anandpur-Haruni ebezinokumelana ne-89.34% ngokuchaneka kakhulu kwi-89.34 ye-4h yokufa) icypermethrin [25]. Esinye isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuphuhliswa kolu xinzelelo luxinzelelo oluqhutywa yinkqubo yokutshiza yesiqhelo yangaphakathi (IRS) kunye neenkqubo zokutshiza zendawo ezisekelwe kwimeko, eziziinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokulawula ukuqhambuka kwe-kala-azar kwiindawo ezihlala zihlala / iibhloko / iilali (iNkqubo yokuSebenza ngokuPhumayo kunye noPhando [30]. Ngelishwa, idatha yokuchaphazeleka ngokwembali yalo mmandla, efunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-CDC bioassay yebhotile, ayifumaneki ukuba ithelekiswe zonke iiphononongo zangaphambili ziye zabeka esweni ukuba sesichengeni se-P. argentipes kusetyenziswa iphepha elifakwe isibulali-zinambuzane se-WHO Iidosi zokuxilonga izibulali-zinambuzane kwimicu yovavanyo lwe-WHO luphawu olucetyiswayo lokusetyenziswa kwe-insecticides ye-insecticide. kwezi zigxinaniso kwiimpukane azicacanga kuba iimpukane zesanti zibhabha kancinci kuneengcongconi, kwaye zichitha ixesha elininzi zinxibelelana ne-substrate kwi-bioassay [23].
I-synthetic pyrethroids isetyenziswe kwiindawo ezihlala zihlala kwi-VL eNepal ukususela ngo-1992, zitshintshana ne-SPs i-alpha-cypermethrin kunye ne-lambda-cyhalothrin yokulawula i-sandfly [31], kwaye i-deltamethrin nayo isetyenziswe e-Bangladesh ukususela ngo-2012 [32]. Ukuchasana kwe-Phenotypic kuye kwafunyanwa kwiindawo zasendle ze-sandflies ezinesiliva kwiindawo apho i-pyrethroids yokwenziwa isetyenziswe ixesha elide [18, 33, 34]. Ukuguqulwa kwe-non-synonymous (L1014F) kufunyenwe kubantu basendle be-Indian sandfly kwaye baye badibaniswa nokuchasana ne-DDT, ebonisa ukuba ukuchasana kwe-pyrethroid kuvela kwinqanaba le-molecular, njengoko zombini i-DDT kunye ne-pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) ijolise kwi-gene efanayo kwi-insect nervous system [417]. Ke ngoko, uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo lokuchaphazeleka kwe-cypermethrin kunye nokubeka iliso lokumelana neengcongconi kubalulekile ngexesha lokupheliswa kunye nasemva kokupheliswa.
Umda onokuthi ubekho kolu phononongo kukuba sisebenzise i-CDC vial bioassay ukulinganisa ukuchaphazeleka, kodwa lonke uthelekiso lusebenzise iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo zangaphambili kusetyenziswa ikhithi ye-WHO bioassay. Iziphumo ezivela kwii-bioassays ezimbini zingenakuthelekiswa ngokuthe ngqo kuba i-CDC ye-vial bioassay ilinganisa i-knockdown ekupheleni kwexesha lokuxilonga, kanti i-WHO kit bioassay ilinganisa ukufa kwe-24 okanye i-72 iiyure emva kokuvezwa (eyokugqibela kwiikhompawundi ezithatha kancinci) [35]. Omnye umda onokuthi ubekho linani leelali ze-IRS kolu phononongo xa kuthelekiswa nenye engeyiyo i-IRS kunye nenye engeyiyo i-IRS/ilali ye-IRS yangaphambili. Asinakucinga ukuba inqanaba le-mosquito vector susceptibility ebonwa kwiilali ezizimeleyo kwisithili esinye limele inqanaba lokuchaphazeleka kwezinye iilali kunye nezithili zaseBihar. Njengoko i-Indiya ingena kwisigaba sasemva kokupheliswa kwentsholongwane ye-leukemia, kuyafuneka ukuthintela ukukhula okubonakalayo kokuxhathisa. Ukubekwa esweni okukhawulezileyo kokunganyangeki kwabantu beempukane ezivela kwizithili ezahlukeneyo, iibhloko kunye nemimandla yejografi iyafuneka. Idatha enikezelwe kolu phononongo yeyokuqala kwaye kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngokuthelekisa kunye nokuchongwa kogxininiso olupapashwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi [35] ukufumana ingcamango ethe kratya yemeko yokuchaphazeleka kwe-P. argentipes kwezi ndawo ngaphambi kokuguqula iinkqubo zokulawula i-vector ukugcina inani eliphantsi lesanti kunye nokuxhasa ukupheliswa kwentsholongwane ye-leukemia.
I-mosquito P. argentipes, i-vector ye-virus ye-leukosis, inokuqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokuqala zokuchasana ne-cypermethrin esebenza kakhulu. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo ukuxhatshazwa kwezinambuzane kwiindawo zasendle ze-P. argentipes kuyimfuneko yokugcina impembelelo ye-epidemiological yongenelelo lokulawula i-vector. Ukujikeleza kwezinambuzane kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza kunye / okanye ukuvavanywa kunye nokubhaliswa kwezinambuzane ezitsha ziyimfuneko kwaye zinconywa ukulawula ukuxhathisa i-insecticide kunye nokuxhasa ukupheliswa kwentsholongwane ye-leukosis eIndiya.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-17-2025