Olu phononongo luvavanye ubungozi, ubunzulu, kunye netyhefu yentengisoicypermethrinimixube kwi-anuran tadpoles. Kuvavanyo olunzima, ukugxininiswa kwe-100-800 μg / L kwavavanywa kwi-96 h. Kuvavanyo olungapheliyo, ukugxilwa kwe-cypermethrin okwenzeka ngokwemvelo (1, 3, 6, kunye ne-20 μg / L) kwavavanyelwa ukufa, kulandelwa luvavanyo lwe-micronucleus kunye ne-red blood cell abnormalities yenyukliya kwiintsuku ze-7. I-LC50 yokwenziwa kwe-cypermethrin yorhwebo kwi-tadpoles yayiyi-273.41 μg L-1. Kuvavanyo olungapheliyo, ugxininiso oluphezulu (20 μg L−1) lubangele ukufa okungaphezulu kwama-50%, njengoko kubulale isiqingatha seetadi ezivavanyiweyo. Uvavanyo lwe-micronucleus lubonise iziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwi-6 kunye ne-20 μg L-1 kunye nezinto ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga zenyukliya zachongwa, ezibonisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwe-cypermethrin yorhwebo inamandla e-genotoxic ngokuchasene ne-P. gracilis. I-Cypermethrin iyingozi enkulu yolu hlobo, ebonisa ukuba inokubangela iingxaki ezininzi kwaye ichaphazele i-dynamics ye-ecosystem kwixesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide. Ngoko ke, kunokugqitywa ukuba ukubunjwa kwe-cypermethrin yorhwebo kuneempembelelo ezinobuthi kwi-P. gracilis.
Ngenxa yokwandiswa okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yezolimo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kweabalawuli berhorhoamanyathelo, izilwanyana zasemanzini zihlala zichanabeke kwimichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane1,2. Ukungcoliseka kobutyebi bamanzi kufutshane namasimi ezolimo kunokuchaphazela uphuhliso kunye nokuphila kwezilwanyana ezingajoliswanga njengezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.
Izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zisiya zisibaluleka ngakumbi kuvavanyo lwematriki yokusingqongileyo. Anurans zigqalwa bioindicators ezilungileyo ungcoliseko kokusingqongileyo ngenxa iimpawu zabo ezizodwa ezifana imijikelo ubomi entsonkothileyo, amazinga ukukhula kombungu ngokukhawuleza, isimo trophic, permeable skin10,11, ukuxhomekeka emanzini reproduction12 kunye amaqanda engakhuselekanga11,13,14. Isele elincinane lamanzi (Physalaemus gracilis), ngokuqhelekileyo elaziwa ngokuba yi-eping frog, libonakaliswe ukuba luhlobo lwe-bioindicator yongcoliseko lwe-pesticide4,5,6,7,15. Uhlobo lufumaneka kumanzi amileyo, kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala eziguquguqukayo eArgentina, e-Uruguay, eParaguay naseBrazil1617 kwaye ithathwa njengezinzile ngohlelo lwe-IUCN ngenxa yokusabalalisa ngokubanzi kunye nokunyamezela kweendawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo18.
Imiphumo engabonakaliyo iye yaxelwa kwii-amphibians ezilandela ukuvezwa kwe-cypermethrin, kubandakanywa nokuziphatha, i-morphological and biochemical change in tadpoles23,24,25, ukufa okutshintshileyo kunye nexesha le-metamorphosis, utshintsho lwe-enzymatic, ukunciphisa impumelelo ye-hatching24,25, i-hyperactivity26, inhibition ye-cholinesterase7 ukusebenza kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-2828. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zeziphumo ze-genotoxic ze-cypermethrin kwii-amphibians zilinganiselwe. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuvavanya ukuxhatshazwa kweentlobo ze-anuran kwi-cypermethrin.
Ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo luchaphazela ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kodwa eyona mpembelelo imbi kakhulu ngumonakalo wofuzo kwi-DNA obangelwa kukuvezwa kwe-pesticide13. Uhlalutyo lwemopholoji yeeseli zegazi luphawu olubalulekileyo lwebhayoloji longcoliseko kunye netyhefu enokubakho yento kwizinto eziphilayo29. Uvavanyo lwe-micronucleus yenye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswayo ukufumanisa i-genotoxicity yeekhemikhali kwimo engqongileyo30. Yindlela ekhawulezayo, esebenzayo kunye nengabizi kakhulu isalathiso esilungileyo sokungcoliseka kweekhemikhali zezinto eziphilayo ezifana nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini31,32 kwaye inokubonelela ngolwazi lokuvezwa kungcoliseko lwe-genotoxic33.
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya amandla anetyhefu yokwenziwa kwe-cypermethrin yorhwebo kwii-tadpoles ezincinci zasemanzini kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-micronucleus kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko wendalo.
Ukufa okongezelekayo (%) kwe-P. gracilis tadpoles evezwe kugxininiso olwahlukileyo lwe-cypermethrin yorhwebo ngexesha elinzima lovavanyo.
Ukufa okunyukayo (%) kwe-P. gracilis tadpoles evezwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-cypermethrin yorhwebo ngexesha lovavanyo olungapheliyo.
Ukusweleka okuphezulu okuphawulweyo kube sisiphumo seziphumo ze-genotoxic kwii-amphibians ezivezwe kugxininiso olwahlukileyo lwe-cypermethrin (6 kunye ne-20 μg/L), njengoko kungqinwa bubukho be-micronuclei (MN) kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwenyukliya kwi-erythrocytes. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-MN kubonisa iimpazamo kwi-mitosis kwaye ihambelana nokubotshwa kakubi kwe-chromosomes kwi-microtubules, iziphene kwiiprotheyini zeprotheyini ezijongene nokuthathwa kwe-chromosome kunye nokuthutha, iimpazamo kwi-chromosome yokwahlula kunye neempazamo kwi-DNA yokulungiswa komonakalo38,39 kwaye inokuthi ihambelane ne-pesticide-induced oxidative stress40,41. Okunye okungaqhelekanga kuye kwajongwa kuzo zonke izigxina ezivavanyiweyo. Ukwandisa ugxininiso lwe-cypermethrin kwandisa ukungahambi kakuhle kwenyukliya kwi-erythrocytes nge-5% kunye ne-20% kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi (1 μg/L) kunye nephezulu (20 μg/L) iidosi, ngokulandelelanayo. Umzekelo, utshintsho kwi-DNA yohlobo oluthile lunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu kubomi bexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwabemi, ukuguqulwa kokuqina kokuzala, ukuzala, ukulahleka kweyantlukwano yemfuza, kunye nokuguqulwa kwamazinga okufuduka. Zonke ezi zinto zinokuchaphazela ukusinda kweentlobo kunye nokugcinwa kwazo42,43. Ukuqulunqwa kwezinto ezingaqhelekanga ze-erythroid kungabonisa ibhloko kwi-cytokinesis, okubangelwa ukuhlukana kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga (i-erythrocytes binucleated)44,45; ii-nuclei ezinamacala amaninzi zi-protrusions ze-membrane yenyukliya ene-multiple lobes46, ngelixa ezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga ze-erythroid zinokunxulunyaniswa nokukhulisa i-DNA, njengezintso zenyukliya/i-blebs47. Ubukho be-anucleated erythrocytes bunokubonisa ukuthuthwa kwe-oksijini ephazamisekileyo, ngakumbi emanzini angcolileyo48,49. I-Apoptosis ibonisa ukufa kweeseli50.
Olunye uphando luye lwabonisa iziphumo ze-genotoxic ze-cypermethrin. I-Kabaña et al.51 ibonise ubukho be-micronuclei kunye neenguqu zenyukliya ezifana neeseli ze-binucleated kunye neeseli ze-apoptotic kwiiseli ze-Odontophrynus americanus emva kokuvezwa kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-cypermethrin (5000 kunye ne-10,000 μg L-1) kwi-96 h. I-apoptosis ye-Cypermethrin-induced apoptosis nayo yafunyanwa kwi-P. biligonigerus52 kunye ne-Rhinella arenarum53. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-cypermethrin ineempembelelo ze-genotoxic kuluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kwaye i-MN kunye ne-ENA i-assay ingaba ngumqondiso wemiphumo engathandekiyo kwii-amphibians kwaye inokusebenza kwiintlobo zendalo kunye nezilwanyana zasendle ezivezwe kwi-toxicants12.
Ukuqulunqwa kwezorhwebo kwe-cypermethrin kubeka ingozi ephezulu yokusingqongileyo (zombini ezibukhali kunye nezingapheliyo), kunye nee-HQ ezidlula i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inqanaba le-54 elinokuthi lichaphazele kakubi uhlobo lwendalo ukuba lukhona kwindalo. Kuvavanyo lwengozi engapheliyo, i-NOEC yokufa yayiyi-3 μg L-1, eqinisekisa ukuba ugxininiso olufunyenwe emanzini lungabangela ingozi kwiintlobo55. I-NOEC ebulalayo ye-R. arenarum larvae evezwe kumxube we-endosulfan kunye ne-cypermethrin yayingu-500 μg L-1 emva kwe-168 h; eli xabiso lehla ukuya kwi-0.0005 μg L-1 emva kwe-336 h. Ababhali babonisa ukuba ixesha elide ukuvezwa, ukuhla koxinzelelo oluyingozi kwiintlobo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba ixabiso le-NOEC laliphezulu kune-P. gracilis ngexesha elifanayo lokuvezwa, ebonisa ukuba impendulo yeentlobo kwi-cypermethrin yintlobo-specific. Ngaphezu koko, malunga nokufa, ixabiso le-CHQ le-P. gracilis emva kokuvezwa kwe-cypermethrin lifikelele kwi-64.67, eliphakamileyo kunexabiso lereferensi elibekwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency54, kunye nexabiso le-CHQ le-R. arenarum larvae nalo liphezulu kuneli xabiso (CHQ> 388.00) emva kokuba i-insecticides ifundwe kwi-insecticides ephezulu kwi-338. iintlobo ezininzi ze-amphibians. Ukuqwalasela ukuba i-P. gracilis idinga malunga neentsuku ezingama-30 ukugqiba i-metamorphosis56, kunokugqitywa ukuba ugxininiso olufundiweyo lwe-cypermethrin lunokuba negalelo ekwehleni kwabemi ngokuthintela abantu abosulelekileyo ukuba bangene kumntu omdala okanye kwinqanaba lokuzala besebancinci.
Kuvavanyo olubaliweyo lomngcipheko we-micronuclei kunye nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga zenyukliya ze-erythrocyte, amaxabiso e-CHQ asuka kwi-14.92 ukuya kwi-97.00, ebonisa ukuba i-cypermethrin yayinomngcipheko we-genotoxic kwi-P. gracilis nakwindawo yayo yokuhlala yendalo. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukufa, ubuninzi boxinaniso lweekhompawundi ze-xenobiotic ezinyamezelekayo kwi-P. gracilis yayingu-4.24 μg L-1. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso oluphantsi njenge-1 μg / L lubonise iziphumo ze-genotoxic. Le nyaniso inokukhokelela ekwandeni kwenani labantu abangaqhelekanga57 kwaye ichaphazele uphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kweentlobo zezilwanyana kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo, okukhokelela ekwehleni kwabemi bezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.
Ukwenziwa kwezorhwebo kwi-insecticide cypermethrin kubonise ubutyhefu obuphezulu kunye nesigxina kwi-P. gracilis. Amazinga aphezulu okufa aye abonwa, mhlawumbi ngenxa yeziphumo eziyityhefu, njengoko kungqinwa bubukho bezinto ezingaqhelekanga zenyukliya ze-micronuclei kunye ne-erythrocyte, ngakumbi ii-nuclei ezisele, ii-nuclei ezilobed, kunye ne-vesicular nuclei. Ukongeza, iintlobo ezifundiweyo zibonise ukonyuka komngcipheko wokusingqongileyo, zombini ezibukhali nezingapheliyo. Ezi datha, zidibene nezifundo zangaphambili zeqela lethu lophando, zibonise ukuba kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthengisa ze-cypermethrin zisabangela ukunciphisa i-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) kunye nemisebenzi ye-butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative58, kwaye kubangele utshintsho kumsebenzi wokuqubha kunye nokuphazamiseka komlomo59 kwi-P. ubutyhefu kolu didi. UHartmann et al. I-60 ifumene ukuba iifom zentengiso ze-cypermethrin ziyingozi kakhulu kwi-P. gracilis kunye nolunye uhlobo lwe-genus efanayo (P. cuvieri) xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-pesticides ezisithoba. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ukugxilwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-cypermethrin kukhuseleko lwendalo kunokubangela ukufa okuphezulu kunye nokuncipha kwexesha elide labantu.
Uphononongo olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuhlola ubutyhefu besibulali-zinambuzane kwizilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, njengoko ugxininiso olufunyenwe kwindawo engqongileyo lunokubangela ukufa okuphezulu kwaye lubeke umngcipheko onokubakho kwi-P. gracilis. Uphando malunga neentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini kufuneka lukhuthazwe, njengoko idatha yezi zinto ziphilayo inqabile, ngakumbi kwiintlobo zaseBrazil.
Uvavanyo lwe-toxicity engapheliyo luthathe i-168 h (iintsuku ezi-7) phantsi kweemeko ezimileyo kunye nokugxilwa kwe-sublethal: 1, 3, 6 kunye ne-20 μg ai L-1. Kuzo zombini iimvavanyo, ii-tadpoles ze-10 kwiqela ngalinye lonyango ziye zavavanywa ngee-replicate ezintandathu, kwi-tadpoles ye-60 iyonke ngoxinaniso. Ngeli xesha, unyango lwamanzi kuphela lusebenza njengolawulo olubi. Ukusetwa kovavanyo ngalunye kuqulathe isitya seglasi esiyinyumba esinomthamo we-500 ml kunye noxinzelelo lwe-tadpole e-1 nge-50 ml yesisombululo. I-flask yayigqunywe ngefilimu ye-polyethylene ukuthintela ukuvela kwamanzi kwaye yayihlala ifakwe umoya.
Amanzi ahlalutywa ngokwekhemikhali ukufumanisa ubuninzi bezibulali-zinambuzane kwi-0, 96, kunye ne-168 h. Ngokutsho kukaSabin et al. 68 kunye noMartins et al. I-69, uhlalutyo lwenziwa kwi-Pesticide Analysis Laboratory (LARP) ye-Federal University yaseSanta Maria isebenzisa i-chromatography yegesi edityaniswe ne-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (i-Varian model 1200, iPalo Alto, California, USA). Ukumiselwa komyinge wezibulali-zinambuzane emanzini kuboniswa njengemathiriyeli eyongezelelweyo (Itheyibhuli SM1).
Kuvavanyo lwe-micronucleus (MNT) kunye novavanyo lwe-nuclear abnormality test (RNA), ii-tadpoles ezili-15 kwiqela ngalinye lonyango zahlalutywa. I-Tadpoles yafakwa i-anesthetized nge-5% ye-lidocaine (50 mg g-170) kunye neesampuli zegazi zaqokelelwa ngokuhlatywa kwentliziyo kusetyenziswa iisirinji ezilahlwayo ze-heparinized. I-blood smears yalungiswa kwi-slides ye-microscope eyinyumba, yomiswe emoyeni, ilungiswe nge-100% ye-methanol (4 ° C) kwi-2 min, kwaye ihlanjululwe nge-10% isisombululo se-Giemsa se-15 min ebumnyameni. Ekupheleni kwenkqubo, iislayidi zihlanjwe ngamanzi adibeneyo ukuze kususwe ibala eligqithisiweyo kwaye zomiswe kwiqondo lokushisa.
Ubuncinci ii-RBC ze-1000 ezivela kwi-tadpole nganye zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-microscope ye-100 × kunye nenjongo ye-71 yokumisela ubukho be-MN kunye ne-ENA. Iyonke i-75,796 RBCs evela kwi-tadpoles yavavanywa ngokuqwalasela ugxininiso lwe-cypermethrin kunye nolawulo. I-Genotoxicity yahlalutywa ngokwendlela yeCarrasco et al. kunye noFenech et al.38,72 ngokumisela ukuphindaphinda kwezi zilonda zenyukliya zilandelayo: (1) iiseli ze-nucleate: iiseli ezingenayo i-nuclei; (2) iiseli zeapoptotic: ukuqhekeka kwenyukliya, ukufa kweeseli okucwangcisiweyo; (3) iiseli zebhinucleate: iiseli ezinenuclei ezimbini; 4 (5) iiseli zekaryolyzed: iiseli ezinomda wenucleus kuphela ngaphandle kwezinto zangaphakathi; 6 7 kunye (8) ii-microcells: iiseli ezine-nuclei edibeneyo kunye ne-cytoplasm encitshisiweyo. Utshintsho luthelekiswe neziphumo zolawulo olubi.
Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-acute toxicity (LC50) zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-GBasic kunye ne-TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber method74. Idatha yovavanyo olungapheliyo yavavanywa kwangaphambili kwimpazamo eqhelekileyo (i-Shapiro-Wilks) kunye ne-homogeneity ye-variance (Bartlett). Iziphumo zahlaziywa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwendlela enye yokwahluka (ANOVA). Uvavanyo lukaTukey lwalusetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa idatha phakathi kwabo, kwaye uvavanyo lukaDunnett lwalusetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa idatha phakathi kweqela lonyango kunye neqela lokulawula elibi.
Idatha ye-LOEC ne-NOEC yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lukaDunnett. Iimvavanyo zezibalo zenziwa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-Statistica 8.0 (i-StatSoft) enenqanaba lokubaluleka kwe-95% (p <0.05).
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-13-2025