Abahlali abanesimo esisezantsi soqoqosho (SES) abahlala kwizindlu zoluntu ezixhaswa ngurhulumente okanye ii-arhente zenkxaso-mali karhulumente banokuchanabeka ngakumbi kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi endlwini ngenxa yokuba izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa ngenxa yeziphene zesakhiwo, ukugcinwa kakubi, njl.
Ngo-2017, izibulali-zinambuzane ezingama-28 zaye zalinganiswa emoyeni wangaphakathi kwiiyunithi ezingama-46 zezindlu ezisixhenxe ezinemivuzo ephantsi yezindlu zokuhlala eToronto, eCanada, kusetyenziswa izicoci zomoya eziphathwayo ezazisebenza iveki enye. Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi ahlalutywayo ayeqhelekile kwaye ngoku asetyenziswa ngokubulala izitshabalalisi kwezi klasi zilandelayo: i-organochlorines, iikhompawundi ze-organophosphorus, ii-pyrethroids, kunye ne-strobilurins.
Ubuncinci i-pesticide enye ifunyenwe kwi-89% yeeyunithi, kunye namazinga okubona (DRs) kwi-pesticides nganye efikelela kwi-50%, kubandakanywa i-organochlorines yendabuko kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswayo ngoku. I-pyrethroids esetyenziswayo ngoku inee-DFs eziphezulu kunye nogxininiso, kunye ne-pyrethroid I eneyona ndawo iphezulu ye-particulate phase concentration kwi-32,000 pg/m3. I-Heptachlor, eyayithintelwe e-Canada ngo-1985, yayinowona mlinganiselo uphezulu woxinaniso lulonke lulonke lomoya (intwana yentwana kunye nesigaba segesi) kwi-443,000 pg/m3. Ukugxininiswa kwe-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-endosulfan I, i-chlorothalonil, i-allethrin, kunye ne-permethrin (ngaphandle kwesifundo esinye) yayiphezulu kunezo zilinganiswe kumakhaya anengeniso ephantsi echazwe kwenye indawo. Ukongeza ekusebenziseni ngabom izibulali-zinambuzane zokulawula izinambuzane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwizinto zokwakha kunye neepeyinti, ukutshaya kwakunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokugxilwa kwezilwanyana ezihlanu ezisetyenziselwa izityalo zecuba. Ukusasazwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane eziphezulu ze-DF kwisakhiwo ngasinye kucebisa ukuba eyona mithombo iphambili yezibulali-zinambuzane zibhaqiweyo ziinkqubo zolawulo lwezinambuzane eziqhutywa ngabaphathi bezakhiwo kunye/okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi ngabahlali.
Izindlu zoluntu ezinemivuzo ephantsi zibonelela ngesidingo esibalulekileyo, kodwa la makhaya asengozini yokuhlaselwa zizinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo kwaye axhomekeke kwimichiza yokubulala izinambuzane ukuwagcina. Siye safumanisa ukuba i-89% yazo zonke iiyunithi ezingama-46 ezivavanyiweyo ziye zavezwa ubuncinane kwi-28 ye-particulate-phase insecticide, kunye ne-pyrethroids esetyenziswa ngoku kunye ne-organochlorines evaliwe ixesha elide (umzekelo, i-DDT, i-heptachlor) enezona zigxininiso eziphezulu ngenxa yokuzingisa kwazo okuphezulu ngaphakathi. Ugxininiso lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezininzi ezingabhaliswanga ukuba zisetyenziswe ngaphakathi, ezifana ne-strobilurins ezisetyenziswa kwizinto zokwakha kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezifakwe kwizityalo zecuba, nazo zalinganiswa. Ezi ziphumo, idatha yokuqala yaseKhanada kuninzi lwezitshabalalisi zangaphakathi, zibonisa ukuba abantu bavezwe ngokubanzi kuninzi lwabo.
Izitshabalalisi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yezityalo kwezolimo ukunciphisa umonakalo owenziwe zizinambuzane. Ngo-2018, malunga ne-72% yezibulali zinambuzane ezithengiswa eCanada zazisetyenziswa kwezolimo, kunye ne-4.5% kuphela esetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala.[1] Ngoko ke, uninzi lwezifundo zokugxilwa kwe-pesticide kunye nokuvezwa kugxininise kwizicwangciso zezolimo. Kwiisetingi zendawo yokuhlala, isicelo esinye sangaphakathi sesibulali-zinambuzane sinokubangela ukuba i-15 mg yesibulali zinambuzane ikhutshelwe kokusingqongileyo.[5] Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi asetyenziswa ngaphakathi endlwini ukulawula izitshabalalisi ezifana namaphela kunye neencukuthu. Olunye usetyenziso lwezitshabalalisi zibandakanya ukulawula izitshabalalisi zezilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo njengezibulali-ntsholongwane kwifanitshala kunye neemveliso zabathengi (umzekelo, iikhaphethi zoboya, amalaphu) kunye nezinto zokwakha (umz., iipeyinti zodonga ezinezibulali zinambuzane, i-drywall enganyangekiyo) [6,7,8,9]. Ukongeza, izenzo zabahlali (umz., ukutshaya ngaphakathi) kunokubangela ukukhutshwa kwezibulali zinambuzane ezisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa icuba kwiindawo zangaphakathi [10]. Omnye umthombo wokukhutshwa kwe-pesticide kwiindawo zangaphakathi kukuthutha kwabo ngaphandle [11,12,13].
Ukongeza kubasebenzi bezolimo kunye neentsapho zabo, amaqela athile ayakwazi ukuchanabeka kwizitshabalalisi. Abantwana babonakaliswe kwizinto ezininzi ezingcolileyo zangaphakathi, kubandakanywa ne-pesticides, kunabantu abadala ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okuphefumla, ukungenisa uthuli, kunye nemikhwa yesandla somlomo ngokumalunga nobunzima bomzimba [14, 15]. Umzekelo, Trunnel et al. ifumene ukuba i-pyrethroid / pyrethrin (PYR) igxininiso kwi-floor wipes ihambelana kakuhle ne-PYR ye-metabolite concentrations kumchamo wabantwana [16]. I-DF ye-PYR ye-pesticide metabolites echazwe kwi-Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) yayiphezulu kubantwana abaneminyaka eyi-3-5 iminyaka kunamaqela amadala [17]. Abasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nabantwana babo abangekazalwa nabo bajongwa njengeqela elisengozini ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuvezwa kwezitshabalalisi kubomi beselula. UWyatt et al. ingxelo yokuba izibulali-zinambuzane kwiisampulu zegazi likamama kunye ne-neonatal zihambelana kakhulu, zihambelana nokudluliselwa komama-fetal [18].
Abantu abahlala kwizindlu ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye eziphantsi basengozini enkulu yokuvezwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo zangaphakathi, kuquka i-pesticides [19, 20, 21]. Ngokomzekelo, eKhanada, uphando lubonise ukuba abantu abanesimo esisezantsi se-socioeconomic (SES) banokuthi bavelele kwi-phthalates, i-halogenated flame retardants, i-organophosphorus plasticizers kunye ne-flame retardants, kunye ne-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) kunabantu abane-SES ephezulu [22,23,24]. Ezinye zezi ziphumo zisebenza kubantu abahlala "kwizindlu zentlalo yoluntu," esiyichaza njengezindlu eziqashisayo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente (okanye ii-arhente ezixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente) eziqulethe abahlali bemeko yentlalo ephantsi [25]. Izindlu zentlalo yoluntu kwizakhiwo zokuhlala ezininzi (i-MURBs) zichaphazeleka kwi-infestations yezinambuzane, ngokuyininzi ngenxa yeziphene zabo zesakhiwo (umz. ukuqhekeka kunye nokuqhekeka kweendonga), ukungabikho kokugcinwa kakuhle / ukulungiswa, ukucoceka okungafanelekanga kunye neenkonzo zokulahla inkunkuma, kunye nokuxinana rhoqo [20, 26]. Nangona iinkqubo ezidibeneyo zokulawula izinambuzane zikhoyo ukuze kuncitshiswe imfuno yeenkqubo zokulawula izinambuzane ekulawuleni izakhiwo kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwe-pesticide, ngokukodwa kwizakhiwo ezininzi zeeyunithi, izinambuzane zinokusasazeka kwisakhiwo sonke [21, 27, 28]. Ukusasazeka kwezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi ezinxulumeneyo kunokuchaphazela kakubi umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kwaye kubeke abahlali emngciphekweni wokuvezwa kwezitshabalalisi, okukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi zempilo [29]. Izifundo ezininzi e-United States zibonise ukuba amanqanaba okuvezwa kwii-pesticides ezivaliweyo kunye nezisetyenziswayo ngoku ziphezulu kwizindlu ezinengeniso ephantsi kunezindlu eziphezulu ngenxa yomgangatho wezindlu ophantsi [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Ngenxa yokuba abahlali abafumana imivuzo ephantsi basoloko beneendlela ezimbalwa zokushiya amakhaya abo, basenokusoloko bechanabeka kwizibulali-zinambuzane emakhayeni abo.
Emakhaya, abahlali banokuthi bavezwe kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-pesticides kwixesha elide ngenxa yokuba ii-pesticide ezihlala ziqhubeka ngenxa yokungabikho kwelanga, umswakama, kunye neendlela zokunciphisa i-microbial [33,34,35]. I-pesticide exposure iye yaxelwa ukuba inxulunyaniswa nemiphumo emibi yempilo efana ne-neurodevelopmental disabilities (ingakumbi i-IQ yomlomo ephantsi kumakhwenkwe), kunye nomhlaza wegazi, umhlaza wengqondo (kubandakanywa nomhlaza wabantwana), iziphumo ezinxulumene nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, kunye nesifo sika-Alzheimer.
Njengeqela kwiNgqungquthela yaseStockholm, iKhanada inezithintelo kwii-OCP ezilithoba [42, 54]. Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kweemfuneko zolawulo eKhanada kukhokelele ekuphumeni phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwe-OPP kunye ne-carbamate.[55] I-Arhente yoLawulo lweZitshabalalisi yaseKhanada (PMRA) ikwathintela ukusetyenziswa kwangaphakathi kwePYR. Ngokomzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cypermethrin kunyango lwe-perimeter yangaphakathi kunye nosasazo luyekisiwe ngenxa yempembelelo enokubakho kwimpilo yabantu, ngakumbi kubantwana [56]. Umzobo we-1 unika isishwankathelo sezi zithintelo [55, 57, 58].
I-Y-axis imele i-pesticides efunyenweyo (ngaphezulu komda wokufumanisa indlela, iTheyibhile S6), kunye ne-X-axis imele uluhlu loxinaniso lwe-pesticides emoyeni kwisigaba se-particle ngaphezu komda wokufumanisa. Iinkcukacha zokufunyanwa rhoqo kunye nokugxininiswa okuphezulu kunikwe kwiThebhile S6.
Iinjongo zethu ibikukulinganisa ukugxila komoya wangaphakathi kunye nokuba sesichengeni (umzekelo, ukuphefumla) kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswayo ngoku nezisele zifa kumakhaya akwimeko ephantsi yentlalo-ntle ehlala kwizindlu zoluntu eToronto, eKhanada, kunye nokuhlola ezinye zezinto ezinxulumene noku kubhengezwa. Injongo yale phepha kukugcwalisa i-gap kwidatha malunga nokuvezwa kwe-pesticides yangoku kunye nelifa kumakhaya abantu abasengozini, ngokukodwa ukuba idatha ye-pesticide yangaphakathi eCanada iyancipha kakhulu [6].
Abaphandi bajonge ukuxinana kwezibulali zinambuzane kwiindawo ezisixhenxe zokuhlala ze-MURB ezakhiwa ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kwiziza ezithathu kwiSixeko saseToronto. Zonke izakhiwo zimalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-65 ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na indawo yezolimo (kungabandakanywa iziza zasemva kweyadi). Ezi zakhiwo zimele izindlu zezentlalo zaseToronto. Uphononongo lwethu lukwandiswa kophando olukhulu oluvavanye amanqanaba e-particulate (PM) kwiiyunithi zezindlu zentlalo ngaphambi nangemva kokuphuculwa kwamandla [59,60,61]. Ke ngoko, isicwangciso sethu sokwenza iisampulu saphelela ekuqokeleleni i-PM emoyeni.
Kwibhloko nganye, ukuguqulwa kwaphuhliswa okubandakanya ukonga kwamanzi kunye namandla (umzekelo ukutshintshwa kweeyunithi zomoya, iibhoyili kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza) ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukuphucula umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kunye nokwandisa induduzo ye-thermal [62, 63]. Amafulethi ahlulwe ngokohlobo lokuhlala: abantu abadala, iintsapho kunye nabantu abangatshatanga. Iimpawu kunye neentlobo zezakhiwo zichazwe ngokubanzi kwenye indawo [24].
Iisampulu ezingamashumi amane anesithandathu zokucoca umoya eziqokelelwe kwiiyunithi ezingama-46 ze-MURB zezindlu zokuhlala ebusika ngo-2017 zahlalutywa. Uyilo lophononongo, ukuqokelela iisampulu, kunye neenkqubo zokugcina zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha nguWang et al. [60]. Ngokufutshane, iyunithi yomthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye ixhotyiswe ngesicoci somoya se-Amircare XR-100 esifakelwe i-127 mm yemithombo yeendaba yokucoca umoya ephezulu (izinto ezisetyenziswa kwizihluzi ze-HEPA) kangangeveki enye. Zonke izicoci zomoya eziphathwayo zacocwa ngee-isopropyl zosula ngaphambi nangemva kokusetyenziswa ukuphepha ukungcoliseka komnqamlezo. Izicoci zomoya eziphathwayo zibekwe eludongeni lwegumbi lokuhlala i-30 cm ukusuka kwisilingi kunye/okanye njengoko kuyalelwa ngabahlali ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka kubahlali kunye nokunciphisa amathuba okufikelela okungagunyaziswanga (jonga iNkcazelo eyoNgezelelweyo ye-SI1, uMzobo S1). Ngexesha leesampuli zeveki, ukuhamba kwe-median kwakuyi-39.2 m3 / ngosuku (jonga i-SI1 ngeenkcukacha zeendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuhamba). Phambi kokusasazwa kwesampulu ngoJanuwari nangoFebruwari 2015, utyelelo lokuqala lwendlu ngendlu kunye nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kweempawu zekhaya kunye nokuziphatha kwabahlali (umz. ukutshaya) kwenziwa. Uphando olulandelayo lwenziwe emva kotyelelo ngalunye ukusuka kwi-2015 ukuya ku-2017. Iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zinikwe kuTouchie et al. [64] Ngokufutshane, injongo yophando yayikukuvavanya ukuziphatha kwabahlali kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka kwiimpawu zekhaya kunye nokuziphatha kwabahlali njengokutshaya, ucango kunye nokusebenza kwefestile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-extractor hoods okanye iifeni zekhitshi xa upheka. [59, 64] Emva kokuguqulwa, izihlungi ze-28 ezijoliswe kwi-pesticide zahlaziywa (i-endosulfan I kunye ne-II kunye ne-α- kunye ne-γ-chlordane zithathwa njengezinto ezahlukeneyo, kunye ne-p, p'-DDE yayiyi-metabolite ye-p, p'-DDT, kungekhona i-pesticide), kubandakanywa ne-pesticides endala kunye ne-s1 (Table).
Wang et al. [60] ichaze inkqubo yokukhutshwa kunye nokucoca ngokweenkcukacha. Isampulu nganye yokucoca yahlulwe ngesiqingatha kwaye esinye isiqingatha sasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwezitshabalalisi ezingama-28 (Itheyibhile S1). Iisampulu zesihluzi kunye nezithuba ezingenanto zaselabhoratri ziqulathe izihluzi zegilasi zefiber, enye kwisampulu ezintlanu kuzo zonke ezisithoba zizonke, zixutywe nezintandathu ezibhalwe izibulala-zinambuzane (Itheyibhile S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) ukulawula ukuchacha. Ugxininiso lwemichiza yezitshabalalisi ekujoliswe kulo luye lwalinganiselwa kwiindawo ezingenanto ezintlanu. Isampuli nganye yokucoca i-sonicated kathathu nge-20 min nganye kunye ne-10 mL ye-hexane: i-acetone: i-dichloromethane (2: 1: 1, v: v: v) (ibakala le-HPLC, i-Fisher Scientific). Ii-supernatants ezivela kwizicatshulwa ezithathu ziye zadityaniswa zaza zagxininiswa kwi-1 mL kwi-evaporator ye-Zymark Turbovap phantsi kokuhamba rhoqo kwenitrogen. Isicatshulwa sahlanjululwa kusetyenziswa iikholamu zeFlorisil® SPE (i-Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE tubes, i-Supelco) emva koko igxininise kwi-0.5 mL isebenzisa i-Zymark Turbovap kwaye idluliselwe kwi-amber GC vial. I-Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, iTable S2) yongezwa njengomgangatho wangaphakathi. Uhlalutyo lwenziwa nge-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, i-Agilent 7890B GC kunye ne-Agilent 5977A MSD) kwiimpembelelo ze-electron kunye neendlela ze-ionization zamakhemikhali. Iiparamitha zesixhobo zinikwe kwi-SI4 kwaye ulwazi lwe-ion yobuninzi lunikwe kwiiThebhile S3 kunye ne-S4.
Ngaphambi kokutsalwa, i-pesticide ebhalwe phantsi i-surrogates ifakwe kwiisampuli kunye neendawo ezingenanto (Itheyibhile S2) ukujonga ukubuyiswa ngexesha lohlalutyo. Ukufunyanwa kweekhompawundi zokumakisha kwiisampuli ukusuka kuma-62% ukuya kuma-83%; zonke iziphumo zekhemikhali nganye zalungiswa ukuze zibuyiselwe. Idatha yayingabhalwanga nto kusetyenziswa ilabhoratri ephakathi kunye nentsimi yamaxabiso angenanto kwi-pesticide nganye (amaxabiso adweliswe kwiThebhile S5) ngokwemigaqo echazwe nguSaini et al. [65]: xa i-concentration engenanto yayingaphantsi kwe-5% yoxinaniso lwesampulu, akukho kulungiswa okungenanto okwenziwa kwiikhemikhali zomntu; xa ugxininiso olungenanto luyi-5-35%, idatha yayingenanto ilungisiwe; ukuba i-concentration engenanto yayinkulu kune-35% yexabiso, idatha yalahlwa. Indlela yokubona umda (i-MDL, iThebhile S6) ichazwe njengoxinaniso oluqhelekileyo lwebhubhoratri engenanto (n = 9) kunye nokuphindwe kathathu ukutenxa okuqhelekileyo. Ukuba i-compound ayizange ibonwe kwindawo engenanto, i-signal-to-noise ratio ye-compound kwisisombululo esisezantsi esisezantsi (~ 10: 1) isetyenziswe ukubala umda wokufumanisa isixhobo. Ugxininiso kwilabhoratri kunye neesampulu zasendle
Ubunzima beekhemikhali kwisihluzi somoya buguqulwa bube kugxininiso lwamasuntswana omoya oludityanisiweyo kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwegravimetric, kwaye isantya sokuhamba kwesihluzi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesihluzi siguqulelwa kugxininiso lwamasuntswana omoya oludityanisiweyo ngokweequation 1:
apho i-M (g) ubunzima bubonke be-PM ebanjwe sisihluzo, f (pg/g) lugxininiso lokungcola kwi-PM eqokelelweyo, η kukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca (kucingelwa ukuba yi-100% ngenxa yesixhobo sokucoca kunye nobukhulu bamasuntswana [67]), i-Q (m3 / h) yizinga lokuhamba komoya we-volumetric ngokusebenzisa isicoci somoya esiphathwayo, kunye ne-t (h) ixesha lokuthunyelwa. Ubunzima besihluzi sarekhodwa phambi nasemva kokusasazwa. Iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zemilinganiselo kunye namazinga okuhamba komoya anikezelwa nguWang et al. [60].
Indlela yesampulu esetyenziswe kweli phepha ilinganisa kuphela ukugxininiswa kwesigaba se-particle. Siqikelele ukugxininiswa okulinganayo kwee-pesticides kwisigaba segesi sisebenzisa i-equation ye-Harner-Biedelman (Equation 2), sithatha ukulingana kweekhemikhali phakathi kwezigaba [68]. I-equation 2 yayithathwe kwi-particulate matter ngaphandle, kodwa iphinde isetyenziswe ukuqikelela ukuhanjiswa kwe-particle emoyeni kunye neendawo zangaphakathi [69, 70].
apho ilog Kp luguqulo lwelogarithmic yolwahlulo lwe-particle-gas coefficient emoyeni, log Koa yinguqu yelogarithmic ye-octanol/i-air partition coefficient, i-Koa (dimensionless), kunye \({fom}\) liqhezu le-organic matter kwi-particle (dimensionless). Ixabiso lefom lithathwa libe yi-0.4 [71, 72]. Ixabiso le-Koa lithatyathwe kwi-OPERA 2.6 efunyenwe ngokusebenzisa i-CompTox ikhemikhali yedeshibhodi yokubeka iliso (US EPA, 2023) (Umfanekiso we-S2), ekubeni inoqikelelo oluncinci olunocalucalulo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zoqikelelo [73]. Sikwafumene amaxabiso ovavanyo lwe-Koa kunye ne-Kowwin/HENRYWIN eqikelelwayo sisebenzisa i-EPISuite [74].
Kuba i-DF yazo zonke izitshabalalisi ezichongiweyo yayingu-≤50%, amaxabiso
Umzobo we-S3 kunye neeThebhile ze-S6 kunye ne-S8 zibonisa ixabiso le-OPERA elisekelwe kwi-Koa, isigaba se-particulate (ifiltha) yoxinaniso lweqela ngalinye le-pesticide, kunye nesigaba segesi esibaliweyo kunye noxinzelelo olupheleleyo. Ugxininiso lwesigaba segesi kunye nesixa esiphezulu sezibulali-zinambuzane ezichongiweyo kwiqela ngalinye lemichiza (okt, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, kunye ne-Σ3STR) ezifunyenwe kusetyenziswa amaxabiso e-Koa ovavanyo kunye nokubalwa ukusuka kwi-EPSuite anikwe kwiiThebhile S7 kunye ne-S8, ngokulandelelana. Sinika ingxelo elinganisa ugxininiso lwesigaba se-particulate kwaye sithelekise ukugxininiswa komoya okupheleleyo okubalwe apha (usebenzisa uqikelelo olusekelwe kwi-OPERA) kunye nokugxininiswa komoya ukusuka kwinani elilinganiselweyo leengxelo ezingezona zezolimo zoxinzelelo lwe-pesticide kunye nezifundo ezininzi zamakhaya aphantsi-SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Itheyibhile S9). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu thelekiso luqikelelwa ngenxa yomahluko kwiindlela zesampulu kunye neminyaka yokufunda. Kulwazi lwethu, idatha eboniswe apha yeyokuqala ukulinganisa izibulali-zinambuzane ngaphandle kwe-organochlorines yendabuko emoyeni wangaphakathi eCanada.
Kwinqanaba le-particle, i-concentration ephezulu efunyenweyo ye-Σ8OCP yayingu-4400 pg / m3 (Itheyibhile S8). I-OCP ene-concentration ephezulu yayiyi-heptachlor (ithintelwe kwi-1985) kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-2600 pg / m3, ilandelwa yi-p, p′-DDT (ithintelwe kwi-1985) kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-1400 pg / m3 [57]. I-Chlorothalonil ene-concentration ephezulu ye-1200 pg/m3 yi-antibacterial and antifungal pesticide esetyenziswa kwiipeyinti. Nangona ukubhaliswa kwayo kusetyenziso lwangaphakathi kwanqunyanyiswa ngo-2011, i-DF yayo ihleli kuma-50% [55]. Amaxabiso aphezulu e-DF kunye nokugxininiswa kwee-OCP zemveli zibonisa ukuba ii-OCP bezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphambili kwaye ziyazingisa kwindawo zangaphakathi [6].
Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba iminyaka yokwakha ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugxininiswa kwee-OCP ezindala [6, 79]. Ngokwemveli, ii-OCPs bezisetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane zangaphakathi, ngakumbi i-lindane kunyango lweentwala zentloko, isifo esixhaphake kakhulu kumakhaya anesimo esisezantsi sentlalo qoqosho kunamakhaya anemeko ephezulu yentlalontle [80, 81]. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-lindane lwaluyi-990 pg/m3.
Kwinqanaba le-particulate elipheleleyo kunye nesigaba segesi, i-heptachlor yayinogxininiso oluphezulu, kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-443,000 pg / m3. Ubuninzi buphelele be-Σ8OCP yoxinaniso lomoya oluqikelelwa kumaxabiso e-Koa kwezinye izintlu zidweliswe kwiTheyibhile S8. Ugxininiso lwe-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-chlorothalonil, kunye ne-endosulfan I yayiyi-2 (chlorothalonil) ukuya kwi-11 (endosulfan I) ngamaxesha aphezulu kunezo zifunyenwe kwezinye izifundo zeendawo zokuhlala eziphezulu kunye neendawo zokuhlala eziphantsi kwe-United States naseFransi ezilinganiswe kwiminyaka eyi-30 edlulileyo [77, 842],83,83,83,833,833.
Eyona nto iphezulu yoxinaniso lwesigaba se-particulate se-OPs ezintathu (Σ3OPPs)-malathion, trichlorfon, kunye ne-diazinon-yayiyi-3,600 pg/m3. Kwezi, yimalathion kuphela ngoku ibhaliselwe ukusetyenziswa kwindawo yokuhlala eCanada. [55] I-Trichlorfon yayineyona ndawo iphezulu yoxinaniso lwesigaba se-particulate kwicandelo le-OPP, enobuninzi be-3,600 pg/m3. EKhanada, i-trichlorfon isetyenziswe njengesitshabalalisi sobugcisa kwezinye iimveliso zokulawula izinambuzane, njengokulawula iimpukane ezingaxhathisiyo kunye namaphela.[55] I-Malathion ibhaliswe njenge-rodenticide yokusetyenziswa kwindawo yokuhlala, kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-2,800 pg/m3.
Ubuninzi boxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwe-Σ3OPPs (igesi + amasuntswana) emoyeni yi-77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-Koa EPISuite). Uxinzelelo lwe-OPP yomoya luphantsi (DF 11-24%) kune-OCP (DF 0-50%), enokwenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokuzingisa okukhulu kwe-OCP [85].
I-diazinon kunye ne-malathion concentrations echazwe apha iphezulu kunezo zilinganiswe malunga ne-20 kwiminyaka edlulileyo kwimizi ephantsi yesimo sentlalo zentlalo eMzantsi Texas naseBoston (apho i-diazinon kuphela yabikwa) [26, 78]. Ugxininiso lwe-diazinon esilinganisa luphantsi kunezo zichazwe kwizifundo zemizi yemeko yentlalo ephantsi kunye nephakathi kwezoqoqosho eNew York naseNyakatho yeCalifornia (asikwazanga ukufumana iingxelo zamva nje kwiincwadi) [76, 77].
IiPYR zezona zibulala izitshabalalisi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kulawulo lweebhugi kumazwe amaninzi, kodwa izifundo ezimbalwa ziye zalinganisa ukugxila kwazo emoyeni wangaphakathi [86, 87]. Esi sisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba idatha yoxinaniso ye-PYR yangaphakathi ixelwe eCanada.
Kwinqanaba lamasuntswana, ubuninzi \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) ixabiso yi-36,000 pg/m3. I-Pyrethrin Ndandiyeyona nto ifunyenwe rhoqo (DF% = 48), enexabiso eliphezulu le-32,000 pg / m3 phakathi kwazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane. I-Pyrethroid I ibhaliswe eKhanada kulawulo lweencukuthu, amaphela, izinambuzane ezibhabhayo, kunye nezinambuzane ezifuywayo [55, 88]. Ukongeza, ipyrethrin I ithathwa njengonyango lokuqala lwe-pediculosis eCanada [89]. Ngenxa yokuba abantu abahlala kwizindlu zoluntu basengozini yokuhlaselwa ziincukuthu kunye neentwala [80, 81], besilindele ukuba ukuxinana kwepyrethrin I kube phezulu. Kulwazi lwethu, luphononongo olunye kuphela oluye lwaxela ukuxinana kwe-pyrethrin I emoyeni wangaphakathi wezakhiwo zokuhlala, kwaye akukho namnye oye waxela i-pyrethrin I kwizindlu zoluntu. Ugxininiso esilubonileyo lwaluphezulu kunelo lichazwe kuncwadi [90].
I-allethrin concentrations nayo yayiphezulu kakhulu, kunye nesibini esiphezulu kwisigaba se-particulate kwi-16,000 pg / m3, ilandelwa yi-permethrin (i-concentration ephezulu ye-14,000 pg / m3). I-Allethrin kunye ne-permetrin zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulwakhiwo lwezindlu. Njengepyrethrin I, ipermethrin isetyenziswa eKhanada ukunyanga iintwala zentloko.[89] I-concentration ephezulu ye-L-cyhalothrin efunyenwe yi-6,000 pg / m3. Nangona i-L-cyhalothrin ayibhaliswanga ukusetyenziswa kwekhaya eKhanada, ivunyiwe ukuba isetyenziselwe urhwebo ukukhusela iinkuni kwiimbovane zokuchwela.[55, 91]
Ubuninzi betotali \({\ sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) yoxinaniso emoyeni yayiyi-740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-Koa EPISuite). I-Allethrin kunye ne-permetrin concentrations apha (ubuninzi be-406,000 pg / m3 kunye ne-14,500 pg / m3, ngokulandelanayo) yayiphezulu kunezo zichazwe kwizifundo zomoya eziphantsi ze-SES [26, 77, 78]. Nangona kunjalo, uWyatt et al. kuxelwe amanqanaba aphezulu e-permetrin kumoya wangaphakathi wamakhaya aphantsi-SES kwisiXeko saseNew York kuneziphumo zethu (amaxesha ali-12 aphezulu) [76]. Ukugxininiswa kwe-permetrin esilinganisa ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphantsi ukuya kubuninzi be-5300 pg / m3.
Nangona i-STR biocides ingabhaliswanga ukusetyenziswa kwikhaya laseKhanada, inokusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto zokwakha ezifana ne-mold-resistant siding [75, 93]. Silinganise ugxininiso lwesigaba esisezantsi ngokwentelekiso kunye nobuninzi \({\ sum }_{3}{STRs}\) ye-1200 pg/m3 kunye nomoya opheleleyo \({\ sum }_{3}{STRs}\) ugxininiso ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1300 pg/m3. Ukugxininiswa kwe-STR emoyeni wangaphakathi akuzange kulinganiswe ngaphambili.
Imidacloprid sisitshabalalisi se-neonicotinoid esibhaliswe eCanada kulawulo lwezinambuzane zezilwanyana zasekhaya.[55] Ubuninzi bogxininiso lwe-imidacloprid kwisigaba se-particulate yi-930 pg / m3, kwaye i-concentration enkulu kwi-air jikelele yayiyi-34,000 pg / m3.
Ipropiconazole yesichiza sokungunda ibhaliswe eKhanada ukuze isetyenziswe njengesithinteli somthi kwizinto zokwakha.[55] Ubuninzi bogxininiso esilinganisa kwisigaba se-particulate yi-1100 pg / m3, kwaye i-concentration enkulu emoyeni jikelele iqikelelwa ukuba yi-2200 pg / m3.
I-Pendimethalin yi-pesticide ye-dinitroaniline ene-concentration yesigaba esiphezulu se-particulate ye-4400 pg / m3 kunye ne-air concentration ye-9100 pg / m3. I-Pendimethalin ayibhaliswanga ukuba isetyenziswe kwindawo yokuhlala eCanada, kodwa umthombo omnye wokuvezwa kukusebenzisa icuba, njengoko kuxoxwe ngezantsi.
Izibulali-zinambuzane ezininzi zazinxulunyaniswa enye kwenye (Itheyibhile S10). Njengoko bekulindelekile, u-p,p′-DDT kunye no-p,p′-DDE bezinonxulumano olubalulekileyo kuba ip,p′-DDE yimetabolite ye p,p′-DDT. Ngokufanayo, i-endosulfan I kunye ne-endosulfan II nazo zazinonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kuba zimbini ze-diastereoisomers ezenzeka kunye kwi-endosulfan yobugcisa. Umlinganiselo we-diastereoisomers ezimbini (i-endosulfan I: i-endosulfan II) iyahluka ukusuka kwi-2: 1 ukuya kwi-7: 3 kuxhomekeke kumxube wezobugcisa [94]. Kuphononongo lwethu, umlinganiselo wawusuka ku-1:1 ukuya ku-2:1.
Ngokulandelayo sijonge i-co-occurrences enokuthi ibonise ukusebenzisana kwe-pesticides kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticides ezininzi kwimveliso ye-pesticide (jonga i-breakpoint plot kwi-Figure S4). Ngokomzekelo, ukwenzeka ngokubambisana kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba izithako ezisebenzayo zinokudibaniswa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zesenzo, njengomxube we-pyriproxyfen kunye ne-tetramethrin. Apha, siqaphele ukulungelelaniswa (p <0.01) kunye ne-co-occurrence (iiyunithi ze-6) zezi zinambuzane (Umfanekiso we-S4 kunye neThebhile S10), ehambelana nokuqulunqwa kwazo okudibeneyo [75]. Ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo (p <0.01) kunye neziganeko zokubambisana zabonwa phakathi kwe-OCPs ezifana ne-p,p′-DDT kunye ne-lindane (iiyunithi ezi-5) kunye ne-heptachlor (iiyunithi ezi-6), ezibonisa ukuba zisetyenziswe kwixesha elithile okanye zisetyenziswe kunye ngaphambi kokuba izithintelo zifakwe. Akukho bukho-bambisene be-OFPs babonwa, ngaphandle kwe-diazinon kunye ne-malathion, efunyenwe kwiiyunithi ze-2.
Izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisana (iiyunithi ze-8) ezibonwayo phakathi kwe-pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid kunye ne-permethrin inokuchazwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezi zibulala-zinambuzane ezithathu ezisebenzayo kwiimveliso ze-insecticidal zokulawulwa kwamakhalane, iintwala kunye neentakumba kwizinja [95]. Ukongezelela, imilinganiselo ye-co-occurrence ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-L-cypermethrin (iiyunithi ze-4), i-propargyltrine (iiyunithi ze-4) kunye ne-pyrethrin I (iiyunithi ze-9) nazo zabonwa. Ngokolwazi lwethu, akukho ngxelo epapashiweyo ye-co-occurrence ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-L-cypermethrin, i-propargyltrine kunye ne-pyrethrin I eCanada. Nangona kunjalo, i-pesticides ebhalisiweyo kwamanye amazwe iqulethe imixube ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-L-cypermethrin kunye ne-propargyltrine [96, 97]. Ngaphezu koko, asiyazi nayiphi na imveliso equkethe umxube we-pyrethrin I kunye ne-imidacloprid. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-insecticide zombini kunokuchaza ukubambisana okubonwayo, njengoko zombini zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iibhugi zokulala, eziqhelekileyo kwizindlu zoluntu [86, 98]. Sifumene ukuba i-permetrin kunye ne-pyrethrin I (iiyunithi ze-16) zihambelana kakhulu (p <0.01) kwaye zinenani eliphezulu lezinto ezidibeneyo, ezibonisa ukuba zisetyenziswe kunye; oku kwakuyinyaniso kwi-pyrethrin I kunye ne-allethrin (iiyunithi ze-7, p <0.05), ngelixa i-permethrin kunye ne-allerthrin yayinobudlelwane obuphantsi (iiyunithi ze-5, p <0.05) [75]. I-Pendimethalin, i-permethrin kunye ne-thiophanate-methyl, ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo zecuba, nazo zibonise ukuhambelana kunye nokubambisana kwiiyunithi ezilithoba. Ulungelelwaniso olongezelelweyo kunye neziganeko ezihambelanayo ziye zabonwa phakathi kwe-pesticides ekungazange kuxelwe ngayo ukubumbana, njenge-permethrin ene-STRs (okt, i-azoxystrobin, i-fluoxastrobin, kunye ne-trifloxystrobin).
Ukulinywa kunye nokulungiswa kwecuba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizibulali zinambuzane. Amanqanaba okubulala izitshabalalisi ecubeni ayancipha ngexesha lokuvuna, ukunyanga, kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso yokugqibela. Noko ke, iintsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane zisekho kumagqabi ecuba.[99] Ukongezelela, amagqabi ecuba asenokunyangwa ngezibulali-zinambuzane emva kokuvuna.[100] Ngenxa yoko, amayeza okubulala izinambuzane aye afunyanwa kumagqabi ecuba nasemsini.
E-Ontario, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sezindlu ze-12 ezinkulu zezindlu zokuhlala azinawo umgaqo-nkqubo wokungatshayi, ubeka abahlali emngciphekweni wokuchatshazelwa ngumsi wecuba.[101] Izakhiwo zezindlu zase-MURB kwisifundo sethu zazingenawo umgaqo-nkqubo wokungatshayi. Sivavanye abahlali ukuba bafumane ulwazi malunga nemikhwa yabo yokutshaya kwaye baqhube iitshekhi zeyunithi ngexesha lokutyelela ekhaya ukuze babone iimpawu zokutshaya.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-06-2025