Abemi abanesimo esiphantsi kwezoqoqosho (SES) abahlala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezixhaswa ngurhulumente okanye ii-arhente zokuxhasa ngemali zikarhulumente banokuba sesichengeni ngakumbi sezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi kuba izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa ngenxa yeziphene zesakhiwo, ukugcinwa okungekho semgangathweni, njl.njl.
Ngowama-2017, ii-28 particles pesticides zalinganiswa emoyeni wangaphakathi kwiiyunithi ezingama-46 zezakhiwo ezisixhenxe zezindlu zokuhlala zabantu abanengeniso ephantsi eToronto, eKhanada, kusetyenziswa izicoci zomoya eziphathwayo ezazisebenza iveki enye. Izibulali-zinambuzane ezihlalutyiweyo zazisetyenziswa ngokwesiko kwaye ngoku zisetyenziswa kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezivela kwiindidi ezilandelayo: ii-organochlorines, ii-organophosphorus compounds, ii-pyrethroids, kunye nee-strobilurins.
Ubuncinane i-pesticide enye ifunyenwe kwi-89% yeeyunithi, kunye namazinga okufunyaniswa (ii-DR) kwi-pesticides nganye efikelela kwi-50%, kuquka ii-organochlorines zemveli kunye ne-pesticides ezisetyenziswayo ngoku. Ii-pyrethroids ezisetyenziswayo ngoku zazine-DF ephezulu kunye noxinzelelo, kunye ne-pyrethroid I ene-particle phase concentration ephezulu kwi-32,000 pg/m3. I-Heptachlor, eyayinqunyelwe eKhanada ngo-1985, yayine-maximum maximum air concentration ephezulu (i-particle matter kunye ne-gas phase) kwi-443,000 pg/m3. Uxinzelelo lwe-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-endosulfan I, i-chlorothalonil, i-allethrin, kunye ne-permethrin (ngaphandle kophando olunye) lwaluphezulu kunalawo alinganiswe kumakhaya anengeniso ephantsi axelwe kwenye indawo. Ukongeza ekusebenziseni ngabom izibulali-zinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwizixhobo zokwakha kunye neepeyinti, ukutshaya kwakunxulunyaniswa kakhulu noxinzelelo lwe-pesticides ezintlanu ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo zecuba. Ukusasazwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezine-DF ephezulu kwizakhiwo ngazinye kubonisa ukuba imithombo ephambili yezibulali-zinambuzane ezifunyenweyo yayiziinkqubo zokulawula izinambuzane ezenziwa ngabaphathi bezakhiwo kunye/okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ngabahlali.
Izindlu zoluntu ezinengeniso ephantsi zibonelela ngesidingo esibalulekileyo, kodwa la makhaya asengozini yokuhlaselwa zizinambuzane kwaye axhomekeke kwiizinambuzane ukuze azigcine. Sifumanise ukuba i-89% yazo zonke iiyunithi ezingama-46 ezivavanyiweyo zazichatshazelwe ubuncinane yenye yezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-28 zesigaba samaqhekeza, apho ii-pyrethroids ezisetyenziswayo ngoku kunye ne-organochlorines ezivinjelwe ixesha elide (umz., i-DDT, i-heptachlor) zinomlinganiselo ophezulu ngenxa yokuqina kwazo ngaphakathi. Uxinzelelo lweezinambuzane ezininzi ezingabhaliswanga ukusetyenziswa ngaphakathi, ezifana nee-strobilurins ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokwakha kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo zecuba, nazo zalinganiswa. Ezi ziphumo, idatha yokuqala yaseKhanada kwiintlobo ezininzi zezibulali-zinambuzane zangaphakathi, zibonisa ukuba abantu bachatshazelwa kakhulu zininzi zazo.
Izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yezityalo zezolimo ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa zizinambuzane. Ngo-2018, malunga ne-72% yezibulali-zinambuzane ezithengiswayo eKhanada zazisetyenziswa kwezolimo, kwaye yi-4.5% kuphela esetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala.[1] Ke ngoko, uninzi lwezifundo zokugxila kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokuvezwa kwazo zigxile kwiindawo zezolimo.[2,3,4] Oku kushiya izikhewu ezininzi ngokweeprofayili zezibulali-zinambuzane kunye namanqanaba emizini, apho izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izinambuzane. Kwiindawo zokuhlala, ukusetyenziswa kwesinye kwezibulali-zinambuzane ngaphakathi kunokubangela ukuba i-15 mg yezibulali-zinambuzane ikhutshwe kwindawo engqongileyo.[5] Izibulali-zinambuzane zisetyenziswa ngaphakathi ukulawula izinambuzane ezifana neempuku kunye neencukuthu. Ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ziquka ukulawula izinambuzane zezilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo njengeefungicides kwifenitshala nakwiimveliso zabathengi (umz., iikhaphethi zoboya, amalaphu) kunye nezinto zokwakha (umz., iipeyinti zodonga ezinefungicides, i-drywall enganyangekiyo ngumngundo) [6,7,8,9]. Ukongeza, izenzo zabantu abahlala apho (umz., ukutshaya ngaphakathi) zinokubangela ukukhululwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa icuba kwiindawo zangaphakathi [10]. Omnye umthombo wokukhutshwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwiindawo ezingaphakathi kukuthutha kwazo zivela ngaphandle [11,12,13].
Ukongeza kubasebenzi bezolimo kunye neentsapho zabo, amaqela athile nawo asengozini yokuvezwa zizinambuzane. Abantwana bachaphazeleka kakhulu zizinto ezininzi ezingcolisayo zangaphakathi, kuquka izibulali-zinambuzane, kunabantu abadala ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okuphefumla, ukufunxa uthuli, kunye nemikhwa yokuthetha ngezandla ngomlomo xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima bomzimba [14, 15]. Umzekelo, uTrunnel et al. bafumanise ukuba ukugxila kwe-pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) kwii-floor wipes kwakunxulumene kakuhle nokugxila kwe-PYR metabolite kumchamo wabantwana [16]. I-DF ye-PYR pesticide metabolites echazwe kwiCanadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) yayiphezulu kubantwana abaneminyaka emi-3-5 kunakumaqela amadala [17]. Abafazi abakhulelweyo kunye nabantwana babo abasandul’ ukuzalwa nabo bathathwa njengeqela elisengozini ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuvezwa zizinambuzane kwasebuntwaneni. UWyatt et al. baxele ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane kwiisampulu zegazi lomama nosana olusandul’ ukuzalwa zazinxulumene kakhulu, zihambelana nokudluliselwa koomama nosana [18].
Abantu abahlala kwizindlu ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye ezinabantu abafumana ingeniso ephantsi basengozini enkulu yokuchaphazeleka zizinto ezingcolisayo zangaphakathi, kuquka izibulali-zinambuzane [19, 20, 21]. Umzekelo, eKhanada, izifundo zibonise ukuba abantu abanesimo esiphantsi kwezoqoqosho (SES) banamathuba amaninzi okuba bachaphazeleke yi-phthalates, ii-halogenated flame retardants, ii-organophosphorus plasticizers kunye nee-flame retardants, kunye ne-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) kunabantu abane-SES ephezulu [22,23,24]. Ezinye zezi ziphumo zisebenza kubantu abahlala "kwizindlu zentlalo," esizichaza njengezindlu zokuqeshisa ezixhaswa ngurhulumente (okanye ii-arhente ezixhaswa ngurhulumente) ezinabemi abanesimo esiphantsi kwezoqoqosho [25]. Izindlu zentlalo kwizakhiwo zokuhlala ezineeyunithi ezininzi (ii-MURB) zisengozini yokuhlaselwa zizinambuzane, ikakhulu ngenxa yeziphene zazo zesakhiwo (umz. imifantu kunye neengxondorha eludongeni), ukungabikho kolondolozo/ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo, iinkonzo zokucocwa nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngokwaneleyo, kunye nokuxinana rhoqo [20, 26]. Nangona iinkqubo zolawulo lwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo zikho ukuze kuncitshiswe isidingo seenkqubo zokulawula izinambuzane kulawulo lwezakhiwo kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezineeyunithi ezininzi, izinambuzane zinokusasazeka kulo lonke isakhiwo [21, 27, 28]. Ukusasazeka kwezinambuzane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane okunxulumene noko kunokuchaphazela kakubi umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kwaye kubeke abantu abakuloo ndawo emngciphekweni wokuvezwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiphumo emibi kwimpilo [29]. Izifundo ezininzi eMelika zibonise ukuba amanqanaba okuvezwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezithintelweyo nezisetyenziswayo ngoku aphezulu kwizindlu ezinengeniso ephantsi kunakwizindlu ezinengeniso ephezulu ngenxa yomgangatho wezindlu ophantsi [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Ngenxa yokuba abemi abanengeniso ephantsi badla ngokuba neendlela ezimbalwa zokushiya amakhaya abo, banokuqhubeka bevezwa zizibulali-zinambuzane emakhayeni abo.
Emakhaya, abemi banokuthi bachaphazeleke kakhulu kubuninzi bezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ixesha elide kuba iintsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane zihlala zikho ngenxa yokunqongophala kwelanga, umswakama, kunye neendlela zokubola kweentsholongwane [33,34,35]. Ukuvezwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kunxulunyaniswa nemiphumo emibi yempilo efana nokukhubazeka kophuhliso lwemithambo-luvo (ingakumbi i-IQ ephantsi yomlomo kubafana), kunye nomhlaza wegazi, umhlaza wobuchopho (kuquka umhlaza wabantwana), iziphumo ezinxulumene nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, kunye nesifo sika-Alzheimer.
Njengeqela leSivumelwano saseStockholm, iKhanada inemiqathango kwii-OCP ezilithoba [42, 54]. Ukuhlolwa kwakhona kweemfuno zomthetho eKhanada kubangele ukuba kupheliswe phantse zonke iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwe-OPP kunye ne-carbamate ngaphakathi kwezindlu.[55] I-Arhente yoLawulo lweZilo eziTshabayo yaseKhanada (PMRA) ikwathintela ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwe-PYR ngaphakathi. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cypermethrin kunyango lwangaphakathi kunye nokusasazwa kuyekiswa ngenxa yempembelelo yayo enokubakho kwimpilo yabantu, ngakumbi ebantwaneni [56]. Umfanekiso 1 unika isishwankathelo sale miqathango [55, 57, 58].
I-Y-axis imele izibulali-zinambuzane ezifunyenweyo (ngaphezulu komda wokufumanisa wendlela, Itheyibhile S6), kwaye i-X-axis imele uluhlu loxinzelelo lwezibulali-zinambuzane emoyeni kwisigaba samasuntswana ngaphezulu komda wokufumanisa. Iinkcukacha zamaza okufumanisa kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu zibonelelwe kwiTheyibhile S6.
Iinjongo zethu yayikukulinganisa ubuninzi bomoya ngaphakathi kunye nokuchatshazelwa (umz., ukuphefumla) kwezibulali zinambuzane ezisetyenziswayo ngoku kunye nezisele zikho kwimizi ekwimeko ephantsi kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo ehlala kwizindlu zoluntu eToronto, eKhanada, kunye nokuhlola ezinye zezinto ezinxulumene nokuchatshazelwa. Injongo yale phepha kukugcwalisa isithuba kwidatha malunga nokuchatshazelwa kwezibulali zinambuzane ezikhoyo nezisele zikho kwimizi yabantu abasesichengeni, ingakumbi xa kujongwa ukuba idatha yezibulali zinambuzane zangaphakathi eKhanada incinci kakhulu [6].
Abaphandi bajonge ubuninzi bezinambuzane kwiindawo ezisixhenxe zezindlu zoluntu zeMURB ezakhiwe ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kwiindawo ezintathu kwiSixeko saseToronto. Zonke izakhiwo zikude ubuncinane neekhilomitha ezingama-65 ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na indawo yezolimo (ngaphandle kweendawo ezingasemva kwendlu). Ezi zakhiwo zimele izindlu zoluntu zaseToronto. Uphononongo lwethu lulwandiso lophando olukhulu oluhlolisise amanqanaba ezinto ezincinci (PM) kwiiyunithi zezindlu zoluntu ngaphambi nasemva kokuphuculwa kwamandla [59,60,61]. Ke ngoko, icebo lethu lokufumana iisampulu lalilinganiselwe ekuqokeleleni i-PM emoyeni.
Kwibhloko nganye, kwenziwe utshintsho oluquka ukonga amanzi kunye namandla (umz. ukutshintshwa kweeyunithi zomoya, iibhoyila kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza) ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukuphucula umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kunye nokunyusa intuthuzelo yobushushu [62, 63]. Iiflethi zahlulwe ngokohlobo lwabantu abahlala kuzo: abantu abadala, iintsapho kunye nabantu abangatshatanga. Iimpawu kunye neentlobo zezakhiwo zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwenye indawo [24].
Iisampulu ezingama-46 zezixhobo zokucoca umoya eziqokelelwe kwiiyunithi ezingama-46 zezindlu zoluntu ze-MURB ebusika ngo-2017 zihlalutywe. Uyilo lophando, ukuqokelelwa kwesampulu, kunye neenkqubo zokugcina zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha nguWang et al. [60]. Ngamafutshane, iyunithi nganye yomthathi-nxaxheba yayixhotyiswe ngesixhobo sokucoca umoya i-Amaircare XR-100 esine-127 mm ye-high-efficiency particulate air filter media (izinto ezisetyenziswa kwii-HEPA filters) kangangeveki e-1. Zonke izixhobo zokucoca umoya eziphathwayo zicocwe ngee-isopropyl wipes ngaphambi nasemva kokusetyenziswa ukuze kuthintelwe ukungcoliswa okunqamlezileyo. Izixhobo zokucoca umoya eziphathwayo zibekwe eludongeni lwegumbi lokuhlala 30 cm ukusuka eluphahleni kunye/okanye njengoko kuyalelwe ngabahlali ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphazamiseka kubahlali kunye nokunciphisa amathuba okufikelela okungagunyaziswanga (jonga Ulwazi olongezelelweyo SI1, Umfanekiso S1). Ngexesha leesampuli zeveki nganye, ukuhamba okuphakathi kwakuyi-39.2 m3/ngosuku (jonga i-SI1 ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha zeendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo zokufumanisa ukuhamba). Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kweesampulu ngoJanuwari nangoFebruwari 2015, kwaqhutywa utyelelo lokuqala emnyango nomnyango kunye nokuhlolwa ngokubonakalayo kweempawu zekhaya kunye nokuziphatha kwabahlali (umz. ukutshaya). Uphando olulandelayo lwenziwa emva kotyelelo ngalunye ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya ku-2017. Iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zibonelelwe kwiTouchie et al. [64] Ngamafutshane, injongo yophando yayikukuvavanya ukuziphatha kwabahlali kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka kwiimpawu zekhaya kunye nokuziphatha kwabahlali okufana nokutshaya, ukusebenza komnyango kunye neefestile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-extractor hood okanye iifeni zasekhitshini xa kuphekwa. [59, 64] Emva kokuguqulwa, kwahlalutywa izihluzi zee-pesticides ezijoliswe kuzo ezingama-28 (i-endosulfan I kunye ne-II kunye ne-α- kunye ne-γ-chlordane zazithathwa njengeekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye i-p,p′-DDE yayiyi-metabolite ye-p,p′-DDT, hayi i-pesticides), kuquka zombini izibulala-zinambuzane ezindala nezanamhlanje (Itheyibhile S1).
UWang et al. [60] bachaze ngokweenkcukacha inkqubo yokukhupha nokucoca. Isampulu nganye yesihluzo yahlulwe phakathi kwaye isiqingatha esinye sasetyenziswa kuhlalutyo lwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-28 (Itheyibhile S1). Iisampulu zesihluzo kunye neebhloko zelebhu zaziqulathe izihluzo zefayibha yeglasi, enye kwisampulu nganye ezintlanu kwi-9 iyonke, zifakwe ii-surrogates ezintandathu ezibhalwe iipesticide (Itheyibhile S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) ukulawula ukubuyiswa. Uxinzelelo lwezibulala-zinambuzane olujoliswe kuzo lukwalinganiswe kwiindawo ezi-5 ezingenanto. Isampulu nganye yesihluzo yanikwa i-sonicate kathathu kangangemizuzu engama-20 nganye nge-10 mL ye-hexane:acetone:dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (ibanga le-HPLC, iFisher Scientific). Izinto eziphuma kwezi ntlobo zithathu zadityaniswa zaza zaxutywa kwi-1 mL kwi-evaporator ye-Zymark Turbovap phantsi kokuhamba rhoqo kwe-nitrogen. I-extract icociwe kusetyenziswa iikholamu ze-Florisil® SPE (iityhubhu ze-Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE, iSupelco) emva koko yaxutywa kwi-0.5 mL kusetyenziswa i-Zymark Turbovap yaze yadluliselwa kwi-amber GC vial. I-Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Itheyibhile S2) yongezwa njengomgangatho wangaphakathi. Uhlalutyo lwenziwe nge-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC kunye ne-Agilent 5977A MSD) kwiindlela ze-electron impact kunye ne-chemical ionization. Iiparameter zezixhobo zinikwe kwi-SI4 kwaye ulwazi lwe-quantitative ion lunikwe kwiitheyibhile S3 kunye ne-S4.
Ngaphambi kokukhutshwa, ii-surrogates ezineelebheli zazifakwa kwiisampuli kunye nee-blanks (Itheyibhile S2) ukuze kujongwe ukubuyiselwa ngexesha lohlalutyo. Ukufunyanwa kwee-marker compounds kwiisampuli kwakususela kwi-62% ukuya kwi-83%; zonke iziphumo zeekhemikhali nganye zalungiswa ukuze zibuyiselwe. Idatha yayingalungiswanga kusetyenziswa i-avareji yelabhoratri kunye ne-field blank values kwi-pesticide nganye (amaxabiso adweliswe kwiTheyibhile S5) ngokwemigangatho echazwe nguSaini et al. [65]: xa uxinano olungenanto lwalungaphantsi kwe-5% yoxinano lwesampulu, akukho lungiso lungenanto lwenziwe kwiikhemikhali nganye; xa uxinano olungenanto lwaluyi-5-35%, idatha yayingalungiswanga; ukuba uxinano olungenanto lwalungaphezulu kwe-35% yexabiso, idatha yayilahlwa. Umda wokufumanisa indlela (MDL, Itheyibhile S6) wachazwa njengoxinano oluphakathi lwe-lab blank (n = 9) kunye nokuphambuka okuphindwe kathathu okuqhelekileyo. Ukuba i-compound ayifunywanga kwi-blank, umlinganiselo wesignali-kwingxolo we-compound kwisisombululo esisezantsi esisemgangathweni (~10:1) wasetyenziswa ukubala umda wokufumanisa izixhobo. Uxinzelelo olukwiisampulu zelebhu kunye nentsimi belukho
Ubunzima beekhemikhali kwi-air filter buguqulwa bube yi-integrated air particle concentration kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-gravimetric, kwaye izinga lokuhamba kwesihluzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesihluzo ziguqulwa zibe yi-integrated air particle concentration ngokwe-equation 1:
apho i-M (g) bubunzima obupheleleyo be-PM ebanjwe sisihluzi, i-f (pg/g) luxinzelelo lokungcola kwi-PM eqokelelweyo, i-η kukusebenza kakuhle kwesihluzi (kucingelwa ukuba yi-100% ngenxa yezinto zesihluzi kunye nobukhulu bamasuntswana [67]), i-Q (m3/h) lizinga lokuhamba komoya nge-volumetric ngesihluzi somoya esiphathwayo, kwaye i-t (h) lixesha lokusetyenziswa. Ubunzima besihluzi burekhodwe ngaphambi nasemva kokusetyenziswa. Iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zokulinganisa kunye namazinga okuhamba komoya zibonelelwa nguWang et al. [60].
Indlela yokuvavanya esetyenzisiweyo kweli phepha ilinganise kuphela uxinano lwesigaba seenxalenye. Siqikelele uxinano olulinganayo lwezibulali-zinambuzane kwisigaba segesi sisebenzisa i-Harner-Biedelman equation (Equation 2), sicinga ukulingana kweekhemikhali phakathi kwezigaba [68]. I-Equation 2 ifunyenwe kwizinto zeentlobo-ntlobo ngaphandle, kodwa ikwasetyenziswe ukuqikelela ukusasazwa kweenxalenye-ntlobo emoyeni nakwiindawo zangaphakathi [69, 70].
apho i-log Kp lutshintsho lwe-logarithmic lwe-particle-gas partition coefficient emoyeni, i-log Koa lutshintsho lwe-logarithmic lwe-octanol/air partition coefficient, i-Koa (engenamlinganiselo), kunye ne-\({fom}\) liqhezu lezinto eziphilayo kwi-particle matter (engenamlinganiselo). Ixabiso le-fom lithathwa njenge-0.4 [71, 72]. Ixabiso le-Koa lithathwe kwi-OPERA 2.6 efunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-CompTox chemical monitoring dashboard (US EPA, 2023) (Umfanekiso S2), kuba ine-aspects engathathi cala xa ithelekiswa nezinye iindlela zoqikelelo [73]. Sikwafumene amaxabiso ovavanyo lwe-Koa kunye ne-Kowwin/HENRYWIN estimates sisebenzisa i-EPISuite [74].
Ekubeni i-DF yazo zonke izibulali-zinambuzane ezifunyenweyo yayiyi-≤50%, amaxabiso
Umfanekiso S3 kunye neeTheyibhile S6 kunye ne-S8 zibonisa amaxabiso e-Koa asekelwe kwi-OPERA, uxinaniso lwesigaba se-particulate (isihluzo) seqela ngalinye lezibulali zinambuzane, kunye nesigaba segesi esibaliweyo kunye noxinaniso olupheleleyo. Uxinaniso lwesigaba segesi kunye nesixa esiphezulu sezibulali zinambuzane ezifunyenweyo kwiqela ngalinye leekhemikhali (oko kukuthi, i-Σ8OCP, i-Σ3OPP, i-Σ8PYR, kunye ne-Σ3STR) ezifunyenwe kusetyenziswa amaxabiso e-Koa ovavanyo kunye namanani abaliweyo avela kwi-EPISuite zibonelelwe kwiiTheyibhile S7 kunye ne-S8, ngokulandelelana. Sixela uxinaniso lwesigaba se-particulate olulinganisiweyo kwaye sithelekise uxinaniso lomoya olupheleleyo olubalwe apha (sisebenzisa uqikelelo olusekelwe kwi-OPERA) kunye noxinaniso lomoya oluvela kwinani elilinganiselweyo leengxelo ezingezizo ezolimo zoxinaniso lwezibulali zinambuzane emoyeni nakwizifundo ezininzi zemizi engaphantsi kwe-SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Itheyibhile S9). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu thelekiso luqikelelwa ngenxa yokwahluka kweendlela zokuthatha iisampulu kunye neminyaka yokufunda. Ngokolwazi lwethu, idatha evezwe apha yeyokuqala ukulinganisa izibulali zinambuzane ngaphandle kwee-organochlorines zendabuko emoyeni wangaphakathi eCanada.
Kwisigaba see-particle, uxinaniso oluphezulu olufunyenweyo lwe-Σ8OCP yayiyi-4400 pg/m3 (Itheyibhile S8). I-OCP enoxinaniso oluphezulu yayiyi-heptachlor (ethintelweyo ngo-1985) enoxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-2600 pg/m3, ilandelwa yi-p,p′-DDT (ethintelweyo ngo-1985) enoxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-1400 pg/m3 [57]. I-Chlorothalonil enoxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-1200 pg/m3 sisibulali-zinambuzane esilwa neentsholongwane kunye ne-antifungal esisetyenziswa kwiipeyinti. Nangona ubhaliso lwayo lokusetyenziswa ngaphakathi lwamiswa ngo-2011, i-DF yayo ihlala kwi-50% [55]. Amaxabiso aphezulu e-DF kunye noxinaniso lwe-OCP zemveli zibonisa ukuba ii-OCP bezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye zihlala zikho kwiindawo zangaphakathi [6].
Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ubudala bokwakha bunxulumene kakuhle noxinzelelo lwee-OCP ezindala [6, 79]. Ngokwesiko, ii-OCP bezisetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane zangaphakathi, ngakumbi i-lindane kunyango lweentwala zentloko, isifo esixhaphake kakhulu kumakhaya anesimo esiphantsi kwezentlalo kunamakhaya anesimo esiphezulu sentlalo [80, 81]. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-lindane yayiyi-990 pg/m3.
Kwi-total particulate matter kunye ne-gas phase, i-heptachlor yayinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-443,000 pg/m3. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-Σ8OCP air oluqikelelweyo ukusuka kumaxabiso e-Koa kwezinye iindawo ludweliswe kwiTheyibhile S8. Uxinzelelo lwe-heptachlor, i-lindane, i-chlorothalonil, kunye ne-endosulfan I lwaluphindwe kabini (chlorothalonil) ukuya kwi-11 (endosulfan I) ngaphezu kolo lufunyenwe kwezinye izifundo zeendawo zokuhlala ezinengeniso ephezulu nephantsi e-United States naseFransi ezalinganiswa kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo [77, 82,83,84].
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwesigaba see-particulate kwii-OPs ezintathu (Σ3OPPs)—i-malathion, i-trichlorfon, kunye ne-diazinon—yayiyi-3,600 pg/m3. Kwezi, yi-malathion kuphela ebhalisiweyo okwangoku ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala eKhanada.[55] I-Trichlorfon yayinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwesigaba see-particulate kudidi lwe-OPP, olunobuninzi obuyi-3,600 pg/m3. EKhanada, i-trichlorfon isetyenzisiwe njengesibulali-zinambuzane sobuchwephesha kwezinye iimveliso zokulawula izinambuzane, njengokulawula iimpukane ezinganyangekiyo kunye neempukane.[55] I-Malathion ibhalisiwe njenge-rodenticide yokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala, enobuninzi obuyi-2,800 pg/m3.
Uxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwe-Σ3OPPs (igesi + amasuntswana) emoyeni yi-77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-Koa EPISuite). Uxinzelelo lwe-Airborne OPP luphantsi (DF 11–24%) kunoxinzelelo lwe-OCP (DF 0–50%), okunokwenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokuqhubeka okukhulu kwe-OCP [85].
Amanqanaba e-diazinon kunye ne-malathion axeliweyo apha aphezulu kunalawo alinganiswe kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo kwimizi enesimo esiphantsi kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho eMzantsi Texas naseBoston (apho kuxelwe khona i-diazinon kuphela) [26, 78]. Amanqanaba e-diazinon esiwalinganisileyo ayephantsi kunalawo axeliweyo kwizifundo zemizi enesimo esiphantsi nesesiphakathi kwezentlalo eNew York naseMantla eCalifornia (asikwazanga ukufumana iingxelo zamva nje kwiincwadi) [76, 77].
Ii-PYR zezona zibulala-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni iincukuthu zebhedi kumazwe amaninzi, kodwa zimbalwa izifundo eziye zalinganisa ubuninzi bazo emoyeni wangaphakathi [86, 87]. Eli lixesha lokuqala ukuba idatha yobuninzi be-PYR yangaphakathi ibikwe eKhanada.
Kwisigaba samasuntswana, ixabiso eliphezulu \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) yi-36,000 pg/m3. I-Pyrethrin I yayiyeyona ifunyenwe rhoqo (DF% = 48), enexabiso eliphezulu le-32,000 pg/m3 phakathi kwazo zonke izibulali zinambuzane. I-Pyrethroid I ibhalisiwe eKhanada ukulawula iincukuthu zebhedi, amaphela, izinambuzane ezibhabhayo, kunye nezinambuzane zezilwanyana zasekhaya [55, 88]. Ukongeza, i-pyrethrin I ithathwa njengonyango lokuqala lwe-pediculosis eKhanada [89]. Ngenxa yokuba abantu abahlala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinabantu basengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa ziincukuthu zebhedi kunye neentwala [80, 81], besilindele ukuba uxinano lwe-pyrethrin I lube phezulu. Ngokolwazi lwethu, luphononongo olunye kuphela olubike uxinano lwe-pyrethrin I emoyeni wangaphakathi kwiindawo zokuhlala, kwaye akukho namnye obike i-pyrethrin I kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinabantu. Uxinano esilubonileyo lwaluphezulu kunolo luchazwe kwiincwadi [90].
Amanqanaba e-Allethrin nawo ayephezulu, apho uxinaniso lwesibini oluphezulu lukwisigaba see-particulate kwi-16,000 pg/m3, lulandelwa yi-permethrin (uxinaniso oluphezulu yi-14,000 pg/m3). I-Allethrin kunye ne-permethrin zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhiwo zokuhlala. Njenge-pyrethrin I, i-permethrin isetyenziswa eKhanada ukunyanga iintwala zentloko.[89] Uxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-L-cyhalothrin olufunyenweyo yayiyi-6,000 pg/m3. Nangona i-L-cyhalothrin ingabhaliswanga ukusetyenziswa ekhaya eKhanada, ivunyiwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwezorhwebo ukukhusela imithi kwiimbovane ze-carpenter.[55, 91]
Ubuninzi obupheleleyo \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) emoyeni yayiyi-740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 ngokusekelwe kwixabiso leKoa EPISuite). Ubuninzi be-Allethrin kunye ne-permethrin apha (ubuninzi be-406,000 pg/m3 kunye ne-14,500 pg/m3, ngokulandelelana) babuphezulu kunabo baxeliweyo kwizifundo zomoya wangaphakathi ze-SES eziphantsi [26, 77, 78]. Nangona kunjalo, uWyatt et al. baxele amanqanaba aphezulu e-permethrin emoyeni wangaphakathi kwizindlu ezine-SES ephantsi eNew York City kuneziphumo zethu (eziphindwe kalishumi elinesibini ngaphezulu) [76]. Ubuninzi be-permethrin esibulinganisileyo bususela kwisiphelo esiphantsi ukuya kwi-5300 pg/m3.
Nangona ii-STR biocides zingabhaliswanga ukuba zisetyenziswe ekhayeni eKhanada, zingasetyenziswa kwezinye izinto zokwakha ezifana ne-mold-resistant siding [75, 93]. Silinganise amazinga aphantsi kakhulu e-particulate phase concentrations kunye ne-maximum \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) ye-1200 pg/m3 kunye namazinga omoya apheleleyo \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1300 pg/m3. Amanqanaba e-STR emoyeni wangaphakathi awazange alinganiswe ngaphambili.
I-Imidacloprid sisibulali-zinambuzane se-neonicotinoid esibhalisiweyo eKhanada ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshabalalisa izilwanyana zasekhaya.[55] Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-imidacloprid kwisigaba seenxalenye yayiyi-930 pg/m3, kwaye uxinzelelo oluphezulu emoyeni ngokubanzi yayiyi-34,000 pg/m3.
I-propiconazole yefungicide ibhalisiwe eKhanada ukuze isetyenziswe njengesigcini semithi kwizixhobo zokwakha.[55] Uxinzelelo oluphezulu esilulinganisileyo kwisigaba seenxalenye yayiyi-1100 pg/m3, kwaye uxinzelelo oluphezulu emoyeni ngokubanzi luqikelelwe ukuba yi-2200 pg/m3.
I-Pendimethalin sisibulali-zinambuzane se-dinitroaniline esinomlinganiselo ophezulu we-particulate phase ongu-4400 pg/m3 kunye nomlinganiselo ophezulu womoya ongu-9100 pg/m3. I-Pendimethalin ayibhaliswanga ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala eKhanada, kodwa enye indlela yokubonakalisa oku kukusetyenziswa kwecuba, njengoko kuxoxwe ngayo ngezantsi.
Iintlobo ezininzi zezibulali-zinambuzane zazinxulumene (Itheyibhile S10). Njengoko bekulindelekile, i-p,p′-DDT kunye ne-p,p′-DDE zazinobudlelwane obubalulekileyo kuba i-p,p′-DDE yi-metabolite ye-p,p′-DDT. Ngokufanayo, i-endosulfan I kunye ne-endosulfan II nazo zazinobudlelwane obubalulekileyo kuba zii-diastereoisomers ezimbini ezenzeka kunye kwi-endosulfan yobuchwephesha. Umlinganiselo wee-diastereoisomers ezimbini (endosulfan I:endosulfan II) uyahluka ukusuka kwi-2:1 ukuya kwi-7:3 kuxhomekeke kumxube wobugcisa [94]. Kuphononongo lwethu, umlinganiselo wawuphakathi kwe-1:1 ukuya kwi-2:1.
Emva koko sijonge ukwenzeka ngaxeshanye okunokubonisa ukusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ezininzi kwimveliso enye yezibulali zinambuzane (jonga iploti ye-breakpoint kuMfanekiso S4). Umzekelo, ukwenzeka ngaxeshanye kunokwenzeka kuba izithako ezisebenzayo zinokudityaniswa nezinye izibulali zinambuzane ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, njengomxube we-pyriproxyfen kunye ne-tetramethrin. Apha, sibonile ulwalamano (p < 0.01) kunye nokuvela ngaxeshanye (iiyunithi ezi-6) zezi zibulali zinambuzane (Umfanekiso S4 kunye neTheyibhile S10), ngokuhambelana nokwakheka kwazo okudibeneyo [75]. Ulwalamano olubalulekileyo (p < 0.01) kunye nokuvela ngaxeshanye kwabonwa phakathi kwee-OCP ezifana ne-p,p′-DDT kunye ne-lindane (iiyunithi ezi-5) kunye ne-heptachlor (iiyunithi ezi-6), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba zisetyenziswe ixesha elide okanye zisetyenziswe kunye ngaphambi kokuba kungeniswe imiqathango. Akukho bukho be-OFP obuboniweyo, ngaphandle kwe-diazinon kunye ne-malathion, ezifunyenwe kwiiyunithi ezi-2.
Izinga eliphezulu lokuvela ngaxeshanye (iiyunithi ezisi-8) elibonwe phakathi kwe-pyriproxyfen, i-imidacloprid kunye ne-permethrin linokuchazwa kukusetyenziswa kwezi zinambuzane zithathu ezisebenzayo kwiimveliso zokubulala izinambuzane ukulawula iimpukane, iintwala kunye neentakumba ezinjeni [95]. Ukongeza, amazinga okuvela ngaxeshanye kwe-imidacloprid kunye ne-L-cypermethrin (iiyunithi ezi-4), i-propargyltrine (iiyunithi ezi-4) kunye ne-pyrethrin I (iiyunithi ezi-9) nazo zibonwe. Ngokwazi kwethu, akukho ngxelo zipapashiweyo zokuvela ngaxeshanye kwe-imidacloprid kunye ne-L-cypermethrin, i-propargyltrine kunye ne-pyrethrin I eKhanada. Nangona kunjalo, izibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo kwamanye amazwe ziqulethe imixube ye-imidacloprid kunye ne-L-cypermethrin kunye ne-propargyltrine [96, 97]. Ngaphezu koko, asazi naziphi na iimveliso eziqulethe umxube we-pyrethrin I kunye ne-imidacloprid. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinambuzane zombini kunokuchaza ukwenzeka kunye okubonwayo, njengoko zombini zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iincukuthu zebhedi, ezixhaphakileyo kwiindawo zokuhlala [86, 98]. Sifumanise ukuba i-permethrin kunye ne-pyrethrin I (iiyunithi ezili-16) zazinxulumene kakhulu (p < 0.01) kwaye zazinenani eliphezulu lokuvela kunye, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba zazisetyenziswa kunye; oku kwakuyinyaniso nakwi-pyrethrin I kunye ne-altherin (iiyunithi ezi-7, p < 0.05), ngelixa i-permethrin kunye ne-altherin zazinolwalamano oluphantsi (iiyunithi ezi-5, p < 0.05) [75]. I-Pendimethalin, i-permethrin kunye ne-thiophanate-methyl, ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo zecuba, nazo zibonise ulwalamano kunye nokuvela kunye kwiiyunithi ezilithoba. Ulwalamano olongezelelweyo kunye nokuvela kunye kwabonwa phakathi kwezibulali zinambuzane apho kungakhange kuxelwe ukuba kukho ukuhlanganiswa, njenge-permethrin ene-STRs (oko kukuthi, i-azoxystrobin, i-fluoxastrobin, kunye ne-trifloxystrobin).
Ukulima nokucubungula icuba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizibulali-zinambuzane. Amanqanaba ezibulali-zinambuzane kwicuba ayancipha ngexesha lokuvuna, ukunyanga, kunye nokwenziwa kwemveliso yokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, iintsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane zisahlala kumagqabi ecuba.[99] Ukongeza, amagqabi ecuba anokunyangwa ngezibulali-zinambuzane emva kokuvuna.[100] Ngenxa yoko, izibulali-zinambuzane zifunyenwe kumagqabi ecuba kunye nomsi.
E-Ontario, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sezakhiwo ezili-12 ezinkulu zezindlu zoluntu azinawo umgaqo-nkqubo wokungatshayi, nto leyo ebeka abemi emngciphekweni wokutshaya umsi osetyenziswa ngabantu ababini.[101] Izakhiwo zezindlu zoluntu ze-MURB kuphando lwethu zazingenawo umgaqo-nkqubo wokungatshayi. Siphande abemi ukuze sifumane ulwazi malunga nemikhwa yabo yokutshaya kwaye senze uhlolo lweeyunithi ngexesha lokutyelela amakhaya ukuze sibone iimpawu zokutshaya.[59, 64] Ebusika bowama-2017, ama-30% abemi (14 kwabangama-46) batshaya.
Ixesha leposi: Feb-06-2025