Nangona kunjalo, ukwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha zokulima, ngakumbi ulawulo oluhlanganisiweyo lwezinambuzane, kuye kwacotha. Olu phononongo lusebenzisa isixhobo sophando esiphuhliswe ngentsebenziswano njengophononongo lokuqonda ukuba abavelisi beesiriyeli kumzantsi-ntshona we-Australia bafikelela njani kulwazi kunye nezibonelelo zokulawula ukuxhathisa amayeza okungunda. Sifumanise ukuba abavelisi baxhomekeke kwi-agronomists ehlawulwayo, urhulumente okanye ii-arhente zophando, amaqela abavelisi bengingqi kunye neentsuku zentsimi ngolwazi lokuxhathisa imichiza yokungunda. Abavelisi bafuna ulwazi kwiingcali ezithembekileyo ezinokwenza lula uphando olunzima, ukuxabisa unxibelelwano olulula nolucacileyo kwaye bakhethe izibonelelo ezilungiselelwe iimeko zendawo. Abavelisi bakwaluxabisa ulwazi ngophuhliso olutsha lwemichiza yokungunda kunye nofikelelo kwiinkonzo zoxilongo olukhawulezileyo lokumelana nemichiza yokungunda. Ezi ziphumo ziqaqambisa ukubaluleka kokubonelela abavelisi ngeenkonzo zokwandisa ezolimo ezisebenzayo ukulawula umngcipheko wokunganyangeki ngemichiza yokungunda.
Abalimi berhasi balawula izifo zezityalo ngokukhetha i-germplasm elungelelanisiweyo, ulawulo lwezifo oluhlanganisiweyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemichiza yokungunda, edla ngokuba ngamanyathelo okuthintela ukuthintela ukuqhambuka kwezifo1. Imichiza yokungunda ikhusela usulelo, ukukhula, kunye nokuzala kweentsholongwane zokungunda kwizityalo. Nangona kunjalo, iintsholongwane zokungunda zinokuba nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zabemi kwaye ziqhele ukuguquka. Ukuthembela ngokugqithisileyo kuluhlu olulinganiselweyo lwemichiza esebenzayo yokungunda okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga kwemichiza yokungunda kunokukhokelela kwiinguqulelo zokungunda ezikwaziyo ukumelana nale michiza. Ngokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwee-compounds ezisebenzayo ezifanayo, ukuthambekela koluntu lwe-pathogen ukuba lube nokunyuka okuxhathisayo, oku kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kweengqungquthela ezisebenzayo ekulawuleni izifo zezityalo2,3,4.
I-fungicideUkunganyangeki kubhekiselele ekungakwazini kwemichiza yokungunda esebenzayo ngaphambili ekulawuleni ngempumelelo izifo zezityalo, nokuba isetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, izifundo ezininzi ziye zabika ukuhla kwe-fungicide efficacy ekunyangeni i-powdery mildew, ukusuka ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kakuhle kwintsimi ukugqiba ukungasebenzi kwintsimi5,6. Ukuba iyekwa ingaqwalaselwanga, ukuxhaphaka kokumelana ne-fungicide kuya kuqhubeka nokunyuka, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kweendlela zokulawula izifo ezikhoyo kwaye kukhokelela kwilahleko yesivuno esibi7.
Kwihlabathi jikelele, ilahleko yaphambi kokuvuna ngenxa yezifo zezityalo iqikelelwa kwi-10-23%, kunye nelahleko emva kokuvuna ukusuka kwi-10% ukuya kwi-20% yesi-8. Ezi lahleko zilingana neekhalori ezingama-2,000 zokutya ngosuku malunga nezigidi ezingama-600 ukuya kwi-4.2 yezigidigidi zabantu unyaka wonke. Njengoko kulindeleke ukuba imfuno yokutya yehlabathi inyuke, imiceli mngeni yokhuseleko lokutya iya kuqhubeka isonyuka9. Le mingeni kulindeleke ukuba yandiswe kwixesha elizayo ngeengozi ezinxulumene nokukhula kwabemi behlabathi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu10,11,12. Ukukwazi ukukhulisa ukutya ngokuzinzileyo nangempumelelo kubaluleke kakhulu kubomi bomntu, kwaye ukulahleka kwemichiza yokungunda njengenyathelo lokulawula isifo kunokuba neempembelelo ezibi nezibi kakhulu kunezo zifunyanwa ngabavelisi bokuqala.
Ukujongana nokuxhathisa imichiza yokungunda kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yesivuno, kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa izinto ezintsha kunye neenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezihambelana namandla abavelisi ukuphumeza izicwangciso ze-IPM. Ngelixa izikhokelo ze-IPM zikhuthaza iinkqubo zolawulo lwezitshabalalisi ezizinzileyo zexesha elide12,13, ukwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha zokufama ezihambelana neendlela ezingcono ze-IPM kucotha ngokubanzi, nangona zinokubakho iinzuzo14,15. Uphononongo lwangaphambili luchonge imingeni ekwamkelweni kwezicwangciso ezizinzileyo ze-IPM. Le mingeni ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa okungaguquguqukiyo kwezicwangciso ze-IPM, izindululo ezingacacanga, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka koqoqosho lwezicwangciso ze-IPM16. Uphuhliso lokumelana nemichiza yokungunda ngumceli mngeni omtsha kushishino. Nangona idatha malunga nalo mba ikhula, ulwazi malunga nefuthe lezoqoqosho luhlala lulinganiselwe. Ukongezelela, abavelisi bahlala beswele inkxaso kwaye babona ulawulo lwezinambuzane njengento elula kwaye eneendleko eziphezulu, nokuba bafumana ezinye izicwangciso ze-IPM ziluncedo17. Xa kujongwa ukubaluleka kweempembelelo zesifo ekusebenzeni kwemveliso yokutya, imichiza yokungunda kusenokwenzeka ukuba ihlale ilukhetho olubalulekileyo lwe-IPM kwixesha elizayo. Ukuphunyezwa kwezicwangciso ze-IPM, kubandakanywa nokuqaliswa kokuphuculwa kokumelana nofuzo, akuyi kugxila kuphela ekulawuleni izifo kodwa kuya kubaluleka kakhulu ekugcineni ukusebenza kwee-compounds ezisebenzayo ezisetyenziswa kwi-fungicides.
Iifama zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kukhuseleko lokutya, kwaye abaphandi kunye nemibutho karhulumente kufuneka bakwazi ukunika amafama ubugcisa kunye nezinto ezintsha, kuquka neenkonzo zokwandisa, eziphucula kwaye zigcine imveliso yezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, imiqobo ebalulekileyo ekwamkelweni kobuchwepheshe kunye nezinto ezintsha ngabavelisi zivela kwindlela ephezulu-phezulu "yolwandiso lophando", ejolise ekudluliseleni ubugcisa obusuka kwiingcali ukuya kumafama ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kakhulu kwiminikelo yabavelisi basekhaya18,19. Uphononongo olwenziwa ngu-Anil et al.19 lufumanise ukuba le ndlela ibangele ukuguquguquka kwamazinga okwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kwiifama. Ngaphaya koko, uphando lubonise ukuba abavelisi bahlala bevakalisa inkxalabo xa uphando lwezolimo lusetyenziselwa iinjongo zenzululwazi kuphela. Ngokufanayo, ukusilela ukubeka phambili ukuthembeka kunye nokufaneleka kolwazi kubavelisi kunokukhokelela kwisithuba sonxibelelwano esichaphazela ukwamkelwa kwezinto ezintsha zezolimo kunye nezinye iinkonzo zokwandisa20,21. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba abaphandi basenokungaziqondi ngokupheleleyo iimfuno neenkxalabo zabavelisi xa benikezela ngolwazi.
Inkqubela phambili ekwandisweni kwezolimo ibonise ukubaluleka kokubandakanya abavelisi basekhaya kwiinkqubo zophando kunye nokuququzelela intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko ophando kunye noshishino18,22,23. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi omninzi uyafuneka ukuhlola ukusebenza kweemodeli zokuphunyezwa kwe-IPM ezikhoyo kunye nesantya sokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obuzinzileyo bexesha elide lolawulo lwezinambuzane. Ngokwembali, iinkonzo zokwandisa bezibonelelwa ikakhulu licandelo likarhulumente24,25. Nangona kunjalo, intsingiselo ebhekiselele kwiifama ezinkulu zorhwebo, imigaqo-nkqubo yezolimo ejolise kurhwebo, kunye nokwaluphala nokuncipha kwabantu basemaphandleni kuye kwanciphisa imfuno yenkxaso-mali yoluntu ephezulu24,25,26. Ngenxa yoko, oorhulumente kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili kwezoshishino, kuquka i-Australia, baye bacutha utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo ekwandisweni, okukhokelela ekuthembeleni ngakumbi kwicandelo labucala lolwandiso ukuze libonelele ngezi nkonzo27,28,29,30. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthembela kuphela kulwandiso lwabucala kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokufikeleleka okulinganiselweyo kwiifama ezincinci kunye nokungonelanga kwengqwalasela kwimo engqongileyo kunye nozinzo. Indlela yentsebenziswano ebandakanya iinkonzo zokwandisa zikawonke-wonke nezabucala ngoku iyacetyiswa ukuba ibe ngama-31,32. Nangona kunjalo, uphando kwiimbono zomvelisi kunye nesimo sengqondo malunga nezixhobo zolawulo lokumelana ne-fungicide zilinganiselwe. Ukongeza, kukho izikhewu kuncwadi malunga nokuba zeziphi iintlobo zeenkqubo zolwandiso ezisebenzayo ekuncedeni abavelisi bajongane noxhathiso lokungunda.
Abacebisi bobuqu (abanjengeengcali ngezolimo) babonelela abavelisi ngenkxaso yobungcali nobuchule33. E-Australia, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabavelisi basebenzisa iinkonzo ze-agronomist, kunye nomlinganiselo ohluka ngommandla kwaye lo mkhwa kulindeleke ukuba ukhule20. Abavelisi bathi bakhetha ukugcina imisebenzi ilula, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni baqeshe abacebisi babucala ukuze balawule iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, ezifana neenkonzo ezichanekileyo zezolimo ezifana nemephu yasendle, idatha yendawo yolawulo lwamadlelo kunye nenkxaso yezixhobo20; I-agronomist ke ngoko idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwandisweni kwezolimo njengoko inceda abavelisi bamkele ubugcisa obutsha ngelixa beqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokulula.
Izinga eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kweengcali ngezolimo lukwaphenjelelwa kukwamkelwa kweengcebiso 'zokuhlawula-inkonzo' ezivela koontanga (umz. abanye abavelisi 34). Xa kuthelekiswa nabaphandi kunye nee-arhente ezongeziweyo zikarhulumente, i-agronomists ezizimeleyo zikholisa ukuseka ubudlelwane obuqinileyo, obuhlala ixesha elide kunye nabavelisi ngokundwendwela iifama rhoqo 35. Ngaphezu koko, i-agronomists igxininise ekuboneleleni ngenkxaso ebonakalayo kunokuba izame ukukholisa amafama ukuba athathe iindlela ezintsha okanye ahambelane nemimiselo, kwaye iingcebiso zabo zinokuthi zibe nomdla wabavelisi 33. I-agronomists ezizimeleyo ke ngoko zihlala zibonwa njengemithombo engakhethiyo yeengcebiso 33, 36.
Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo luka-2008 olwenziwa ngu-Ingram 33 luye lwavuma ukuguquka kwamandla kubudlelwane phakathi kweengcali zezolimo kunye namafama. Uphononongo luye lwavuma ukuba iindlela ezingqongqo kunye nezigunyazisiweyo zinokuchaphazela kakubi ukwabelana ngolwazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukho iimeko apho i-agronomists ishiya iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuthintela ukulahlekelwa ngabathengi. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuhlola indima yee-agronomists kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa kwimbono yomvelisi. Ngenxa yokuba ukuxhathisa ngemichiza yokungunda kubangela imingeni kwimveliso yerhasi, ukuqonda unxulumano oluphuhliswa ngabavelisi bebhali kunye neengcali zezolimo, kubalulekile ekusasazeni izinto ezintsha ezintsha ngokusebenzayo.
Ukusebenza namaqela abavelisi kukwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolwandiso lwezolimo. La maqela yimibutho ezimeleyo, ezilawulayo esekelwe kuluntu eyenziwe ngamafama kunye namalungu oluntu agxile kwimiba enxulumene namashishini angamafama. Oku kubandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo kwiimvavanyo zophando, ukuphuhlisa izisombululo zeshishini lezolimo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zendawo, kunye nokwabelana ngeziphumo zophando kunye nophuhliso kunye nabanye abavelisi16,37. Impumelelo yamaqela abavelisi inokunxulunyaniswa nokutshintsha ukusuka kwindlela ephezulu ukuya ezantsi (umzekelo, imodeli yenzululwazi-yomlimi) ukuya kwindlela yolwandiso loluntu olubeka phambili igalelo labavelisi, ikhuthaze ukufunda okuzilawulayo, kwaye ikhuthaze intatho-nxaxheba esebenzayo16,19,38,39,40.
uAnil et al. I-19 lenze udliwano-ndlebe olulungelelanisiweyo kunye namalungu eqela labavelisi ukuvavanya iinzuzo ezibonwayo zokujoyina iqela. Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abavelisi babona amaqela abavelisi anempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekufundeni kwabo ubugcisa obutsha, nto leyo eyathi yaphembelela ukwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha zokulima. Amaqela abavelisi aye asebenza kakhulu ekuqhubeni imifuniselo kwinqanaba lasekhaya kunamaziko amakhulu ophando esizwe. Ngaphezu koko, zazijongwa njengeqonga elingcono lokwabelana ngolwazi. Ngokukodwa, iintsuku zentsimi zibonwe njengeqonga elixabisekileyo lokwabelana ngolwazi kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ezihlangeneyo, okuvumela ukusonjululwa kweengxaki ngentsebenziswano.
Ukuntsonkotha kokwamkelwa kwamafama kubuchwephesha obutsha kunye nezenzo kudlula ukuqonda okulula kobugcisa41. Endaweni yoko, inkqubo yokwamkelwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nezenzo ibandakanya ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kwemilinganiselo, iinjongo, kunye nothungelwano loluntu olunxibelelana neenkqubo zokuthatha izigqibo zabavelisi41,42,43,44. Nangona ubutyebi bezikhokelo bukhona kubavelisi, kuphela iinguqulelo ezintsha kunye nezenzo ezithile zamkelwa ngokukhawuleza. Njengoko kuveliswa iziphumo ezitsha zophando, ukusebenziseka kwazo kwiinguqu kwiindlela zokulima kufuneka kuhlolwe, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi kukho umsantsa phakathi kokusebenziseka kweziphumo kunye notshintsho olucetywayo ekusebenzeni. Ngokufanelekileyo, ekuqaleni kweprojekthi yophando, ukuba luncedo kweziphumo zophando kunye neendlela ezikhoyo zokuphucula ukusebenziseka ziqwalaselwa ngokuyila ngokubambisana kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwishishini.
Ukumisela ukuba luncedo kweziphumo ezinxulumene nokumelana ne-fungicide, olu phononongo lwenze udliwano-ndlebe olunzulu ngomnxeba kunye nabalimi kumzantsi-ntshona webhanti eziziinkozo eNtshona Australia. Indlela ethathiweyo ijolise ekukhuthazeni ubambiswano phakathi kwabaphandi kunye nabalimi, igxininisa iinqobo zokuthembana, ukuhlonelana kunye nokwenza izigqibo ekwabelwana ngazo45. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya iimbono zabalimi malunga nemithombo yolawulo ekhoyo yokumelana nemichiza yokungunda, ukuchonga izibonelelo ezifumaneka lula kubo, kunye nokuphonononga izibonelelo abalimi abangathanda ukufikelela kuzo kunye nezizathu zokhetho lwabo. Ngokukodwa, olu phononongo luphendula le mibuzo yophando ilandelayo:
RQ3 Zeziphi ezinye iinkonzo zokuxhathisa ukusasazwa kwemichiza yokungunda abanethemba lokuzifumana kwixesha elizayo kwaye zithini izizathu zokukhetha kwabo?
Olu phononongo lusebenzise indlela yophononongo lokuphonononga iimbono zomlimi kunye nesimo sengqondo malunga nemithombo enxulumene nolawulo lokumelana ne-fungicide. Isixhobo sophando saphuhliswa ngentsebenziswano nabameli beshishini kwaye sidibanisa iindlela zokuqokelelwa kwedatha ezisemgangathweni nobungakanani. Ngokuthatha le ndlela, besijolise ekufumaneni ukuqonda okunzulu ngamava awodwa abalimi olawulo lokunganyangeki kokungunda, okusivumela ukuba sizuze ulwazi ngamava kunye neembono zabalimi. Uphononongo lwenziwe ngexesha lokukhula lonyaka ka-2019/2020 njengenxalenye yeProjekthi yeBarley Disease Cohort, inkqubo yophando ehlangeneyo kunye nabalimi abakumazantsi-ntshona ebhanti eziziinkozo eNtshona Ostreliya. Inkqubo ijolise ekuhloleni ukuxhaphaka kokunganyangeki kwemichiza yokungunda kwingingqi ngokuhlola iisampulu zamagqabi ebhali anesifo ezifunyenwe kubalimi. Abathathi-nxaxheba beProjekthi ye-Barley Disease Cohort basuka kumbindi ukuya kwiindawo ezinemvula eninzi kummandla olima ukutya okuziinkozo eNtshona Ostreliya. Amathuba okuthatha inxaxheba ayadalwa aze ke abhengezwe (ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zosasazo eziquka imidiya yoluntu) kwaye amafama ayamenywa ukuba azityumbe ukuba athathe inxaxheba. Bonke abatyunjwa abanomdla bamkelwe kwiprojekthi.
Uphononongo lufumene imvume yokuziphatha kwiKomidi yeeNdlela zokuziphatha zoPhando lweNyuvesi yaseCurtin (HRE2020-0440) kwaye lwenziwa ngokuhambelana neNgxelo yeSizwe ye-2007 yokuziphatha kuPhando loLuntu lwe-46. Abalimi kunye neengcali zezolimo ezazikade zivumile ukuqhagamshelwana nazo malunga nolawulo loxhathiso lokungunda ngoku babekwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi malunga nezenzo zabo zolawulo. Abathathi-nxaxheba banikwe ingxelo yolwazi kunye nefomu yemvume ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba. Imvume enolwazi ifunyenwe kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba kwisifundo. Iindlela eziphambili zokuqokelela idatha yayiyi-interview interviews enzulu kunye nophando lwe-intanethi. Ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, imibuzo efanayo ezaliswe kusetyenziswa ikhweshine eyazilawulayo ifundwe ngokwezwi nezwi kubathathi-nxaxheba abazalisa uphando lwefowuni. Akukho lwazi olongezelelweyo lunikezelweyo ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa bazo zombini iindlela zovavanyo.
Uphononongo lufumene imvume yokuziphatha kwiKomidi yeeNdlela zokuziphatha zoPhando lweNyuvesi yaseCurtin (HRE2020-0440) kwaye lwenziwa ngokuhambelana neNgxelo yeSizwe ye-2007 yokuziphatha kuPhando loLuntu lwe-46. Imvume enolwazi ifunyenwe kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba kwisifundo.
Bebonke abavelisi be-137 bathathe inxaxheba kuphononongo, apho i-82% yabo igqibe udliwano-ndlebe ngefowuni kwaye i-18% yazalisa ikhweshine ngokwabo. Ubudala babathathi-nxaxheba bususela kwi-22 ukuya kwi-69 iminyaka, kunye nobudala obuphakathi kweminyaka engama-44. Amava abo kwicandelo lezolimo asusela kwiminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwengama-54, nomyinge weminyaka engama-25. Ngokomyinge, amafama ahlwayele iihektare ezili-1,122 zerhasi kumadlelo amancinane ali-10. Uninzi lwabavelisi lulima iindidi ezimbini zebhali (48%), nokusasazwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kudidi olunye (33%) ukuya kwiindidi ezintlanu (0.7%). Ukusasazwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba bophando kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, owadalwa kusetyenziswa inguqulo ye-QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Imephu yabathathi-nxaxheba bophando ngekhowudi yeposi kunye nemimandla yemvula: ephantsi, ephakathi, ephezulu. Ubungakanani beSimboli bubonisa inani labathathi-nxaxheba kwi-Western Australian Grain Belt. Imephu yenziwe kusetyenziswa isoftware yeQGIS 3.28.3-Firenze.
Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo ezisemgangathweni zabhalwa ngesandla kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lomxholo we-inductive, kwaye iimpendulo zaziqala ngokuvula ikhowudi48. Hlalutya imathiriyeli ngokuphinda ufunde kwaye uphawule nayiphi na imixholo evelayo ukuchaza imiba yomxholo49,50,51. Ukulandela inkqubo yokuthabatha, imixholo echongiweyo yahlulwa ngakumbi ngokwezihloko zomgangatho ophezulu51,52. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 2, injongo yolu hlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo kukufumana ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwizinto eziphambili eziphembelela ukhetho lwabalimi kwimithombo ethile yolawulo lokumelana ne-fungicide, ngaloo ndlela icacisa iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezinxulumene nolawulo lwezifo. Imixholo echongiweyo iyacazululwa ize ixoxwe ngokubanzi kweli candelo lilandelayo.
Ukuphendula kumbuzo woku-1, iimpendulo kwidatha esemgangathweni (n=128) zibonise ukuba i-agronomists yayizezona zixhobo zisetyenziswa rhoqo, ngaphezu kwe-84% yabalimi bekhankanya i-agronomists njengomthombo wabo oyintloko wolwazi lokuxhathisa umngundo (n=108). Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i-agronomists ibingengowona vimba ukhankanywa rhoqo kuphela, kodwa ikwangowona mthombo wolwazi lokumelana nemichiza yokungunda kumlinganiselo obalulekileyo wabalimi, ngaphezu kwe-24% (n=31) yabalimi abaxhomekeke kuphela okanye becaphula i-agronomists njengomthombo okhethekileyo. Uninzi lwabalimi (okt, i-72% yeempendulo okanye i-n=93) ibonise ukuba baxhomekeke kwi-agronomists ngengcebiso, ukufunda uphando, okanye ukubonisana neendaba. Amajelo eendaba athembekileyo kwi-intanethi kunye noshicilelo ayesoloko ecatshulwa njengemithombo ekhethwayo yolwazi loxhathiso lokungunda. Ukongezelela, abavelisi baxhomekeke kwiingxelo zeshishini, iileta zeendaba zendawo, iimagazini, imidiya yasemaphandleni, okanye imithombo yophando engakhange ibonise ukufikelela kwabo. Abavelisi bahlala becaphula imithombo yeendaba ye-elektroniki kunye neyokushicilela rhoqo, bebonisa iinzame zabo ezisebenzayo zokufumana kunye nokuhlalutya izifundo ezahlukeneyo.
Omnye umthombo obalulekileyo wolwazi ziingxoxo kunye neengcebiso ezivela kwabanye abavelisi, ngakumbi ngokunxibelelana nabahlobo kunye nabamelwane. Umzekelo, iP023: “Utshintshiselwano ngezoLimo (abahlobo abasemantla babona izifo kwangaphambili)” kunye neP006: “Abahlobo, abamelwane namafama.” Ukongeza, abavelisi baxhomekeke kumaqela ezolimo asekuhlaleni (n = 16), njengamaqela abalimi basekuhlaleni okanye amaqela abavelisi, amaqela okutshiza, kunye namaqela e-agronomy. Kwakudla ngokukhankanywa ukuba abantu basekuhlaleni babebandakanyekile kwezi ngxubusho. Umzekelo, i-P020: "Iqela lokuphucula iifama zasekuhlaleni kunye nezithethi zeendwendwe" kunye ne-P031: "Sineqela lasekuhlaleni lokutshiza elindinika ulwazi oluluncedo."
Iintsuku zentsimi zikhankanyiwe njengomnye umthombo wolwazi (n = 12), rhoqo zidityaniswa neengcebiso ezivela kwi-agronomists, amajelo eendaba kunye neengxoxo kunye noogxa (basekuhlaleni). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izibonelelo ze-intanethi ezifana ne-Google kunye ne-Twitter (n = 9), abameli bokuthengisa kunye neentengiso (n = 3) zazingaqhelekanga. Ezi ziphumo zibalaselisa imfuno yezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezifikelelekayo zolawulo olusebenzayo lokuchasa umngundo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukhetho lomlimi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo yolwazi kunye nenkxaso.
Ukuphendula kumbuzo wesi-2, abalimi babuzwa ukuba kutheni bekhetha imithombo yolwazi enxulumene nolawulo lokumelana nokungunda. Uhlalutyo lwemixholo luveze imixholo emine ephambili ebonisa ukuba kutheni abalimi baxhomekeke kwimithombo yolwazi ethile.
Xa befumana iingxelo zemizi-mveliso nezaseburhulumenteni, abavelisi baqwalasela imithombo yolwazi abayibona njengethembekile, inokuthenjwa, nesexesheni. Umzekelo, i-P115: "Ulwazi lwangoku ngakumbi, oluthembekileyo, oluthembekileyo, olusemgangathweni" kunye ne-P057: "Ngenxa yokuba imathiriyeli ijongiwe kwaye iqinisekisiwe. Yimathiriyeli entsha kwaye iyafumaneka kwi-paddock." Abavelisi babona ulwazi oluvela kwiingcali njengoluthembekileyo kwaye lukumgangatho ophezulu. I-Agronomists, ngokukodwa, ibonwa njengeengcali ezinolwazi abavelisi abanokuthi bathembe ukuba banike iingcebiso ezithembekileyo neziphilileyo. Omnye umvelisi wathi: P131: “[Ingcali yezolimo] iyazazi zonke iingxaki, yingcaphephe kulo mmandla, ibonelela ngenkonzo ehlawulwayo, sinethemba lokuba inokunikela icebiso elifanelekileyo” yaye enye iP107 yathi: “Isoloko ifumaneka, ingcali ngezolimo iyintloko kuba inolwazi nobuchule bokwenza uphando.”
Ii-agronomists zihlala zichazwa njengezithembekileyo kwaye zithenjwa ngokulula ngabavelisi. Ukongeza, i-agronomists ibonwa njengekhonkco phakathi kwabavelisi kunye nophando oluphambili. Zibonwa njengezibalulekile ekuvaleni umsantsa phakathi kophando olungekho ngqiqweni olunokuthi lubonakale ngathi aludityaniswanga nemiba yasekuhlaleni kunye 'nasemhlabeni' okanye 'kwifama'. Benza uphando olunokuthi abavelisi bangabinalo ixesha okanye izixhobo zokulenza kunye nokubeka umxholo wolu phando ngeencoko ezinentsingiselo. Umzekelo, uP010: uthe, 'Iingcali zezolimo zinelizwi lokugqibela. Ziyikhonkco kuphando lwamva nje kwaye amafama anolwazi kuba ayayazi imiba kwaye akwimivuzo yawo.' Kwaye i-P043: yongeza, 'Themba i-agronomists kunye nolwazi abalunikezayo. Ndiyavuya ukwenzeka kweprojekthi yolawulo lokunganyangeki kwemichiza yokungunda – ulwazi lunamandla kwaye akusayi kufuneka ndichithe yonke imali yam kumachiza amatsha.'
Ukusasazeka kwembewu yokungunda yeparasitic kungenzeka kwiifama ezingabamelwane okanye kwiindawo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nomoya, imvula kunye nezinambuzane. Ulwazi lwendawo ke ngoko lubonwa lubaluleke kakhulu njengoko luhlala luyindlela yokuqala yokuzikhusela kwiingxaki ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nolawulo loxhathiso lokungunda. Kwelinye icala, umthathi-nxaxheba u-P012: uhlomle, “Iziphumo ezivela [kwingcali yezolimo] zezasekuhlaleni, kulula kum ukuba ndiqhagamshelane nabo kwaye ndifumane ulwazi kubo.” Omnye umvelisi unike umzekelo wokuxhomekeka kwingqiqo yeengcali zezolimo zengingqi, egxininisa ukuba abavelisi bakhetha iingcaphephe ezifumaneka ekuhlaleni kwaye zinerekhodi eqinisekisiweyo yokufikelela kwiziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Umzekelo, i-P022: “Abantu bayaxoka kumajelo osasazo oluntu – nyusa amatayara akho (ubathembe kakhulu abantu osebenza nabo).
Abavelisi bayalixabisa icebiso elichongiweyo leengcali ze-agronomist kuba banobukho obuqinileyo bendawo kwaye baqhelene neemeko zengingqi. Bathi iingcali ngezolimo zikholisa ukuba ngabokuqala ukuchonga nokuqonda iingxaki ezinokuthi zenzeke efama phambi kokuba zenzeke. Oku kubavumela ukuba banike iingcebiso ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zefama. Ukongeza, izazi ngezolimo zihlala zindwendwela ifama, ziphucula ngakumbi isakhono sazo sokubonelela ngeengcebiso ezilungiselelweyo kunye nenkxaso. Umzekelo, P044: "Themba i-agronomist kuba igcwele yonke indawo kwaye uya kuyibona ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba ndiyazi malunga nayo. Emva koko i-agronomist inganika iingcebiso ezijoliswe kuyo. I-agronomist iyazi kakuhle indawo ngenxa yokuba isendaweni. Ndidla ngokufama. Sinoluhlu olubanzi lwabathengi kwiindawo ezifanayo."
Iziphumo zibonisa ukulungela kweshishini lovavanyo lokumelana ne-fungicide okanye iinkonzo zokuxilonga, kunye nesidingo seenkonzo ezinjalo ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokulula, ukuqondakala, kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo. Oku kunokubonelela ngesikhokelo esibalulekileyo njengoko iziphumo zophando lokuchasa umngundo kunye novavanyo lube yinyani yorhwebo efikelelekayo.
Olu phononongo lujolise ekuphononongeni iimbono zabalimi kunye neengcinga malunga neenkonzo ezongeziweyo ezinxulumene nolawulo loxhathiso lokungunda. Sisebenzise indlela yophononongo olusemgangathweni ukufumana ukuqonda okuneenkcukacha ngakumbi ngamava kunye nemibono yomlimi. Njengoko imingcipheko enxulumene nokunganyangeki kwe-fungicide kunye nelahleko yesivuno iqhubeka ikhula5, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela abalimi abafumana ngayo ulwazi kunye nokuchonga awona majelo asebenzayo okusasaza, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuvela kwezifo eziphezulu.
Sibuze abavelisi ukuba zeziphi iinkonzo ezongezelelekileyo kunye nezibonelelo abazisebenzisileyo ukufumana ulwazi olunxulumene nolawulo lokunganyangeki kwemichiza yokungunda, kugxilwe ngokukodwa kwiitshaneli zokwandisa ezikhethwayo kwezolimo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba uninzi lwabavelisi bafuna iingcebiso kwiingcali zezolimo ezihlawulwayo, rhoqo ngokudityaniswa nolwazi oluvela kurhulumente okanye kumaziko ophando. Ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana nezifundo zangaphambili eziqaqambisa ukhetho jikelele lolwandiso lwabucala, nabavelisi baxabisa ubuchule babacebisi kwezolimo abahlawulwayo53,54. Uphononongo lwethu lukwafumanise ukuba inani elibalulekileyo labavelisi bathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwiiforam ze-intanethi ezinje ngamaqela abavelisi basekhaya kunye neentsuku zentsimi ezicwangcisiweyo. Olu nxibelelwano lukwabandakanya amaziko ophando karhulumente nawabucala. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nophando olukhoyo olubonisa ukubaluleka kweendlela ezisekelwe kuluntu19,37,38. Ezi ndlela ziququzelela intsebenziswano phakathi kwemibutho karhulumente neyabucala kwaye yenze ulwazi olufanelekileyo lufikeleleke ngakumbi kubavelisi.
Siphinde saphonononga ukuba kutheni abavelisi bekhetha amagalelo athile, befuna ukuchonga izinto ezenza ukuba amagalelo athile abe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubo. Abavelisi bavakalise imfuno yokufikelela kwiingcali ezithenjiweyo ezifanelekileyo kuphando (Umxholo 2.1), owawunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokusetyenziswa kwe-agronomists. Ngokukodwa, abavelisi baqaphele ukuba ukuqesha i-agronomist kubanika ukufikelela kuphando oluntsonkothileyo noluhambele phambili ngaphandle kokuzibophelela ixesha elininzi, olunceda ukoyisa imiqobo efana nemiqobo yexesha okanye ukungabikho koqeqesho kunye nokuqhelana neendlela ezithile. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nophando lwangaphambili olubonisa ukuba abavelisi bahlala bethembela kwii-agronomists ukwenza lula iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi20.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-13-2024