Nangona kunjalo, ukwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha zokulima, ingakumbi ulawulo lwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo, kuye kwacotha. Olu phononongo lusebenzisa isixhobo sophando esiphuhliswe ngokubambisana njengesifundo sokuqonda indlela abavelisi beenkozo kumzantsi-ntshona weNtshona Ostreliya abafikelela ngayo kulwazi kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ukumelana nefungi. Sifumanise ukuba abavelisi baxhomekeke kwiingcali zezolimo ezihlawulwayo, urhulumente okanye iiarhente zophando, amaqela abavelisi basekuhlaleni kunye neentsuku zasemasimini ukuze bafumane ulwazi malunga nokuxhathisa ifungi. Abavelisi bafuna ulwazi kwiingcali ezithembekileyo ezinokwenza lula uphando oluntsonkothileyo, zixabise unxibelelwano olulula nolucacileyo kwaye zikhethe izixhobo ezilungiselelwe iimeko zasekuhlaleni. Abavelisi bakwaxabisa ulwazi malunga nophuhliso olutsha lwefungi kunye nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuxilonga ngokukhawuleza ukumelana nefungi. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukubaluleka kokubonelela abavelisi ngeenkonzo zolwandiso lwezolimo ezisebenzayo ukulawula umngcipheko wokuxhathisa ifungi.
Abalimi berhasi balawula izifo zezityalo ngokukhetha i-germplasm ehlengahlengisiweyo, ulawulo lwezifo oludibeneyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-fungicides, ezidla ngokuba ngamanyathelo okuthintela ukuqhuma kwezifo1. I-fungicides ithintela usulelo, ukukhula, kunye nokuzala kwe-fungus pathogens kwizityalo. Nangona kunjalo, i-fungus pathogens ingaba nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zabemi kwaye ithambekele ekuguqukeni. Ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwi-spectrum encinci ye-fungicide compounds esebenzayo okanye ukusetyenziswa okungafanelekanga kwe-fungicides kunokubangela utshintsho lwe-fungus oluya kuxhathisa ezi khemikhali. Ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-compounds ezifanayo ezisebenzayo, ukuthambekela kweendawo ze-pathogen ukuba zingaxhathisi kuyanda, oku kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwe-compounds esebenzayo ekulawuleni izifo zezityalo2,3,4.
Ukubulala iifungiukuxhathisa kubhekisa ekungakwazini kwemithi yokubulala iintsholongwane eyayisebenza ngaphambili ukulawula izifo zezityalo ngokufanelekileyo, nokuba isetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo. Umzekelo, izifundo ezininzi zibike ukwehla kokusebenza kwemithi yokubulala iintsholongwane ekunyangeni isikhunta esingumgubo, ukusuka ekuncipheni kokusebenza kwintsimi ukuya ekungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo kwintsimi5,6. Ukuba ayijongwanga, ukuxhaphaka kokuxhathisa imithi yokubulala iintsholongwane kuya kuqhubeka nokwanda, kunciphisa ukusebenza kweendlela zokulawula izifo ezikhoyo kwaye kukhokelele ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno okukhulu7.
Kwihlabathi liphela, ilahleko zangaphambi kokuvuna ngenxa yezifo zezityalo ziqikelelwa kwi-10–23%, kunye nelahleko zasemva kokuvuna eziqala kwi-10% ukuya kwi-20%8. Ezi lahleko zilingana neekhalori ezingama-2,000 zokutya ngosuku kubantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-600 ukuya kwi-4.2 zeebhiliyoni unyaka wonke8. Njengoko imfuno yokutya yehlabathi kulindeleke ukuba inyuke, imingeni yokhuseleko lokutya iya kuqhubeka isanda9. Ezi ngxaki kulindeleke ukuba ziqhubeke zisanda kwixesha elizayo ngenxa yemingcipheko enxulumene nokukhula kwabantu kwihlabathi liphela kunye notshintsho lwemozulu10,11,12. Amandla okukhulisa ukutya ngendlela ezinzileyo nefanelekileyo ke ngoko abalulekile ekusindeni kwabantu, kwaye ukulahleka kweefungicides njengendlela yokulawula izifo kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu kuneyo ifunyanwa ngabavelisi bokuqala.
Ukujongana nokuxhathisa iifungicide nokunciphisa ilahleko yesivuno, kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa izinto ezintsha kunye neenkonzo zolwandiso ezihambelana namandla abavelisi okuphumeza amaqhinga e-IPM. Ngelixa izikhokelo ze-IPM zikhuthaza iindlela zolawulo lwezinambuzane ezihlala ixesha elide ezizinzileyo12,13, ukwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha zokulima ezihambelana neendlela ezilungileyo ze-IPM kuye kwacotha ngokubanzi, nangona zinokuba neenzuzo14,15. Izifundo zangaphambili zichonge imingeni ekwamkelweni kwamaqhinga e-IPM azinzileyo. Le mingeni ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa okungaguqukiyo kwamaqhinga e-IPM, iingcebiso ezingacacanga, kunye nokwenzeka kwezoqoqosho kwamaqhinga e-IPM16. Uphuhliso lokuxhathisa iifungicide ngumceli mngeni omtsha kushishino. Nangona idatha ngalo mba ikhula, ulwazi ngempembelelo yayo yezoqoqosho luhlala luncinci. Ukongeza, abavelisi badla ngokuswela inkxaso kwaye babona ulawulo lwezinambuzane njengento elula nengabizi kakhulu, nokuba bafumana ezinye iindlela ze-IPM ziluncedo17. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwempembelelo yesifo ekusebenzeni kwemveliso yokutya, iifungicide kusenokwenzeka ukuba zihlale ziyindlela ebalulekileyo ye-IPM kwixesha elizayo. Ukuphunyezwa kwamaqhinga e-IPM, kubandakanya ukuqaliswa kokuxhathisa okuphuculweyo kwemfuza yomntu, akuyi kugxila kuphela ekulawuleni izifo kodwa kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukusebenza kakuhle kweekhompawundi ezisebenzayo ezisetyenziswa kwi-fungicide.
Amafama anegalelo elibalulekileyo kukhuseleko lokutya, kwaye abaphandi kunye nemibutho karhulumente kufuneka bakwazi ukubonelela abalimi ngetekhnoloji kunye nezinto ezintsha, kuquka iinkonzo zokwandisa, eziphucula kwaye zigcine imveliso yezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, imiqobo ebalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwetekhnoloji kunye nezinto ezintsha ngabavelisi ivela kwindlela ephezulu "yokwandisa uphando", egxile ekudluliseleni ubuchwepheshe ukusuka kwiingcali ukuya kubalimi ngaphandle kokuqwalasela kakhulu igalelo labavelisi basekuhlaleni18,19. Uphononongo luka-Anil et al.19 lufumanise ukuba le ndlela ibangele amazinga ahlukeneyo okwamkelwa kwetekhnoloji entsha kumafama. Ngaphezu koko, uphando lugxininise ukuba abavelisi badla ngokuvakalisa iinkxalabo xa uphando lwezolimo lusetyenziselwa iinjongo zesayensi kuphela. Ngokufanayo, ukusilela ukubeka phambili ukuthembeka kunye nokufaneleka kolwazi kubavelisi kunokukhokelela kumsantsa wonxibelelwano ochaphazela ukwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha zolimo kunye nezinye iinkonzo zokwandisa20,21. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba abaphandi banokungaziqondi ngokupheleleyo iimfuno kunye neenkxalabo zabavelisi xa benika ulwazi.
Inkqubela phambili kulwandiso lwezolimo igxininise ukubaluleka kokubandakanya abavelisi basekuhlaleni kwiinkqubo zophando kunye nokwenza kube lula intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko ophando kunye namashishini18,22,23. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka umsebenzi omninzi ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweemodeli zokuphunyezwa kwe-IPM ezikhoyo kunye nesantya sokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe bolawulo lwezinambuzane oluzinzileyo lwexesha elide. Ngokwembali, iinkonzo zolwandiso bezinikezelwa kakhulu licandelo likarhulumente24,25. Nangona kunjalo, umkhwa ojoliswe kwiifama zorhwebo ezinkulu, imigaqo-nkqubo yezolimo ejolise kwimarike, kunye nokwaluphala nokuncipha kwabemi basemaphandleni kuye kunciphisa isidingo samanqanaba aphezulu enkxaso-mali karhulumente24,25,26. Ngenxa yoko, oorhulumente kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo, kuquka ne-Australia, banciphise utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo kulwandiso, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthembekeni okukhulu kwicandelo lolwandiso lwabucala ukubonelela ngezi nkonzo27,28,29,30. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthembela kuphela kulwandiso lwabucala kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokungafikeleli kakuhle kwiifama ezincinci kunye nokungabikho kwengqwalasela kwimiba yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuzinza. Indlela yokusebenzisana ebandakanya iinkonzo zolwandiso zikarhulumente nezabucala ngoku iyacetyiswa31,32. Nangona kunjalo, uphando malunga nembono yabavelisi kunye neembono malunga nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zolawulo lokumelana nefungicide lunqongophele. Ukongeza, kukho izikhewu kwiincwadi malunga nokuba zeziphi iintlobo zeenkqubo zolwandiso ezisebenzayo ekuncedeni abavelisi ukuba bajongane nokumelana nefungicide.
Abacebisi bomntu ngamnye (njengeengcali zezolimo) banika abavelisi inkxaso yobungcali kunye nobuchule33. E-Australia, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabavelisi basebenzisa iinkonzo zengcali yezolimo, kunye nomlinganiselo owahluka ngokwemimandla kwaye olu hlobo lotshintsho kulindeleke ukuba lukhule20. Abavelisi bathi bakhetha ukugcina imisebenzi ilula, nto leyo ebakhokelela ekubeni baqeshe abacebisi babucala ukulawula iinkqubo ezinzima ngakumbi, ezifana neenkonzo zezolimo ezichanekileyo ezifana nokumaphu yentsimi, idatha yendawo yolawulo lwamadlelo kunye nenkxaso yezixhobo20; Ke ngoko iingcali zezolimo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwandiso lwezolimo njengoko zinceda abavelisi ukuba bamkele ubuchwepheshe obutsha ngelixa beqinisekisa ukuba kulula ukusebenza.
Inqanaba eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kweengcali zezolimo likwaphenjelelwa kukwamkelwa kweengcebiso 'zokuhlawula-ngenkonzo' ezivela koontanga (umz. abanye abavelisi 34). Xa kuthelekiswa nabaphandi kunye neearhente zolwandiso zikarhulumente, iingcali zezolimo ezizimeleyo zidla ngokuseka ubudlelwane obuqinileyo, obuhlala ixesha elide nabavelisi ngokutyelela rhoqo efama 35. Ngaphezu koko, iingcali zezolimo zigxila ekuboneleleni ngenkxaso esebenzayo endaweni yokuzama ukweyisela abalimi ukuba bamkele iindlela ezintsha okanye bathobele imithetho, kwaye iingcebiso zabo zinokuba luncedo kubavelisi 33. Ngoko ke iingcali zezolimo ezizimeleyo zihlala zibonwa njengemithombo yeengcebiso engenamkhethe 33, 36.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando luka-2008 olwenziwe ngu-Ingram 33 luvumile amandla akhoyo kubudlelwane phakathi kweengcali zezolimo kunye nabalimi. Olu phononongo luvumile ukuba iindlela ezingqongqo nezingqongqo zinokuba nefuthe elibi ekwabelaneni ngolwazi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kukho iimeko apho iingcali zezolimo ziyeka iindlela ezilungileyo ukuze zingalahlekelwa ngabathengi. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuhlola indima yeengcali zezolimo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ingakumbi ngokwembono yomvelisi. Ngenxa yokuba ukumelana nefungicide kuzisa imingeni kwimveliso yerhasi, ukuqonda ubudlelwane obuphuhliswa ngabavelisi berhasi kunye neengcali zezolimo kubalulekile ekusasazeni ngempumelelo izinto ezintsha ezintsha.
Ukusebenza namaqela abavelisi kukwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolwandiso lwezolimo. La maqela yimibutho yoluntu ezimeleyo, ezilawulayo eyenziwe ngabalimi kunye namalungu oluntu agxila kwimiba enxulumene namashishini aphethwe ngabalimi. Oku kubandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwizilingo zophando, ukuphuhlisa izisombululo zoshishino lwezolimo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zasekuhlaleni, kunye nokwabelana ngeziphumo zophando nophuhliso nabanye abavelisi16,37. Impumelelo yamaqela abavelisi inokubangelwa kukutshintsha kwindlela esuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi (umz., imodeli yesazinzulu-umlimi) ukuya kwindlela yolwandiso loluntu ebeka phambili igalelo labavelisi, ikhuthaza ukufunda okuziqondisayo, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo16,19,38,39,40.
U-Anil nabanye abali-19 benze udliwanondlebe olucwangcisiweyo namalungu eqela labavelisi ukuze bavavanye iingenelo ezibonwayo zokujoyina iqela. Olu phononongo lufumanise ukuba abavelisi babona amaqela abavelisi njengempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekufundeni kwabo ubuchwepheshe obutsha, nto leyo eyaba nefuthe ekusetyenzisweni kwabo kweendlela ezintsha zokulima. Amaqela abavelisi ayesebenza kakuhle ekwenzeni iimvavanyo kwinqanaba lendawo kunakwiziko elikhulu lophando lesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, babethathwa njengeqonga elingcono lokwabelana ngolwazi. Ngokukodwa, iintsuku zasentsimini zazibonwa njengeqonga elixabisekileyo lokwabelana ngolwazi kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ngokudibeneyo, okuvumela ukusombulula iingxaki ngokubambisana.
Ubunzima bokwamkelwa kwabalimi kwezobuchwepheshe ezintsha kunye neendlela zokusebenza budlula ukuqonda okulula kobugcisa41. Kunoko, inkqubo yokwamkelwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye neendlela zokusebenza ibandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwexabiso, iinjongo, kunye neenethiwekhi zentlalo ezisebenzisana neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zabavelisi41,42,43,44. Nangona kukho ubutyebi besikhokelo esifumanekayo kubavelisi, kuphela izinto ezintsha kunye neendlela zokusebenza ezamkelwa ngokukhawuleza. Njengoko kuvela iziphumo zophando ezintsha, ukusebenziseka kwazo kutshintsho kwizenzo zokulima kufuneka kuhlolwe, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi kukho umsantsa phakathi kokusebenziseka kweziphumo kunye notshintsho olucetywayo kwindlela yokusebenza. Ngokufanelekileyo, ekuqaleni kweprojekthi yophando, ukusebenziseka kweziphumo zophando kunye neendlela ezikhoyo zokuphucula ukusebenziseka ziqwalaselwa ngokuyila ngokubambisana kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kushishino.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iziphumo ezinxulumene nokuchasana nefungicide ziyasebenziseka na, olu phononongo lwenze udliwanondlebe olunzulu ngocingo nabalimi abakumzantsi-ntshona weNtshona Ostreliya. Indlela ethathiweyo yayijolise ekukhuthazeni ubudlelwane phakathi kwabaphandi nabalimi, igxininisa ixabiso lokuthembana, intlonipho kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezifanayo45. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya indlela abacinga ngayo abalimi ngezixhobo ezikhoyo zokulawula ukuchasana nefungicide, ukuchonga izixhobo ezazifumaneka lula kubo, kunye nokuphonononga izixhobo abalimi abangathanda ukufikelela kuzo kunye nezizathu zezinto abazikhethayo. Ngokukodwa, olu phononongo lujongana nale mibuzo ilandelayo yophando:
RQ3 Zeziphi ezinye iinkonzo zokusasaza ukuchasana nefungicide abavelisi abanethemba lokuzifumana kwixesha elizayo kwaye zeziphi izizathu zokukhetha kwabo?
Olu phononongo lusebenzise indlela yophando lwetyala ukuhlola imbono yabalimi kunye nezimo zengqondo malunga nezixhobo ezinxulumene nolawulo lokuxhathisa iifungi. Isixhobo sophando saphuhliswa ngentsebenziswano nabameli boshishino kwaye sidibanisa iindlela zokuqokelela idatha ezisemgangathweni nezinobungakanani. Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, sijolise ekufumaneni ukuqonda okunzulu ngamava akhethekileyo abalimi olawulo lokuxhathisa iifungi, okusivumela ukuba sifumane ukuqonda ngamava kunye neembono zabalimi. Olu phononongo lwenziwe ngexesha lokukhula lika-2019/2020 njengenxalenye yeProjekthi yeBarley Disease Cohort, inkqubo yophando esebenzisana nabalimi abakumzantsi-ntshona weNtshona Australia. Le nkqubo ijolise ekuvavanyeni ukuxhaphaka kokuxhathisa iifungi kulo mmandla ngokuhlola iisampulu zamagqabi ebhari anesifo afunyenwe kubalimi. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiProjekthi yeBarley Disease Cohort bavela kwiindawo eziphakathi ukuya kwezinemvula eninzi zommandla okhulayo iinkozo eNtshona Australia. Amathuba okuthatha inxaxheba ayadalwa aze emva koko abhengezwe (ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeendaba kubandakanya imidiya yoluntu) kwaye abalimi bayamenywa ukuba bazikhethele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Bonke abatyunjiweyo abanomdla bayamkelwa kule projekthi.
Olu phononongo lufumene imvume yokuziphatha kwiKomiti yeMithetho yoPhando loLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseCurtin (HRE2020-0440) kwaye lwenziwa ngokuhambelana neNgxelo yeSizwe ka-2007 malunga nokuziphatha okuhle kuPhando loLuntu 46. Abalimi kunye neengcali zezolimo ababevumile ngaphambili ukuba baqhagamshelwe malunga nolawulo lokumelana nokubola kwefungi ngoku bakwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi malunga neendlela zabo zolawulo. Abathathi-nxaxheba banikwe ingxelo yolwazi kunye nefomu yemvume ngaphambi kokuba bathathe inxaxheba. Imvume enolwazi yafunyanwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ngaphambi kokuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu phononongo. Iindlela eziphambili zokuqokelela idatha yayiludliwanondlebe olunzulu ngocingo kunye nophando olukwi-intanethi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana, iseti efanayo yemibuzo egcwaliswe ngemibuzo eqhutywa ngumntu ngokwakhe yafundwa ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba abagqibezela uphando locingo. Akukho lwazi longezelelweyo lunikiweyo ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa beendlela zombini zophando.
Olu phononongo lufumene imvume yokuziphatha kwiKomiti yeMithetho yoPhando loLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseCurtin (HRE2020-0440) kwaye lwenziwa ngokuhambelana neNgxelo yeSizwe ka-2007 malunga nokuziphatha okuhle kuPhando loLuntu 46. Imvume enolwazi yafunyanwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ngaphambi kokuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando.
Abavelisi abali-137 bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando, apho ama-82% abo agqibe udliwanondlebe ngefowuni kwaye ama-18% agqibezele iphepha lemibuzo ngokwabo. Ubudala babathathi-nxaxheba buphakathi kweminyaka engama-22 ukuya kuma-69, kunye nomyinge wobudala beminyaka engama-44. Amava abo kwicandelo lezolimo aphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kuma-54, kunye nomyinge weminyaka engama-25. Ngokomyinge, abalimi bahlwayele iihektare ezili-1,122 zerhasi kwiindawo ezili-10 ezifuywayo. Uninzi lwabavelisi bakhulise iintlobo ezimbini zerhasi (48%), kunye nokusasazwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kuhlobo olunye (33%) ukuya kwiintlobo ezintlanu (0.7%). Ukusasazwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kuphando kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, owenziwe kusetyenziswa inguqulelo ye-QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Imephu yabathathi-nxaxheba kuphando ngokwekhowudi yeposi kunye neendawo zemvula: ephantsi, ephakathi, ephezulu. Ubungakanani beempawu bubonisa inani labathathi-nxaxheba kwiWestern Australian Grain Belt. Imephu yenziwe kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-QGIS version 3.28.3-Firenze.
Idatha esemgangathweni ephumayo yabhalwa ngesandla kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lomxholo olukhuthazayo, kwaye iimpendulo zaqala zavulwa ngekhowudi evulekileyo48. Hlalutya umxholo ngokufunda kwakhona kwaye uqaphele naziphi na izihloko ezivelayo ukuchaza iinkalo zomxholo49,50,51. Emva kwenkqubo yokutsalwa, izihloko ezichongiweyo zahlulwahlulwa ngokwezihloko eziphezulu51,52. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2, injongo yolu hlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo kukufumana ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwizinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukhetho lwabalimi kwizixhobo ezithile zolawulo lokuchasana nefungi, ngaloo ndlela kucaciswe iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezinxulumene nolawulo lwezifo. Izihloko ezichongiweyo ziyahlalutywa kwaye kuxoxwe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha kwicandelo elilandelayo.
Ukuphendula kumbuzo 1, iimpendulo kwidatha yomgangatho (n=128) zityhile ukuba iingcali zezolimo zezona zixhobo zisetyenziswa kakhulu, apho ngaphezulu kwama-84% abalimi bakhankanya iingcali zezolimo njengomthombo wabo ophambili wolwazi lokuchasana ne-fungicide (n=108). Okubangela umdla kukuba, iingcali zezolimo bezingengomthombo kuphela okhankanywa rhoqo, kodwa zazikwangumthombo kuphela wolwazi lokuchasana ne-fungicide kwinxalenye enkulu yabalimi, apho ngaphezulu kwama-24% (n=31) abalimi bexhomekeke kuphela okanye bakhankanya iingcali zezolimo njengezixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Uninzi lwabalimi (oko kukuthi, ama-72% eempendulo okanye ama-n=93) lubonise ukuba baxhomekeke kwiingcali zezolimo ukuze bafumane iingcebiso, bafunde uphando, okanye babonisene nabezindaba. Iimidiya ezidumileyo kwi-intanethi kunye neendaba ezishicilelweyo zazisoloko zikhankanywa njengemithombo ekhethwayo yolwazi lokuchasana ne-fungicide. Ukongeza, abavelisi babexhomekeke kwiingxelo zoshishino, iincwadana zeendaba zasekuhlaleni, iimagazini, imidiya yasemaphandleni, okanye imithombo yophando engabonisanga ukufikelela kwabo. Abavelisi babesoloko bekhankanya imithombo emininzi yemidiya ye-elektroniki kunye neyoshicilelo, bebonisa imizamo yabo yokuqalisa yokufumana nokuhlalutya izifundo ezahlukeneyo.
Omnye umthombo obalulekileyo wolwazi ziingxoxo kunye neengcebiso ezivela kwabanye abavelisi, ingakumbi ngokunxibelelana nabahlobo kunye nabamelwane. Umzekelo, iP023: “Ukutshintshiselana ngezolimo (abahlobo emantla bafumanisa izifo kwangethuba)” kunye neP006: “Abahlobo, abamelwane kunye nabalimi.” Ukongeza, abavelisi babexhomekeke kumaqela ezolimo asekuhlaleni (n = 16), afana namaqela abalimi basekuhlaleni okanye abavelisi, amaqela okutshiza, kunye namaqela ezolimo. Kwakusoloko kukhankanywa ukuba abantu basekuhlaleni babebandakanyeka kwezi ngxoxo. Umzekelo, iP020: “Iqela lokuphucula iifama zasekuhlaleni kunye nezithethi zeendwendwe” kunye neP031: “Sineqela lokutshiza lasekuhlaleni elindinika ulwazi oluluncedo.”
Iintsuku zasentsimini zikhankanyiwe njengomnye umthombo wolwazi (n = 12), zihlala zidityaniswa neengcebiso ezivela kwiingcali zezolimo, amajelo eendaba ashicilelweyo kunye neengxoxo noogxa (basekuhlaleni). Kwelinye icala, izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezifana neGoogle kunye neTwitter (n = 9), abameli bentengiso kunye neentengiso (n = 3) azikhankanywanga rhoqo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa imfuneko yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo nezifikelelekayo zolawulo olusebenzayo lokumelana ne-fungicide, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukhetho lwabalimi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo yolwazi kunye nenkxaso.
Ukuphendula kumbuzo wesi-2, abalimi babuzwe ukuba kutheni bekhetha imithombo yolwazi enxulumene nolawulo lokuxhathisa iifungicide. Uhlalutyo lwemixholo lutyhile imixholo emine ebalulekileyo ebonisa ukuba kutheni abalimi bexhomekeke kwimithombo yolwazi ethile.
Xa befumana iingxelo zoshishino nezikarhulumente, abavelisi bajonga imithombo yolwazi abayibona njengethembekileyo, ethembekileyo, nehlaziyiweyo. Umzekelo, i-P115: “Ulwazi lwangoku, oluthembekileyo, oluthembekileyo, nolusemgangathweni” kunye ne-P057: “Ngenxa yokuba le nto ijongiwe kwaye iqinisekisiwe. Yinto entsha kwaye ifumaneka kwindawo yokugcina ulwazi.” Abavelisi babona ulwazi oluvela kwiingcali njengoluthembekileyo nolukumgangatho ophezulu. Ingcali zezolimo, ngokukodwa, zijongwa njengeengcali ezinolwazi abavelisi abanokuzithemba ukuba zinike iingcebiso ezithembekileyo nezilungileyo. Omnye umvelisi uthe: I-P131: “[Ingcali yezolimo] iyazi yonke imiba, yingcali kweli candelo, inika inkonzo ehlawulelwayo, ngethemba lokuba inganika iingcebiso ezifanelekileyo” kunye nenye i-P107: “Ihlala ifumaneka, ingcali yezolimo ngumphathi kuba inolwazi kunye nezakhono zophando.”
Iingcali zezolimo zihlala zichazwa njengezithembekileyo kwaye kulula ukuzithemba ngabavelisi. Ukongeza, iingcali zezolimo zibonwa njengekhonkco phakathi kwabavelisi nophando oluphambili. Zibonwa njengezibalulekileyo ekuvaleni umsantsa phakathi kophando olungabonakaliyo olunokubonakala lungahambelani nemiba yasekuhlaleni kunye nemiba 'esemhlabeni' okanye 'efama'. Benza uphando lokuba abavelisi basenokungabi naxesha okanye izixhobo zokwenza nokubeka olu phando kwimeko-bume ngeencoko ezinentsingiselo. Umzekelo, i-P010: yathi, 'Iingcali zezolimo zinelizwi lokugqibela. Zilikhonkco lophando lwamva nje kwaye abalimi banolwazi kuba bayayazi imiba kwaye bakwimivuzo yabo.' Kwaye i-P043: yongeze yathi, 'Themba iingcali zezolimo kunye nolwazi abalunikayo. Ndiyavuya ukuba iprojekthi yokulawula ukumelana ne-fungicide iyenzeka - ulwazi ngamandla kwaye andiyi kuchitha yonke imali yam kwiikhemikhali ezintsha.'
Ukusasazeka kwe-spores zefungus ezibangelwa zizinambuzane kunokuvela kwiifama ezikufutshane okanye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, njengomoya, imvula kunye nezinambuzane. Ngoko ke ulwazi lwendawo luthathwa njengolubaluleke kakhulu njengoko luhlala lululo lokuqala lokuzikhusela kwiingxaki ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nolawulo lokuxhathisa iifungicide. Kwimeko enye, umthathi-nxaxheba P012: uthe, “Iziphumo ezivela [kwingcali yezolimo] zezasekuhlaleni, kulula ukuba ndiqhagamshelane nabo ndize ndifumane ulwazi kubo.” Omnye umvelisi unike umzekelo wokuthembela kwingqiqo yeengcali zezolimo zasekuhlaleni, egxininisa ukuba abavelisi bakhetha iingcali ezikhoyo ekuhlaleni kwaye zinerekhodi eliqinisekisiweyo lokufikelela kwiziphumo ezifunwayo. Umzekelo, P022: “Abantu baxoka kwimidiya yoluntu - nyusa amatayara akho (bathembe kakhulu abantu osebenza nabo).
Abavelisi bayayixabisa ingcebiso ejoliswe kwiingcali zezolimo kuba banabantu abaninzi abakufutshane kwaye baqhelene neemeko zasekuhlaleni. Bathi iingcali zezolimo zihlala ziqala ukuchonga nokuqonda iingxaki ezinokubakho efama ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke. Oku kubavumela ukuba banike ingcebiso elungiselelwe iimfuno zefama. Ukongeza, iingcali zezolimo zihlala zityelela ifama, nto leyo ephucula ngakumbi amandla abo okubonelela ngengcebiso elungiselelweyo kunye nenkxaso. Umzekelo, P044: “Mthembe ingcali yezolimo kuba ukho kulo lonke elo candelo kwaye uya kuyibona ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba ndiyazi ngayo. Emva koko ingcali yezolimo inokunika ingcebiso ejoliswe kuyo. Ingcali yezolimo iyayazi kakuhle le ndawo kuba ikwindawo. Ndihlala ndilima. Sineentlobo ngeentlobo zabathengi kwiindawo ezifanayo.”
Iziphumo zibonisa ukulungela kweshishini uvavanyo lokuchasana nefungicide okanye iinkonzo zokuxilonga, kunye nesidingo sokuba ezo nkonzo zihlangabezane nemigangatho yokulula, ukuqondwa, kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo. Oku kunokubonelela ngesikhokelo esibalulekileyo njengoko iziphumo zophando lokuchasana nefungicide kunye novavanyo ziba yinto yokwenyani ethengiswayo.
Olu phononongo lujolise ekuphononongeni imbono yabalimi kunye neembono zabo malunga neenkonzo zolwandiso ezinxulumene nolawulo lokuxhathisa iifungi. Sisebenzise indlela yophando lwemeko esemgangathweni ukuze sifumane ukuqonda okuneenkcukacha ngakumbi ngamava kunye neembono zabalimi. Njengoko iingozi ezinxulumene nokuxhathisa iifungi kunye nokulahleka kwesivuno ziqhubeka zisanda5, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela abalimi abafumana ngayo ulwazi kunye nokuchonga iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulusasaza, ingakumbi ngamaxesha okuxhaphaka kwezifo ezininzi.
Sibuze abavelisi ukuba zeziphi iinkonzo zolwandiso kunye nezixhobo abazisebenzisileyo ukufumana ulwazi olunxulumene nolawulo lokuxhathisa iifungicide, sigxile ngakumbi kwiindlela zolwandiso ezikhethwayo kwezolimo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba uninzi lwabavelisi lufuna iingcebiso kwiingcali zezolimo ezihlawulwayo, zihlala zidibene nolwazi oluvela kurhulumente okanye kumaziko ophando. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nezifundo zangaphambili ezigxininisa ukhetho oluqhelekileyo lolwandiso lwabucala, apho abavelisi bexabisa ubuchule babacebisi bezolimo abahlawulwayo53,54. Uphononongo lwethu lukwafumanise ukuba inani elikhulu labavelisi lithatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwiiforam ze-intanethi ezifana namaqela abavelisi basekuhlaleni kunye neentsuku zasentsimini ezicwangcisiweyo. Ezi nethiwekhi ziquka namaziko ophando karhulumente nawabucala. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nophando olukhoyo olubonisa ukubaluleka kweendlela ezisekelwe kuluntu19,37,38. Ezi ndlela zinceda intsebenziswano phakathi kwemibutho karhulumente neyabucala kwaye zenza ulwazi olufanelekileyo lufikeleleke ngakumbi kubavelisi.
Sikwahlolisise isizathu sokuba abavelisi bakhethe izinto ezithile ezifakwayo, befuna ukuchonga izinto ezenza izinto ezithile ezifakwayo zibe nomtsalane kubo. Abavelisi bavakalise imfuneko yokufikelela kwiingcali ezithembekileyo ezifanelekileyo kuphando (Umxholo 2.1), owawunxulumene kakhulu nokusetyenziswa kweengcali zezolimo. Ngokukodwa, abavelisi baqaphele ukuba ukuqesha ingcali yezolimo kubanika ukufikelela kuphando oluphucukileyo noluphucukileyo ngaphandle kokuzibophelela ixesha elininzi, nto leyo enceda ukoyisa imiqobo efana nemiqobo yexesha okanye ukungabikho koqeqesho kunye nokuqhelana neendlela ezithile. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nophando lwangaphambili olubonisa ukuba abavelisi badla ngokuxhomekeka kwiingcali zezolimo ukuze benze lula iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo20.
Ixesha leposi: Novemba-13-2024