Umfanekiso: Iindlela zemveli zokuvuselelwa kwezityalo zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwabalawuli bezityalo ezifana namahomoni, anokuthi abe yintlobo ethile kunye nomsebenzi onzima. Kuphononongo olutsha, izazinzulu ziye zavelisa inkqubo entsha yokuvuselela izityalo ngokulawula umsebenzi kunye nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibandakanyekayo kwi-dedifferentiation (i-cell proliferation) kunye ne-redifferentiation (organogenesis) yeeseli zezityalo. Jonga ngakumbi
Iindlela zemveli zokuvuselelwa kwezityalo zifuna ukusetyenziswa kweizilawuli zokukhula kwezityalonjengeihomonis, ezinokuthi zibe ziintlobo ezithile kunye nomsebenzi onzima. Kuphononongo olutsha, izazinzulu ziye zavelisa inkqubo entsha yokuvuselela izityalo ngokulawula umsebenzi kunye nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibandakanyekayo kwi-dedifferentiation (i-cell proliferation) kunye ne-redifferentiation (organogenesis) yeeseli zezityalo.
Izityalo bezingowona mthombo uphambili wokutya kwezilwanyana nabantu iminyaka emininzi. Ukongeza, izityalo zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zamayeza kunye nezonyango. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kakubi kunye nokukhula kwemfuno yokutya kubonisa imfuneko yeendlela ezintsha zokuzalanisa izityalo. Inkqubela phambili kwi-biotechnology yezityalo inokusombulula ukunqongophala kokutya kwixa elizayo ngokuvelisa izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza (GM) ezinemveliso ngakumbi kwaye zikwazi ukumelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ngokwemvelo, izityalo ziyakwazi ukuvuselela izityalo ezitsha ngokupheleleyo kwiseli enye "ye-totipotent" (iseli enokuthi ivelise iintlobo ezininzi zeeseli) ngokuhlukana kunye nokwahlula kwiiseli ezinezakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukulungiswa kokwenziwa kweeseli ze-totipotent ngokusebenzisa inkcubeko yezicubu zezityalo kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukukhusela izityalo, ukuzala, ukuveliswa kweentlobo ze-transgenic kunye neenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi. Ngokwesiko, inkcubeko ye-tissue yokuvuselelwa kwezityalo idinga ukusetyenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo (GGRs), njenge-auxins kunye ne-cytokinins, ukulawula ukuhlukana kweeseli. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko ezifanelekileyo zehomoni zinokuhluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesityalo, iimeko zenkcubeko kunye nohlobo lwethishu. Ke ngoko, ukwenza iimeko zokuhlola ezizezona zilungileyo kunokuba ngumsebenzi odla ixesha kunye nonomsebenzi omkhulu.
Ukoyisa le ngxaki, uNjingalwazi uTomoko Ikawa, kunye noNjingalwazi oNxulumeneyo noMai F. Minamikawa ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseChiba, uNjingalwazi uHitoshi Sakakibara waseNagoya University Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences kunye noMikiko Kojima, igcisa elichwepheshile elivela kwi-RIKEN CSRS, baqulunqa indlela yendalo yonke yokulawula izityalo ngolawulo. Ukubonakaliswa kweejene zokuhlukanisa iiseli "ezilawulwa ngophuhliso" (DR) ukuphumeza ukuvuselelwa kwezityalo. Ipapashwe kwi-Volume 15 ye-Frontiers kwiSayensi yeZityalo ngo-Aprili 3, i-2024, uGqr. Ikawa wanika ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nomsebenzi wabo wophando, esithi: "Inkqubo yethu ayisebenzisi ii-PGR zangaphandle, kodwa kunoko isebenzisa i-transcription factor genes ukulawula ukuhlukana kweeseli.
Abaphandi babonisa i-ectopically genes ezimbini ze-DR, i-BABY BOOM (i-BBM) kunye ne-WUSCHEL (WUS), esuka kwi-Arabidopsis thaliana (esetyenziswa njengesityalo esingumzekelo) kwaye bavavanya umphumo wabo ekuhlukeni kwenkcubeko ye-tissue yecuba, i-lettuce kunye ne-petunia. I-BBM ifakela ikhowudi into ekhutshelweyo elawula uphuhliso lwe-embryonic, ngelixa i-WUS ifaka ikhowudi into ekhutshelweyo egcina isazisi seseli yesiqu kwingingqi ye-apical meristem yokudubula.
Uvavanyo lwabo lubonise ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-Arabidopsis BBM okanye i-WUS yodwa akwanelanga ukubangela ukuhlukana kweeseli kwizicubu zecuba. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-coexpression ye-BBM ephuculweyo esebenzayo kunye ne-WUS eguqulelwe ngokusebenzayo idala i-phenotype ekhawulezayo yokuzimela. Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-PCR, iiseli zeqabunga le-transgenic zahlulwe kwi-callus (ubunzima beeseli ezingalungelelanisiweyo), izakhiwo eziluhlaza ezifana nezakhiwo kunye ne-adventitious buds. Uhlalutyo lwe-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), indlela esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-gene transcripts, ibonise ukuba i-Arabidopsis BBM kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-WUS kuhambelana nokubunjwa kwe-calli ye-transgenic kunye namahlumela.
Ukuqwalasela indima ebalulekileyo ye-phytohormones kulwahlulo lweeseli kunye nokwahlulahlula, abaphandi balinganisa amanqanaba e-phytohormones ezintandathu, ezizezi: auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) kunye ne-metabolites yayo kwizityalo ze-transgenic. Iziphumo zabo zibonise ukuba amanqanaba e-auxin esebenzayo, i-cytokinin, i-ABA, kunye ne-GA engasebenziyo yonyuka njengoko iiseli zihlula zibe ngamalungu, zigxininisa indima yazo ekwahlulweni kweeseli zezityalo kunye ne-organogenesis.
Ukongezelela, abaphandi basebenzise i-RNA yokulandelelanisa i-transcriptomes, indlela yohlalutyo olunobunjani kunye nobuninzi be-gene expression, ukuvavanya iipateni zokubonakaliswa kofuzo kwiiseli ze-transgenic ezibonisa ukuhlukana okusebenzayo. Iziphumo zabo zibonise ukuba izakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nokwanda kweeseli kunye ne-auxin zatyetyiswa kwiijene ezilawulwa ngokwahlukileyo. Uphononongo olongezelelweyo kusetyenziswa i-qPCR lubonakalise ukuba iiseli ze-transgenic zonyukile okanye zehlisiwe ukubonakaliswa kofuzo ezine, kubandakanya iijini ezilawula ukwahlula kweeseli zezityalo, imetabolism, i-organogenesis, kunye ne-auxin impendulo.
Lilonke, ezi ziphumo zityhila indlela entsha neguquguqukayo yohlaziyo lwezityalo olungadingi setyenziso lwangaphandle lwePCR. Ukongeza, inkqubo esetyenziswe kolu phononongo inokuphucula ukuqonda kwethu iinkqubo ezisisiseko zokwahlula iiseli zezityalo kunye nokuphucula ukhetho lwebhayoloji yezityalo eziluncedo.
Ukugxininisa izicelo ezinokubakho zomsebenzi wakhe, uDkt. Ikawa wathi, "Inkqubo exeliweyo inokuphucula ukuzala kwezityalo ngokubonelela ngesixhobo sokubangela ukuhlukana kwamaselula kwiiseli zezityalo ze-transgenic ngaphandle kwesidingo se-PCR. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba izityalo ze-transgenic zamkelwe njengemveliso, uluntu luya kukhawulezisa ukuzala kwezityalo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa ezihambelanayo."
Malunga noNjingalwazi oNxibeleleyo uTomoko Igawa uDkt. Tomoko Ikawa nguprofesa oncedisayo kwiSikolo seSidanga seHorticulture, iZiko leSayensi yeSityalo seMolekyuli, kunye neZiko lezoLimo kunye noPhando lweHorticulture, iYunivesithi yaseChiba, eJapan. Imidla yakhe yophando ibandakanya ukuzala kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso kunye ne-biotechnology yezityalo. Umsebenzi wakhe ugxile ekuqondeni iindlela zemolekyuli zokuzala ngokwesondo kunye nokwahlulahlula iiseli zezityalo kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-transgenic. Uneempapasho ezininzi kule mimandla kwaye ulilungu le-Japan Society of Plant Biotechnology, i-Botanical Society yaseJapan, i-Japan Plant Breeding Society, i-Japan Society of Plant Physiologists, kunye ne-International Society for the Study of Plant Sexual Reproduction.
Ukwahlula okuzimeleyo kweeseli ze-transgenic ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwangaphandle kweehomoni: ukubonakaliswa kwemfuza engapheliyo kunye nokuziphatha kwe-phytohormones.
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ubudlelwane bezorhwebo okanye bezemali obunokuthi buthathwe njengento enokungqubana komdla.
I-Disclaimer: I-AAAS kunye ne-EurekAlert abanalo uxanduva lokuchaneka kweendaba ezipapashwe kwi-EurekAlert! Nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kolwazi ngumbutho obonelela ngolwazi okanye ngenkqubo ye-EurekAlert.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-22-2024