Nangona ii-nematodes zezityalo ezidla ngokutya ziyingozi kwii-nematodes, azizozinambuzane zezityalo, kodwa zizifo zezityalo.
I-root-knot nematode (iMeloidogyne) yeyona nematode yezityalo esasazeke kakhulu kwaye iyingozi kwihlabathi liphela. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iintlobo zezityalo ezingaphezu kwama-2000 ehlabathini, kuquka phantse zonke izityalo ezilinyiweyo, zinobuthathaka kakhulu kusulelo lwe-root-knot nematode. I-root-knot nematodes zisosulela iiseli zezicubu zengcambu ukuze zenze amathumba, nto leyo echaphazela ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo, nto leyo ebangela ukukhula kwesityalo okungakhuli kakuhle, ukufiphala, ukutyheli, ukubuna, ukugoba kwamagqabi, ukukhubazeka kwesiqhamo, kwanokufa kwesityalo sonke, nto leyo ebangela ukuncipha kwesivuno kwihlabathi liphela.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulawulo lwesifo se-nematode luye lwaba yinto ephambili kwiinkampani zehlabathi zokukhusela izityalo kunye namaziko ophando. I-nematode ye-cyst yesoya sisizathu esibalulekileyo sokunciphisa imveliso ye-soya eBrazil, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe abalulekileyo athumela ii-soya ngaphandle. Okwangoku, nangona ezinye iindlela zomzimba okanye amanyathelo ezolimo esetyenziswe ekulawuleni isifo se-nematode, ezinje: ukuhlola iintlobo ezimelana nokumelana, ukusebenzisa iingcambu ezimelana nokumelana, ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo, ukuphucula umhlaba, njl.njl., iindlela zokulawula ezibaluleke kakhulu ziselulawulo lweekhemikhali okanye ulawulo lwebhayoloji.
Indlela yokusebenza kwentshukumo phakathi kweengcambu
Imbali yobomi be-root-knot nematode iquka iqanda, i-instar larva yokuqala, i-instar larva yesibini, i-instar larva yesithathu, i-instar larva yesine kunye ne-adult. I-larva ifana ne-worm encinci, i-heteromorphic, i-duna i-linear, kwaye i-female imilo ye-pear. I-instar larva yesibini inokufuduka emanzini e-pore yomhlaba, ifune ingcambu yesityalo esisibambayo ngee-alleles ezibuthathaka zentloko, ihlasele isityalo esisibambayo ngokubhoboza i-epidermis kwindawo ende yeengcambu zomsingathi, ize ihambe kwindawo ephakathi kweeseli, iye kwincam yengcambu, ize ifikelele kwi-meristem yengcambu. Emva kokuba i-instar larva yesibini ifikelele kwi-meristem yengcambu, i-larva ibuyela kwicala le-vascular bundle kwaye ifikelele kwindawo yophuhliso lwe-xylem. Apha, i-instar larva yesibini ibhoboza iiseli zomsingathi ngenaliti yomlomo kwaye ifake i-esophageal gland secretions kwiiseli zengcambu zomsingathi. I-Auxin kunye nee-enzymes ezahlukeneyo ezikwi-esophageal gland secretions zinokubangela ukuba iiseli zomntu ziguquke zibe “ziiseli ezinkulu” ezineenuclei ezininzi, ezityebileyo kwii-suborganelles kunye ne-metabolism enamandla. Iiseli ze-cortical ezijikeleze iiseli ezinkulu ziyanda kwaye zikhule kwaye zivuvuke phantsi kwempembelelo yeeseli ezinkulu, zenze iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zee-nodules zengcambu kumphezulu weengcambu. Ii-larvae zesibini ezikwi-instar zisebenzisa ii-giant cells njengeendawo zokutya ukuze zifunxe izondlo namanzi kwaye zingashukumi. Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, i-larvae yesibini ekwi-instar inokubangela ukuba umninimzi avelise ii-giant cells emva kweeyure ezingama-24 emva kokosuleleka, kwaye akhule abe ziimpethu ezindala emva kokubola kathathu kwiintsuku ezingama-20 ezilandelayo. Emva koko iinkunzi ziyashukuma kwaye zishiye iingcambu, iimazi zihlala zimi kwaye ziqhubeke nokukhula, ziqala ukubeka amaqanda malunga neentsuku ezingama-28. Xa ubushushu bungaphezulu kwe-10 ℃, amaqanda aqandusela kwi-root nodule, i-larvae yokuqala ekwi-instar emaqandeni, i-larvae yesibini ekwi-instar ikhupha amaqanda, ishiya umninimzi emhlabeni kwakhona usulelo.
Iingcambu ze-root-knot nematodes zineendidi ezahlukeneyo zee-host, ezinokuba yi-parasite kwiintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-3 000 zee-host, ezifana nemifuno, izityalo zokutya, izityalo ezithengiswayo, imithi yeziqhamo, izityalo zokuhombisa kunye nokhula. Iingcambu zemifuno ezichaphazelekileyo yi-root knot nematodes zakha kuqala ii-nodules ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ezimhlophe njengobisi ekuqaleni kwaye zibe mdaka kancinci kwinqanaba lokugqibela. Emva kokosuleleka yi-root-node nematode, izityalo ezisemhlabeni zazimfutshane, amasebe kunye namagqabi ayengasasebenzi okanye abe tyheli, ukukhula kwancipha, umbala wamagqabi wawulula, kwaye ukukhula kwezityalo ezigula kakhulu kwakubuthathaka, izityalo zabuna kwimbalela, kwaye isityalo sonke safa ngexesha elinzima. Ukongeza, ulawulo lokuphendula kokuzikhusela, impembelelo yokuthintela kunye nomonakalo wezicubu obangelwa yi-root-knot nematodes kwizityalo nako kwanceda ukuhlasela kwezifo ezithwalwa ngumhlaba ezifana ne-fusarium wilt kunye ne-root bot bacteria, ngaloo ndlela zenze izifo ezinzima kwaye zibangele ilahleko enkulu.
Amanyathelo okuthintela nokulawula
Ii-linecides zemveli zinokwahlulwa zibe zi-fumigants kunye ne-non-fumigants ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa.
I-Fumigant
Iquka ii-halogenated hydrocarbons kunye ne-isothiocyanates, kwaye izinto ezingafumisiyo ziquka i-organophosphorus kunye ne-carbamates. Okwangoku, phakathi kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo eTshayina, i-bromomethane (into ephelisa i-ozone, ethintelwa kancinci kancinci) kunye ne-chloropicrin zii-halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, ezinokuthintela ukwenziwa kweproteni kunye neempendulo ze-biochemical ngexesha lokuphefumla kwe-root knot nematodes. Ezi fumigants zimbini yi-methyl isothiocyanate, enokonakalisa kwaye ikhulule i-methyl isothiocyanate kunye nezinye ii-molecule compounds ezincinci emhlabeni. I-Methyl isothiocyanate inokungena emzimbeni we-root knot nematode kwaye ibophe kwi-oxygen carrier globulin, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukuphefumla kwe-root knot nematode ukuze ifumane umphumo obulalayo. Ukongeza, i-sulfuryl fluoride kunye ne-calcium cyanamide nazo zibhalisiwe njengezinto ezifumisayo zokulawula i-root knot nematodes eTshayina.
Kukwakho nezinye izinto ezifumisa ii-hydrocarbon ezine-halogen ezingabhaliswanga eTshayina, ezifana ne-1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, njl.njl., ezibhaliswe kwamanye amazwe eYurophu nase-United States njengezithatha indawo ye-bromomethane.
Ayitshisi uthuli
Kubandakanya i-organophosphorus kunye ne-carbamates. Phakathi kwe-lineicides ezingafuthwanga ezibhalisiweyo kwilizwe lethu, i-phosphine thiazolium, i-Methanophos, i-phoxiphos kunye ne-chlorpyrifos zeze-organophosphorus, ngelixa i-carboxanil, i-aldicarb kunye ne-carboxanil butathiocarb zeze-carbamate. Ii-nematocides ezingafuthwanga ziphazamisa umsebenzi wenkqubo yemithambo-luvo yee-nematodes ze-root knot ngokuzibophelela kwi-acetylcholinesterase kwi-synapses yee-nematodes ze-root knot. Ngokwesiqhelo azibulali ii-nematodes ze-root knot, kodwa zenza kuphela ii-nematodes ze-root knot zilahlekelwe bubuchule bazo bokufumana umninimzi kwaye zosulele, ngoko ke zihlala zibizwa ngokuba "zii-nematodes paralyzers". Ii-nematocides zemveli ezingafuthwanga zi-arhente zemithambo-luvo ezinobuthi obukhulu, ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza kwizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo kunye ne-arthropods njengee-nematodes. Ngoko ke, phantsi kwemida yeemeko zokusingqongileyo nezentlalo, amazwe aphambili aphuhlileyo ehlabathini anciphise okanye ayeke ukuphuhliswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus kunye ne-carbamate, aza ajika ajongana nophuhliso lwezibulali zinambuzane ezintsha ezisebenzayo nezingenatyhefu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, phakathi kwezibulali zinambuzane ezintsha ezingezizo ze-carbamate/organophosphorus ezifumene ubhaliso lwe-EPA kukho i-spiral ethyl (ebhalisiwe ngo-2010), i-difluorosulfone (ebhalisiwe ngo-2014) kunye ne-fluopyramide (ebhalisiwe ngo-2015).
Kodwa eneneni, ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu, ukuthintelwa kwezibulali zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus, azikho ii-nematocides zininzi ezikhoyo ngoku. Ii-nematocides ezingama-371 zibhalisiwe eTshayina, apho ezili-161 kuzo zazizizithako ezisebenzayo ze-abamectin kwaye ezili-158 zazizizithako ezisebenzayo ze-thiazophos. Ezi zithako zimbini zisebenzayo yayizezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokulawula ii-nematode eTshayina.
Okwangoku, azikho ii-nematocides ezintsha ezininzi, phakathi kwazo i-fluorene sulfoxide, i-spirioxide, i-difluorosulfone kunye ne-fluopyramide zikhokelayo. Ukongeza, ngokwe-biopesticides, i-Penicillium paraclavidum kunye ne-Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 ezibhaliswe yiKono nazo zinamandla amakhulu emarike.
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wepatent yehlabathi lokulawula i-nematode yeengcambu zesoya
I-nematode ye-root knot yesoya yenye yezona zizathu ziphambili zokunciphisa isivuno sesoya kumazwe aphambili athumela iisoya kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi i-United States ne-Brazil.
Iipatenti ezingama-4287 zokukhusela izityalo ezinxulumene neembovane zesoya ezifakwe kwihlabathi liphela kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Imbovane yesoya efakwe iipatenti ezininzi kwiindawo nakwamanye amazwe, eyokuqala yi-European Bureau, eyesibini yi-China, kunye ne-United States, ngelixa indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yembovane yesoya efakwe iipatenti ezili-145 kuphela. Kwaye uninzi lwazo luvela kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe.
Okwangoku, i-abamectin kunye ne-phosphine thiazole zezona zinto ziphambili zokulawula iingcambu ze-nematodes eTshayina. Kwaye imveliso enelungelo lobunikazi i-fluopyramide nayo iqalile ukusasazeka.
I-Avermectin
Ngo-1981, i-abamectin yaziswa kwimarike njengolawulo lwezinambuzane zamathumbu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, nango-1985 njengesibulali-zinambuzane. I-Avermectin yenye yezona zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje.
I-Phosphine thiazate
I-Phosphine thiazole sisibulali-zinambuzane esitsha, esisebenzayo nesibanzi esingafunxiyo se-organophosphorus esaphuhliswa yiNkampani i-Ishihara eJapan, kwaye sibekwe kwimarike kumazwe amaninzi afana neJapan. Izifundo zokuqala zibonise ukuba i-phosphine thiazolium ine-endosorption kwaye ithutha kwizityalo kwaye inomsebenzi we-wide-spectrum ngokuchasene ne-parasitic nematodes kunye nezinambuzane. I-plant parasitic nematodes yonakalisa izityalo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, kwaye iipropati zebhayoloji kunye nezomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ze-phosphine thiazole zifanelekile kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba, ngoko ke sisixhobo esifanelekileyo sokulawula i-plant parasitic nematodes. Okwangoku, i-phosphine thiazolium yenye yezona nematocides zibhalisiweyo kwimifuno eTshayina, kwaye inokufunxwa kakuhle ngaphakathi, ngoko ke ayinakusetyenziswa kuphela ukulawula i-nematodes kunye nezinambuzane zomhlaba, kodwa ingasetyenziselwa nokulawula izinambuzane zamagqabi kunye nezinambuzane zomhlaba. Indlela ephambili yokusebenza kwe-phosphine thiazolides kukuthintela i-acetylcholinesterase yento efunyenweyo, echaphazela i-ecology ye-nematode kwinqanaba lesibini le-larval. I-Phosphine thiazole inokuthintela umsebenzi, umonakalo kunye nokuqanduselwa kwe-nematodes, ngoko ke inokuthintela ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwe-nematodes.
I-Fluopyramide
I-Fluopyramide yi-pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, eyenziwe kwaye yathengiswa yiBayer Cropscience, esesekwixesha le-patent. I-Fluopyramide inomsebenzi othile wokubulala iintsholongwane, kwaye ibhalisiwe ukulawula i-root knot nematode kwizityalo, kwaye okwangoku yi-nematicide edumileyo. Indlela esebenza ngayo kukuthintela ukuphefumla kwe-mitochondrial ngokuthintela ukudluliselwa kwe-electron ye-succinic dehydrogenase kwikhonkco lokuphefumla, kunye nokuthintela amanqanaba aliqela omjikelo wokukhula kweentsholongwane ezibangela izifo ukufezekisa injongo yokulawula iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo.
Isithako esisebenzayo se-fluropyramide eTshayina sisesexesha lepatenti. Kwizicelo zayo zepatenti kwi-nematodes, ezi-3 zivela eBayer, kwaye ezi-4 zivela eTshayina, ezidityaniswe ne-biostimulants okanye ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ukulawula i-nematodes. Enyanisweni, ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwexesha lepatenti zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza uyilo oluthile lwepatenti kwangaphambili ukuze zibambe imarike. Ezifana nezinambuzane ze-lepidoptera kunye ne-thrips agent ethyl polycidin, ngaphezulu kwe-70% yeepatenti zesicelo sasekhaya zifakwa ngamashishini asekhaya.
Izibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji zokulawula i-nematode
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo ezithatha indawo yolawulo lweekhemikhali lwee-nematodes ze-root knot ziye zafumana ingqalelo enkulu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Ukuzahlula kunye nokuhlola ii-microorganisms ezinamandla aphezulu okuchasa ii-nematodes ze-root-knot zezona meko ziphambili zolawulo lwezinto eziphilayo. Iintlobo eziphambili ezixeliweyo kwii-microorganisms ezichasayo zee-nematodes ze-root knot yayiyiPasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus kunye neRhizobium. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ii-microorganisms kwakunzima ukuzisebenzisa njengeempembelelo zazo zokuchasa kwii-nematodes ze-root knot ngenxa yobunzima kwinkcubeko yokwenziwa okanye impembelelo engaguqukiyo yolawulo lwezinto eziphilayo kwintsimi.
I-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus yiparasite esebenzayo yamaqanda e-nematode yeengcambu ezisezantsi kunye ne-Cystocystis albicans. Izinga leparasite lamaqanda e-nematode yeengcambu ezisezantsi liphezulu ukuya kuma-60% ~ 70%. Indlela yokuthintela i-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus kwi-nematodes yeengcambu kukuba emva kokuba i-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus idibene ne-line worm oocysts, kwi-substrate ene-viscous, i-mycelium yebhaktiriya ye-biocontrol ijikeleze iqanda lonke, kwaye isiphelo se-mycelium siba ngqindilili. Umphezulu weqokobhe leqanda uyaqhekeka ngenxa yemisebenzi ye-metabolites engaphandle kunye ne-fungal chitinase, kwaye emva koko i-fungi ihlasela kwaye iyithathe indawo yayo. Ingakhupha neetyhefu ezibulala ii-nematodes. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukubulala amaqanda. Kukho ubhaliso lwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisibhozo eTshayina. Okwangoku, iPaecilomyces lilaclavi ayinayo ifomu yedosi edibeneyo ethengiswayo, kodwa uyilo lwayo lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi eTshayina lunelungelo elilodwa lomenzi lokuxuba nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ukwandisa umsebenzi wokusetyenziswa.
Isicatshulwa sezityalo
Iimveliso zezityalo zendalo zingasetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo ukulawula i-root knot nematode, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zezityalo okanye izinto ze-nematoidal eziveliswa zizityalo ukulawula izifo ze-root knot nematode kuhambelana ngakumbi neemfuno zokhuseleko lwendalo kunye nokhuseleko lokutya.
Iinxalenye ze-nematoidal zezityalo zikhona kuzo zonke izitho zesityalo kwaye zinokufunyanwa ngokuhluzwa ngomphunga, ukukhupha izinto eziphilayo, ukuqokelelwa kwemveliso yeengcambu, njl. Ngokweempawu zazo zeekhemikhali, zahlulwe ngokubanzi zibe zizinto ezingaguqukiyo ezinokunyibilika kwamanzi okanye ukunyibilika kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neekhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo, phakathi kwazo izinto ezingaguqukiyo zibalelwa uninzi lwazo. Iinxalenye ze-nematoidal zezityalo ezininzi zinokusetyenziselwa ukulawula i-nematode yeqhina leengcambu emva kokukhupha okulula, kwaye ukufunyanwa kwezicatshulwa zezityalo kulula xa kuthelekiswa neekhompawundi ezintsha ezisebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona inefuthe lokubulala izinambuzane, isithako esisebenzayo sokwenyani kunye nomgaqo wokubulala izinambuzane zihlala zingacaci.
Okwangoku, i-neem, i-matrine, i-veratrine, i-scopolamine, i-tea saponin njalo njalo zezona zinambuzane ziphambili zezityalo zorhwebo ezibulala ii-nematode, ezimbalwa kakhulu, kwaye zingasetyenziswa ekuveliseni izityalo ezithintela ii-nematode ngokuzityala okanye ukuzihambisa.
Nangona ukudityaniswa kwezithako zezityalo ukulawula i-root knot nematode kuya kudlala isiphumo esingcono sokulawula i-nematode, ayikathengiswa ngokupheleleyo okwangoku, kodwa isabonelela ngengcamango entsha yezithako zezityalo ukulawula i-root knot nematode.
Isichumiso sezinto eziphilayo
Eyona nto iphambili kwisichumiso se-bio-organic kukuba ingaba iintsholongwane ezichaseneyo zinganda emhlabeni okanye kumhlaba we-rhizosphere. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifana nee-shrimp kunye nee-crab shells kunye ne-oil meal kunokuphucula ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo isiphumo solawulo lwebhayoloji lwe-root knot nematode. Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yokubila eqinileyo ukubila iintsholongwane ezichaseneyo kunye nesichumiso se-organic ukuvelisa isichumiso se-bio-organic yindlela entsha yokulawula i-biological yokulawula isifo se-root knot nematode.
Kwisifundo sokulawula ii-nematodes zemifuno ngesichumiso se-bio-organic, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ii-microorganisms ezichaseneyo kwi-bio-organic fertilizer zinefuthe elihle lokulawula ii-nematodes ze-root-knot, ingakumbi isichumiso se-organic esenziwe ngokuvundiswa kwee-microorganisms ezichaseneyo kunye nesichumiso se-organic ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvundiswa okuqinileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yolawulo lwesichumiso sendalo kwi-root-knot nematodes inobudlelwane obuhle nokusingqongileyo kunye nexesha lokusetyenziswa, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kuncinci kakhulu kunezo ze-pesticides zemveli, kwaye kunzima ukuyithengisa.
Nangona kunjalo, njengenxalenye yokulawula amayeza kunye nezichumisi, kunokwenzeka ukulawula ii-nematodes ngokongeza izibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali kunye nokudibanisa amanzi kunye nesichumisi.
Ngenxa yenani elikhulu leentlobo zezityalo ezityalwe ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe (ezifana nebhatata, iimbotyi zesoya, njl.njl.), ukuvela kwe-nematode kuya kusiba nzima ngakumbi, kwaye ulawulo lwe-nematode nalo lujongene nomceli mngeni omkhulu. Okwangoku, uninzi lweentlobo zezinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo eTshayina zaphuhliswa ngaphambi kweminyaka yoo-1980, kwaye iikhompawundi ezintsha ezisebenzayo azanele ngokupheleleyo.
Iiarhente zebhayoloji zineengenelo ezikhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa, kodwa azisebenzi kakuhle njengeearhente zeekhemikhali, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunqunyelwe zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngezicelo ezifanelekileyo zepatenti, kunokubonwa ukuba uphuhliso lwangoku lwee-nematocides lusajikeleze indibaniselwano yeemveliso ezindala, uphuhliso lwee-biopesticides, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-20-2024