Nangona i-nematodes ye-parasitic yezityalo ikwi-nematode hazards, ayizozinambuzane, kodwa izifo zezityalo.
I-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) yeyona isasazwe kakhulu kwaye iyingozi yesityalo i-parasitic nematode emhlabeni.Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwama-2000 eentlobo zezityalo ehlabathini, kuquka phantse zonke izityalo ezilinywayo, zinochuku kakhulu kusulelo lwe-root-knot nematode.I-Root-knot nematodes yosulela iiseli zeengcambu zengcambu ukuze zenze amathumba, nto leyo echaphazela ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni kwesityalo esincinci, sincinci, sibe tyheli, sibune, ukugoba kwamagqabi, ukonakala kweziqhamo, kunye nokufa kwesityalo sonke, okukhokelela ekubeni ukuncitshiswa kwezityalo kwihlabathi.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulawulo lwezifo ze-nematode luye lwagxila kwiinkampani zokukhusela izityalo zehlabathi kunye namaziko ophando.I-cyst nematode yesoya sisizathu esibalulekileyo sokunciphisa imveliso yeembotyi zesoya e-Brazil, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe abalulekileyo athumela kwamanye amazwe iimbotyi zesoya.Okwangoku, nangona ezinye iindlela zomzimba okanye amanyathelo ezolimo zisetyenzisiwe ekulawuleni isifo se-nematode, njengale: ukuhluza iintlobo ezixhathisayo, usebenzisa i-rootstocks exhathisayo, ukujikeleza kwezityalo, ukuphuculwa komhlaba, njl. ulawulo lwebhayoloji.
Inkqubo yentshukumo yengcambu-isidibaniso
Imbali yobomi be-root-knot nematode ibandakanya iqanda, i-larva yokuqala, i-larva ye-instar yesibini, i-larva ye-instar yesithathu, i-larva ye-instar yesine kunye nomntu omdala.Umbungu ufana nombungu omncinci, umntu omdala une-heteromorphic, indoda inomgca, kwaye imazi imile okwepere.Umbungu wesibini we-instar unokufuduka emanzini we-pores yomhlaba, ukhangele ingcambu yesityalo somninimzi ngokusebenzisa i-alleles ebucayi yentloko, uhlasele isityalo somkhosi ngokugqobhoza i-epidermis ukusuka kwindawo yokwandisa ingcambu yenginginya, emva koko uhambe indawo ye-intercellular, yiya kwincam yengcambu, kwaye ufikelele kwi-meristem yengcambu.Emva kokuba i-larvae yesibini ye-instar ifikelele kwi-meristem yencam yengcambu, i-larvae yabuyela emva kwicala le-vascular bundle kwaye yafikelela kwindawo yophuhliso lwe-xylem.Apha, i-larvae yesibini ye-instar Pierce iiseli zenginginya ezinenaliti yomlomo kunye nokutofa i-esophageal gland secretions kwiiseli zeengcambu zomkhosi.I-Auxin kunye nee-enzymes ezahlukeneyo eziqulethwe kwiimfihlo ze-esophageal gland zinokubangela iiseli ezibambayo ukuba ziguquke zibe "iiseli ezinkulu" ezine-nuclei ezininzi, ezityebileyo kwi-suorganelles kunye ne-metabolism enamandla.Iiseli ze-cortical ezijikeleze iiseli ezinkulu ziyanda kwaye zikhule kwaye zidumbe phantsi kweempembelelo zeeseli ezinkulu, zenza iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zamaqhuqhuva eengcambu kumphezulu weengcambu.Imibungu yesibini ye-instar isebenzisa iiseli ezinkulu njengeendawo zokutya ukuze zifunxe izondlo kunye namanzi kwaye zingahambi.Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, i-larvae yesibini inokuphembelela umkhosi ukuba uvelise iiseli ezinkulu kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kosulelo, kwaye ikhule ibe yientshulube ezikhulileyo emva kwe-moult ezintathu kwiintsuku ezingama-20 ezilandelayo.Emva koko iinkunzi ziyashukuma kwaye zishiye iingcambu, iimazi zihlala zimile kwaye ziqhubeka nokukhula, ziqala ukubeka amaqanda malunga neentsuku ezingama-28.Xa ubushushu bungaphezu kwe-10 ℃, amaqanda aqandusela kwiqhuqhuva leengcambu, i-larvae yokuqala emaqanda, eyesibini i-instar larvae iphuma emaqandeni, ishiya inginginya emhlabeni kwakhona usulelo.
I-Root-knot nematodes inoluhlu olubanzi lweenginginya, ezinokuthi zibe ne-parasitic kwiintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-3 000 zezilwanyana, ezifana nemifuno, izityalo zokutya, izityalo zemali, imithi yeziqhamo, izityalo zokuhombisa kunye nokhula.Iingcambu zemifuno ezichatshazelwa yi-root knot nematodes kuqala zenza amaqhuqhuva anobukhulu obahlukeneyo, anobisi olumhlophe ekuqaleni kunye nombala omdaka kwibakala lamva.Emva kosulelo lwe-root-node nematode, izityalo emhlabeni zazifutshane, amasebe kunye namagqabi ayene-atrophied okanye atyheli, ukukhula kwaba nzima, umbala wegqabi wawulula, kwaye ukukhula kwezityalo ezigula kakhulu kwakubuthathaka, izityalo zakhula. yabuna yimbalela, saza sonke isityalo safa kabuhlungu.Ukongeza, ukulawulwa kwempendulo yokhuselo, ifuthe lokuthintela kunye nomonakalo owenziwe yi-root-knot nematodes kwizityalo nako kuququzelele uhlaselo lwezifo ezithwalwa ngumhlaba ezifana ne-fusarium wilt kunye ne-rot rot bacteria, ngaloo ndlela zenza izifo ezintsonkothileyo kwaye zidala ilahleko enkulu.
Amanyathelo okuthintela nokulawula
Imichiza yesiNtu inokohlulwa ibe ziziqhumiso nezingasusiyo ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa.
Ifumigant
Iquka i-halogenated hydrocarbons kunye ne-isothiocyanates, kunye ne-non-fumigants ziquka i-organophosphorus kunye ne-carbamates.Okwangoku, phakathi kwezinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo e-China, i-bromomethane (i-ozone-depleting substance, ivalwa ngokuthe ngcembe) kunye ne-chloropicrin yi-halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, enokuthi inqanda ukuhlanganiswa kweprotheni kunye neempendulo ze-biochemical ngexesha lokuphefumla kwe-root knot nematodes.Ezi ziqhumiso zimbini yi-methyl isothiocyanate, enokuthi ithobe kwaye ikhuphe i-methyl isothiocyanate kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezincinci zemolekyuli emhlabeni.I-Methyl isothiocyanate inokungena emzimbeni wengcambu yeqhina nematode kwaye ibophelele kwi-oxygen carrier globulin, ngaloo ndlela inqanda ukuphefumla kwe-root knot nematode ukufikelela kwisiphumo esibulalayo.Ukongeza, i-sulfuryl fluoride kunye ne-calcium cyanamide nazo zibhaliswe njengezinto ezitshisayo zokulawula i-root knot nematodes e-China.
Kukwakho nezinye iifumigants ze-halogenated hydrocarbon ezingabhaliswanga e-China, ezinje nge-1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, njl., ezibhaliswe kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu nase-United States njengeendawo ze-bromomethane.
Ingafumi
Kubandakanya i-organophosphorus kunye ne-carbamates.Phakathi kwee-lineicides ezingatshisi ezibhalisiweyo kwilizwe lethu, i-phosphine thiazolium, i-Methanophos, i-phoxiphos kunye ne-chlorpyrifos zeze-organophosphorus, ngelixa i-carboxanil, i-aldicarb kunye ne-carboxanil butathiocarb yeye-carbamate.I-non-fumigated nematocides iphazamisa umsebenzi we-nervous system ye-root knot nematodes ngokuzibophelela kwi-acetylcholinesterase kwii-synapses ze-root knot nematodes.Ngokuqhelekileyo azibulali i-root knot nematodes, kodwa zenza kuphela i-nematodes ye-root knot ilahlekelwe amandla abo okufumana umkhosi kunye nokosulela, ngoko bahlala bebizwa ngokuba yi-"nematodes paralyzers".Iinematocides zemveli ezingatshisiyo zizii-nematocides eziyityhefu kakhulu, ezinendlela efanayo yokusebenza kwizilwanyana ezinomqolo kunye ne-arthropods njenge-nematodes.Ngoko ke, phantsi kwemiqobo yezinto zokusingqongileyo kunye nezentlalo, amazwe amakhulu ehlabathi aphuhlileyo aye anciphisa okanye ayeka ukuphuhliswa kwe-organophosphorus kunye ne-carbamate zinambuzane, kwaye aguqukela kuphuhliso lwezinambuzane ezitsha ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-low-toxicity.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, phakathi kwezilwanyana ezitsha ze-non-carbamate / organophosphorus ezifumene ukubhaliswa kwe-EPA yi-spiralate ethyl (ebhaliswe kwi-2010), i-difluorosulfone (ibhaliswe kwi-2014) kunye ne-fluopyramide (ebhaliswe kwi-2015).
Kodwa ngokwenene, ngenxa yobutyhefu obuphezulu, ukuvinjelwa kwe-organophosphorus pesticides, azikho ezininzi i-nematocides ezikhoyo ngoku.Ngama-371 e-nematocides abhalisiwe e-China, apho i-161 yayiyi-abamectin esebenzayo kwaye i-158 yayiyi-thiazophos esebenzayo.Ezi zixhobo zimbini ezisebenzayo yayizezona nxalenye zibalulekileyo zolawulo lwe-nematode e-China.
Okwangoku, azikho ezininzi i-nematocides ezintsha, phakathi kwazo i-fluorene sulfoxide, i-spiroxide, i-difluorosulfone kunye ne-fluopyramide ziinkokeli.Ukongezelela, ngokwemiqathango ye-biopesticides, i-Penicillium paraclavidum kunye ne-Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 ebhaliswe ngu-Kono nayo inamandla okuthengisa.
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza jikelele lolawulo lweengcambu zesoya kwiqhina nematode
Iimbotyi zesoya iqhina nematode sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuncipha kwesivuno seembotyi zesoya kumazwe amakhulu athumela kumazwe angaphandle eembotyi zesoya, ngakumbi iMelika neBrazil.
Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wezityalo angama-4287 anxulumene neembotyi zesoya-knot nematodes afakwe kwihlabathi jikelele kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.I-nematode yehlabathi yeembotyi zesoya isetyenziswa kakhulu kumalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwimimandla namazwe, eyokuqala yi-European Bureau, eyesibini yi-China, kunye ne-United States, ngelixa eyona ndawo imbi kakhulu ye-soya root-knot nematode, eBrazil, ine-145 kuphela. izicelo zepatent.Kwaye uninzi lwabo luvela kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe.
Okwangoku, i-abamectin kunye ne-phosphine thiazole zezona arhente zolawulo lweengcambu zenematodes e-China.Kwaye imveliso enelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza i-fluopyramide nayo sele iqalile ukuvela.
Avermectin
Ngo-1981, i-abamectin yaziswa kwintengiso njengolawulo oluchasene nezifunxi-gazi zamathumbu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, kwaye ngo-1985 njengesibulali-zinambuzane.I-Avermectin yenye yezona zinambuzane zisetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje.
I-Phosphine thiazate
Iphosphine thiazole yinoveli, esebenzayo kwaye ebanzi-spectrum non-fumigated organophosphorus isibulali zinambuzane ephuhliswe yiNkampani ye-Ishihara eJapan, kwaye iye yafakwa kwintengiso kumazwe amaninzi afana neJapan.Uphononongo lokuqala lubonise ukuba i-phosphine thiazolium ineendosorption kunye nokuthutha kwizityalo kwaye inomsebenzi obanzi ngokuchasene ne-parasitic nematodes kunye nezinambuzane.Izityalo ezine-parasitic nematodes ziyonakalisa izityalo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, kwaye iipropathi zebhayoloji nezasemzimbeni kunye neekhemikhali zephosphine thiazole zifaneleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ngoko iyiarhente efanelekileyo yokulawula iinematodes zezityalo.Okwangoku, i-phosphine thiazolium yenye ye-nematocides kuphela ebhalisiweyo kwimifuno e-China, kwaye inokufunxeka okugqwesileyo kwangaphakathi, ngoko ayinakusetyenziswa kuphela ukulawula i-nematodes kunye nezinambuzane zomhlaba, kodwa ingasetyenziselwa ukulawula izilwanyana zamagqabi kunye namagqabi. izinambuzane ezingaphezulu.Indlela ephambili yesenzo se-phosphine thiazolides kukuthintela i-acetylcholinesterase yezinto ezijoliswe kuzo, ezichaphazela i-ecology ye-nematode 2nd larval stage.Iphosphine thiazole inokuthintela umsebenzi, umonakalo kunye nokuqanduselwa kwe-nematodes, ngoko inokuthintela ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwe-nematodes.
Fluopyramid
I-Fluopyramide yi-pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, ephuhliswe kwaye ithengiswa yi-Bayer Cropscience, esekho kwixesha le-patent.I-Fluopyramide inomsebenzi othile we-nemacidal, kwaye ibhaliselwe ukulawula i-root knot nematode kwizityalo, kwaye ngoku iyeyona ithandwa kakhulu kwinematicide.Indlela yesenzo sayo kukuthintela ukuphefumla kwe-mitochondrial ngokuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwe-electron ye-succinic dehydrogenase kwikhonkco lokuphefumla, kwaye inqanda izigaba ezininzi zomjikelo wokukhula kweebhaktheriya ze-pathogenic ukufezekisa injongo yokulawula ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic.
Into esebenzayo ye-fluropyramide e-China isekwixesha lelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza.Kwizicelo zayo ze-patent kwi-nematodes, ezi-3 zivela e-Bayer, kwaye ezi-4 zivela e-China, ezidityaniswe ne-biostimulants okanye izithako ezisebenzayo ezahlukeneyo zokulawula i-nematodes.Enyanisweni, ezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ngexesha lelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza zinokusetyenziselwa ukwenza uyilo lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwangethuba ukuze kuhluthwe imakethi.Njengezitshabalalisi ezigqwesileyo ze-lepidoptera kunye ne-ethyl polycidin, ngaphezulu kwe-70% yamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ekhaya asetyenziswa ngamashishini asekhaya.
Izitshabalalisi zebhayoloji zokulawula iinematode
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iindlela zolawulo lwebhayoloji ezithatha indawo yolawulo lweekhemikhali ze-root knot nematodes zifumene ingqwalasela ebanzi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.Ukwahlukaniswa kunye nokuhlolwa kwee-microorganisms ezinamandla aphezulu ochasayo ngokuchasene ne-root-knot nematodes ziimeko eziphambili zolawulo lwebhayoloji.Iintlobo eziphambili ekuxelwe ngazo kwiintsholongwane ezichasene nengcambu ye-nematodes yiPasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus kunye neRhizobium.I-Myrothecium, i-Paecilomyces kunye ne-Trichoderma, nangona kunjalo, ezinye ii-microorganisms kwakunzima ukusebenzisa iziphumo ezichasayo kwi-root knot nematodes ngenxa yobunzima kwinkcubeko eyenziweyo okanye isiphumo esingazinzanga solawulo lwebhayoloji entsimini.
I-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus sisifunxi-gazi esisebenzayo samaqanda engcambu ye-root-node nematode kunye ne-Cystocystis albicans.Umlinganiselo wamaqanda engcambu ye-nematode nematode yengcambu uphezulu ukuya kuma-60% ~70%.Indlela yokuthintela ye-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ngokuchasene ne-root-knot nematodes kukuba emva kokuba i-Paecilomyces lavviolaceus idibane ne-oocysts ye-line worm, kwi-viscous substrate, i-mycelium yebhaktiriya ye-biocontrol ijikeleze iqanda lonke, kwaye isiphelo se-mycelium siba ngqindilili.Umphezulu weqokobhe leqanda lophukile ngenxa yemisebenzi ye-exogenous metabolites kunye ne-chitinase yokungunda, emva koko i-fungi ihlasele kwaye ithathe indawo yayo.Iyakwazi nokukhupha ityhefu ebulala iinematodes.Owona msebenzi wayo kukubulala amaqanda.Kukho abantu abasibhozo ababhalisiweyo bezibulali-zinambuzane eTshayina.Okwangoku, i-Paecilomyces lilaclavi ayinayo ifomu yedosi ehlanganisiweyo ethengiswayo, kodwa uyilo lwayo lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza e-China lunelungelo lokudibanisa kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi ukunyusa umsebenzi wokusetyenziswa.
Isicatshulwa sesityalo
Iimveliso zezityalo zendalo zingasetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kulawulo lweengcambu zeqhina le-nematode, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zezityalo okanye izinto ze-nematoidal eziveliswa zizityalo ukulawula izifo ze-root knot nematode zihambelana ngakumbi neemfuno zokhuseleko lwendalo kunye nokhuseleko lokutya.
Izixhobo ze-Nematoidal zezityalo zikhona kuwo onke amalungu esityalo kwaye zinokufumaneka nge-distillation yomphunga, ukutsalwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuqokelelwa kweengcambu zeengcambu, njl. Ngokutsho kweempawu zabo zekhemikhali, zahlulwe ngokukodwa kwizinto ezingezona eziguqukayo kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi okanye ukunyibilika kwe-organic. kunye neekhompawundi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, phakathi kwazo izinto ezingaguqukiyo zenza uninzi.Amalungu e-nematoidal ezityalo ezininzi angasetyenziselwa ukulawula i-root knot nematode emva kokutsalwa okulula, kwaye ukufunyanwa kwezityalo ezicatshulwayo kulula xa kuthelekiswa nemixube emitsha esebenzayo.Nangona kunjalo, nangona inesiphumo se-insecticidal, eyona nto isebenzayo kunye nomgaqo we-insecticidal kaninzi ayicaci.
Okwangoku, i-neem, i-matrine, i-veratrine, i-scopolamine, i-tea saponin njalo njalo zezona zinambuzane zithengisa izityalo ezinomsebenzi wokubulala i-nematode, zimbalwa kakhulu, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezityalo ezithintela i-nematode ngokufakela okanye ukukhapha.
Nangona indibaniselwano yezicatshulwa zezityalo ukulawula ingcambu yeqhina nematode iyakudlala isiphumo esingcono solawulo lwe-nematode, ayikathengiswa ngokupheleleyo okwangoku, kodwa isabonelela ngombono omtsha wezityalo ezicatshulwayo ukulawula ingcambu yeqhina nematode.
Isichumiso se-Bio-organic
Undoqo kwisichumiso se-bio-organic kukuba ingaba iintsholongwane ezichaseneyo zingaphindaphindeka emhlabeni okanye kumhlaba werhizosphere.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-shrimp kunye ne-crab shells kunye ne-oyile yokutya kunokuphucula ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo impembelelo yokulawula i-biological ye-root knot nematode.Ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji eqinileyo yokuvubela ukuvundisa intsholongwane echaseneyo kunye nesichumiso esiphilayo ukuvelisa isichumiso se-bio-organic yindlela entsha yolawulo lwebhayoloji yokulawula isifo seengcambu ze-nematode.
Kuphononongo lokulawula i-nematodes yemifuno ngesichumiso se-bio-organic, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-antagonistic microorganisms kwisichumisi se-bio-organic zinefuthe elihle lokulawula kwiingcambu ze-nematodes, ngakumbi isichumiso se-organic esenziwe ngokuvundiswa kwe-antagonistic microorganisms kunye ne-organic fertilizer. ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji eqinileyo yokubila.
Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yokulawula isichumisi esiphilayo kwi-root-knot nematodes inobudlelwane obukhulu kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa, kwaye ulawulo lwayo olusebenzayo lungaphantsi kakhulu kunolo lwezitshabalalisi zendabuko, kwaye kunzima ukurhweba.
Nangona kunjalo, njengenxalenye yolawulo lwamachiza kunye nesichumisi, kuyenzeka ukulawula i-nematodes ngokudibanisa imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane kunye nokudibanisa amanzi kunye nesichumisi.
Ngenani elikhulu leentlobo zesityalo esinye (ezifana nebhatata, iimbotyi zesoya, njalo njalo) ezityalwe ekhaya naphesheya, ukwenzeka kwenematode kuya kusiba nzima kakhulu, kwaye ulawulo lwenematode nalo lujongene nomceli mngeni omkhulu.Okwangoku, uninzi lweentlobo zezinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo e-China zaphuhliswa ngaphambi koo-1980, kwaye iikhompawundi ezintsha ezisebenzayo azanelanga kakhulu.
Ii-agent zebhayoloji zineenzuzo ezizodwa kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa, kodwa azisebenzi njengeejenti zeekhemikhali, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunqunyelwe zizinto ezahlukeneyo.Ngokusetyenziswa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza okufanelekileyo, kunokubonwa ukuba uphuhliso lwangoku lwe-nematocides lusejikeleze indibaniselwano yeemveliso ezindala, uphuhliso lwe-biopesticides, kunye nokudityaniswa kwamanzi kunye nesichumisi.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-20-2024