Le projekthi ihlalutye idatha evela kwiimvavanyo ezimbini ezinkulu ezibandakanya imijikelo emithandathu yokutshiza nge-pyrethroid ngaphakathi kwixesha leminyaka emibini kwisixeko sase-Iquitos sasePeruvian Amazon. Siphuhlise imodeli yamanqanaba amaninzi ukuze sichonge izizathu zokuncipha kwenani labemi base-Aedes aegypti ezibangelwa (i) kukusetyenziswa kwakutshanje kwezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ezinomthamo ophantsi kakhulu (ULV) emakhaya kunye (ii) nokusetyenziswa kwe-ULV kumakhaya akufutshane okanye akufutshane. Sithelekise ukufaneleka kwemodeli kunye noluhlu lweenkqubo zokulinganisa ubunzima bokutshiza ezisekwe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokubola kwexesha kunye nendawo ukuze sibambe iziphumo ezishiyekileyo zezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ze-ULV.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukuncipha kobuninzi be-A. aegypti ngaphakathi kwikhaya kwakubangelwa kukutshiza ngaphakathi kwikhaya elinye, ngelixa ukutshiza kwikhaya elikufutshane kwakungekho mpembelelo yongezelelweyo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwemisebenzi yokutshiza kufuneka kuhlolwe ngokusekelwe kwixesha ukusukela ekutshizeni kokugqibela, njengoko singakhange sifumane mpembelelo eqokelelweyo yokutshiza ngokulandelelana. Ngokusekelwe kwimodeli yethu, siqikelele ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokutshiza kwehla ngama-50% malunga neentsuku ezingama-28 emva kokutshiza.
Ukuncipha kwenani leengcongconi zaseKhaya i-Aedes aegypti kwakuxhomekeke kakhulu kwinani leentsuku ukusukela kunyango lokugqibela kusapho oluthile, nto leyo eyayigxininisa ukubaluleka kokufuthwa kwesitshizi kwiindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu, apho ukufuthwa rhoqo kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokudlulisela isifo kwindawo leyo.
I-Aedes aegypti yeyona vector iphambili yee-arbovirus ezininzi ezinokubangela ubhubhane olukhulu, kubandakanya i-dengue virus (DENV), i-chikungunya virus, kunye ne-Zika virus. Olu hlobo lwengcongconi lutya kakhulu abantu kwaye ludla ngokutya abantu. Lulungelelaniswe kakuhle neendawo zasezidolophini [1,2,3,4] kwaye luhlala kwiindawo ezininzi kwiindawo ezishushu nezishushu [5]. Kwiindawo ezininzi kwezi, ukuqhambuka kwe-dengue kuphinda kwenzeke rhoqo, okubangela ukuba kubekho amatyala aqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-390 ngonyaka [6, 7]. Ukuba akukho nyango okanye isitofu esisebenzayo nesifumaneka ngokubanzi, ukuthintela nokulawula ukudluliselwa kwe-dengue kuxhomekeke ekunciphiseni inani leengcongconi ngamanyathelo ahlukeneyo okulawula i-vector, ngokuqhelekileyo ukutshiza izibulali-zinambuzane ezijolise kwiingcongconi ezindala [8].
Kolu phononongo, sisebenzise idatha evela kwiimvavanyo ezimbini ezinkulu, eziphindaphindwayo zasentsimini zokutshiza nge-pyrethroid ngaphakathi komthamo ophantsi kakhulu kwisixeko sase-Iquitos, kwi-Peruvian Amazon [14], ukuqikelela iziphumo ezibambezelekayo ngokwendawo nangexesha zokutshiza nge-ultra-low volume kubuninzi be-Aedes aegypti yasekhaya ngaphaya kwekhaya ngalinye. Uphononongo lwangaphambili luvavanye isiphumo sonyango nge-ultra-low volume ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni iikhaya zingaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwendawo enkulu yokungenelela. Kolu phononongo, sifuna ukwahlula iziphumo zonyango kwinqanaba elincinci, kwinqanaba lekhaya ngalinye, ukuqonda igalelo lonyango lwangaphakathi kwekhaya xa kuthelekiswa nonyango olukwiikhaya ezikufutshane. Okwexeshana, siqikelele isiphumo esiqokelelweyo sokutshiza okuphindaphindiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nokutshiza kwakutshanje ekunciphiseni ubuninzi be-Aedes aegypti yasekhaya ukuqonda ukuphindaphindwa kokutshiza okufunekayo kunye nokuvavanya ukwehla kokusebenza kwe-spray ngokuhamba kwexesha. Olu hlalutyo lunokunceda ekuphuhlisweni kwamaqhinga okulawula i-vector kwaye lubonelele ngolwazi lokumisela iimodeli ukuqikelela ukusebenza kwazo [22, 23, 24].
Ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwesicwangciso somgama weringi esisetyenziselwa ukubala umlinganiselo weentsapho ezikwiringi kumgama othile ukusuka kwindlu i eyanyangwa ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane kwiveki eyandulelayo (zonke iintsapho i zingaphakathi kwe-1000 m ukusuka kwindawo ye-buffer). Kulo mzekelo ovela kwi-L-2014, indlu i yayikwindawo enyangiweyo kwaye uphando lwabantu abadala lwenziwa emva komjikelo wesibini wokutshiza. Iiringi zomgama zisekelwe kumgama owaziwayo ukuba zii-Aedes aegypti mosquitos. Iiringi zomgama B zisekelwe kukusasazwa okufanayo rhoqo kwi-100 m.
Sivavanye indlela elula yokulinganisa u-b ngokubala inani lemizi engaphakathi kwiringi kumgama othile ukusuka kwimizi-i enyangwe ngezibulali-zinambuzane kwiveki eyandulela u-t (Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Itheyibhile 4).
apho u-h linani leentsapho ezikwiringi u-r, kwaye u-r ngumgama ophakathi kweringi kunye nekhaya u-i. Imigama ephakathi kweringi imiselwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ezi zinto zilandelayo:
Ukulingana kwemodeli ehambelanayo nomsebenzi wesiphumo sokutshiza esilinganisiweyo ngexesha elimiselweyo ngaphakathi kwendlu. Imigca ebomvu etyebileyo imele iimodeli ezifanelekileyo kakhulu, apho umgca otyebileyo umele iimodeli ezifanelekileyo kakhulu kwaye eminye imigca etyebileyo imele iimodeli ezine-WAIC ezingahlukanga kangako kwi-WAIC yemodeli efanelekileyo kakhulu. Umsebenzi we-B Decay usetyenziswe kwiintsuku ukususela ekutshizeni kokugqibela ezazikwiimodeli ezintlanu eziphezulu ezifanelekileyo kakhulu, zibekwe ngokwe-WAIC ephakathi kuzo zombini iimvavanyo.
Ukwehla okuqikelelweyo kwamanani e-Aedes aegypti ngekhaya ngalinye kunxulumene nenani leentsuku ukusukela ekutshizweni kokugqibela. I-equation enikiweyo ichaza ukuncipha njengomlinganiselo, apho umlinganiselo wesantya (RR) ngumlinganiselo wesimo sokutshizwa kwisiseko sokungatshizwa.
Le modeli iqikelele ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokutshiza kwehle ngama-50% malunga neentsuku ezingama-28 emva kokutshiza, ngelixa inani labemi be-Aedes aegypti lalisele libuyele esiqhelweni phantse emva kweentsuku ezingama-50-60 emva kokutshiza.
Kolu phononongo, sichaza imiphumo yokutshiza i-pyrethroid yangaphakathi kwi-Aedes aegypti eninzi yasekhaya njengomsebenzi wexesha kunye nobungakanani bendawo yokutshiza kufutshane nekhaya. Ukuqonda ngcono ixesha kunye nobungakanani bendawo yemiphumo yokutshiza kwi-Aedes aegypti populations kuya kunceda ekuchongeni iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zokugubungela indawo kunye nokuphindaphinda kokutshiza okufunekayo ngexesha lokungenelela kolawulo lwe-vector kunye nokwazisa imodeli yokuthelekisa amaqhinga ahlukeneyo okulawula i-vector. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukunciphisa inani le-Aedes aegypti ngaphakathi kwekhaya elinye kuqhutywe kukutshiza ngaphakathi kwekhaya elinye, ngelixa ukutshiza kwikhaya kwiindawo ezikufutshane akubanga nampembelelo yongezelelweyo. Imiphumo yokutshiza kwi-Aedes aegypti populations yasekhaya yayixhomekeke kakhulu kwixesha ukusukela ekutshizeni kokugqibela kwaye yehla kancinci kancinci kwiintsuku ezingama-60. Akukho kuncipha kuninzi kwe-Aedes aegypti okubonwe ngenxa yempembelelo eqokelelweyo yokutshiza kwiikhaya ezininzi. Ngamafutshane, inani le-Aedes aegypti linciphile. Inani leengcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti kwikhaya lixhomekeke kakhulu kwixesha elidluleyo ukusukela ekutshizeni kokugqibela kuloo khaya.
Umda obalulekileyo wophando lwethu kukuba asizange silawule iminyaka yeengcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti ezindala eziqokelelweyo. Uhlalutyo lwangaphambili lwale mvavanyo [14] lufumene umkhwa wokusasazwa kwabasetyhini abadala (ukwanda kwenani labasetyhini abangengoomama) kwiindawo eziphathwe nge-L-2014 xa kuthelekiswa nendawo ethintelweyo. Ke ngoko, nangona singakhange sifumane siphumo esongezelelweyo sokutshiza kumakhaya akufutshane kubuninzi be-A. aegypti kumakhaya athile, asinakuqiniseka ukuba akukho siphumo sengingqi kwi-dynamics yabemi be-A. aegypti kwiindawo apho ukutshiza kwenzeka rhoqo.
Eminye imida yophando lwethu ibandakanya ukungakwazi ukuchaza ukutshiza okungxamisekileyo okwenziwe yiSebe lezeMpilo malunga neenyanga ezi-2 ngaphambi kokutshiza kovavanyo lwe-L-2014 ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi oluneenkcukacha ngendawo kunye nexesha. Uhlalutyo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba ezi spray zineziphumo ezifanayo kulo lonke indawo yophando, zenza isiseko esiqhelekileyo soxinano lwe-Aedes aegypti; eneneni, abemi be-Aedes aegypti baqala ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo xa ukutshiza kovavanyo kwenziwa [14]. Ngaphezu koko, umahluko kwiziphumo phakathi kwamaxesha amabini ovavanyo unokubangelwa kukungafani koyilo lophando kunye nokuthambekela okwahlukileyo kwe-Aedes aegypti kwi-cypermethrin, kunye ne-S-2013 enobuthathaka ngakumbi kune-L-2014 [14]. Sixela iziphumo ezihambelanayo ezivela kwezi zifundo zimbini kwaye siquka imodeli ehambelana novavanyo lwe-L-2014 njengemodeli yethu yokugqibela. Ngenxa yokuba uyilo lovavanyo lwe-L-2014 lufanelekile ngakumbi ekuvavanyeni impembelelo yokutshiza kutshanje kwiindawo zeengcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti, kwaye iindawo ze-Aedes aegypti zasekuhlaleni zazinokumelana ne-pyrethroids ekupheleni kuka-2014 [41], sithathe le modeli njengokhetho oluhlala luhleli kwaye lufanelekile ngakumbi ukufezekisa iinjongo zolu phononongo.
Ukuthambeka okuthe tyaba kwe-spray decay curve ebonwe kolu phononongo kusenokuba kubangelwa kukudibana kwesantya sokubola kwe-cypermethrin kunye ne-dynamics ye-moth population. Isibulali-zinambuzane se-cypermethrin esisetyenziswe kolu phononongo yi-pyrethroid eyonakala kakhulu nge-photolysis kunye ne-hydrolysis (DT50 = iintsuku eziyi-2.6–3.6) [44]. Nangona ii-pyrethroid zihlala zithathwa njengezonakala ngokukhawuleza emva kokusetyenziswa kwaye amasalela mancinci, izinga lokubola kwe-pyrethroid licotha kakhulu ngaphakathi kunangaphandle, kwaye izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-cypermethrin inokuqhubeka emoyeni naseluthulini lwangaphakathi iinyanga emva kokutshiza [45,46,47]. Izindlu zase-Iquitos zihlala zakhiwe kwiikhorido ezimnyama, ezincinci ezineefestile ezimbalwa, nto leyo enokuchaza izinga lokubola elinciphileyo ngenxa ye-photolysis [14]. Ukongeza, i-cypermethrin inetyhefu kakhulu kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti ezisengozini kwiidosi eziphantsi (LD50 ≤ 0.001 ppm) [48]. Ngenxa yokuba i-cypermethrin eseleyo ayinabungozi emanzini, akunakwenzeka ukuba ichaphazele imibungu yengcongconi yasemanzini, nto leyo echaza ukubuyiselwa kwabantu abadala kwiindawo zokuhlala zengcongconi ezisebenzayo ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko kuchaziwe kuphando lokuqala, apho inani eliphezulu leemazi ezingezizo ii-ovary kwiindawo ezinyangiweyo kunakwiindawo ezithintelayo [14]. Umjikelo wobomi bengcongconi ye-Aedes aegypti ukusuka eqandeni ukuya kwingcongconi endala ungathatha iintsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10 kuxhomekeke kubushushu kunye neentlobo zengcongconi.[49] Ukulibaziseka ekubuyiselweni kwenani leengcongconi ezindala kunokuchazwa ngakumbi kukuba i-cypermethrin eseleyo ibulala okanye igxotha abanye abantu abadala abasandula ukuvela kwaye abanye abantu abadala abaziswe kwiindawo ezingazange zinyangwe, kunye nokuncipha kokubekwa kwamaqanda ngenxa yokuncipha kwamanani abantu abadala [22, 50].
Iimodeli ezaziquka yonke imbali yokutshiza kwasekhaya ngaphambili zazinokuchaneka okuphantsi kunye noqikelelo lwempembelelo ebuthathaka kuneemodeli ezaziquka umhla wokutshiza wakutshanje kuphela. Oku akufanele kuthathwe njengobungqina bokuba iintsapho nganye azidingi kunyangwa kwakhona. Ukubuyiselwa kwabemi be-A. aegypti okubonwe kuphononongo lwethu, kunye nakwizifundo zangaphambili [14], kungekudala emva kokutshiza, kubonisa ukuba iintsapho kufuneka zinyangwe kwakhona rhoqo ngexesha elimiselwe yi-local transmission dynamics ukuze kuphinde kumiswe ukucinezelwa kwe-A. aegypti. Ukuphindaphinda kokutshiza kufuneka kujoliswe ikakhulu ekunciphiseni amathuba okusuleleka kwe-Aedes aegypti yabasetyhini, eya kugqitywa bubude obulindelekileyo bexesha lokufunxa ngaphandle (EIP) - ixesha elithathayo ukuba i-vector etye igazi elisulelekileyo ikwazi ukosulela kwi-host elandelayo. Kwelinye icala, i-EIP iya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwentsholongwane, ubushushu, kunye nezinye izinto. Umzekelo, kwimeko yomkhuhlane we-dengue, nokuba ukutshiza i-insecticide kubulala zonke ii-vectors zabantu abadala abasulelekileyo, uluntu lunokuhlala lusulela iintsuku ezili-14 kwaye lunokosulela iingcongconi ezisandula ukuvela [54]. Ukulawula ukusasazeka kwe-dengue fever, amaxesha aphakathi kokutshizwa kufuneka abe mafutshane kunamaxesha aphakathi konyango lwe-insecticide ukuze kususwe iingcongconi ezisandula kuvela ezinokuluma iingcongconi ezinentsholongwane ngaphambi kokuba zikwazi ukosulela ezinye iingcongconi. Iintsuku ezisixhenxe zingasetyenziswa njengesikhokelo kunye neyunithi yokulinganisa elula kwiiarhente zolawulo lwe-vector. Ke ngoko, ukutshiza i-insecticide veki nganye ubuncinane iiveki ezi-3 (ukugubungela lonke ixesha lokusuleleka kwe-host) kuya kwanela ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwe-dengue fever, kwaye iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kokutshiza kwangaphambili akuyi kuncitshiswa kakhulu ngelo xesha [13]. Enyanisweni, e-Iquitos, abasemagunyeni bezempilo banciphise ngempumelelo ukusasazeka kwe-dengue ngexesha lokuqhambuka ngokwenza imijikelo emithathu yokutshiza i-insecticide enevolumu ephantsi kakhulu kwiindawo ezivaliweyo kwixesha leeveki ezininzi ukuya kwiinyanga ezininzi.
Okokugqibela, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba impembelelo yokutshiza ngaphakathi yayikhawulelwe kwimizi apho kwenziwa khona, kwaye ukutshiza kwimizi ekufutshane akuzange kunciphise ngakumbi inani le-Aedes aegypti. Iingcongconi ezindala ze-Aedes aegypti zinokuhlala kufutshane okanye ngaphakathi kwikhaya apho ziqandusela khona, ziqokelele ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 m ukusuka apho, kwaye zihambe umgama ophakathi we-106 m.[36] Ngoko ke, ukutshiza indawo ejikeleze ikhaya kusenokungabi nampembelelo ibalulekileyo kwinani le-Aedes aegypti kuloo ndlu. Oku kuxhasa iziphumo zangaphambili zokuba ukutshiza ngaphandle okanye kufutshane nemizi akubanga nampembelelo [18, 55]. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kunokubakho iziphumo zengingqi kwi-dynamics yabemi be-A. aegypti imodeli yethu engakwaziyo ukuyibona.
Ixesha leposi: Feb-06-2025