Le projekthi yahlalutya idatha evela kwimifuniselo emibini emikhulu ebandakanya imijikelo emithandathu yokutshiza kwe-pyrethroid yangaphakathi kwisithuba seminyaka emibini kwidolophu yasePeru yeAmazon yaseIquitos. Siphuhlise imodeli yesithuba se-multilevel ukuchonga oonobangela bokuncipha kwabemi be-Aedes aegypti eziqhutywa (i) kusetyenziso lwakutsha nje lwasekhaya lwe-ultra-low volume (ULV) izibulali-zinambuzane kunye (ii) nokusetyenziswa kwe-ULV kumakhaya angabamelwane okanye akufutshane. Sithelekise ukulingana kwemodeli kuluhlu lwezikimu zobunzima obusebenzayo bokutshiza obusekwe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokubola kwexesha kunye nesithuba ukuze kubanjwe iziphumo ezileleyo zezitshabalalisi ze-ULV.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukuncitshiswa kobuninzi be-A. aegypti phakathi kwekhaya kubangelwe ikakhulu kukutshiza ngaphakathi kwindlu enye, ngelixa ukutshiza kwimizi engabamelwane kwakungekho siphumo esongezelelweyo. Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yokutshiza kufuneka kuhlolwe ngokusekelwe kwixesha elisusela kwixesha lokugqibela lokutshiza, njengoko singakhange sifumane umphumo okhulayo wokutshiza okulandelelanayo. Ngokusekwe kwimodeli yethu, siqikelele ukuba ukusebenza kwesitshizi kwehle ngama-50% malunga neentsuku ezingama-28 emva kokutshiza.
Ukunciphisa inani leengcongconi zasekhaya i-Aedes aegypti ibixhomekeke ikakhulu kwinani leentsuku ukusukela kunyango lokugqibela kwikhaya elinikiweyo, iqaqambisa ukubaluleka kokugqunywa kwesitshizi kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu, kunye nobuninzi bokutshiza obuxhomekeke kuguquko losulelo lwasekhaya.
I-Aedes aegypti yeyona vector ephambili yee-arboviruses ezininzi ezinokubangela ubhubhane omkhulu, kubandakanya i-virus yedengue (DENV), i-chikungunya virus, kunye ne-Zika virus. Olu hlobo lweengcongconi lutya kakhulu ebantwini kwaye luhlala lutyisa abantu. Ilungelelaniswe kakuhle kwindawo yasezidolophini [1,2,3,4] kwaye iye yahlala kwiindawo ezininzi kwiindawo ezishushu kunye ne-subtropics [5]. Kwimininzi yale mimandla, ukuqhambuka kwedengue kuphinda kuvele ngamaxesha athile, okukhokelela kuqikelelo lwe-390 yezigidi zeemeko ngonyaka [6, 7]. Xa kungekho nyango okanye isitofu sokugonya esisebenzayo nesifumaneka ngokubanzi, uthintelo kunye nolawulo losasazo lwedengue luxhomekeke ekunciphiseni inani lengcongconi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula iintsholongwane, ngokuqhelekileyo ukutshiza amayeza okubulala izinambuzane ajolise kwiingcongconi zabantu abadala [8].
Kolu phononongo, sisebenzise idatha evela kwizilingo ezimbini ezinkulu, eziphindaphindweyo ze-ultra-low volume indoor pyrethroid spraying kwisixeko sase-Iquitos, kwi-Peruvian Amazon [14], ukuqikelela iziphumo ezishiywe lixesha kunye nexesha elisezantsi lokutshiza umthamo ophantsi kakhulu kwindlu ye-Aedes aegypti ngobuninzi obungaphaya komzi. Uphononongo lwangaphambili luvavanye isiphumo sonyango lwevolumu ephantsi kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni amakhaya angaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwendawo yongenelelo enkulu. Kolu phononongo, sizame ukubola iziphumo zonyango kumgangatho ophucukileyo, kumgangatho wekhaya ngalinye, ukuqonda igalelo elinxulumeneyo lonyango lwangaphakathi ekhaya xa kuthelekiswa nonyango kumakhaya angabamelwane. Okwexeshana, siqikelele isiphumo esongezelekayo sokuphinda sitshize xa kuthelekiswa nokutshiza kwamva nje ekunciphiseni ubuninzi bendlu ye-Aedes aegypti ukuqonda ukuphindaphindwa kokutshiza okufunekayo kunye nokuvavanya ukwehla kokusebenza kokutshiza ngokuhamba kwexesha. Olu hlalutyo lunokuncedisa ekuphuhliseni izicwangciso zokulawula i-vector kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi lwe-parameterization yeemodeli ukuqikelela ukusebenza kwabo [22, 23, 24].
Umelo olubonakalayo lwesikimu somgama wesangqa esisetyenziselwa ukubala umlinganiselo wemizi engaphakathi kwesangqa kumgama onikiweyo ukusuka kwikhaya elithe lanyangwa ngesibulali-zinambuzane kwiveki eyandulelayo (yonke amakhaya angaphakathi kwe-1000 leemitha zommandla wesithintelo). Kulo mzekelo uvela ku-L-2014, ikhaya bendikwindawo enyangweyo kwaye uphando lwabantu abadala lwenziwa emva komjikelo wesibini wokutshiza. Amakhonkco omgama asekelwe kwimigama iingcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti ezaziwa ngokubhabha. Izangqa zomgama B zisekelwe kulwabiwo olufanayo rhoqo kwi-100 m.
Sivavanye umlinganiselo olula b ngokubala umlinganiselo wemizi engaphakathi kweringi kumgama onikiweyo ukusuka kwikhaya i enyangwa ngezibulali zinambuzane kwiveki eyandulelayo (Ifayile eyongezelelweyo 1: Itheyibhile 4).
apho h linani lemizi kwiringi r, kwaye r ngumgama phakathi kweringi kunye nekhaya i. Imigama phakathi kwezangqa imiselwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo le miba ilandelayo:
Imodeli ehambelanayo yokulinganisa ixesha elinobunzima ngaphakathi kwendlu umsebenzi wesiphumo sokutshiza. Imigca engqindilili ebomvu imele ezona modeli zifanelekileyo, apho umgca ongqindilili umela eyona modeli ifanelekileyo kwaye eminye imigca engqindilili imela imodeli ene-WAIC engahlukanga kakhulu kweyona imodeli ifanelekileyo yeWAIC. Umsebenzi wokubola we-B usetyenziswa kwiintsuku ukusukela kwisitshizi sokugqibela ebekwiimodeli ezintlanu eziphezulu ezifanelekileyo, zibekwe ngokomndilili we-WAIC kuyo yomibini imifuniselo.
Ukuncitshiswa okuqikelelweyo kumanani e-Aedes aegypti kwikhaya ngalinye kunxulumene nenani leentsuku ukususela ekutshizweni kokugqibela. Inxaki enikiweyo ivakalisa ukucutha njengomlinganiselo, apho umlinganiselo wereyithi (RR) ngumlinganiselo wemeko yokutshiza kwisiseko sokungatshizi.
Imodeli iqikelele ukuba ukusebenza kwesitshizi kwehle ngama-50% malunga neentsuku ezingama-28 emva kokutshiza, ngelixa abantu base-Aedes aegypti phantse babechacha ngokupheleleyo malunga neentsuku ezingama-50-60 emva kokutshiza.
Kolu phononongo, sichaza iziphumo zokutshiza kwe-ultra-low volume pyrethroid kwindlu yobuninzi be-Aedes aegypti njengomsebenzi wexesha kunye nobungakanani besithuba sokutshiza kufutshane nekhaya. Ukuqondwa ngcono kobude bexesha kunye nobungakanani besithuba seziphumo zokutshiza kuluntu lwase-Aedes aegypti kuya kunceda ekuchongeni ekujoliswe kuko ekugqunyweni kwendawo kunye nokutshizwa rhoqo okufunekayo ngexesha longenelelo lolawulo lwe-vector kunye nokwazisa imodeli ngokuthelekisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwe-vector. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukuncitshiswa kwabemi be-Aedes aegypti kwikhaya elinye kwakuqhutywa kukutshiza kwindlu enye, ngelixa ukutshizwa kwemizi kwiindawo ezikufutshane akubanga nasiphumo songezelelweyo. Iziphumo zokutshiza kwindlu ye-Aedes aegypti ngobuninzi bezixhomekeke ikakhulu kwixesha ukusukela ekutshizweni kokugqibela kwaye zehla kancinci ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezingama-60. Akukho kuncipha ngakumbi kumanani e-Aedes aegypti kwabonwa ngenxa yesiphumo esongezelekayo sokutshizwa kwamakhaya amaninzi. Ngamafutshane, inani le-Aedes aegypti lehlile. Inani leengcongconi ze-Aedes aegypti ekhayeni lixhomekeke ubukhulu becala kwixesha eligqithileyo ukususela ekutshizweni kokugqibela kwelo khaya.
Umda obalulekileyo wokufunda kwethu kukuba asizange silawule iminyaka yabantu abadala be-Aedes aegypti mosquitoes eqokelelweyo. Uhlalutyo lwangaphambili lwale mifuniselo [14] lufumene utyekelo olubhekiselele kunikezelo lobudala obuncinci lwabasetyhini abadala (ukwanda kwenani labasetyhini abangenanto) kwiindawo eziphathwe nge-L-2014 xa kuthelekiswa nommandla we-buffer. Ngaloo ndlela, nangona singakhange sifumane isiphumo esichazayo esongezelelweyo sokutshiza kwimizi ekufutshane kwi-A. aegypti ubuninzi kwikhaya elinikeziweyo, asinakuqiniseka ukuba akukho mpembelelo yengingqi kwi-A. aegypti yabemi dynamics kwiindawo apho ukutshiza kwenzeka rhoqo.
Eminye imida yophononongo lwethu ibandakanya ukungakwazi ukuphendula ngokutshiza okungxamisekileyo okwenziwa nguMphathiswa wezeMpilo malunga neenyanga ezi-2 ngaphambi kokutshiza ngovavanyo lwe-L-2014 ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nendawo yayo kunye nexesha. Uhlalutyo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba ezi zitshizi zineziphumo ezifanayo kuwo wonke ummandla wophononongo, zenza isiseko esiqhelekileyo se-Aedes aegypti densities; ngokwenene, Aedes aegypti abantu baqala ukuchacha xa ukulinga ukutshiza kwenziwa [14]. Ngaphezu koko, umahluko kwiziphumo phakathi kwamaxesha amabini okulinga unokuba ngenxa yokungafani koyilo lofundo kunye nokuchaphazeleka okwahlukileyo kwe-Aedes aegypti ukuya kwi-cypermethrin, kunye ne-S-2013 enovakalelo ngakumbi kune-L-2014 [14]. Sinika ingxelo ezona ziphumo zihambelanayo kwizifundo ezimbini kwaye zibandakanya imodeli efakwe kuvavanyo lwe-L-2014 njengomzekelo wethu wokugqibela. Ngenxa yoyilo lovavanyo lwe-L-2014 lufaneleke ngakumbi ukuvavanya impembelelo yokutshiza okutsha nje kwi-Aedes aegypti mosquito mosquitos, kunye nokuba abantu base-Aedes aegypti baphuhlise ukuxhathisa kwi-pyrethroids ngasekupheleni kuka-2014 [41], sithathele ingqalelo le modeli njengokhetho olugcinayo kwaye lufaneleke ngakumbi ukuphumeza iinjongo zolu phando.
Ukuthambeka okuthe tyaba okuthe tyaba kwegophe lokubola kokutshizwa okubonwe kolu phononongo kusenokuba ngenxa yendibaniselwano yezinga lokuthotywa kwe-cypermethrin kunye namandla eengcongconi. I-insecticide ye-cypermethrin esetyenziswe kulolu cwaningo yi-pyrethroid ehlazisa ngokukodwa nge-photolysis kunye ne-hydrolysis (DT50 = 2.6-3.6 iintsuku) [44]. Nangona i-pyrethroids ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza emva kokusetyenziswa kwaye iintsalela zincinci, izinga lokunciphisa i-pyrethroids licotha kakhulu ngaphakathi kwindlu ngaphandle, kwaye izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-cypermethrin inokuqhubeka emoyeni wangaphakathi kunye nothuli iinyanga emva kokutshiza [45,46,47]. Izindlu e-Iquitos zihlala zakhiwe kwiipaseji ezimnyama, ezimxinwa ezineefestile ezimbalwa, ezinokuchaza ukuthotywa kwesantya esincitshisiweyo ngenxa ye-photolysis [14]. Ukongezelela, i-cypermethrin inetyhefu kakhulu kwiimiyane ze-Aedes aegypti ezithintekayo kwiidosi eziphantsi (LD50 ≤ 0.001 ppm) [48]. Ngenxa yendalo ye-hydrophobic ye-cypermethrin eshiyekileyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ichaphazele imibungu yeengcongconi zasemanzini, ichaza ukubuyiswa kwabantu abadala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo ze-larval ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko kuchazwe kuphononongo lwangaphambili, kunye nenani eliphezulu labasetyhini abangenayo i-oviparous kwiindawo eziphathwayo kune-buffer zones [14]. Umjikelo wobomi bengcongconi i-Aedes aegypti ukusuka kwiqanda ukuya kumntu omdala unokuthatha iintsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10 ngokuxhomekeke kubushushu kunye neentlobo zeengcongconi.[49] Ukulibaziseka ekubuyiseleni i-mosquito yabantu abadala kunokuchazwa ngakumbi kukuba i-cypermethrin eseleyo ibulala okanye igxotha abantu abadala abasandul 'ukuvela kunye nabanye abantu abadala abaziswa kwiindawo ezingazange ziphathwe, kunye nokunciphisa ukubekwa kweqanda ngenxa yokunciphisa amanani abantu abadala [22,50].
Iimodeli eziquka yonke imbali yokutshizwa kwendlu yangaphambili zibe nokuchaneka okulambathayo kunye noqikelelo lwesiphumo esibuthathaka kunemifuziselo equka kuphela umhla wokutshizwa wamva nje. Oku akufuneki kuthathwe njengobungqina bokuba amakhaya ngamanye akufuneki aphinde anyangwe. Ukubuyiswa kwabantu be-A. aegypti okuqatshelwe kuphononongo lwethu, kunye nakwizifundo zangaphambili [14], kamsinya nje emva kokutshiza, kucebisa ukuba amakhaya kufuneka aphinde anyangwe ngamaza osasazo asekuhlaleni ukuseka kwakhona ukucinezelwa kwe-A. aegypti. Izihlandlo zokutshiza kufuneka zijolise ikakhulu ekwehliseni ukuba nokwenzeka kosulelo lwe-Aedes aegypti yabasetyhini, oluya kumiselwa bubude obulindelekileyo bexesha lokufukamela langaphandle (EIP) – ixesha elithathwayo kwivektha etyhutyhe igazi elosulelekileyo ukuba yosuleleke kumamkeli olandelayo. Ngapha koko, i-EIP iya kuxhomekeka kuxinzelelo lwentsholongwane, ubushushu, kunye nezinye izinto. Umzekelo, kwimeko yomkhuhlane wedengue, nokuba ukutshiza ngesibulali zinambuzane kubulala zonke iintsholongwane zabantu abadala abosulelekileyo, abantu banokuhlala besosulela kangangeentsuku ezili-14 kwaye banokosulela iingcongconi ezisanda kuvela [54]. Ukulawula ukusasazeka komkhuhlane wedengue, izithuba phakathi kokutshiza kufuneka zibe mafutshane kunamathuba phakathi konyango lokubulala izinambuzane ukuze kupheliswe iingcongconi ezisandula ukuvela ezinokuluma abantu abasulelweyo ngaphambi kokuba bosulele ezinye iingcongconi. Iintsuku ezisixhenxe zingasetyenziswa njengesikhokelo kunye neyunithi efanelekileyo yokulinganisa kwii-arhente zokulawula i-vector. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshiza i-insecticide ngeveki ubuncinane kwiiveki ze-3 (ukugubungela lonke ixesha losulelo lomninimzi) kuya kukwanela ukukhusela ukuhanjiswa kwe-dengue fever, kwaye iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kokutshiza kwangaphambili akuyi kuncitshiswa kakhulu ngelo xesha [13]. Ngokwenene, e-Iquitos, abasemagunyeni bezempilo banciphise ngempumelelo usulelo lwedengue ngexesha lokuqhambuka ngokuqhuba imijikelo emithathu yokutshiza ngesibulali zinambuzane kwiindawo ezivaliweyo kwisithuba seeveki ezininzi ukuya kwiinyanga ezininzi.
Okokugqibela, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba impembelelo yokutshiza yangaphakathi yayilinganiselwe kwimizi apho yenziwa khona, kwaye ukutshiza kumakhaya angabamelwane akuzange kunciphise ngakumbi abantu base-Aedes aegypti. Iingcongconi ezindala ekuthiwa yi-Aedes aegypti zisenokuhlala kufutshane okanye ngaphakathi kwekhaya apho ziqandusela khona, zihlanganisene ukuya kutsho kwi-10 leemitha, zize zihambe umgama oziimitha ezili-106.[36] Ke, ukutshiza indawo ejikeleze ikhaya kusenokungabi nampembelelo ibalulekileyo kumanani e-Aedes aegypti kwelo khaya. Oku kuxhasa iziphumo zangaphambili zokuba ukutshiza ngaphandle okanye kufutshane nemizi akubanga nasiphumo [18, 55]. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kunokubakho iziphumo zengingqi kwi-a.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-06-2025