Ukukhanya kunika izityalo amandla afunekayo kwi-photosynthesis, nto leyo evumela ukuba zivelise izinto eziphilayo kunyeukuguqula amandla ngexesha lokukhula nophuhlisoUkukhanya kunika izityalo amandla afunekayo kwaye sisiseko sokwahlukana kweeseli kunye nokwahlukana kwazo, ukwenziwa kwe-chlorophyll, ukukhula kwezicubu kunye nokuhamba kwesisu. Ukukhanya okunamandla, ixesha le-photo kunye nomgangatho wokukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezi nkqubo. Ukuguqulwa kweswekile kwizityalo kubandakanya iindlela ezininzi zokulawula. Ukukhanya, njengenye yezinto ezilawulayo, kuchaphazela ukwakheka kodonga lweseli, iigranules zesitatshi, ukwenziwa kwe-sucrose kunye nokwakheka kwee-bundles zemithambo yegazi. Ngokufanayo, kwimeko yokuguqulwa kweswekile okulawulwa kukukhanya, iintlobo zeswekile kunye ne-genes nazo ziyachaphazeleka. Sihlolisise ii-database ezikhoyo kwaye safumana uphononongo oluncinci olufanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, eli nqaku lishwankathela imiphumo yokukhanya ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo kunye nokuguqulwa kweswekile kwaye lixoxa ngeendlela zempembelelo yokukhanya kwizityalo ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe, libonelela ngengqiqo entsha kwiindlela zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya.
Ukukhanya kunika amandla kwi-photosynthesis yezityalo kwaye kusebenza njengomqondiso wokusingqongileyo olawula iinkalo ezininzi ze-physiology yezityalo. Izityalo zinokubona utshintsho kwiimeko zokukhanya kwangaphandle ngokusebenzisa ii-photoreceptors ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-phytochromes kunye ne-phototropins kwaye ziseke iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokubonisa ukuze zilawule ukukhula nophuhliso lwazo. Phantsi kweemeko zokukhanya okuphantsi, umxholo wezityalo ezomileyo uyancipha, njengoko kunjalo nesantya se-photosynthesis, izinga lokuphefumla, ukuhamba kwesisu, kunye nobubanzi besiqu. Ukongeza, amandla okukhanya ziinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezilawulayo ezifana nokuhluma kwezityalo, ukwanda kwamagqabi kunye nokwanda, uphuhliso lwesisu, i-photosynthesis, kunye nokwahlukana kweeseli. Umgangatho wokukhanya odluliselwa ngee-photoreceptors ulawula umjikelo wobomi bonke bezityalo, kunye nomgangatho wokukhanya owahlukileyo onemiphumo eyahlukileyo kwi-morphology yezityalo, i-photosynthesis, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwamalungu. Izityalo zinokulawula ukukhula kwazo kunye nophuhliso ngokuphendula kwi-photoperiod, ekhuthaza iinkqubo ezifana nokuhluma kwembewu, ukudubula kunye nokuvuthwa kweziqhamo. Ikwabandakanyeka kwiimpendulo zezityalo kwiimeko ezimbi, zihlengahlengisa utshintsho lwexesha lonyaka (Bao et al., 2024; Chen et al., 2024; Shibaeva et al., 2024).
Iswekile, into esisiseko ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo, idlula kwinkqubo enzima yokuthutha kunye nokuqokelelana kwezityalo ephenjelelwa kwaye ilawulwa zizinto ezininzi. Ukuguqulwa kweswekile kwizityalo kugubungela ukwenziwa, ukuhluma, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokuguqulwa kweswekile kwizityalo, kubandakanya ukuthuthwa kwe-sucrose, ukuhanjiswa kwesignali, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwesitatshi kunye ne-cellulose (Kudo et al., 2023; Li et al., 2023b; Lo Piccolo et al., 2024). Ukuguqulwa kweswekile kusebenzisa kwaye kulawula iswekile ngokufanelekileyo, kuthatha inxaxheba ekuziqhelaniseni nezityalo notshintsho lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kubonelela ngamandla okukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso. Ukukhanya kuchaphazela ukutshintshwa kweswekile kwizityalo nge-photosynthesis, ukuhanjiswa kweswekile, kunye nokulawulwa kwexesha le-photoperiod, kunye notshintsho kwiimeko zokukhanya okubangela utshintsho kwi-metabolites yezityalo (Lopes et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024). Olu phononongo lugxile kwimiphumo yokukhanya ekusebenzeni kwe-photosynthesis yezityalo, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso, kunye nokuguqulwa kweswekile. Eli nqaku likwathetha ngenkqubela phambili kuphando malunga nemiphumo yokukhanya kwiimpawu zendalo yezityalo, ngenjongo yokubonelela ngesiseko sethiyori sokusebenzisa ukukhanya ukulawula ukukhula kwezityalo nokuphucula isivuno kunye nomgangatho. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhanya nokukhula kwezityalo abukacaci kwaye bucebisa iindlela zophando ezinokubakho.
Ukukhanya kuneempawu ezininzi, kodwa ubukhali kunye nomgangatho wako kunempembelelo enkulu kwizityalo. Ubukhali bokukhanya buqhele ukusetyenziswa ukulinganisa ukukhanya komthombo wokukhanya okanye amandla omsebe. Ngokusekelwe kubude be-wavelength, ukukhanya kunokwahlulwa kube yi-ultraviolet, ebonakalayo, kunye ne-infrared. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kwahlulwahlulwa ngakumbi kube bomvu, orenji, tyheli, luhlaza, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, indigo, kunye ne-violet. Izityalo ngokuyintloko zifunxa ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka njengamandla aphambili e-photosynthesis (Liang et al., 2021).
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa komgangatho wokukhanya owahlukileyo kwintsimi, ulawulo lwe-photoperiod, kunye nemiphumo yotshintsho lokukhanya kwizityalo ziingxaki ezinzima ekufuneka zisonjululwe. Ke ngoko, sikholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kweemeko zokukhanya kunokukhuthaza ngempumelelo uphuhliso lwe-ecology yomzekelo wezityalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto kunye namandla, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhula kwezityalo kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo. Sisebenzisa ithiyori yokulungiswa kwendalo, ukulungelelaniswa kwe-photosynthesis yezityalo kukukhanya kwexesha eliphakathi nelide kufakwa kwimodeli yenkqubo yoMhlaba ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki komzekelo we-photosynthesis kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka komzekelo (uLuo noKeenan, 2020). Izityalo zihlala zilungelelanisa ukukhanya kwexesha eliphakathi nelide, kwaye amandla azo e-photosynthetic kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla okukhanya kwixesha eliphakathi nelide kunokuphuculwa, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ngempumelelo ngakumbi imodeli yendalo yokulima intsimi. Ukongeza, xa kusetyenziswa ukutyala intsimi, amandla okukhanya ahlengahlengiswa ngokweentlobo zezityalo kunye neempawu zokukhula ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo okunempilo. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo womgangatho wokukhanya kunye nokulinganisa umjikelo wokukhanya wendalo, kunokwenzeka ukukhawulezisa okanye ukucothisa ukudubula nokuvelisa iziqhamo kwezityalo, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwendalo oluphathelele imodeli yentsimi.
Ukuguqulwa kweswekile okulawulwa ngokukhanya kwizityalo kunceda ekuphuculeni ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo, ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokumelana nezinto ezibangela uxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo. Iiswekile, njengeemolekyuli zokubonisa, zilawula ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo ngokusebenzisana nezinye iimolekyuli zokubonisa (umz., ii-phytohormones), ngaloo ndlela zichaphazela iinkqubo ze-physiological zezityalo (Mukarram et al., 2023). Sikholelwa ukuba ukufunda iindlela zokulawula ezidibanisa indawo yokukhanya nokukhula kwezityalo kunye nokuguqulwa kweswekile kuya kuba sisicwangciso esisebenzayo sezoqoqosho sokukhokela iindlela zokuzala kunye nemveliso. Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, uphando lwexesha elizayo malunga nokukhethwa kwemithombo yokukhanya, njengetekhnoloji yokukhanyisa eyenziweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-LED, lunokwenziwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya kunye nesivuno sezityalo, kubonelela ngezixhobo zokulawula ngakumbi zophando lokukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo (Ngcobo noBertling, 2024). Nangona kunjalo, ubude bokukhanya obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando lwangoku malunga nemiphumo yomgangatho wokukhanya kwizityalo. Ke ngoko, ngokuphanda iziphumo zeempawu zokukhanya ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-orenji, tyheli kunye nohlaza ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezityalo, sinokuphuhlisa iindlela zokusebenza kwemithombo yokukhanya emininzi kwizityalo, ngaloo ndlela sisebenzisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya kwizicelo ezisebenzayo. Oku kufuna uphando olongezelelekileyo nokuphuculwa. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo zilawulwa yi-phytochromes kunye ne-phytohormones. Ke ngoko, impembelelo yokusebenzisana kwamandla e-spectral kunye nezinto ezingaphandle ekukhuleni kwezityalo iya kuba yindlela ephambili yophando lwexesha elizayo. Ngaphezu koko, uphando olunzulu lweendlela zeemolekyuli apho iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya zichaphazela ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo, imetabolism yeswekile, kunye nemiphumo yokusebenzisana kwezinto ezininzi ezingqongileyo kwizityalo, kuya kuba negalelo kuphuhliso olongezelelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ezityalo ezahlukeneyo, okuya kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiindawo ezifana nezolimo kunye ne-biomedicine.
Ixesha leposi: Sep-11-2025