IBeauveriai-bassiana kunye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae zezona fungi zibalulekileyo nezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izinambuzane. Izifundo zakutshanje zibonise ukuba zinokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo emva kokugonyelwa okwenziweyo. Ukuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo ukuhlanganiswa kwezityalo kunye neziphumo zokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-I-Beauveria bassianakunye neMetarhizium anisopliae kwizityalo zezolimo, kolu phononongo, izithole zombona ziphathwe ngeentlobo ezili-13 zeBeauveria bassiana kunye neentlobo ezingama-73 zeMetarhizium anisopliae, ngokwahlukeneyo, njenge-rhizosphere fungi kwinkqubo ye-hydroponic. Iiparameter zokukhula kwezityalo, kubandakanya ukuphakama kwesityalo, ubude beengcambu, kunye nobunzima obutsha, zajongwa zaza zarekhodwa iintsuku ezingama-35 ezilandelelanayo ukuqinisekisa isiphumo sokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-entomopathogenic fungal inoculation. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-fungus recovery rate (FRR) zibonise ukuba zombini iBeauveria bassiana kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae ziyakwazi ukuqokelelana kwezicubu zombona endophytic. Ngomhla wesi-7, izinga lokufunyanwa kweBeauveria bassiana laliyi-100% kuzo zombini iziqu kunye namagqabi, kodwa ngomhla wama-28, izinga lokufunyanwa kwiziqu lehla laya kwi-11.1% nakumagqabi laya kwi-22.2%. Nangona kunjalo, *iBeauveria bassiana* ayizange ifunyanwe kwiingcambu de kwaba ngumhla wama-28, kunye nezinga lokufunyanwa eliyi-33.3%. Ngalo lonke ixesha lokujonga, iintlobo ze *Metarhizium anisopliae* zahlulwa kwiingcambu, iziqu, kunye namagqabi esityalo ngesantya esiphezulu sokufumanisa. Ukwandiswa kwe-PCR kweebhendi ze-DNA ezithile kwifungal kuqinisekisile ngakumbi ukuhlanganiswa kwe *Beauveria bassiana* kunye *Metarhizium anisopliae* kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo; le ndlela ibonakalise uvakalelo oluphezulu lokufumanisa kunye nempendulo entle eyi-100%. Xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso okuqala kwisisombululo se-hydroponic, ngomhla wama-21, uxinano lwefungus lwehla lwaya ngaphantsi kwe-1%. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ezimbini ezikhethiweyo ze-entomopathogenic fungi zaseka ngempumelelo i-endophytic colonization, endaweni yokuhlanganiswa, kwe-corn rhizosphere kwaye zakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwayo kwinkqubo ye-hydroponic. Ii-entomopathogenic fungi zinamandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa kwizolimo eziphilayo, kubandakanya njenge-biopesticides kunye ne-biofertilizers.
Iifungi ezibangela izifo (ii-EPF) zibonakalise ukubaluleka kwazo njengeearhente zokulawula izinambuzane (ii-BCA) ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yobubanzi bazo, ukulula kwemveliso, uzinzo, kunye nesifo esiphezulu.1,2,3ETshayina, *iBeauveria bassiana* kunye *neMetarhizium anisopliae* zisetyenziselwa urhwebo ukulawula ngokuzinzileyo izinambuzane eziphambili zombona (ezifana ne-corn borer kunye ne-cotton bollworm) ukuze kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali.4Ekulawuleni izinambuzane neefungi, ubudlelwane obunxantathu phakathi kwezityalo, izinambuzane neefungi buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunobudlelwane phakathi kwezinambuzane neentsholongwane zefungus.
Izityalo ezininzi zihlala ngokubambisana neefungi ze-endophytic5, ezihlala kwizicwili zezityalo ngaphandle kokuzibangela umonakalo omkhulu6Iifungi ze-Endophytic zizinto eziphilayo ezithi emva kokuseka ubudlelwane bokubambisana nomnini wazo7Zingakhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwaye ziphucule ukuziqhelanisa kwazo neemeko ezimbi, kubandakanya uxinzelelo lwe-biotic kunye ne-abiotic8, 9, 10Iifungi ze-endophytic zineempawu ezibalulekileyo ze-phylogenetic kunye neempawu zendlela yokuphila, ezinje ngokuhlala ekoloni, ukusasazeka, ukucaciswa kwesityalo esingumbungazi, kunye nokuhlala ekoloni kwezicubu ezahlukeneyo zezityalo.11Ukusetyenziswa kweefungi ze-endophytic njengezinto eziphilayo ze-endophytic kutsale ingqalelo yophando ngokubanzi kwaye kubonise iingenelo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo kunezinto eziphilayo ze-endophytic zemveli.
I-Beauveria bassiana kunye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae zinokosulela izityalo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga apho ingqolowa, iimbotyi zesoya, irayisi, iimbotyi, itswele, iitumato, isundu, iidiliya, iitapile kunye nomqhaphu.12Usulelo lwasekuhlaleni okanye oluqhelekileyo lwenzeka ikakhulu kwiingcambu, iziqu, amagqabi, kunye nezicubu zangaphakathi zezityalo.11Ukosuleleka okwenziwa ngonyango lwembewu, ukufakwa kwamagqabi, kunye nokunkcenkceshela umhlaba kunokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo ngosulelo lwe-endophytic yifungi.13,14,15,16Unyango lwembewu yezityalo ngeBeauveria bassiana kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae luphumelele ekubangeleni usulelo lwe-endophytic kwiithishu zezityalo kwaye lwakhuthaza ukukhula kwesityalo ngokwandisa ubude besiqu, ubude beengcambu, ubunzima beengcambu ezintsha, kunye nobunzima besiqu esitsha.17,18,19Ukugonyelwa komhlaba kunyei-foliarUkutshiza iBeauveria bassiana kukwayindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu yokufaka isicelo, nto leyo enokukhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwezithole zombona.20
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya iziphumo ezikhuthaza ukukhula kunye neempawu zokukhula kwezithole zombona yiBeauveria bassiana kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae kunye nempembelelo yazo ekukhuleni kwezityalo kwiinkqubo ze-hydroponic.
Kuvavanyo lweentsuku ezingama-35, unyango ngefungi iBeauveria bassiana kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae lwakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kombona. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, isiphumo sokuvuselela sefungi kwizitho ezahlukeneyo zombona sasixhomekeke kwinqanaba lazo lokukhula.
Ukukhula kwezithombo zombona phantsi konyango olwahlukeneyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene, imigca enemibala eyahlukeneyo imele izithombo zombona kwiqela lolawulo, iqela eliphathwe yiBeauveria bassiana, kunye neqela eliphathwe yiMetarhizium anisopliae, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ukufakwa kwezicubu zombona emqolo yi *Beauveria bassiana* kunye *Metarhizium anisopliae* kuphandwe ngakumbi kusetyenziswa i-PCR amplification. Itheyibhile 5 ibonisa ukuba *Beauveria bassiana* ifumene i-100% yazo zonke izicubu zomzimba wombona kwindawo nganye yokuthathwa kwesampuli (iintsuku ezi-7–35). Iziphumo ezifanayo zibonwe kwi *Metarhizium anisopliae* kwizicubu zamagqabi, kodwa ukufakwa kwezicubu ngulo mngundo bekungahlali ku-100% kwiziqu zombona kunye namagqabi.
Iindlela zokugonya zibalulekile kwiindlela zokufumana i-fungus.28UParsa nabanye.29bafumanise ukuba *iBeauveria bassiana* inokuqokelela izityalo ngokuzigcina emvelweni xa itshizwa okanye inkcenkceshelwa, ngelixa ukuqokelelana kweengcambu kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokunkcenkceshela. Kwi-sorghum, iTefera kunye neVidal baxele ukuba ukugonywa kwamagqabi kwandisa izinga lokuqokelelana kwezityalo *iBeauveria bassiana* kwisiqu, ngelixa ukugonywa kwembewu kwandisa izinga lokuqokelelana kwezityalo kwiingcambu nakwiziqu. Kolu phononongo, sigonyele iingcambu ngeefungi ezimbini ngokongeza i-conidial suspension ngqo kwinkqubo ye-hydroponic. Le ndlela inokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokusasazeka kwefungi, njengoko amanzi ahambayo anokunceda ukuhamba kwe-fungi conidia kwiingcambu zombona. Ukongeza kwiindlela zokugonywa, ezinye izinto ezifana neentsholongwane zomhlaba, ubushushu, ukufuma okufanelekileyo, i-nutrient medium, ubudala bezityalo kunye neentlobo, ubuninzi be-incopy, kunye neentlobo zefungus zinokuchaphazela ukuqokelelana kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo ngempumelelo yifungi.28
Ngaphezu koko, ukwandiswa kwe-PCR kwee-DNA ezithile kwi-fungus kubonisa indlela entsha neyobukrelekrele yokufumanisa ii-endophytes ze-fungus. Umzekelo, emva kokukhulisa izicubu zezityalo kwi-selective fungal media, inani eliphantsi le-free detector receptor (FRR) lafunyanwa kwi-*Beauveria bassiana*, kodwa uhlalutyo lwe-PCR lubonise ukufunyanwa kwe-100%. Ubuninzi obuphantsi be-endophytic fungi kwizicubu zezityalo okanye ukuthintela i-biotic kwizicubu zezityalo kusenokuba ngunobangela wokukhula kwe-fungus okungaphumeleli kwi-selective media. Ukwandiswa kwe-PCR kunokusetyenziswa ngokuthembekileyo kuphononongo lwe-endophytic fungi.
Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ezinye iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo ze-endophytic zingasebenza njengezichumisi zebhayoloji ngokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo. UJaber et al. [16]ingxelo yokuba imbewu yengqolowa efakwe i-Beauveria bassiana kangangeentsuku ezili-14 yayinobude obukhulu besiqu, ubude beengcambu, ubunzima beengcambu ezintsha, kunye nobunzima besiqu kunezityalo ezingafakwanga i-injection. URusso et al.[30]ingxelo yokuba ukutshiza umbona ngeBeauveria bassiana kwandise ubude besityalo, inani lamagqabi, kunye nenani lamaqhuqhuva endlebe yokuqala.
Kwisifundo sethu, iifungi ezimbini ezikhethiweyo ze-entomopathogenic, iBeauveria bassiana kunye neMetarhizium anisopliae, nazo zikhuthaze kakhulu ukukhula kombona kwinkqubo yokukhulisa izityalo nge-hydroponic kwaye zaseka ukuhlanganiswa kwezicubu ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zombona ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, okulindeleke ukuba kukhuthaze ukukhula kwexesha elide.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMoloignane nabanye bafumanise ukuba nokuba emva kweeveki ezi-4 emva kokunkcenkceshela umhlaba, bekungekho mahluko mkhulu kubude bezityalo, inani leengcambu, inani lamagqabi, ubunzima obutsha, kunye nobunzima obomileyo phakathi kwezidiliya ezinyangiweyo nezinganyangwanga nge *Beauveria bassiana*. Oku akumangalisi, njengoko amandla e-endophytic eentlobo ezithile zefungus anokunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo neentlobo zezityalo ezisingetheyo, uhlobo lwezityalo, iimeko zesondlo, kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. UTull noMeying baphande ngesiphumo sonyango lwembewu ye *Beauveria bassiana* (GHA) ekukhuleni kombona. Bafumanise ukuba *Beauveria bassiana* isebenza njengomkhuthazi wokukhula kombona kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezaneleyo zezondlo, kwaye akukho siphumo sokuvuselela esibonwe phantsi kweemeko zokunqongophala kwezondlo. Ke ngoko, indlela yokusabela kwezityalo kwiziphumo ze-endophytic zefungus ayicacanga kwaphela kwaye ifuna uphando olongezelelweyo.
Siphande ngemiphumo yefungi ebangela izifo *iBeauveria bassiana* kunye *neMetarhizium anisopliae* njengezikhulisi zokukhula kumbona. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba indlela ephambili yokusebenza yi-rhizosphere okanye yi-endophytic akukacaci. Sijonge ukuguquguquka kwenani labantu *iBeauveria bassiana* kunye *neMetarhizium anisopliae* kwizisombululo ze-hydroponic kunye nezicubu zezityalo ukuze sicacise indlela ezisebenza ngayo. Sisebenzisa iiyunithi zokwenza ikoloni (i-CFU) njengesalathiso, sifumanise ukuba ubuninzi *beBeauveria bassiana* kunye *neMetarhizium anisopliae* kwisisombululo se-hydroponic behla ngokukhawuleza. Emva kweveki enye, uxinzelelo oluseleyo lwe *Metarhizium anisopliae* belungaphantsi kwe-10%, kwaye *iBeauveria bassiana* belungaphantsi kwe-1%. Kwisisombululo se-hydroponic maize, zombini iifungi zanyamalala phantse ngomhla wama-28. Uvavanyo lolawulo lubonise ukuba i-conidia yeefungi zombini igcine amandla aphezulu kwinkqubo ye-hydroponic emva kweveki enye. Ngoko ke, iifungi ze-endophytic, eziphenjelelwa kukunamathela kwe-conidial, ukuqatshelwa komninimzi, kunye neendlela zendalo, zezona zibangela ukwehla okukhulu kobuninzi beefungi kwinkqubo ye-hydroponic. Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi wokukhuthaza ukukhula kweefungi ngokuyintloko ubangelwa ngumsebenzi wazo we-endophytic, hayi umsebenzi we-rhizosphere.
Imisebenzi yebhayoloji idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobuninzi babantu. Kuphela ngokulinganisa inani leefungi eziphuma kwi-endophytic kwiithishu zezityalo apho sinokuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhuthazwa kokukhula kwezityalo kunye nobuninzi befungi eziphuma kwi-endophytic. Iindlela zokukhula kwezityalo ezikhuthazwa ngazo kubudlelwane be-entomopathogenic fungal-plant zifuna uphando olongezelelekileyo. Iifungi eziphuma kwi-entomopathogenic azinawo nje amandla amakhulu okulawula izinambuzane kodwa zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezityalo, zivula iimbono ezintsha malunga nokusebenzisana kwendalo phakathi kwezityalo, izinambuzane, kunye neefungi eziphuma kwi-entomopathogenic.
Izithole zombona ezikhule ngokulinganayo nezisempilweni ezingamashumi alithoba zikhethwe ngokungacwangciswanga kwiqela ngalinye lovavanyo. Indawo yokukhulisa ejikeleze iingcambu zesityalo ngasinye yahlanjwa ngononophelo ngamanzi acocekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukonakalisa inkqubo yeengcambu. Izithole zombona ezinyangiweyo, ezazikhula ngokulinganayo kwiindawo ezingaphezulu nangaphantsi komhlaba, emva koko zatyalwa kwinkqubo yokukhulisa umbona nge-hydroponic.
Yonke idatha yovavanyo ihlalutywe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwendlela enye lokwahluka (ANOVA) kwi-IBM SPSS Statistics (inguqulelo 20.0), kwaye ukubaluleka komahluko phakathi konyango kumiselwe kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lukaTukey lwe-HSD (P ≤ 0.05).
Ekubeni izinto zesityalo zithengwe kumsasazi oqinisekisiweyo wasekuhlaleni, akukho layisenisi yayifuneka. Ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo okanye izinto zesityalo kolu phononongo kuhambelana nezikhokelo ezifanelekileyo zamazwe ngamazwe, zesizwe, kunye/okanye zeziko.
Ukuqukumbela, iifungi ezimbini ezibangela izifo, *iBeauveria bassiana* kunye *neMetarhizium anisopliae*, zidlale indima entle ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezithole zombona emva kokugonyelwa kwerhizosphere ngenkqubo yehydroponic. Ezi fungi zimbini zikwazile ukuseka ukoloni olucwangcisiweyo lwazo zonke izitho zombona kunye nezicubu ngenkqubo yengcambu kwiveki enye. Ukuguquguquka kobuninzi befungus kwisisombululo sehydroponic kunye nokoloni lwefungus lwezicubu zombona kutyhile ukuba, ukongeza kumsebenzi werhizosphere, umsebenzi we-endophytic wefungus wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezityalo okubonweyo. Ukuziphatha kwe-endophytic kwefungus kubonise ezinye iimpawu ezithile zeentlobo. Ukwandiswa kweebhendi ze-DNA ezithile zefungus kusetyenziswa i-PCR kubonakalise ukuba kubuthathaka ngakumbi kuneendlela zokufumanisa ikoloni kusetyenziswa imidiya yokukhetha ifungus. Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukulandelela ngokuchanekileyo ukoloni lwefungus kunye nokusasazwa kwazo kwindawo kwizicubu zezityalo. Kufuneka uphando olongezelelweyo ukuze kucaciswe iindlela izityalo kunye nezinambuzane zezityalo ezisabela ngazo kwimiphumo ye-endophytic yefungus (ulwazi olongezelelweyo).
Iiseti zedatha ezenziweyo ngeli xesha lophando ziyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelanayo xa kucelwe ngokusengqiqweni.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-20-2026