I-Biopesticides yenye yezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokuphumeza "icebo leNkqubo yokutya okuluhlaza" eJapan. Eli phepha lichaza inkcazo kunye nodidi lwe-biopesticides eJapan, kwaye lihlela ukubhaliswa kwe-biopesticides eJapan, ukuze kubonelelwe ngophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-biopesticides kwamanye amazwe.
Ngenxa yendawo encinci yezolimo ezikhoyo eJapan, kuyimfuneko ukufaka izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nezichumisi ezingaphezulu ukwandisa isivuno sesityalo kwindawo nganye. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwenani elikhulu lezibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali kwandisa umthwalo wendalo, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela umhlaba, amanzi, izinto ezahlukeneyo, imihlaba yasemaphandleni kunye nokhuseleko lokutya ukuze kufezekiswe uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwezolimo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Njengoko kukho iintsalela ezininzi zezibulali-zinambuzane kwizityalo ezikhokelela ekwandeni kwamatyala ezifo zikawonke-wonke, abalimi kunye noluntu badla ngokusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezikhuselekileyo nezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.
Ngokufanayo nephulo laseYurophu le-farm-to-Fork, urhulumente waseJapan ngoMeyi 2021 waphuhlisa "iSicwangciso seNkqubo yokutya okuluhlaza" esijolise ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane zamakhemikhali okunomngcipheko ngama-50% ngo-2050 kunye nokwandisa indawo yokulima ngokwendalo ukuya kwi-1 yezigidi ze-hm2 (elingana nama-25% ommandla wezolimo waseJapan). Esi sicwangciso sijonge ukuphucula imveliso kunye nokuzinza kokutya, ezolimo, amahlathi kunye nokuloba ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo okuhlaziya okuQinisekisa (MeaDRI), kubandakanya ulawulo lwezinambuzane oludibeneyo, iindlela zokusetyenziswa eziphuculweyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinye iindlela ezintsha. Phakathi kwazo, eyona ibalulekileyo kukuphuhliswa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwezinambuzane oludibeneyo (IPM), kwaye i-biopesticides yenye yezixhobo ezibalulekileyo.
1. Inkcazo kunye nodidi lwe-biopesticides eJapan
I-Biopesticides inxulumene neekhemikhali okanye izibulala-zinambuzane ezenziweyo, kwaye ngokubanzi ibhekisa kwii-pesticides ezikhuselekileyo okanye ezinobuhlobo ebantwini, okusingqongileyo kunye ne-ecology kusetyenziswa okanye ngokusekelwe kwizixhobo zebhayoloji. Ngokwemvelaphi yezithako ezisebenzayo, ii-biopesticides zinokwahlulwa zibe zezi ndidi zilandelayo: okokuqala, izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela kwiintsholongwane, kubandakanya iibhaktheriya, iifungi, iintsholongwane kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo zokuqala (eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza) kunye nee-metabolites zazo ezikhutshiweyo; Okwesibini zizibulala-zinambuzane ezivela kwizityalo, kubandakanya izityalo eziphilayo kunye nezicatshulwa zazo, iiarhente zokukhusela izityalo (izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza); Okwesithathu, izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela kwizilwanyana, kubandakanya ii-nematodes eziphilayo ze-entomopathetic, izilwanyana ezidla ezinye kunye neziqwenga zezilwanyana (ezifana nee-pheromones). I-United States kunye namanye amazwe nazo zihlela izibulala-zinambuzane zendalo ezivela kwimithombo yezimbiwa ezifana neoyile yezimbiwa njenge-biopesticides.
I-SEIJ yaseJapan ihlela ii-biopesticides zibe zii-pesticides zezinto eziphilayo kunye nee-biogenic substances pesticides, kwaye ihlela ii-pheromones, ii-microbial metabolites (ii-antibiotics zezolimo), izicatshulwa zezityalo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezithathwe kwiiminerali, izicatshulwa zezilwanyana (ezifana ne-arthropod venom), ii-nanoantibodies, kunye nee-ejenti zokukhusela ezifakwe kwizityalo njenge-biogenic substances pesticides. I-Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives yaseJapan ihlela ii-biopesticides zaseJapan kwii-arthropods zeentshaba zendalo, ii-nematodes zeentshaba zendalo, ii-microorganisms kunye nezinto ze-biogenic, kwaye ihlela i-Bacillus thuringiensis engasebenziyo njengee-microorganisms kwaye ayibandakanyi ii-antibiotics zezolimo kudidi lwee-biopesticides. Nangona kunjalo, kulawulo lokwenyani lwee-pesticides, ii-biopesticides zaseJapan zichazwa ngokucokisekileyo njengee-pesticides eziphilayo zebhayoloji, oko kukuthi, "ii-agents zokulawula zebhayoloji ezifana nee-microorganisms ezichaseneyo, ii-microorganisms zezityalo ezibangela izifo, ii-microorganisms zezinambuzane ezibangela izifo, ii-nematodes zezinambuzane ezibangela izifo, ii-arthropods zezinambuzane ezibangela izifo kunye nezidla ezinye ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane". Ngamanye amazwi, ii-biopesticides zaseJapan zizibulali-zinambuzane ezithengisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana nee-microorganisms, ii-entomopathetic nematodes kunye nezinto eziphilayo zentshaba zendalo njengezithako ezisebenzayo, ngelixa iintlobo kunye neentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibhalisiweyo eJapan azikho kudidi lwee-biopesticides. Ukongeza, ngokutsho kwe-"Amanyathelo okuNyangwa kweZiphumo zoVavanyo loKhuseleko olunxulumene nesicelo soBhaliso lwee-microbial pesticides" zaseJapan, ii-microorganisms kunye nezityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza azikho phantsi kolawulo lwee-biopesticides eJapan. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uMphathiswa wezoLimo, amaHlathi kunye nokuLoba uphinde waqalisa inkqubo yokuvavanya kwakhona ii-biopesticides kwaye waphuhlisa imigangatho emitsha yokungabhaliswa kwee-biopesticides ukunciphisa amathuba okuba ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusasazeka kwee-biopesticides kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindawo yokuhlala okanye ekukhuleni kwezilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwindawo ephilayo.
I-"List of Organic Planting Inputs" ekhutshwe yi-Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries ngo-2022 igubungela zonke ii-biopesticides kunye nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezivela kwindalo. Ii-biopesticides zaseJapan azinazo ii-Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) kunye ne-maximum Residue limit (MRL), zombini ezingasetyenziswa kwimveliso yezolimo phantsi kwe-Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Isishwankathelo sokubhaliswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji eJapan
Njengelizwe eliphambili ekuphuhlisweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwe-biopesticides, iJapan inenkqubo yolawulo olupheleleyo lokubhaliswa kwezinambuzane kunye noluhlu olubanzi lokubhaliswa kwe-biopesticides. Ngokwezibalo zombhali, ukusukela ngo-2023, kukho amalungiselelo e-biopesticides angama-99 abhalisiweyo kwaye asebenzayo eJapan, aquka izithako ezisebenzayo ezingama-47, ezimalunga ne-8.5% yezithako ezisebenzayo zizonke ze-pesticides ezibhalisiweyo. Phakathi kwazo, izithako ezingama-35 zisetyenziselwa i-insecticides (kubandakanya i-nematocides ezi-2), izithako ezili-12 zisetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane, kwaye akukho mayeza okubulala ukhula okanye ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa (Umfanekiso 1). Nangona ii-pheromones zingekho kudidi lwe-biopesticides eJapan, zihlala zikhuthazwa kwaye zisetyenziswa kunye ne-biopesticides njengezinto zokutyala eziphilayo.
2.1 Izibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji zeentshaba zendalo
Kukho izithako ezingama-22 ezisebenzayo ze-biopesticides zendalo ezibhalisiweyo eJapan, ezinokwahlulwa zibe zizinambuzane ezidla ezinye, izinambuzane ezidla ezinye kunye neentshulube ezitya ezinye ngokweentlobo zebhayoloji kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Phakathi kwazo, izinambuzane ezidla ezinye kunye neentshulube ezitya ezinye zitya izinambuzane eziyingozi ukuze zitye, kwaye izinambuzane ezidla ezinye zibeka amaqanda kwizinambuzane ezidla ezinye kwaye iimbungu zazo eziqanduselweyo zondla umninimzi kwaye zikhule ukuze zibulale umninimzi. Izinambuzane ezidla ezinye, ezifana ne-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-hemiptera bee kunye ne-Mylostomus japonicus, ezibhaliswe eJapan, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni ii-aphids, iimpukane kunye neentshulube ezimhlophe kwimifuno etyalwe kwi-greenhouse, kwaye i-prey chrysoptera, i-bug bug, i-ladybug kunye ne-thrips zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni ii-aphids, ii-thrips kunye neentshulube ezimhlophe kwimifuno etyalwe kwi-greenhouse. Ezi zinambuzane zitya ezinye zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni isigcawu esibomvu, izinambuzane zamagqabi, i-tyrophage, i-pleurotarsus, i-thrips kunye ne-whitefly kwimifuno, iintyatyambo, imithi yeziqhamo, iimbotyi kunye neetapile ezityalwe kwi-greenhouse, kunye nakwimifuno, imithi yeziqhamo kunye neti etyalwe emasimini. I-Anicetus beneficus, i-Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, i-E. eremicus, i-Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, i-Diglyphus isaea, i-Bathyplectes anurus, i-degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, i-A. cucumeris Ukubhaliswa kweentshaba zendalo ezifana ne-O. sauteri akuzange kuhlaziywe.
2.2 Izibulali-zinambuzane ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane
Kukho iintlobo ezingama-23 zezithako ezisebenzayo ze-microbial pesticide ezibhalisiweyo eJapan, ezinokwahlulwa zibe yi-viral insecticides/fungicides, i-bacterial insecticides/fungicides kunye ne-fungus insecticides/fungicides ngokweentlobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-microorganisms. Phakathi kwazo, i-microbial insecticides ibulala okanye ilawula izinambuzane ngokusulela, ukuphindaphinda kunye nokukhupha ityhefu. I-microbial fungicides ilawula iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo ngokukhuphisana ne-colonization, ukukhupha i-antimicrobials okanye i-metabolites yesibini, kunye nokungenisa ukumelana nezityalo [1-2, 7-8, 11]. I-Fungi (predation) nematocides I-Monacrosporium phymatopagum, i-Microbial fungicides I-Agrobacterium radiobacter, I-Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, i-non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum kunye ne-Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, Kwaye ukubhaliswa kwe-microbial pesticides ezifana ne-Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus kunye ne-Drechslera monoceras azizange zihlaziywe.
2.2.1 Izibulali-zinambuzane ezibangela iintsholongwane
Izibulali-zinambuzane ze-polyhedroid ezi-granular kunye ne-nuclear virus ezibhaliswe eJapan zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ezithile ezifana ne-apple ringworm, i-tea ringworm kunye ne-tea longleaf ringworm, kunye ne-Streptococcus aureus kwizityalo ezifana neziqhamo, imifuno kunye neembotyi. Njengesibulali-zinambuzane esisetyenziswa kakhulu yibhaktiriya, i-Bacillus thuringiensis isetyenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ze-lepidoptera kunye ne-hemiptera kwizityalo ezifana nemifuno, iziqhamo, irayisi, iitapile kunye ne-turf. Phakathi kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo zefungus, i-Beauveria bassiana isetyenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ezihlafunwayo nezihlabayo emlonyeni ezifana ne-thrips, izinambuzane ezinamabala, iimpukane ezimhlophe, iincukuthu, iibhungane, iidayimani kunye nee-aphids kwimifuno, iziqhamo, iipayini kunye neti. I-Beauveria brucei isetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ze-coleoptera ezifana ne-longiceps kunye neebhungane kwimithi yeziqhamo, imithi, i-angelica, iintyatyambo zecherry kunye nee-shiitake mushrooms. I-Metarhizium anisopliae isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-thrips ekulimeni imifuno kunye neemango eziluhlaza okotshani; I-Paecilomyces furosus kunye ne-Paecilopus pectus zisetyenzisiwe ukulawula i-whitefly, ii-aphids kunye ne-red spider kwimifuno etyalwe kwi-greenhouse kunye nee-strawberries. I-fungus isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-whiteflies kunye ne-thrips kwi-greenhouse listing yemifuno, ii-mangoes, ii-chrysanthemums kunye ne-lisiflorum.
Njengeyona nematocide ye-microbial kuphela ebhalisiweyo nesebenzayo eJapan, iBacillus Pasteurensis punctum isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-root knot nematode kwimifuno, iitapile kunye namakhiwane.
2.2.2 Iintsholongwane ezibangela iintsholongwane
Uhlobo lwe-fungicide efana ne-virus olubizwa ngokuba yi-zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain olubhaliswe eJapan lwalusetyenziselwa ukulawula isifo se-Mosaic kunye ne-fusarium wilt ebangelwa yi-virus enxulumene ne-cucumber. Phakathi kwe-fungicides ye-bacterial ebhaliswe eJapan, i-Bacillus amylolitica isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo ze-fungus ezifana nokubola okumdaka, i-grey mold, i-black blight, isifo se-white star, i-powdery mildew, i-black mold, i-leaf mold, isifo samabala, i-white rust kunye ne-leaf blight kwimifuno, iziqhamo, iintyatyambo, ii-hops kunye necuba. I-Bacillus simplex yasetyenziselwa ukuthintela nokunyanga i-bacterial wilt kunye ne-bacterial blight yerayisi. I-Bacillus subtilis isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo ze-bacterial kunye ne-fungus ezifana ne-grey mold, i-powdery mildew, isifo se-black star, i-rice blast, i-leaf mildew, i-black blight, i-leaf blight, i-white spot, i-speckle, isifo se-canker, i-blight, isifo se-black mold, isifo se-brown spot, i-black leaf blight kunye ne-bacterial spot yemifuno, iziqhamo, irayisi, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zokuhombisa, iimbotyi, iitapile, ii-hops, icuba kunye neekhowa. Iintlobo ze-carrot ezingezona ezibangela izifo ze-Erwenella soft rot subspecies zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambileyo kunye nesifo se-canker kwimifuno, i-citrus, i-cycleen kunye neetapile. I-Pseudomonas fluorescens isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola okumnyama kwebhaktiriya kunye nokubola kweentyantyambo kwimifuno yamagqabi. I-Pseudomonas roseni isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambileyo, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola, ukubola kweentyantyambo, indawo yebhaktiriya, indawo emnyama yebhaktiriya, ukugqobhoka kwebhaktiriya, ukubola okuthambileyo kwebhaktiriya, ukubola kwesiqu sebhaktiriya, ukubola kwesebe lebhaktiriya kunye nokubola kweentyantyambo kwimifuno nakwiziqhamo. I-Phagocytophage mirabile isetyenziselwa ukulawula isifo sokudumba kweengcambu zemifuno ye-cruciferous, kwaye iibhaktiriya ezityheli zisetyenziselwa ukulawula i-powdery mildew, i-black mold, i-anthrax, i-leaf mold, i-grey mold, i-rice blast, i-bacterial blight, i-bacterial wilt, i-brown streak, isifo se-bad seedling kunye ne-seedling blight kwimifuno, ama-strawberry kunye nerayisi, kwaye ikhuthaza ukukhula kweengcambu zezityalo. I-Lactobacillus plantarum isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambileyo kwimifuno kunye neetapile. Phakathi kwemithi yokubulala iintsholongwane ebhalisiweyo eJapan, iScutellaria microscutella yasetyenziswa ukuthintela nokulawula ukubola kwe-sclerotium kwimifuno, ukubola kwe-black rot kwi-scallions kunye negalikhi. I-Trichoderma viridis isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo zebhaktiriya kunye nefungus ezifana ne-rice blight, isifo se-bacterial brown streak, i-leaf blight kunye ne-rice blast, kunye nesifo se-asparagus purple streak kunye nesifo se-tobacco white silk.
2.3 Iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zee-nematode ezibangela izifo ezibangelwa zizinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo ngokufanelekileyo eJapan, kwaye iindlela zazo zokubulala izinambuzane [1-2, 11] zibandakanya ikakhulu umonakalo woomatshini bokuhlasela, ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunesondlo kunye nokuqhekeka komonakalo weeseli zezicubu, kunye neebhaktheriya ezixhasayo ezikhupha ityhefu. I-Steinernema carpocapsae kunye ne-S. glaseri, ezibhaliswe eJapan, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiitapile ezimnandi, iminquma, amakhiwane, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zamagqabi, iintyatyambo zecherry, iiplum, iipesika, amaqunube abomvu, iiapile, amakhowa, imifuno, i-turf kunye ne-ginkgo Ulawulo lwezinambuzane ezinobungozi ezifana neMegalophora, i-olive weestro, iGrape Black Weestro, iRed Palm Weestro, iYellow Star Longicornis, iPeach Neck-neck Weestro, iUdon Nematophora, iDouble tufted Lepidophora, iZoysia Oryzae, iScirpus oryzae, iDipteryx japonica, iJapanese Cherry Tree Borer, iPeach small food worm, i-aculema Japonica kunye neRed fungus. Ukubhaliswa kwe-entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai akuzange kuhlaziywe.
3. Isishwankathelo kunye nembono
EJapan, ii-biopesticides zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lokutya, ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kunye nokugcina uphuhliso lwezolimo oluzinzileyo. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe kunye nemimandla efana ne-United States, i-European Union, i-China kunye ne-Vietnam [1, 7-8], ii-biopesticides zaseJapan zichazwa ngokucokisekileyo njengee-arhente zokulawula ii-biocontrol eziphilayo ezingaguqukiyo ngokwemfuza ezinokusetyenziswa njengezinto zokutyala eziphilayo. Okwangoku, kukho izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-47 zebhayoloji ezibhalisiweyo kwaye zisebenza eJapan, ezizezeentshaba zendalo, ii-microorganisms kunye nee-nematodes ezibangela izinambuzane, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela nokulawula ii-arthropods eziyingozi, ii-nematodes zezityalo ezibangela i-parasitic kunye neentsholongwane ekulimeni kwe-greenhouse nakwizityalo zasemasimini ezifana nemifuno, iziqhamo, irayisi, imithi yeti, imithi, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zokuhombisa kunye nengca. Nangona ezi biopesticides zineengenelo zokhuseleko oluphezulu, umngcipheko ophantsi wokuxhathisa amayeza, ukuzikhangela ngokwakho okanye ukuphelisa izinambuzane ngokuphindaphindiweyo phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo, ixesha elide lokusebenza kunye nokonga abasebenzi, zikwanazo neengxaki ezifana nokuzinza okungekho semgangathweni, ukusebenza kancinci, ukuhambelana okungekho semgangathweni, ububanzi bolawulo kunye nexesha elinciphileyo lokusetyenziswa. Kwelinye icala, uluhlu lwezityalo kunye nezinto zokulawula ukubhaliswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-biopesticides eJapan nalo lulinganiselwe, kwaye alunakuthatha indawo ye-chemical pesticides ukuze luphumelele ngokupheleleyo. Ngokwezibalo [3], ngo-2020, ixabiso le-biopesticides esetyenziswa eJapan lalimalunga ne-0.8% kuphela, elaliphantsi kakhulu kunenani elibhalisiweyo lezithako ezisebenzayo.
Njengesikhokelo esiphambili sophuhliso lweshishini lezinambuzane kwixesha elizayo, ii-biopesticides ziyaphandwa kwaye ziphuhliswe kwaye zibhaliswe kwimveliso yezolimo. Ngokuhambelana nenkqubela phambili yesayensi yebhayoloji kunye netekhnoloji kunye nokugqama kwenzuzo yeendleko zophando lwe-biopesticides kunye nophuhliso, ukuphuculwa kokhuseleko lokutya kunye nomgangatho, umthwalo wokusingqongileyo kunye neemfuno zophuhliso oluzinzileyo kwezolimo, imakethi ye-biopesticides yaseJapan iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokukhawuleza. I-Inkwood Research iqikelela ukuba imakethi ye-biopesticides yaseJapan iya kukhula ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esidibeneyo se-22.8% ukusuka ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2025, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-$729 yezigidi ngo-2025. Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-"Green Food System Strategy", ii-biopesticides ziyasetyenziswa kubalimi baseJapan.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-14-2024