I-Biopesticides yenye yezona zixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokuphumeza "isicwangciso seNkqubo yoKutya okuHlaza" eJapan.Eli phepha lichaza inkcazo kunye nodidi lwezibulali-zinambuzane eJapan, kwaye lihlela ukubhaliswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane eJapan, ukwenzela ukunika ireferensi yophuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwamanye amazwe.
Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwendawo yeefama ekhoyo eJapan, kuyafuneka ukuba kugalelwe amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nezichumiso ukwandisa isivuno sezityalo kwindawo nganye.Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwenani elikhulu lemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane kuye kwandisa umthwalo wokusingqongileyo, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela umhlaba, amanzi, i-biodiversity, imimandla yasemaphandleni kunye nokhuseleko lokutya ukuphumeza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwezolimo kunye nokusingqongileyo.Ngeentsalela eziphezulu zezitshabalalisi kwizityalo ezikhokelela ekwandeni kwezifo zikawonke-wonke, amafama kunye noluntu bathanda ukusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezikhuselekileyo nezingenabungozi kokusingqongileyo.
Ngokufana nenyathelo lefama laseYurophu ukuya kwiFork, urhulumente waseJapan ngoMeyi ka-2021 waphuhlisa "iSicwangciso seNkqubo yokutya okuHlaza" esijolise ekunciphiseni ubungozi bokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane zemichiza nge-50% ngo-2050 kunye nokwandisa indawo yokulima organic ukuya. Isigidi esi-1 se-hm2 (ilingana ne-25% yommandla weefama waseJapan).Isicwangciso-qhinga sijonge ukomeleza imveliso kunye nokuzinza kokutya, ezolimo, amahlathi kunye namashishini okuloba ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha zokuZimela (i-MeaDRI), kubandakanywa nolawulo oluhlanganisiweyo lwezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, iindlela eziphuculweyo zokufaka izicelo kunye nophuhliso lwezinye iindlela ezintsha.Phakathi kwabo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokukhuthazwa kokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo (IPM), kunye ne-biopesticides yenye yezixhobo ezibalulekileyo.
1. Inkcazo kunye nodidi lwe-biopesticides eJapan
Amachiza e-Biopesticides anxulumene nemichiza okanye amayeza okwenziwa, kwaye ngokubanzi abhekisele kwizitshabalalisi ezikhuselekileyo okanye ezinobuhlobo ebantwini, okusingqongileyo kunye ne-ecology esebenzisa okanye esekwe kwimithombo yebhayoloji.Ngokomthombo wezithako ezisebenzayo, i-biopesticides inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo alandelayo: okokuqala, i-microbial source pesticides, kubandakanywa ibhaktheriya, i-fungi, iintsholongwane kunye nezilwanyana ze-biological original (i-genetically modified) i-microbial eziphilayo kunye ne-metabolites yazo efihliweyo;Eyesibini yimichiza yokutshabalalisa izityalo, kubandakanywa izityalo eziphilayo kunye nezicatshulwa zazo, izityalo ezifakwe kwizixhobo zokukhusela (izityalo eziguqulwe ngofuzo);Okwesithathu, izitshabalalisi zemvelaphi yezilwanyana, kubandakanywa nematodes entomopathetic ephilayo, izilwanyana ze-parasitic kunye nezilwanyana ezidliwayo kunye nezicatshulwa zezilwanyana (ezifana neepheromones).I-United States kunye namanye amazwe ikwahlela izibulali-zinambuzane eziphuma kwiminerali ezifana ne-oyile yeminerali njengezibulali-zinambuzane.
I-SEIJ yaseJapan ihlela i-biopesticides kwizitshabalalisi eziphilayo kunye nezinto ze-biogenic pesticides, kwaye ihlela iipheromones, i-microbial metabolites (i-antibiotics yezolimo), izicatshulwa zezityalo, izibulali-zinambuzane ezithathwe kwiminerali, izicatshulwa zezilwanyana (ezifana ne-arthropod venom), i-nanoantibodies, kunye nezityalo ezifakwe kwi-biogenic agents. izinto ezibulala izinambuzane.I-Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives yaseJapan ihlela izibulala-zinambuzane zaseJapan zibe zii-arthropods zotshaba lwendalo, i-nematodes yotshaba lwendalo, i-microorganisms kunye nezinto ze-biogenic, kwaye ihlela i-Bacillus thuringiensis engasebenziyo njenge-microorganisms kwaye ayibandakanyi amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kudidi lwe-biopesticides.Nangona kunjalo, kulawulo lwezitshabalalisi ngokwenyani, i-biopesticides yaseJapan ichazwa kancinci njengezitshabalalisi eziphilayo, oko kukuthi, "iiarhente zolawulo lwebhayoloji ezinje nge-antagonistic microorganisms, iintsholongwane zezityalo, iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic, izinambuzane ezinambuzane, i-parasitic nematodes, i-parasitic kunye ne-arthropods ehlaselayo esetyenziselwa ukulawula intsholongwane. izitshabalalisi”.Ngamanye amazwi, imichiza yebhayoloji yaseJapan zizibulali zinambuzane ezithengisa izinto eziphilayo ezinje ngemicroorganisms, entomopathetic nematodes kunye nezinto eziziintshaba zendalo njengezithako ezisebenzayo, ngelixa iindidi kunye neentlobo zezinto zebhayoloji ezibhaliswe eJapan azikho kudidi lwebiopesticides.Ukongeza, ngokutsho kweJapan "Imilinganiselo yoNyango lweZiphumo zoVavanyo loKhuseleko olunxulumene nesicelo soBhaliso lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezinamagciwane", i-microorganisms eguqulwe ngofuzo kunye nezityalo azikho phantsi kolawulo lwe-biological pesticides eJapan.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezoLimo, amaHlathi kunye nezokuLoba nayo iqalise inkqubo yokuvavanya kwakhona izibulala-zinambuzane kwaye yaphuhlisa imigangatho emitsha yokungabhaliswa kwe-biopesticides ukunciphisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokusetyenziswa kunye nokusasazeka kwe-biopesticides kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindawo yokuhlala. okanye ukukhula kwezilwanyana nezityalo kwindawo ehlala kuyo.
Uluhlu olusanda kukhutshwa "Uludwe lweeNgeniso zokutyala okuphilayo" nguMphathiswa wezoLimo, amaHlathi kunye nezokuLoba eJapan ngo-2022 lubandakanya zonke izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi ezinemvelaphi yebhayoloji.I-biopesticides yaseJapan ikhululwe ekusekweni kwe-Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) kunye neMida yeResidue ephezulu (MRL), zombini ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwimveliso yeemveliso zezolimo phantsi koMgangatho wezoLimo waseJapan (JAS).
2. Isishwankathelo sokubhaliswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji eJapan
Njengelizwe elikhokelayo kuphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, iJapan inenkqubo yobhaliso epheleleyo yobhaliso lwesitshabalalisi kunye nobhaliso olutyebileyo lwezibulali-zinambuzane.Ngokwezibalo zombhali, ukusukela ngo-2023, kukho amalungiselelo e-biological pesticide angama-99 abhalisiweyo kwaye asebenzayo eJapan, abandakanya izithako ezisebenzayo ezingama-47, ezibalelwa malunga ne-8.5% yezithako ezisebenzayo ezibhalisiweyo.Phakathi kwazo, izithako ze-35 zisetyenziselwa i-insecticide (kubandakanywa ne-2 nematocides), izithako ze-12 zisetyenziselwa ukuvala inzala, kwaye azikho i-herbicides okanye ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo (Umfanekiso 1).Nangona i-pheromones ingezizo ezodidi lwe-biopesticides e-Japan, zihlala zikhuthazwa kwaye zisetyenziswe kunye ne-biopesticides njengezinto zokutyala eziphilayo.
2.1 Izibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji zeentshaba zendalo
Kukho izithako ezisebenzayo ezingama-22 zotshaba lwendalo lwe-biopesticides ezibhalisiweyo eJapan, ezinokohlulwa zibe zizinambuzane ezizifunxi-gazi, izinambuzane eziziqwengayo kunye namangolwane ngokweentlobo zebhayoloji kunye nendlela yokwenza.Phakathi kwazo, izinambuzane eziziqwengayo kunye namangolwane atya izinambuzane eziyingozi ekutyeni, kwaye izinambuzane ezizifunxi-gazi zibeka amaqanda kwizitshabalalisi zezinambuzane kunye nemibungu yazo eqanduselweyo itya lo mkhosi kwaye iphuhlisele ukubulala umkhosi.Izinambuzane ze-hymenoptera, ezifana ne-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-aphid bee, i-hemiptera bee kunye ne-Mylostomus japonicus, ezibhaliswe eJapan, zisetyenziselwa ukulawula i-aphids, iimpukane kunye neempukane ezimhlophe kwimifuno elinywa kwi-greenhouse. kunye ne-chrysoptera edliwayo, i-bug bug, i-ladybug kunye ne-thrips zisetyenziselwa ukulawula i-aphids, i-thrips kunye neempukane ezimhlophe kwimifuno elinywa kwi-greenhouse.Amangolwane asetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni isigcawu esibomvu, amantshontsho amagqabi, ityrophage, ipleurotarsus, ithrips kunye newhitefly kwimifuno, iintyatyambo, imithi yeziqhamo, iimbotyi kunye neetapile ezilinywa kwigreenhouse, nakwimifuno, imithi yeziqhamo kunye neti etyalwe amasimi.Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Ukubhaliswa kweentshaba zendalo ezifana no-O. sauteri akuzange kuhlaziywe.
2.2 Izitshabalalisi zeMicrobial
Kukho iintlobo ze-23 ze-microbial pesticides ezisebenzayo ezibhalisiweyo e-Japan, ezinokuthi zohlulwe zibe yintsholongwane ebulala izinambuzane / izibulala-kungunda, izitshabalalisi zebhaktiriya / izibulali fungi kunye nezibulali zinambuzane / izibulali fungi ngokweentlobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-microorganisms.Phakathi kwazo, ii-microbial insecticide zibulala okanye zilawula izinambuzane ngokusulela, ukuphindaphinda kunye nokukhupha i-toxins.I-Microbial fungicides ilawula iibhaktheriya ze-pathogenic ngokusebenzisa ukhuphiswano lwekholoni, ukukhutshwa kwe-antimicrobials okanye i-metabolites yesibini, kunye nokungeniswa kokuchasana kwezityalo [1-2, 7-8, 11].I-Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum kunye nePepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, kunye nokubhaliswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zemicrobial ezifana ne-xamonasvthorisvthorisv. I-Drechslera monoceras ayizange ihlaziywe.
2.2.1 Amachiza okubulala izinambuzane
Izitshabalalisi zentsholongwane yegranular kunye nenyukliya ye-polyhedroid virus ezibhaliswe eJapan zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukulawula izitshabalalisi ezithile ezifana ne-apple ringworm, iti rhivane kunye ne-tea longleaf ringworm, kunye ne-Streptococcus aureus kwizityalo ezifana neziqhamo, imifuno kunye neembotyi.Njengesona zinambuzane sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwintsholongwane, i-Bacillus thuringiensis isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukulawula izinambuzane ze-lepidoptera kunye ne-hemiptera kwizityalo ezifana nemifuno, iziqhamo, irayisi, iitapile kunye ne-turf.Phakathi kwezitshabalalisi zokungunda ezibhalisiweyo, iBeauveria bassiana isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukulawula izitshabalalisi zomlomo ezihlafunwayo nezihlabayo ezifana namathrips, izinambuzane zesikali, iimpukane ezimhlophe, iimites, ooqongqothwane, idayimani kunye nentwala kwimifuno, iziqhamo, ipayina kunye neti.I-Beauveria brucei isetyenziselwa ukulawula izitshabalalisi ze-coleoptera ezifana ne-longiceps kunye nooqongqothwane kwimithi yeziqhamo, imithi, i-angelica, iintyatyambo zecherry kunye namakhowa e-shiitake.I-Metarhizium anisopliae esetyenziselwa ukulawula i-thrips kwi-greenhouse ukulima imifuno kunye nemango;I-Paecilomyces furosus kunye ne-Paecilopus pectus zaye zasetyenziselwa ukulawula i-whitefly, i-aphids kunye nesigcawu esibomvu kwi-greenhouse imifuno kunye namaqunube.I-fungus isetyenziselwa ukulawula iimpukane ezimhlophe kunye ne-thrips kwi-greenhouse kulinywa imifuno, imango, i-chrysanthemums kunye ne-lisiflorum.
Njengokuphela kwe-microbial nematocide ebhalisiweyo kwaye esebenzayo eJapan, i-Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-root knot nematode kwimifuno, iitapile kunye namakhiwane.
2.2.2 Ii-Microbiocides
Isitshabalalisi esifana nentsholongwane izucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain ebhalisiweyo eJapan sasetyenziswa ukulawula isifo sikaMosaic kunye nefusarium wilt ebangelwa yintsholongwane enxulumene ne cucumber.Phakathi kwe-bacteriological fungicides ebhaliswe eJapan, i-Bacillus amylolitica isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo zokungunda ezifana nokubola okumdaka, ukungunda okungwevu, i-black blight, isifo seenkwenkwezi ezimhlophe, i-powdery mildew, ukungunda okumnyama, ukungunda kwamagqabi, isifo sebala, i-rust emhlophe kunye ne-leaf blight. kwimifuno, iziqhamo, iintyatyambo, iihops kunye necuba.I-Bacillus simplex yayisetyenziselwa uthintelo kunye nonyango lokunyangwa kwebhaktiriya kunye ne-bacterial blight blight yerayisi.I-Bacillus subtilis isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo ze-bacteria kunye ne-fungal ezifana ne-gray mold, i-powdery mildew, isifo seenkwenkwezi ezimnyama, i-rice blast, i-leaf mildew, i-black blight, i-leaf blight, ibala elimhlophe, i-spekle, isifo se-canker, i-blight, isifo esimnyama; isifo samachaphaza amdaka, isifo samagqabi amnyama kunye nesifo sebhaktiriya semifuno, iziqhamo, irayisi, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zokuhombisa, iimbotyi, iitapile, iihops, icuba kunye namakhowa.Iintlobo ze-non-pathogenic ze-Erwenella soft rot subspecies zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambileyo kunye nesifo se-canker kwimifuno, i-citrus, i-cycleen kunye neetapile.I-Pseudomonas fluorescens isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola okumnyama kwebhaktiriya kunye nokubola kwentyatyambo kwimifuno emagqabi.I-Pseudomonas roseni isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambileyo, ukubola okumnyama, ukubola, ukubola kwentyatyambo, indawo yebhaktiriya, indawo emnyama yebhaktiriya, ukugqobhoza kwebhaktiriya, ukubola okuthambileyo kwebhaktiriya, ukubola kwesiqu sebhaktiriya, ukubola kwesebe lebhaktiriya kunye nentsholongwane yebhaktiriya kwimifuno kunye neziqhamo.I-Phagocytophage mirabile isetyenziselwa ukulawula isifo sokudumba kweengcambu zemifuno e-cruciferous, kunye neebhaktheriya zebhaskiti etyheli zisetyenziselwa ulawulo lwe-powdery mildew, ukungunda okumnyama, i-anthrax, i-leaf mold, i-gray mold, i-rice blast, i-bacterial blight, i-bacterial wilt, i-brown streak. , isifo esibi seedling kunye ne-seedling blight kwimifuno, i-strawberries kunye nerayisi, kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kweengcambu zezityalo.ILactobacillus plantarum isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubola okuthambileyo kwimifuno kunye neetapile.Phakathi kwee-fungicides ezibhalisiweyo eJapan, i-Scutellaria microscutella yayisetyenziselwa ukuthintela kunye nokulawula ukubola kwe-sclerotium kwimifuno, ukubola okumnyama kwi-scallions kunye negalikhi.I-Trichoderma viridis isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo ze-bacteria kunye ne-fungal ezifana ne-rice blight, isifo se-bacterial brown streak, i-leaf blight kunye ne-rice blast, kunye nesifo se-asparagus purple streak kunye nesifo se-silk emhlophe yecuba.
2.3 I-Entomopathogenic nematodes
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-entomopathogenic nematodes ezibhaliswe ngokufanelekileyo eJapan, kunye neendlela zabo ze-insecticidal [1-2, 11] ikakhulu zibandakanya umonakalo wokuhlaselwa koomatshini, ukusetyenziswa kwesondlo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa komonakalo weeseli zezicubu, kunye neebhaktheriya ze-symbiotic ezifihla i-toxins.I-Steinernema carpocapsae kunye ne-S. glaseri, ebhaliswe eJapan, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibhatata, i-olive, amakhiwane, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zamagqabi, iintyatyambo ze-cherry, i-plums, iipesika, amajikijolo abomvu, ii-apula, amakhowa, imifuno, i-turf kunye ne-ginkgo Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezinambuzane. njenge Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Tree Borer yokutya encinci, , i-aculema yaseJaponica kunye ne-Red fungus.Ukubhaliswa kwe-entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai akuzange kuhlaziywe.
3. Isishwankathelo kunye nembono
EJapan, i-biopesticides ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lokutya, ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye ne-biodiversity, kunye nokugcina uphuhliso lwezolimo oluzinzileyo.Ngokungafaniyo namazwe kunye nemimandla efana ne-United States, i-European Union, i-China kunye ne-Vietnam [1, 7-8], amayeza e-biopesticides aseJapan achazwa kancinane njenge-non-genetically modified biocontrol ephilayo enokuthi isetyenziswe njengezinto zokutyala eziphilayo.Okwangoku, kukho izitshabalalisi ezingama-47 zebhayoloji ezibhalisiweyo kwaye ezisebenzayo eJapan, ezingakwiintshaba zendalo, iintsholongwane kunye nezinambuzane ze-pathogenic nematodes, kwaye zisetyenziselwa uthintelo kunye nolawulo lwee-arthropods eziyingozi, i-parasitic nematodes yezityalo kunye ne-pathogens ekulinyweni kwegreenhouse kunye nezityalo zasendle ezinje. njengemifuno, iziqhamo, irayisi, imithi yeti, imithi, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zokuhombisa kunye neengca.Nangona ezi biopesticides zinezibonelelo zokhuseleko oluphezulu, umngcipheko ophantsi wokunganyangeki kumachiza, ukuzikhangela okanye ukuphelisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ixesha elide lokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi, zikwanazo izinto ezingeloncedo ezinjengozinzo olulambathayo, ukusebenza kancinci, ukungahambelani kakuhle. , i-spectrum yokulawula kunye nexesha elimxinwa lokusebenzisa iwindow.Kwelinye icala, uluhlu lwezityalo kunye nezinto zokulawula ukubhaliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane e-Japan nazo zilinganiselwe, kwaye azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yezibulali-zinambuzane zemichiza ukuphumeza ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo.Ngokwezibalo [3], ngo-2020, ixabiso le-biopesticides elisetyenziswe eJapan libalelwa kwi-0.8% kuphela, ephantsi kakhulu kunomlinganiselo wenani elibhalisiweyo lezithako ezisebenzayo.
Njengowona mgaqo wophuhliso woshishino lwezitshabalalisi kwixesha elizayo, izibulali-zinambuzane ziyaphandwa ngakumbi kwaye ziphuhliswe kwaye zibhaliselwe imveliso yezolimo.Idityaniswe nenkqubela phambili yesayensi yebhayoloji kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nokubalasela kwexabiso lenzuzo yophando lwe-biopesticide kunye nophuhliso, ukuphuculwa kokhuseleko lokutya kunye nomgangatho, umthwalo wokusingqongileyo kunye neemfuno zophuhliso oluzinzileyo kwezolimo, imarike ye-biopesticide yaseJapan iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokukhawuleza.Uphando lwe-Inkwood luqikelela ukuba imakethi yaseJapan ye-biopesticide iya kukhula ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esiyi-22.8% ukusuka ku-2017 ukuya ku-2025, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-729 yezigidi zeerandi ngo-2025. Ngokuphunyezwa kwe “Green Food System Strategy”, kusetyenziswa amayeza kumafama aseJapan
Ixesha lokuposa: May-14-2024