Utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwabantu kube yimingeni ephambili kukhuseleko lokutya kwihlabathi liphela. Esinye isisombululo esithembisayo kukusetyenziswaabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo(ii-PGR) zokwandisa isivuno sezityalo nokoyisa iimeko zokukhula ezingathandekiyo ezifana nemozulu yasentlango. Kutshanje, i-carotenoid zaxinone kunye nezinye ezimbini ezifana nayo (iMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5) zibonakalise umsebenzi othembisayo wokukhuthaza ukukhula kwizityalo eziziinkozo nemifuno phantsi kweemeko zegreenhouse kunye nentsimi. Apha, siphande ngakumbi ngemiphumo yoxinzelelo olwahlukeneyo lweMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 (5 μM kunye ne-10 μM ngo-2021; 2.5 μM kunye ne-5 μM ngo-2022) ekukhuleni nasekuveliseni kwezityalo ezimbini zemifuno ezinexabiso eliphezulu eCambodia: iitapile kunye nestrawberry saseSaudi Arabia. IArabia. Kwizilingo ezintlanu ezizimeleyo zentsimi ukususela ngo-2021 ukuya ku-2022, ukusetyenziswa kweMiZax zombini kuphucule kakhulu iimpawu zezityalo zezolimo, izinto zesivuno kunye nesivuno siphela. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iMiZax isetyenziswa kwiidosi eziphantsi kakhulu kune-humic acid (ikhompawundi esetyenziswa kakhulu yorhwebo esetyenziswa apha ukuthelekisa). Ngoko ke, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba iMiZax ngumlawuli othembisayo kakhulu wokukhula kwezityalo onokusetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kunye nesivuno sezityalo zemifuno nokuba zisentlango kwaye zingabi namazinga aphantsi.
Ngokutsho kwe-Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), iinkqubo zethu zokuvelisa ukutya kufuneka ziphindwe kathathu ngo-2050 ukuze zondle uluntu olukhulayo kwihlabathi liphela (FAO: Ihlabathi liya kufuna ukutya okungaphezulu ngama-70% ngo-20501). Enyanisweni, ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwabemi, ungcoliseko, ukuhamba kwezinambuzane kunye nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nembalela ebangelwa lutshintsho lwemozulu zonke ziyimingeni ejongene nokhuseleko lokutya lwehlabathi2. Kule meko, ukwandisa isivuno esikhulu sezityalo zezolimo kwiimeko ezingezizo ezilungileyo yenye yezisombululo ezingenakuphikiswa kule ngxaki iphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekufumanekeni kwezondlo emhlabeni kwaye kuthintelwa kakhulu zizinto ezimbi zokusingqongileyo, kubandakanya imbalela, ityuwa okanye uxinzelelo lwebhayoloji3,4,5. Olu xinzelelo lunokuchaphazela kakubi impilo kunye nophuhliso lwezityalo kwaye ekugqibeleni lukhokelele ekuncipheni kwesivuno sezityalo6. Ukongeza, izibonelelo zamanzi acocekileyo ezinqongopheleyo zichaphazela kakhulu ukunkcenkceshela izityalo, ngelixa utshintsho lwemozulu lwehlabathi lunciphisa kakhulu indawo yomhlaba olimekayo kwaye iziganeko ezifana namaza obushushu zinciphisa imveliso yezityalo7,8. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aqhelekile kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kuquka neSaudi Arabia. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-biostimulants okanye ii-plant growth regulators (PGRs) kuluncedo ekufinyezeni umjikelo wokukhula kunye nokwandisa isivuno. Kunokuphucula ukuqina kwezityalo kwaye kwenze izityalo zikwazi ukumelana neemeko zokukhula ezingathandekiyo9. Kule meko, ii-biostimulants kunye nee-plant growth regulators zingasetyenziswa kumanqanaba afanelekileyo ukuphucula ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nemveliso10,11.
IiCarotenoids zii-tetraterpenoids ezikwasebenza njengezinto ezizandulela ii-phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) kunye ne-strigolactone (SL)12,13,14, kunye ne-growth regulators ezisandula ukufunyanwa ze-zaxinone, i-anorene kunye ne-cyclocitral15,16,17,18,19. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwee-metabolites zokwenyani, kubandakanya ne-carotenoid derivatives, zinemithombo yendalo elinganiselweyo kunye/okanye azizinzanga, nto leyo eyenza ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokuthe ngqo kule ntsimi kube nzima. Ke ngoko, kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ii-analogues/mimetics ezininzi ze-ABA kunye ne-SL ziye zaphuhliswa kwaye zavavanywa kwizicelo zezolimo20,21,22,23,24,25. Ngokufanayo, kutshanje siphuhlise ii-mimetics ze-zaxinone (MiZax), i-metabolite ekhuthaza ukukhula enokuthi isebenzise imiphumo yayo ngokuphucula i-metabolism yeswekile kunye nokulawula i-SL homeostasis kwiingcambu zerayisi19,26. Iimodeli ze-zaxinone 3 (MiZax3) kunye neMiZax5 (izakhiwo zeekhemikhali eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 1A) zibonise umsebenzi webhayoloji ofana nowe-zaxinone kwizityalo zerayisi zasendle ezikhuliswa emanzini nasemhlabathini26. Ngaphezu koko, unyango lwetamatato, isundu sesundu, ipepile eluhlaza kunye nethanga nge-zaxinone, iMiZax3 kunye neMiZx5 ziphucule ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nemveliso, oko kukuthi, isivuno sepepile kunye nomgangatho, phantsi kweemeko zegreenhouse kunye nentsimi evulekileyo, okubonisa indima yazo njengezinto ezivuselelayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwePGR27. . Okunomdla kukuba, iMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 nazo ziphucule ukunyamezela ityuwa yepepile eluhlaza ekhuliswe phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zetyuwa, kwaye iMiZax3 yonyusa umxholo we-zinc kwiziqhamo xa zigqunywe nge-zinc-containing metal-organic frameworks7,28.
(A) Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali zeMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5. (B) Isiphumo sokutshiza i-MZ3 kunye ne-MZ5 kumanqanaba e-5 µM kunye ne-10 µM kwizityalo zeetapile phantsi kweemeko ezivulekileyo. Olu vavanyo luza kwenzeka ngo-2021. Idatha iboniswa njenge-avareji ± SD. n≥15. Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwendlela enye yokwahluka (ANOVA) kunye novavanyo lwe-post hoc lukaTukey. Ii-asterisk zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, ayibalulekanga). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5; HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Kulo msebenzi, sivavanye iMiZax (MiZax3 kunye neMiZax5) kumanqanaba amathathu eefoliar (5 µM kunye ne-10 µM ngo-2021 kunye ne-2.5 µM kunye ne-5 µM ngo-2022) saza sazithelekisa neetapile (iSolanum tuberosum L). I-humic acid yokulawula ukukhula kwezorhwebo (HA) ithelekiswe neestrawberry (Fragaria ananassa) kuvavanyo lwe-strawberry greenhouse ngo-2021 nango-2022 nakwiimvavanyo ezine zasentsimini eBukumkanini baseSaudi Arabia, ummandla oqhelekileyo wemozulu yasentlango. Nangona i-HA yi-biostimulant esetyenziswa kakhulu eneziphumo ezininzi eziluncedo, kubandakanya ukwandisa ukufumaneka kwezondlo emhlabeni kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo ngokulawula i-homeostasis yehomoni, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba iMiZax ingcono kune-HA.
Iityhubhu zeetapile zohlobo lweDayimani zithengwe kwiJabbar Nasser Al Bishi Trading Company, eJeddah, eSaudi Arabia. Izithole zeentlobo ezimbini zestrawberry “Sweet Charlie” kunye “Festival” kunye ne-humic acid zithengwe kwiModern Agritech Company, eRiyadh, eSaudi Arabia. Zonke izixhobo zezityalo ezisetyenzisiweyo kulo msebenzi ziyahambelana neNkcazo yoMgaqo-nkqubo we-IUCN malunga noPhando oluNxulumene neentlobo zezilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela kunye neSivumelwano soRhwebo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana zasendle kunye neentyatyambo ezisengozini yokuphela.
Indawo yovavanyo ikwiHada Al-Sham, eSaudi Arabia (21°48′3″N, 39°43′25″E). Umhlaba unesanti eyomileyo, i-pH 7.8, EC 1.79 dcm-130. Iimpawu zomhlaba ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S1.
Izithole ezintathu zestrawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D. var. Festival) kwinqanaba lamagqabi okwenyani zahlulwe zangamaqela amathathu ukuze kuvavanywe isiphumo sokutshiza i-foliar nge-10 μM MiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 kwiimpawu zokukhula kunye nexesha lokudubula phantsi kweemeko zegreenhouse. Ukutshiza amagqabi ngamanzi (aqulethe i-0.1% acetone) kwasetyenziswa njengonyango lokumisela imodeli. Ukutshiza i-foliar yeMiZax kwasetyenziswa amaxesha asi-7 ngamaxesha eveki enye. Kwenziwe uvavanyo oluzimeleyo kabini ngoSeptemba 15 nango-28, 2021, ngokulandelelana. Umthamo wokuqala wekhompawundi nganye yi-50 ml kwaye emva koko wanda kancinci kancinci ukuya kwidosi yokugqibela ye-250 ml. Kwiiveki ezimbini ezilandelelanayo, inani lezityalo ezidubulayo larekhodwa yonke imihla kwaye izinga lokudubula labalwa ekuqaleni kweveki yesine. Ukufumanisa iimpawu zokukhula, inani lamagqabi, ubunzima besityalo esitsha nesomileyo, indawo iyonke yamagqabi, kunye nenani le-stolons ngesityalo ngasinye zalinganiswa ekupheleni kwesigaba sokukhula kunye nasekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuzala. Ummandla wamagqabi ulinganiswe kusetyenziswa isixhobo sokulinganisa ummandla wamagqabi kwaye iisampulu ezintsha zomiswa kwi-oven kwi-100°C kangangeeyure ezingama-48.
Kwenziwe uvavanyo lwentsimi ezimbini: ukulima kwangethuba nangokufika kade. Iingcambu zeetapile zohlobo lwe-"Diamant" zityalwe ngoNovemba nangoFebruwari, kunye namaxesha okuvuthwa kwangethuba nangokufika kade, ngokulandelelana. Ii-Biostimulants (MiZax-3 kunye ne--5) zisetyenziswa kumanqanaba e-5.0 kunye ne-10.0 µM (2021) kunye ne-2.5 kunye ne-5.0 µM (2022). I-humic acid (HA) itshizwe nge-1 g/l amaxesha asibhozo ngeveki. Amanzi okanye i-acetone yasetyenziswa njengolawulo olubi. Uyilo lovavanyo lwentsimi luboniswe kwi (Umfanekiso oNcedisayo S1). Uyilo lwebhloko epheleleyo engacwangciswanga (RCBD) enommandla webhloko ye-2.5 m × 3.0 m lwasetyenziswa ukwenza uvavanyo lwentsimi. Unyango ngalunye luphindwe kathathu njengeekopi ezizimeleyo. Umgama phakathi kwebhloko nganye yi-1.0 m, kwaye umgama phakathi kwebhloko nganye yi-2.0 m. Umgama phakathi kwezityalo yi-0.6 m, umgama phakathi kwemigca yi-1 m. Izityalo zeetapile zazinkcenkceshelwa imihla ngemihla ngedriphu ngesantya se-3.4 l ngedrophu nganye. Le nkqubo isebenza kabini ngemini imizuzu eli-10 rhoqo ukuze izityalo zifumane amanzi. Zonke iindlela zobugcisa bezolimo ezicetyiswayo zokukhulisa iitapile phantsi kweemeko zembalela zisetyenzisiwe31. Kwiinyanga ezine emva kokutyala, ubude besityalo (cm), inani lamasebe ngesityalo ngasinye, ukwakheka kwetapile kunye nesivuno, kunye nomgangatho wetyhubhu zilinganiswe kusetyenziswa iindlela eziqhelekileyo.
Izithole zeentlobo ezimbini zestrawberry (iSweet Charlie kunye neFestival) zivavanyiwe phantsi kweemeko zasentsimini. Ii-Biostimulants (iMiZax-3 kunye ne--5) zisetyenziswe njenge-spray zamagqabi kumanqanaba e-5.0 kunye ne-10.0 µM (2021) kunye ne-2.5 kunye ne-5.0 µM (2022) izihlandlo ezisibhozo ngeveki. Sebenzisa i-1 g ye-HA ngelitha njenge-spray yamagqabi ngokuhambelana ne-MiZax-3 kunye ne--5, kunye nomxube wolawulo lwe-H2O okanye i-acetone njengolawulo olubi. Izithole zestrawberry zityalwe kwindawo eyi-2.5 x 3 m ekuqaleni kukaNovemba kunye nesithuba sesityalo se-0.6 m kunye nesithuba semigca se-1 m. Olu vavanyo lwenziwe kwi-RCD kwaye lwaphindwa kathathu. Izityalo zaniselwa imizuzu eli-10 yonke imihla ngentsimbi yesi-7:00 kunye ne-17:00 kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela nge-drip equlethe ii-drippers ezibekwe kwindawo eyi-0.6 m kwaye zinamandla e-3.4 L. Izixhobo ze-agrotechnical kunye neeparameter zesivuno zilinganiswe ngexesha lokukhula. Umgangatho weziqhamo kuquka i-TSS (%), i-vitamin C32, i-asidi kunye nee-phenolic compounds zizonke33 zivavanyiwe kwiLebhu yePhysiology and Technology emva kokuvuna kwiYunivesithi yaseKing Abdulaziz.
Idatha ivezwa njengeendlela kwaye iinguqulelo zivezwa njengeenguqu ezisemgangathweni. Ukubaluleka kwezibalo kumiselwe kusetyenziswa i-ANOVA yendlela enye (i-ANOVA yendlela enye) okanye i-ANOVA yendlela ezimbini kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lweTukey lokuthelekisa okuninzi kusetyenziswa inqanaba lokunokwenzeka le-p < 0.05 okanye uvavanyo lwe-t lomfundi olunemisila emibini ukuze kufunyanwe umahluko obalulekileyo (*p < 0.05, * *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Zonke iinkcazo zezibalo zenziwe kusetyenziswa iGraphPad Prism version 8.3.0. Ii-Associations zivavanyiwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwecandelo eliphambili (PCA), indlela yezibalo ezininzi, kusetyenziswa iphakheji ye-R 34.
Kwingxelo yangaphambili, sibonise umsebenzi wokukhuthaza ukukhula kweMiZax kwi-5 kunye ne-10 μM concentrations kwizityalo zezityalo kwaye siphucule isalathisi se-chlorophyll kwi-Soil Plant Assay (SPAD)27. Ngokusekelwe kwezi ziphumo, sisebenzise uxinano olufanayo ukuvavanya imiphumo yeMiZax kwiitapile, isityalo esibalulekileyo sokutya sehlabathi, kwiimvavanyo zasentsimini kwiindawo zasentlango ngo-2021. Ngokukodwa, besinomdla wokuvavanya ukuba iMiZax inganyusa na ukuqokelelwa kwesitatshi, imveliso yokugqibela ye-photosynthesis. Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kweMiZax kuphucule ukukhula kwezityalo zetapile xa kuthelekiswa ne-humic acid (HA), nto leyo ebangele ukwanda kobude besityalo, i-biomass kunye nenani lamasebe (Umzobo 1B). Ukongeza, siqaphele ukuba i-5 μM MiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 zinefuthe elinamandla ekwandiseni ubude besityalo, inani lamasebe, kunye ne-biomass yesityalo xa kuthelekiswa ne-10 μM (Umfanekiso 1B). Kunye nokukhula okuphuculweyo, iMiZax ikwandise isivuno, esilinganiswa linani kunye nobunzima beetyhubhu ezivuniweyo. Isiphumo esiluncedo ngokubanzi asizange sibonakale kangako xa iMiZax inikwa kwi-concentration ye-10 μM, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba la ma-compounds kufuneka anikwe kwi-concentrations engaphantsi kweli (Umfanekiso 1B). Ukongeza, asibonanga mahluko kuzo zonke iiparameter ezirekhodiweyo phakathi kwe-acetone (mock) kunye nonyango lwamanzi (control), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iziphumo zokuguqulwa kokukhula ezibonweyo azibangelwanga yi-solvent, nto leyo ehambelana nengxelo yethu yangaphambili27.
Ekubeni ixesha lokukhula kwetapile eSaudi Arabia liquka ukuvuthwa kwangethuba nasekupheleni kwexesha, senze uphando lwesibini lwentsimi ngo-2022 sisebenzisa ubuninzi obuphantsi (2.5 kunye ne-5 µM) kwixesha lonyaka ezimbini ukuvavanya impembelelo yexesha lonyaka yamasimi avulekileyo (Umfanekiso oNcedisayo S2A). Njengoko bekulindelekile, zombini ukusetyenziswa kwe-5 μM MiZax kuvelise iziphumo zokukhuthaza ukukhula ezifana novavanyo lokuqala: ukuphakama kwesityalo okwandisiweyo, ukwanda kwamasebe, i-biomass ephezulu, kunye nokwanda kwenani lee-tuber (Umzobo 2; Umfanekiso oNcedisayo S3). Okubalulekileyo, sibonile iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zezi PGRs kubuninzi be-2.5 μM, ngelixa unyango lwe-GA lungakhange lubonise iziphumo eziqikelelweyo. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba iMiZax ingasetyenziswa nokuba kumanqanaba aphantsi kunokuba bekulindelwe. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kweMiZax nako kwandisa ubude nobubanzi bee-tubers (Umfanekiso oNcedisayo S2B). Sikwafumene ukwanda okukhulu kubunzima bee-tuber, kodwa ubuninzi be-2.5 µM busetyenziswe kuphela kuzo zombini ixesha lonyaka lokutyala;
Uvavanyo lwezityalo olubonisa impembelelo yeMiZax kwizityalo zeetapile ezivuthwa kwangoko kwintsimi ye-KAU, lwenziwe ngo-2022. Idatha imele i-mean ± standard deviation. n≥15. Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwendlela enye yokwahluka (ANOVA) kunye novavanyo lwe-post hoc lukaTukey. Ii-asterisk zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, ayibalulekanga). HA – humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5; HA – humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Ukuze kuqondwe ngcono iziphumo zonyango (T) kunye nonyaka (Y), i-ANOVA eneendlela ezimbini isetyenzisiwe ukuhlola ukusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y). Nangona zonke ii-biostimulants (T) zonyusa kakhulu ubude besityalo seetapile kunye ne-biomass, yi-MiZax3 kunye ne-MiZax5 kuphela ezonyuse kakhulu inani lee-tuber kunye nobunzima, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iimpendulo ze-tubers zeetapile kwi-MiZax ezimbini zazifana kakhulu (Umzobo 3)). Ukongeza, ekuqaleni kwexesha lonyaka imozulu (https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/saudi-arabia/jeddah/climate) iba shushu ngakumbi (umndilili wama-28 °C kunye nokufuma kwama-52% (2022), nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu i-biomass iyonke yeetapile (Umzobo 2; Umfanekiso ongezelelweyo S3).
Funda ngeziphumo zonyango lwe-5 µm (T), unyaka (Y) kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y) kwiitapile. Idatha imele i-mean ± standard deviation. n ≥ 30. Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lweendlela ezimbini lwe-variance (ANOVA). Ii-asterisk zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, ayibalulekanga). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Nangona kunjalo, unyango lweMyzax belusathanda ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo ezikhula kade. Ngokubanzi, iimvavanyo zethu ezintathu ezizimeleyo zibonise ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweMiZax kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisakhiwo sesityalo ngokwandisa inani lamasebe. Enyanisweni, bekukho impembelelo ebalulekileyo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-(T) kunye ne-(Y) kwinani lamasebe emva konyango lweMiZax (Umzobo 3). Esi siphumo sihambelana nomsebenzi wabo njengabalawuli abangalunganga be-strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis26. Ukongeza, sibonise ngaphambili ukuba unyango lweZaxinone lubangela ukuqokelelwa kwesitatshi kwiingcambu zerayisi35, nto leyo enokuchaza ukwanda kobukhulu kunye nobunzima beetubers zeetapile emva konyango lweMiZax, kuba iitubers zenziwe kakhulu yisitatshi.
Izityalo zeziqhamo zizityalo ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho. Iistrawberry ziyachaphazeleka kwiimeko zoxinzelelo lwe-abiotic ezifana nembalela kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Ke ngoko, siphande ngempembelelo yeMiZax kwistrawberry ngokutshiza amagqabi. Siqale sanika iMiZax kuxinzelelo lwe-10 µM ukuvavanya impembelelo yayo ekukhuleni kwestrawberry (iCultivar Festival). Okunomdla kukuba, siqaphele ukuba iMiZax3 yonyuse kakhulu inani lee-stolons, ezihambelana nokwanda kwamasebe, ngelixa iMiZax5 iphucule izinga lokuqhakaza, i-biomass yezityalo, kunye nendawo yamagqabi phantsi kweemeko zegreenhouse (Umfanekiso oNcedisayo S4), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ezi zinto zimbini zinokuhluka ngokwebhayoloji. Iziganeko 26,27. Ukuze siqonde ngakumbi imiphumo yazo kwistrawberry phantsi kweemeko zolimo zokwenyani, senze uvavanyo lwasemasimini sisebenzisa i-5 kunye ne-10 μM MiZax kwizityalo zestrawberry (cv. Sweet Charlie) ezikhuliswe kumhlaba onentlabathi encinci ngo-2021 (umzobo S5A). Xa kuthelekiswa ne-GC, asibonanga ukwanda kwe-biomass yezityalo, kodwa sifumene umkhwa wokunyuka kwenani leziqhamo (Umzobo C6A-B). Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kweMiZax kukhokelele ekonyukeni okukhulu kobunzima besiqhamo esinye kwaye kwabonisa ukuxhomekeka koxinzelelo (Umfanekiso Ongezelelweyo S5B; Umfanekiso Ongezelelweyo S6B), obonisa impembelelo yala balawuli bokukhula kwezityalo kumgangatho wesiqhamo sestrawberry xa sisetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko zasentlango.
Ukuze siqonde ukuba impembelelo yokukhuthaza ukukhula ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesityalo, sikhethe iintlobo ezimbini zestrawberry zorhwebo eSaudi Arabia (iSweet Charlie kunye noMnyhadala) saza senza izifundo ezimbini zasentsimini ngo-2022 sisebenzisa amanqanaba aphantsi eMiZax (2.5 kunye ne-5 µM). KwiSweet Charlie, nangona inani elipheleleyo leziqhamo lingazange linyuke kakhulu, i-biomass yeziqhamo ngokubanzi yayiphezulu kwizityalo eziphathwe ngeMiZax, kwaye inani leziqhamo ngeploti nganye landa emva konyango lweMiZax3 (Umzobo 4). Ezi datha zibonisa ngakumbi ukuba imisebenzi yebhayoloji yeMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 inokwahluka. Ukongeza, emva konyango ngeMyzax, sibone ukwanda kobunzima obutsha nobomileyo bezityalo, kunye nobude behlumela lezityalo. Ngokuphathelele inani le-stolons kunye nezityalo ezintsha, sifumene ukwanda kuphela kwi-5 μM MiZax (Umzobo 4), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lweMiZax luxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezityalo.
Impembelelo yeMiZax kwisakhiwo sesityalo kunye nesivuno sestrawberry (uhlobo lweSweet Charlie) oluvela kumasimi e-KAU, olwenziwe ngo-2022. Idatha imele i-mean ± ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo. n ≥ 15, kodwa inani leziqhamo kwisiza ngasinye libalwe ngokomndilili ukusuka kwizityalo ezili-15 ukusuka kumasimi amathathu (n = 3). Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwendlela enye yokwahluka (ANOVA) kunye novavanyo lwe-post hoc lukaTukey okanye uvavanyo lwe-t olunemisila emibini yoMfundi. Ii-asterisk zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, ayibalulekanga). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Sikwabone umsebenzi ofanayo wokukhuthaza ukukhula ngokunxulumene nobunzima beziqhamo kunye ne-biomass yezityalo kwi-strawberries zohlobo lweFestival (Umzobo 5), nangona kunjalo, asifumananga mahluko abalulekileyo kwinani lilonke leziqhamo kwisityalo ngasinye okanye kwiploti nganye (Umzobo 5); . Okunomdla kukuba, ukusetyenziswa kweMiZax kwandisa ubude besityalo kunye nenani le-stolons, okubonisa ukuba ezi zilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zinokusetyenziswa ukuphucula ukukhula kwezityalo zeziqhamo (Umzobo 5). Ukongeza, silinganise iiparameter ezininzi ze-biochemical ukuqonda umgangatho weziqhamo zeentlobo ezimbini zezityalo eziqokelelwe emasimini, kodwa asifumananga mahluko phakathi kwazo zonke iindlela zonyango (Umzobo ongezelelweyo S7; Umfanekiso ongezelelweyo S8).
Isiphumo seMiZax kwisakhiwo sesityalo kunye nesivuno sestrawberry kwintsimi ye-KAU (uhlobo lweFestival), 2022. Idatha iphakathi ± ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo. n ≥ 15, kodwa inani leziqhamo ngeploti nganye libalwe ngokomndilili ukusuka kwizityalo ezili-15 ukusuka kwiploti ezintathu (n = 3). Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwendlela enye yokwahluka (ANOVA) kunye novavanyo lwe-post hoc lukaTukey okanye uvavanyo lwe-t olunemisila emibini yoMfundi. Ii-asterisk zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, ayibalulekanga). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Kwizifundo zethu malunga nama-strawberry, imisebenzi yebhayoloji yeMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 ibonakalise ukuba yahlukile. Siqale sahlola iziphumo zonyango (T) kunye nonyaka (Y) kuhlobo olunye (Sweet Charlie) sisebenzisa i-ANOVA eneendlela ezimbini ukumisela ukusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y). Ngoko ke, i-GA ayizange ibe nefuthe kuhlobo lwe-strawberry (Sweet Charlie), ngelixa i-5 μM MiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 zonyusa kakhulu i-biomass yezityalo neziqhamo (Umzobo 6), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukusebenzisana kweendlela ezimbini kweMiZax ezimbini kufana kakhulu ekukhuthazeni imveliso ye-strawberry.
Vavanya iziphumo zonyango lwe-5 µM (T), unyaka (Y) kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo (T x Y) kwi-strawberries (cv. Sweet Charlie). Idatha imele i-mean ± standard deviation. n ≥ 30. Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lweendlela ezimbini lwe-variance (ANOVA). Ii-asterisk zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, ayibalulekanga). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Ukongeza, ekubeni umsebenzi weMiZax kwiindidi ezimbini wawuhlukile kancinci (Umzobo 4; Umzobo 5), senze i-ANOVA eneendlela ezimbini ngokuthelekisa unyango (T) kunye neendidi ezimbini (C). Okokuqala, akukho nyango luchaphazele inani leziqhamo ngeploti nganye (Umzobo 7), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba akukho ntsebenziswano ibalulekileyo phakathi kwe-(T x C) kwaye icebisa ukuba iMiZax kunye ne-HA azinazo igalelo kwinani leziqhamo lilonke. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iMiZax (kodwa hayi i-HA) yonyuse kakhulu ubunzima bezityalo, ubunzima beziqhamo, ii-stolons kunye nezityalo ezintsha (Umzobo 7), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 zikhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zestrawberry. Ngokusekelwe kwi-ANOVA eneendlela ezimbini (T x Y) kunye ne-(T x C), singagqiba kwelokuba imisebenzi yokukhuthaza ukukhula kweMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 phantsi kweemeko zasentsimini iyafana kakhulu kwaye iyahambelana.
Uvavanyo lonyango lwestrawberry nge-5 µM (T), iintlobo ezimbini (C) kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo (T x C). Idatha imele i-avareji ± ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo. n ≥ 30, kodwa inani leziqhamo ngeploti nganye libalwe ngokomndilili ukusuka kwizityalo ezili-15 ukusuka kwiploti ezintathu (n = 6). Uhlalutyo lwezibalo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lweendlela ezimbini lokwahluka (ANOVA). Ii-asterisk zibonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns, ayibalulekanga). HA – i-humic acid; MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Okokugqibela, sisebenzise uhlalutyo lwecandelo eliphambili (i-PCA) ukuvavanya imiphumo yeekhompawundi ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiitapile (i-T x Y) kunye neestrawberry (i-T x C). La manani abonisa ukuba unyango lwe-HA lufana ne-acetone kwiitapile okanye emanzini kwistrawberry (Umfanekiso 8), nto leyo ebonisa impembelelo encinci entle ekukhuleni kwezityalo. Okunomdla kukuba, imiphumo iyonke yeMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 ibonise ukusasazwa okufanayo kwiitapile (Umfanekiso 8A), ngelixa ukusasazwa kwezi khompawundi zimbini kwistrawberry kwakwahlukile (Umfanekiso 8B). Nangona iMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 zibonise ukusasazwa okuhle kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezityalo kunye nesivuno, uhlalutyo lwe-PCA lubonise ukuba umsebenzi wokulawula ukukhula unokuxhomekeka kwiintlobo zezityalo.
Uhlalutyo oluphambili lwecandelo (PCA) le (A) iitapile (T x Y) kunye (B) amaqunube (T x C). Amanqaku eeploti kumaqela omabini. Umgca odibanisa iqela ngalinye ukhokelela embindini weqela.
Ngamafutshane, ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zethu ezintlanu ezizimeleyo zasentsimini kwizityalo ezimbini ezinexabiso eliphezulu kwaye zihambelana neengxelo zethu zangaphambili ukusuka ngo-2020 ukuya ku-202226,27, iMiZax3 kunye neMiZax5 ngabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo abathembisayo abanokuphucula ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nesivuno. , kubandakanya iinkozo, izityalo ezinemithi (iintende zesundu) kunye nezityalo zeziqhamo zegadi26,27. Nangona iindlela zemolekyuli ezingaphaya kwemisebenzi yazo yebhayoloji zingabonakali, zinamandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa emasimini. Eyona nto ingcono, xa kuthelekiswa ne-humic acid, iMiZax isetyenziswa ngamanani amancinci kakhulu (inqanaba le-micromolar okanye le-milligram) kwaye iziphumo ezilungileyo zibonakala ngakumbi. Ke ngoko, siqikelela idosi yeMiZax3 ngokusetyenziswa ngakunye (ukusuka kuxinzelelo oluphantsi ukuya koluphezulu): 3, 6 okanye 12 g/ha, kunye nedosi yeMiZx5: 4, 7 okanye 13 g/ha, okwenza ezi PGR zibe luncedo ekuphuculeni isivuno sezityalo. Kuyenzeka kakhulu.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-29-2024