Ukusasazwa kwenzuzo yecandelo leezinambuzane ezibulala iintsholongwane "i-smile curve": amalungiselelo angama-50%, aphakathi angama-20%, amayeza okuqala ayi-15%, iinkonzo eziyi-15%

Uluhlu lwemveliso yokukhusela izityalo lunokwahlulwa lube ziikhonkco ezine: “izinto eziluhlaza – izinto eziphakathi – amayeza okuqala – amalungiselelo”. Ishishini lepetroleum/ikhemikhali liphezulu, elibonelela ngezinto eziluhlaza zeemveliso zokukhusela izityalo, ikakhulu izinto eziluhlaza zekhemikhali ezingaphiliyo ezifana ne-phosphorus etyheli kunye ne-chlorine engamanzi, kunye nezinto ezisisiseko zekhemikhali eziluhlaza ezifana ne-methanol kunye ne-“tribenzene”.

Ishishini eliphakathi liquka ikakhulu amayeza aphakathi kunye namayeza asebenzayo. Amayeza aphakathi asisiseko sokuveliswa kwamayeza asebenzayo, kwaye amayeza ahlukeneyo asebenzayo afuna amayeza aphakathi ahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yemveliso, anokwahlulwa abe ngamayeza aphakathi aqulethe i-fluorine, aphakathi aqulethe i-cyano, kunye namayeza aphakathi angena-cyclic. Iyeza lokuqala yimveliso yokugqibela eyenziwe ngezithako ezisebenzayo kunye nokungcola okufunyenwe kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane. Ngokwenjongo yolawulo, linokwahlulwa libe ngamayeza okubulala ukhula, izibulali-zinambuzane, izibulali-fungi njalo njalo.

Amashishini angaphantsi komhlaba agubungela kakhulu iimveliso zamayeza. Ngenxa yokunganyibiliki emanzini kunye nomxholo ophezulu wezithako ezisebenzayo, uninzi lwamayeza asebenzayo alunakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo, kufuneka kongezwe izongezo ezifanelekileyo (ezifana nezinyibilikisi, izixubisisi, izisasazi, njl.njl.) ezicutshungulwa kwiifom ezahlukeneyo zedosi, ezisetyenziswa kwezolimo, amahlathi, ukufuya izilwanyana, impilo kunye nezinye iindawo.

01Imeko yophuhliso lwemarike yezibulali-zinambuzane eTshayina

Isibulali-zinambuzaneIshishini le-intermediates liphakathi kweshishini le-pesticide, iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zilawula uphando olutsha lwe-pesticide kunye nophuhliso kunye neendlela zokuthengisa amalungiselelo e-terminal, uninzi lwe-intermediates kunye nee-arhente ezisebenzayo zikhetha ukuthenga eTshayina, eIndiya nakwamanye amazwe, iTshayina neIndiya ziye zaba ziindawo eziphambili zemveliso ye-intermediates kunye nee-arhente ezisebenzayo kwihlabathi liphela.

Imveliso yezixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane eTshayina igcine izinga lokukhula eliphantsi, kunye nezinga lokukhula eliphakathi lonyaka le-1.4% ukusuka ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2023. Amashishini ezixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane eTshayina achaphazeleka kakhulu yile migaqo-nkqubo, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla liphantsi. Izixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane eziveliswa eTshayina zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zoshishino lwezixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane, kodwa ezinye izixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane zisafuna ukungeniswa. Ezinye zazo ziveliswa eTshayina, kodwa ubungakanani okanye umgangatho awukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso; Elinye icala laseTshayina alikakwazi ukuvelisa.

Ukususela ngo-2017, imfuno yezixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane eTshayina yehle kakhulu, kwaye ukwehla kobukhulu bemarike kungaphantsi kokwehla kwemfuno. Ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwesenzo sokukhula kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye nezichumisi, ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye nemveliso yamayeza aluhlaza eTshayina buncitshisiwe kakhulu, kwaye imfuno yezixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane nayo incitshisiwe kakhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yemida yokukhuselwa kwendalo, ixabiso lemarike lezixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane ezininzi lenyuka ngokukhawuleza ngo-2017, okwenza ubungakanani bemarike yoshishino ngokubanzi buzinze, kwaye ixabiso lemarike lehla kancinci ukusuka ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2019 njengoko unikezelo lubuyela kwisiqhelo kancinci kancinci. Ngokwezibalo, ukusukela ngo-2022, ubungakanani bemarike yezixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane eTshayina bumalunga ne-68.78 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, kwaye ixabiso eliphakathi lemarike limalunga ne-17,500 yuan/toni.

02Imeko yophuhliso lwemarike yokulungiselela izibulali-zinambuzane eTshayina

Ukusasazwa kwenzuzo kwishishini lezibulali zinambuzane kubonisa iimpawu "zoncumo olunemiqolo": amalungiselelo abandakanya i-50%, aphakathi angama-20%, amayeza okuqala ayi-15%, iinkonzo eziyi-15%, kwaye ukuthengiswa kwamalungiselelo okuphela kwemveliso yeyona khonkco iphambili lenzuzo, ethatha indawo epheleleyo kukusasazwa kwenzuzo kwishishini lezibulali zinambuzane. Xa kuthelekiswa nokuveliswa kwamayeza okuqala, agxininisa kubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kunye nolawulo lweendleko, ukulungiswa kusondele kwimarike yesiphelo, kwaye amandla eshishini aphelele ngakumbi.

Ukongeza kuphando nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, icandelo lokulungiselela likwagxininisa kwiindlela kunye nokwakhiwa kophawu, inkonzo emva kokuthengisa, kunye nobukhulu bokhuphiswano olwahlukeneyo kunye nexabiso elongezelelweyo eliphezulu. Ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwesenzo sokungabikho kokukhula kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nesichumiso, imfuno yokulungiselela izibulali-zinambuzane eTshayina iqhubekile nokuncipha, nto leyo eye yachaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani bemarike kunye nesantya sophuhliso lweshishini. Okwangoku, ukuncipha kwemfuno yaseTshayina kukhokelele kwingxaki evelele yomthamo ogqithisileyo, nto leyo eye yandisa ukhuphiswano lwemarike kwaye yachaphazela inzuzo yamashishini kunye nophuhliso lweshishini.

Ubungakanani bokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eTshayina kunye nobungakanani bokulungiswa kwezibulali zinambuzane buphezulu kakhulu kunokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo eyenza intsalela yorhwebo. Ukususela ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2022, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezilungiso zezibulali zinambuzane zaseTshayina kuya kulungelelanisa, kuhlengahlengise kwaye kuphucule ukunyuka nokwehla. Ngo-2023, ubungakanani bokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezilungiso zezibulali zinambuzane zaseTshayina babuyi-974 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika, ukunyuka kwe-1.94% kwixesha elifanayo kunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye amazwe aphambili angenisa izinto yayiyi-Indonesia, iJapan kunye neJamani. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kufikelele kwi-$8.087 yezigidigidi, kwehle nge-27.21% ngonyaka, apho iindawo eziphambili zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yiBrazil (18.3%), i-Australia kunye ne-United States. I-70%-80% yemveliso yezibulali zinambuzane zaseTshayina ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, uluhlu lwezinto ezikwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe luza kucutshungulwa, kwaye ixabiso leemveliso zezibulali zinambuzane ezibekwe ngaphezulu liye lehla kakhulu, nto leyo esona sizathu siphambili sokwehla kobungakanani bokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezilungiso zezibulali zinambuzane ngo-2023.