I-Citrus, isityalo esiselusapho lwe-Arantioideae losapho lweRutaceae, sesinye sezona zityalo zibalulekileyo kwihlabathi, esithatha ikota yemveliso yeziqhamo zehlabathi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-citrus, kuquka i-citrus ebanzi, i-orenji, i-pomelo, i-grapefruit, ilamuni kunye nelamuni. Kumazwe angaphezu kwe-140 kunye nemimandla, kuquka iTshayina, iBrazil kunye ne-United States, indawo yokutyala i-citrus ifikelele kwi-10.5530 yezigidi ze-hm2, kwaye imveliso yayiyi-166.3030 yezigidi zeetoni. I-China lelona lizwe likhulu lokuvelisa nokuthengisa i-citrus kwihlabathi, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indawo yokutyala kunye nemveliso iyaqhubeka nokwanda, ngo-2022, indawo imalunga ne-3,033,500 hm2, imveliso ye-6,039 yezigidi zeetoni. Nangona kunjalo, ishishini le-citrus laseTshayina likhulu kodwa alinamandla, kwaye i-United States neBrazil kunye namanye amazwe zinomsantsa omkhulu.
I-Citrus ngumthi weziqhamo onendawo enkulu yokulima kunye neyona meko ibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho eMzantsi China, enentsingiselo ekhethekileyo ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu kwimizi-mveliso kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamaphandle. Ngokuphuculwa kokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nolwazi ngempilo kunye nophuhliso lokusasazwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nolwazi lweshishini le-citrus, i-citrus eluhlaza kunye ne-organic kancinci kancinci iba yindawo eshushu yokutyiwa ngabantu, kwaye imfuno yokubonelela ngomgangatho ophezulu, okwahlukeneyo kunye nokulinganisela konyaka iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini le-citrus lase China lichaphazeleka zizinto zendalo (ubushushu, imvula, umgangatho womhlaba), iteknoloji yemveliso (iintlobo ngeentlobo, iteknoloji yokulima, igalelo lezolimo) kunye nendlela yolawulo, kunye nezinye izinto, kukho iingxaki ezifana neentlobo ezilungileyo nezimbi, amandla abuthathaka okuthintela izifo kunye nezinambuzane, ulwazi lophawu alunamandla, indlela yolawulo ibuyela umva kwaye ukuthengiswa kweziqhamo ngexesha lonyaka kunzima. Ukuze kukhuthazwe uphuhliso oluluhlaza noluphezulu lweshishini le-citrus, kungxamisekile ukuqinisa uphando malunga nokuphuculwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo, imigaqo kunye netekhnoloji yokunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokunciphisa amayeza, umgangatho kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. I-pesticides idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo wemveliso ye-citrus kwaye ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isivuno kunye nomgangatho we-citrus. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukukhethwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwimveliso eluhlaza ye-citrus kunzima ngakumbi ngenxa yemozulu egqithisileyo kunye nezinambuzane kunye nengca.
Uphando olukwidathabheyisi yobhaliso lwezibulali zinambuzane yeChina Pesticide Information Network lufumanise ukuba ukusukela nge-24 ka-Agasti 2023, bekukho iimveliso zezibulali zinambuzane ezingama-3,243 ezibhalisiweyo zisebenza kwi-citrus eTshayina. Bekukho ezili-1515izibulali-zinambuzane, ebalelwa kwi-46.73% yenani lilonke lee-antiseptics ezibhalisiweyo. Bekukho ii-acaricides ezingama-684, ezibalelwa kwi-21.09%; ii-fungicides ezingama-537, ezibalelwa kwi-16.56%; ii-herbicides ezingama-475, ezibalelwa kwi-14.65%; Bekukho ezili-132abalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo, ebalelwa kwi-4.07%. Ubuthi bezinambuzane kwilizwe lethu bahlulwe baba ngamanqanaba ama-5 ukusuka phezulu ukuya kwesezantsi: obuthi buyingozi kakhulu, obuthi buyingozi kakhulu, obuthi buphakathi, obuthi buyingozi kancinci kunye nobuthi buthambileyo. Bekukho iimveliso ezingama-541 ezinobuthi obuphakathi, ezibalelwa kwi-16.68% yezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo zizonke. Bekukho iimveliso ezingama-2,494 ezinobuthi obuphantsi, ezibalelwa kwi-76.90% yenani lilonke lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo. Bekukho iimveliso ezingama-208 ezinobuthi obuphantsi, ezibalelwa kwi-6.41% yenani lilonke lezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo.
1. Imeko yobhaliso lwezibulali zinambuzane ze-citrus/ii-acaricides
Kukho iintlobo ezili-189 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala izinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-citrus eTshayina, apho ezingama-69 zezo zisebenzayo ngedosi enye kwaye ezili-120 zezo zixutyiweyo. Inani lee-insecticides ezibhalisiweyo beliphezulu kakhulu kunezinye iindidi, zizonke ziyi-1,515. Phakathi kwazo, zizonke iimveliso ezingama-994 ezibhalisiweyo ngedosi enye, kwaye ezona zi-5 ziphambili yi-acetamidine (188), i-avermectin (100), i-spiroxylate (58), ioyile yeminerali (53) kunye ne-ethozole (51), ebalelwa kwi-29.70%. Zizonke iimveliso ezingama-521 ezixutyiweyo, kwaye ezona zi-5 ziphambili zokubulala izinambuzane kwinani elibhalisiweyo yayiyi-actinospirin (iimveliso ezingama-52), i-actinospirin (iimveliso ezingama-35), i-actinospirin (iimveliso ezingama-31), i-actinospirin (iimveliso ezingama-31) kunye ne-dihydrazide (iimveliso ezingama-28), ebalelwa kwi-11.68%. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 2, phakathi kweemveliso ezili-1515 ezibhalisiweyo, kukho iifom zedosi ezili-19, apho ezi-3 eziphezulu ziimveliso ze-emulsion (653), iimveliso zokuxutywa (518) kunye neempuphu ezimanzi (169), ezibalelwa kwi-88.45%.
Kukho iintlobo ezingama-83 zezithako ezisebenzayo ze-acaricides ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-citrus, kuquka iintlobo ezingama-24 zezithako ezisebenzayo kunye neentlobo ezingama-59 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezixutyiweyo. Iimveliso ze-acaricidal ezingama-684 zibhalisiwe (zesibini kuphela emva kwe-insecticide), apho ezingama-476 zazizi-agents ezizodwa, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 3. Ii-pesticides eziphezulu ezine kwinani le-pesticides ezibhalisiweyo yayiyi-acetylidene (126), i-triazoltin (90), i-chlorfenazoline (63) kunye ne-phenylbutin (26), ebalelwa kwi-44.59% iyonke. Iimveliso ezingama-208 zixutyiwe, kwaye ii-pesticides eziphezulu ezine kwinani elibhalisiweyo yayiyi-aviculin (27), i-dihydrazide · i-ethozole (18), i-aviculin · ioyile yeminerali (15), kunye ne-Aviculin · ioyile yeminerali (13), ebalelwa kwi-10.67%. Phakathi kweemveliso ezingama-684 ezibhalisiweyo, bekukho iifom zedosi ezili-11, apho ezi-3 eziphezulu beziziimveliso ze-emulsion (330), iimveliso zokuxutywa (198) kunye neempuphu ezimanzi (124), ezibalelwa kwi-95.32% iyonke.
Iintlobo kunye nobungakanani beendlela zokubulala izinambuzane/i-acaricidal ezinedosi enye (ngaphandle kwe-agent exhonyiweyo, i-microemulsion, i-emulsion exhonyiweyo kunye ne-emulsion yamanzi) bezingaphezulu kwezo zixutyiweyo. Bekukho iintlobo ezili-18 zeendlela zokubulala izinambuzane ezinedosi enye kunye neentlobo ezili-9 zeendlela zokubulala izinambuzane ezixutyiweyo. Kukho iindlela ezili-11 ze-single dose kunye nezi-5 ze-mixed dosage ze-acaricides. Izinto ezilawulwa yi-mixed insecticides yi-Psyllidae (Psyllidae), i-Phylloacidae (isicabucabu esibomvu), i-Gall mite (i-rust tick, i-rust spider), i-Whitefly (i-White whitefly, i-whitefly, i-black spiny whitefly), i-Aspididae (i-Aphididae), i-Aphididae (i-orange aphid, ii-aphid), i-practical fly (i-Orange Macropha), i-leaf miner moth (i-leaf miner), i-weevil (i-grey weevil) kunye nezinye izinambuzane. Izinto eziphambili zokulawula idosi enye yiPsyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (isicabucabu esibomvu), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphididae), practical flies (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), leaf miners (leafleafers), leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), kunye neLongicidae (Longicidae). Kunye nezinye izinambuzane. Izinto zokulawula ii-acaricides ezibhalisiweyo ikakhulu ziincukuthu ze-phyllodidae (red spider), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphids) njalo njalo. Kwiintlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo kunye nee-acaricides kukho ikakhulu izibulala-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali, iintlobo ezingama-60 kunye nezingama-21, ngokwahlukeneyo. Bekukho iintlobo ezili-9 kuphela ezivela kwimithombo yebhayoloji kunye neyeminerali, kuquka i-neem (2) kunye ne-matrine (3) ezivela kwimithombo yezityalo nezilwanyana, kunye ne-Bacillus thuringiensis (8), i-Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), i-Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) kunye ne-avermectin (103) ezivela kwimithombo yeentsholongwane. Imithombo yeeminerali yi-mineral oil (62), umxube wesalfure yamatye (7), kwaye ezinye iindidi yi-sodium rosin (6).
2. Ukubhaliswa kwemithi yokubulala iintsholongwane ye-citrus
Kukho iintlobo ezili-117 zezithako ezisebenzayo zeemveliso zefungicide, iintlobo ezingama-61 zezithako ezisebenzayo kunye neentlobo ezingama-56 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezixutyiweyo. Kwakukho iimveliso zefungicide ezinxulumene nazo ezingama-537, apho ezingama-406 zaziziidosi enye. Izibulali-zinambuzane ezi-4 eziphezulu ezibhalisiweyo yayiyi-imidamine (64), i-mancozeb (49), i-copper hydroxide (25) kunye ne-copper king (19), ezibalelwa kwi-29.24% iyonke. Iimveliso ezili-131 zixutyiwe, kwaye izibulali-zinambuzane ezi-4 eziphezulu ezibhalisiweyo yayiyiChunlei · Wang copper (17), iChunlei · quinoline copper (9), i-azole · deisen (8), kunye ne-azole · imimine (7), ezibalelwa kwi-7.64% iyonke. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 2, kukho iintlobo ezili-18 zedosi zeemveliso zefungicide ezingama-537, phakathi kwazo iintlobo ezi-3 eziphezulu ezinenani elikhulu yi-wettable powder (159), imveliso yokuxhoma (148) kunye ne-granule esasazeke ngamanzi (86), ezibalelwa kwi-73.18% iyonke. Kukho iintlobo ezili-16 zedosi enye yefungicide kunye neendlela ezi-7 zedosi exutyiweyo.
Izinto ezilawula iifungicides yi-powdery mildew, i-scab, i-black spot (i-black spot), i-grey mold, i-canker, isifo se-resin, i-anthrax kunye nezifo zexesha lokugcina (ukubola kweengcambu, ukubola okumnyama, i-penicillium, i-green mold kunye ne-acid rot). Iifungicides ikakhulu zii-chemical pesticides, kukho iintlobo ezingama-41 zeekhemikhali zokwenziwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kwaye zi-19 kuphela iintlobo zemithombo yezinto eziphilayo kunye neeminerali ezibhalisiweyo, phakathi kwazo imithombo yezityalo nezilwanyana yi-berberine (1), i-carvall (1), i-sopranoginseng extract (2), i-allicin (1), i-D-limonene (1). Imithombo yeentsholongwane yayiyi-mesomycin (4), i-priuremycin (4), i-avermectin (2), i-Bacillus subtilis (8), i-Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Imithombo yeeminerali yi-cuprous oxide (1), i-king copper (19), umxube we-salfure yamatye (6), i-copper hydroxide (25), i-calcium copper sulfate (11), i-sulfur (6), i-mineral oil (4), i-basic copper sulfate (7), i-Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Ukubhaliswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ye-citrus
Kukho iintlobo ezingama-20 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala ukhula, iintlobo ezili-14 zezithako ezisebenzayo kunye neentlobo ezi-6 zezithako ezisebenzayo ezixutyiweyo. Iimveliso zokubulala ukhula ezingama-475 zibhalisiwe, kuquka ii-single agents ezingama-467 kunye nee-mixed agents ezi-8. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 5, ii-herbicides eziphezulu ezi-5 ezibhalisiweyo yayiyi-glyphosate isopropylamine (169), i-glyphosate ammonium (136), i-glyphosate ammonium (93), i-glyphosate (47) kunye ne-fine glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), ezibalelwa kwi-94.95% iyonke. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 2, kukho iintlobo ezi-7 zedosi ye-herbicides, apho ezi-3 zokuqala ziyimveliso yamanzi (302), iimveliso ze-granule ezinyibilikayo (78) kunye neemveliso ze-powder ezinyibilikayo (69), ezibalelwa kwi-94.53% iyonke. Ngokweentlobo, zonke ii-herbicides ezingama-20 zenziwe ngeekhemikhali, kwaye akukho mveliso yebhayoloji ebhalisiweyo.
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kweziqhamo zesitrasi
Kukho iintlobo ezingama-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, kuquka iintlobo ezili-19 zeearhente ezingatshatanga kunye neentlobo ezili-16 zeearhente ezixutyiweyo. Kukho iimveliso ezili-132 zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo xa zizonke, apho ezili-100 ziyidosi enye. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 6, iiarhente ezi-5 eziphezulu zokulawula ukukhula kweziqhamo zesitrasi ezibhalisiweyo yayiyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kunye ne-S-inducidin (5), ezibalelwa kwi-59.85% iyonke. Iimveliso ezingama-32 zizonke zixutyiwe, kwaye iimveliso ezi-3 eziphezulu zibhalisiweyo yayiyi-benzyl amine · gibberellanic acid (7), i-24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) kunye ne-28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), ezibalelwa kwi-10.61% iyonke. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 2, kukho iintlobo ezili-13 zeedosi zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, phakathi kwazo ezi-3 eziphezulu ziimveliso ezinyibilikayo (52), iimveliso zekhrimu (19) kunye neemveliso zomgubo onyibilikayo (13), ezibalelwa kwi-63.64% iyonke. Imisebenzi yabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo ikakhulu kukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukugcina iziqhamo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kweziqhamo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa imveliso kunye nokugcinwa. Ngokweentlobo ezibhalisiweyo, abalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo abaphambili yayikukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, kunye neentlobo ezili-14 zizonke, kwaye zi-5 kuphela iintlobo zemithombo yezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo imithombo yeentsholongwane yayiyi-S-allantoin (5), kwaye iimveliso zebhayoloji yayiyi-gibberellanic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) kunye ne-brassinolactone (1).
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kweziqhamo zesitrasi
Kukho iintlobo ezingama-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, kuquka iintlobo ezili-19 zeearhente ezingatshatanga kunye neentlobo ezili-16 zeearhente ezixutyiweyo. Kukho iimveliso ezili-132 zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo xa zizonke, apho ezili-100 ziyidosi enye. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 6, iiarhente ezi-5 eziphezulu zokulawula ukukhula kweziqhamo zesitrasi ezibhalisiweyo yayiyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kunye ne-S-inducidin (5), ezibalelwa kwi-59.85% iyonke. Iimveliso ezingama-32 zizonke zixutyiwe, kwaye iimveliso ezi-3 eziphezulu zibhalisiweyo yayiyi-benzyl amine · gibberellanic acid (7), i-24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) kunye ne-28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), ezibalelwa kwi-10.61% iyonke. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 2, kukho iintlobo ezili-13 zeedosi zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, phakathi kwazo ezi-3 eziphezulu ziimveliso ezinyibilikayo (52), iimveliso zekhrimu (19) kunye neemveliso zomgubo onyibilikayo (13), ezibalelwa kwi-63.64% iyonke. Imisebenzi yabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo ikakhulu kukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukugcina iziqhamo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kweziqhamo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa imveliso kunye nokugcinwa. Ngokweentlobo ezibhalisiweyo, abalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo abaphambili yayikukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, kunye neentlobo ezili-14 zizonke, kwaye zi-5 kuphela iintlobo zemithombo yezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo imithombo yeentsholongwane yayiyi-S-allantoin (5), kwaye iimveliso zebhayoloji yayiyi-gibberellanic acid (42), i-benzyl aminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) kunye ne-brassinolactone (1).
Ixesha leposi: Juni-24-2024