I-Citrus, isityalo sosapho lwe-Arantioideae kusapho lwe-Rutaceae, sesinye sezona zityalo zemali zibalulekileyo ehlabathini, ezibalelwa kwikota yeziqhamo zehlabathi zizonke.Zininzi iindidi zesitrasi, eziquka isitrasi esinamaxolo abanzi, iorenji, ipomelo, igrapefruit, ilamuni kunye nelamuni.Kumazwe angaphezu kwama-140 kunye nemimandla, kuquka iChina, iBrazil kunye ne-United States, indawo yokutyala i-citrus yafikelela kwi-10.5530 yezigidi ze-hm2, kwaye isiphumo sasiyi-166.3030 yezigidi zeetoni.I-China lelona lizwe likhulu lemveliso yesitrasi kunye nelizwe lokuthengisa, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indawo yokutyala kunye nemveliso iyaqhubeka ikhula, ngo-2022, indawo emalunga ne-3,033,500 hm2, imveliso ye-6,039 yezigidi zeetoni.Nangona kunjalo, ishishini le-citrus laseTshayina likhulu kodwa alinamandla, kwaye i-United States neBrazil kunye namanye amazwe anesithuba esikhulu.
ICitrus ngumthi weziqhamo oneyona ndawo yolinywa kakhulu kunye neyona meko ibalulekileyo yezoqoqosho kumazantsi eTshayina, enentsingiselo ekhethekileyo yokuphelisa intlupheko kumashishini kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamaphandle.Ngokuphuculwa kokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokwazisa ngempilo kunye nophuhliso lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokwazisa ishishini le-citrus, i-citrus eluhlaza kunye ne-organic citrus ngokuthe ngcembe iba yindawo eshushu ekusetyenzisweni kwabantu, kwaye imfuno yomgangatho ophezulu, eyahlukeneyo kunye nokubonelela ngokulinganayo ngonyaka iyaqhubeka. Nyusa.Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini le-citrus laseTshayina lichatshazelwa yimiba yendalo (ubushushu, imvula, umgangatho womhlaba), iteknoloji yokuvelisa (iintlobo, iteknoloji yokulima, igalelo lezolimo) kunye nendlela yokulawula, kunye nezinye izinto, kukho iingxaki ezifana neentlobo ezilungileyo. kunye nokubi, amandla abuthathaka okuthintela izifo kunye nezitshabalalisi, ulwazi lophawu alunamandla, indlela yokulawula isemva kwaye ukuthengiswa kweziqhamo ngexesha lonyaka kunzima.Ukuze kukhuthazwe uphuhliso oluluhlaza kunye nomgangatho ophezulu weshishini le-citrus, kungxamisekile ukuqinisa uphando malunga nokuphuculwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, umgaqo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokunciphisa umzimba kunye nokunciphisa iziyobisi, umgangatho kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.Izitshabalalisi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo wemveliso yesitrasi kwaye zichaphazela ngqo isivuno kunye nomgangatho wesitrasi.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukukhethwa kwezitshabalalisi kwimveliso ye-citrus eluhlaza kunomngeni ngakumbi ngenxa yemozulu embi kakhulu kunye nezinambuzane kunye nengca.
Uphando kwidathabheyisi yobhaliso lwe-pesticide ye-China Pesticide Information Network yafumanisa ukuba nge-24 ka-Agasti ka-2023, kwakukho iimveliso ze-pesticide eziyi-3,243 ezibhaliswe kwimeko esebenzayo kwi-citrus e-China.Kwakukho i-1515izibulali zinambuzane, ezibalelwa kuma-46.73% yenani lilonke lezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo.Bekukho ii-acaricides ezingama-684, ezibalelwa kuma-21.09%;ama-537 amayeza okubulala umngundo, enza i-16.56%;imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula engama-475, ebalelwa kwi-14.65%;Kwakukho i-132izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo, ibalelwa kwi-4.07%.Ubutyhefu bemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi kwilizwe lethu lwahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba ama-5 ukusuka phezulu ukuya kweliphantsi: inetyhefu kakhulu, inetyhefu ephezulu, inetyhefu ephakathi, inetyhefu esezantsi kunye netyhefu ephakathi.Bekukho i-541 yeemveliso ezinetyhefu ephakathi, ezibalelwa kwi-16.68% yetotali yezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo.Bekukho i-2,494 yeemveliso ezinetyhefu ephantsi, ezibalelwa kuma-76.90% yenani lilonke lemichiza ebhalisiweyo.Bekukho iimveliso eziyityhefu epholileyo ezingama-208, ezibalelwa kwi-6.41% yenani lilonke lezibulali-zinambuzane ezibhalisiweyo.
1. Ubume bobhaliso lwezitshabalalisi zesitrasi/acaricides
Kukho iintlobo eziyi-189 zezithako ezisebenzayo zesibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yesitrasi eTshayina, apho ezingama-69 zizithako ezisebenzayo zedosi enye kwaye ezili-120 zizithako ezixubeneyo ezisebenzayo.Inani lamayeza okubulala izinambuzane abhalisiweyo laliphezulu kakhulu kunezinye iindidi, lilonke liyi-1,515.Phakathi kwabo, inani leemveliso ze-994 zibhaliswe kwi-dose enye, kwaye i-pesticides ephezulu ye-5 yayiyi-acetamidine (188), i-avermectin (100), i-spiroxylate (58), i-oyile yamaminerali (53) kunye ne-ethozole (51), i-accounting ye-29.70 %.Iimveliso ze-521 zixutywe, kwaye i-pesticides ephezulu ye-5 kwinani elibhalisiweyo yayiyi-actinospirin (imveliso ye-52), i-actinospirin (imveliso ye-35), i-actinospirin (imveliso ye-31), i-actinospirin (imveliso ye-31) kunye ne-dihydrazide (imveliso ye-28), i-accounting for 11.68%.Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiThebhile 2, phakathi kweemveliso ezibhalisiweyo ze-1515, kukho iifom ze-dosage ye-19, apho i-3 ephezulu yimveliso ye-emulsion (653), iimveliso zokumiswa (518) kunye neepowders ezimanzi (169), ezibalelwa kwi-88.45 iyonke. %.
Kukho iindidi ezingama-83 zezithako ezisebenzayo zeakharisayidi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yesitrasi, kuqukwa neentlobo ezingama-24 zezithako ezisebenzayo esinye kunye neendidi ezingama-59 zezithako ezixubeneyo ezisebenzayo.Iimveliso ze-684 ze-acaricidal zabhaliswa (yesibini kuphela kwi-insecticides), apho i-476 yayiyi-agent enye, njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 3. I-pesticides ephezulu ye-4 kwinani le-pesticides ebhalisiweyo yi-acetylidene (126), i-triazoltin (90), i-chlorfenazoline. (63) kunye ne-phenylbutin (26), i-akhawunti ye-44,59% iyonke.Iimveliso ze-208 zizonke zaxutywa, kwaye i-pesticides ephezulu ye-4 kwinombolo ebhalisiweyo yayiyi-aviculin (27), i-dihydrazide · ethozole (18), i-aviculin · i-oyile yamaminerali (15), kunye ne-Aviculin · i-oyile ye-mineral (13), i-akhawunti ye-10.67 %.Phakathi kweemveliso ezibhalisiweyo ze-684, kwakukho iifom ze-11 ze-dosage, apho i-3 ephezulu yayiyimveliso ye-emulsion (330), imveliso yokumiswa (198) kunye ne-powders emanzi (124), ibalwa kwi-95.32% iyonke.
Iindidi kunye nobuninzi be-insecticidal / acaricidal ye-dose ye-dose enye (ngaphandle kwe-agent emisiwe, i-microemulsion, i-emulsion emisiwe kunye ne-emulsion yamanzi) yayingaphezulu kwe-mixed.Kwakukho iintlobo ze-18 zokuqulunqwa kwedosi enye kunye neentlobo ze-9 zemixube edibeneyo.Kukho i-11 yedosi enye kunye neendlela ezi-5 zedosi edibeneyo ye-acaricides.Izinto zokulawula izitshabalalisi ezixutyiweyo yiPsyllidae (Psyllidae), iPhylloacidae (isigcawu esibomvu), iGall mite (i-rust tick, rust spider), iWhitefly (Whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), iAspididae (Aphididae), iAphididae (intwala e-orenji). , iintwala), impukane esebenzayo (Orange Macropha), inundu ye-leaf miner (leaf miner), i-weevil (grey weevil) kunye nezinye izinambuzane.Ezona zinto zilawula idosi enye yiPsyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (isigcawu esibomvu), iPisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), iimpukane ezisebenzayo (Tangeridae , Tangeridae), abavukuzi bamagqabi (amagqabi), amagqabi (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), kunye neLongicidae (Longicidae).Kwaye ezinye izinambuzane.Izinto zokulawula iiakharisayidi ezibhalisiweyo zizingolwane ze phyllodidae (isigcawu esibomvu), iAspidococcus (Aracidae), iCerococcus (iRed Cerococcus), iPsyllidae (Psyllidae), inundu (leaf miner miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (intwala). ) kwaye nangokunjalo.Ukusuka kwiindidi zezitshabalalisi ezibhalisiweyo kunye ne-acaricides ubukhulu becala ziyimichiza yokubulala izinambuzane, i-60 kunye ne-21 iintlobo, ngokulandelanayo.Kwakukho kuphela iintlobo ze-9 ezivela kwimithombo yezinto eziphilayo kunye nezimbiwa, kuquka i-neem (2) kunye ne-matrine (3) evela kwizityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kunye ne-Bacillus thuringiensis (8), i-Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), i-Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) kunye ne-avermectin ( 103) ukusuka kwimithombo ye-microbial.Imithombo yamaminerali ioli yamaminerali (62), umxube wesulfure yamatye (7), kunye nezinye iindidi ziyi-rosin ye-sodium (6).
2. Ukubhaliswa kwamachiza e-citrus fungicides
Kukho iintlobo ezili-117 zezithako ezisebenzayo zeemveliso zokubulala ukungunda, iintlobo ezingama-61 zezithako ezisebenzayo kunye neentlobo ezingama-56 zezithako ezixubeneyo ezisebenzayo.Bekukho iimveliso zokubulala umngundo ezinxulumeneyo ezingama-537, kuzo ezingama-406 ibiyidosi enye.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-4 eziphezulu ezibhalisiweyo yayiyi-imidamine (64), i-mancozeb (49), i-copper hydroxide (25) kunye ne-copper king (19), ibalwa kwi-29.24% iyonke.Iimveliso ze-131 zizonke zaxutywa, kwaye izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-4 eziphezulu ezibhalisiweyo zaziyiChunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), kunye ne-azole · imimine (7), ibalwa kwi-7.64% zizonke.Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiThebhile 2, kukho iifom ze-18 zedosi yeemveliso ze-fungicide ye-537, phakathi kwazo iintlobo eziphezulu ze-3 ezinenani elikhulu ngumgubo omanzi (159), imveliso yokunqunyanyiswa (148) kunye ne-granule echithwa ngamanzi (86), i-accounting. kwi-73.18% iyonke.Kukho iifom ezili-16 zedosi enye ye-fungicide kunye neefom ezi-7 ezixubeneyo zedosi.
Izinto zokulawula imichiza yokungunda kukungunda, ukhwekhwe, indawo emnyama (inkwenkwezi emnyama), ukungunda okungwevu, umhlaza, isifo sentlaka, i-anthrax kunye nezifo zexesha lokugcinwa kwazo (ukubola kweengcambu, ukubola okumnyama, i-penicillium, ukungunda okuluhlaza kunye nokubola kweasidi).Imichiza yokungunda ubukhulu becala yimichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi, kukho iindidi ezingama-41 zemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi, kwaye ziintlobo ezili-19 kuphela zemithombo yebhayoloji kunye nezimbiwa ezibhalisiweyo, phakathi kwazo isityalo kunye nemithombo yezilwanyana yiberberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2) ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1).Imithombo ye-microbial yayiyi-mesomycin (4), i-priuremycin (4), i-avermectin (2), i-Bacillus subtilis (8), i-Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).Imithombo yezimbiwa yi-cuprous oxide (1), i-king copper (19), umxube wesulfure yamatye (6), i-copper hydroxide (25), i-calcium copper sulfate (11), isulfure (6), i-mineral oil (4), isiseko se-copper sulfate. (7), ulwelo lweBordeaux (11).
3. Ukubhaliswa kwemichiza yesitrasi
Kukho iindidi ezingama-20 zezithako ezisebenzayo zokutshabalalisa ukhula, iintlobo ezili-14 zezithako ezisebenzayo kunye neentlobo ezi-6 zezithako ezixubeneyo ezisebenzayo.Kubhaliswe iimveliso zokutshabalalisa ukhula ezingama-475, kubandakanywa ii-arhente ezizimeleyo ezingama-467 kunye nezisi-8 ezixubileyo.Njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 5, i-5 ephezulu ye-herbicides ebhalisiwe yayiyi-glyphosate isopropylamine (169), i-glyphosate ammonium (136), i-glyphosate ammonium (93), i-glyphosate (47) kunye ne-glyphosate emihle ye-ammonium ammonium (6), i-akhawunti ye-94.95% iyonke.Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiThebhile 2, kukho iifom ze-7 zedosi ye-herbicides, apho i-3 yokuqala imveliso yamanzi (302), iimveliso ze-granule ezinyibilikayo (78) kunye neemveliso zempuphu ezinyibilikayo (69), ezibalelwa kwi-94.53% iyonke.Ngokweentlobo zezityalo, zonke izitshabalalisi ezingama-20 zenziwe ngamachiza, kwaye akukho mveliso yebhayoloji ibhalisiweyo.
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwesitrasi
Kukho iindidi ezingama-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo, kubandakanywa iintlobo ezili-19 zee-arhente ezingatshatanga kunye ne-16 iintlobo ze-agent exubileyo.Kukho i-132 yeemveliso zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo zizonke, apho i-100 iyidosi enye.Njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 6, i-5 ephezulu ebhalisiweyo yokulawula ukukhula kwe-citrus yayiyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kunye ne-S-inducidin (5), i-akhawunti ye-59.85% iyonke. .Iimveliso ze-32 zizonke zaxutywa, kwaye iimveliso ezibhalisiweyo ze-3 eziphezulu zaziyi-benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), i-24-epimeranic acid · i-gibberellanic acid (4) kunye ne-28-epimeranic acid · i-gibberellanic acid (3), i-akhawunti ye-10.61% kwi iyonke.Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiThebhile 2, kukho iifom ze-13 zeedosi zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, phakathi kwazo ezi-3 eziphezulu ziyimveliso ye-solubilizable (52), iimveliso ze-cream (19) kunye neemveliso ze powder ezinyibilikayo (13), zibalelwa kwi-63.64% zizonke.Imisebenzi yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo ikakhulu kukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukugcina iziqhamo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kweziqhamo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa imveliso kunye nokugcinwa.Ngokweentlobo ezibhalisiweyo, abalawuli abaphambili bokukhula kwezityalo yayiyi-chemical synthesis, kunye ne-14 iyonke iintlobo, kunye neentlobo ze-5 kuphela zemithombo yebhayoloji, apho imithombo ye-microbial yayiyi-S-allantoin (5), kunye neemveliso ze-biochemical yayiyi-gibberellanic acid. (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) kunye ne-brassinolactone (1).
4. Ukubhaliswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwesitrasi
Kukho iindidi ezingama-35 zezithako ezisebenzayo zabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo, kubandakanywa iintlobo ezili-19 zee-arhente ezingatshatanga kunye ne-16 iintlobo ze-agent exubileyo.Kukho i-132 yeemveliso zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo zizonke, apho i-100 iyidosi enye.Njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 6, i-5 ephezulu ebhalisiweyo yokulawula ukukhula kwe-citrus yayiyi-gibberellinic acid (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-flutenidine (9), i-14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) kunye ne-S-inducidin (5), i-akhawunti ye-59.85% iyonke. .Iimveliso ze-32 zizonke zaxutywa, kwaye iimveliso ezibhalisiweyo ze-3 eziphezulu zaziyi-benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), i-24-epimeranic acid · i-gibberellanic acid (4) kunye ne-28-epimeranic acid · i-gibberellanic acid (3), i-akhawunti ye-10.61% kwi iyonke.Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiThebhile 2, kukho iifom ze-13 zeedosi zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo, phakathi kwazo ezi-3 eziphezulu ziyimveliso ye-solubilizable (52), iimveliso ze-cream (19) kunye neemveliso ze powder ezinyibilikayo (13), zibalelwa kwi-63.64% zizonke.Imisebenzi yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo ikakhulu kukulawula ukukhula, ukulawula ukuhluma, ukugcina iziqhamo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kweziqhamo, ukwanda, ukufaka imibala, ukwandisa imveliso kunye nokugcinwa.Ngokweentlobo ezibhalisiweyo, abalawuli abaphambili bokukhula kwezityalo yayiyi-chemical synthesis, kunye ne-14 iyonke iintlobo, kunye neentlobo ze-5 kuphela zemithombo yebhayoloji, apho imithombo ye-microbial yayiyi-S-allantoin (5), kunye neemveliso ze-biochemical yayiyi-gibberellanic acid. (42), i-benzylaminopurine (18), i-trimetanol (2) kunye ne-brassinolactone (1).
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-24-2024