Kwiprojekthi yangaphambili yokuvavanya izityalo zokucoca ukutya kwendawo yeemiyane eThailand, i-oyile efunekayo (EOs) ye-Cyperus rotundus, i-galangal kunye ne-cinnamon ifunyenwe inomsebenzi omhle wokulwa ne-mosquito ngokumelene ne-Aedes aegypti.Ngelinge lokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemveliamayeza okubulala izinambuzanekunye nokuphucula ulawulo lweengcongconi ezixhathisayo, olu pho nonongo lujolise ekuchongeni i-synergism enokubakho phakathi kwemiphumo yabantu abadala ye-ethylene oxide kunye netyhefu ye-permetrin kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes.i-aegypti, kubandakanywa ne-pyrethroid-resistant kunye neentlobo ezinovakalelo.
Ukuvavanya ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nomsebenzi wokubulala we-EO okhutshwe kwi-rhizomes ye-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kunye nexolo le-C. verum ngokuchasene noxinzelelo oluthintekayo u-Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R) ).) Umntu omdala osebenzayo Ae.Aedes yaseYiputa.I-bioassay yabantu abadala yomxube we-EO-permethrin nayo yenziwa kwezi ngcongconi ze-Aedes ukuqonda umsebenzi wayo we-synergistic.iintlobo ze-egypti.
I-Chemical characterization isebenzisa indlela yokuhlalutya ye-GC-MS ibonise ukuba iikhompawundi ze-48 zichongiwe kwi-EOs ye-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum, i-akhawunti ye-80.22%, i-86.75% kunye ne-97.24% yamacandelo onke, ngokulandelanayo.I-Cyperene (14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%), kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) zizinto eziphambili zeoli ye-cyperus, ioli ye-galangal, kunye neoli ye-balsamic, ngokulandelanayo.Kwiimvavanyo zokubulala abantu abadala bebhayoloji, i-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum EVs yayisebenza ngokubulala i-Ae.I-aegypti, i-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R LD50 ixabiso laliyi-10.05 kunye ne-9.57 μg / mg ibhinqa, i-7.97 kunye ne-7.94 μg / mg ibhinqa, kunye ne-3.30 kunye ne-3.22 μg / mg ibhinqa, ngokulandelanayo.Ukusebenza kwe-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R Ae ekubulaleni abantu abadala.I-aegypti kule EOs yayisondele kwi-piperonyl butoxide (amaxabiso e-PBO, i-LD50 = 6.30 kunye ne-4.79 μg / mg ibhinqa, ngokulandelanayo), kodwa kungekhona njenge-permethrin (amaxabiso e-LD50 = 0.44 kunye ne-3.70 ng / mg yabasetyhini ngokulandelanayo).Nangona kunjalo, i-bioassays edibeneyo ifumene i-synergy phakathi kwe-EO kunye ne-permetrin.I-synergism ebalulekileyo kunye ne-permetrin ngokuchasene neendidi ezimbini zeengcongconi ze-Aedes.I-Aedes aegypti yaqatshelwa kwi-EM ye-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga.Ukongezwa kwe-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga oyile kunciphisa kakhulu ixabiso le-LD50 ye-permethrin kwi-MCM-S ukusuka kwi-0.44 ukuya kwi-0.07 ng / mg kunye ne-0.11 ng / mg kubasetyhini, ngokulandelelana, kunye nemilinganiselo ye-synergy ratio (SR) ye-6.28 kunye ne-4.00 ngokulandelelanayo.Ukongeza, i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga EOs nazo zanciphisa kakhulu ixabiso le-LD50 ye-permetrin kwi-PMD-R ukusuka kwi-3.70 ukuya kwi-0.42 ng / mg kunye ne-0.003 ng / mg kubasetyhini, ngokulandelelana, kunye nemilinganiselo ye-SR ye-8.81 kunye 1233.33, ngokulandelanayo..
Impembelelo ye-Synergistic yendibaniselwano ye-EO-permethrin ukomeleza ubutyhefu babantu abadala ngokuchasene neendidi ezimbini zeengcongconi ze-Aedes.I-Aedes aegypti ibonisa indima ethembisayo ye-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist ekuphuculeni i-anti-mosquito efficacy, ngakumbi apho iikhompawundi zendabuko zingasebenzi okanye zingafanelekanga.
Ingcongconi ye-Aedes aegypti (i-Diptera: Culicidae) yeyona nto iphambili ye-dengue fever kunye nezinye izifo ezosulelayo zentsholongwane egazini ezifana ne-yellow fever, chikungunya kunye ne-Zika virus, ezibeka isoyikiso esikhulu nesiqhubekayo ebantwini[1, 2]..Intsholongwane yeDengue yeyona fiva ye-pathogenic hemorrhagic echaphazela abantu, kuqikelelwa ukuba kuqikelelwa kwi-5-100 yezigidi zeemeko ngonyaka kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-2.5 yeebhiliyoni zabantu abasemngciphekweni kwihlabathi liphela.Ukuqhambuka kwesi sifo esosulelayo kubeka umthwalo omkhulu kubemi, iinkqubo zempilo kunye noqoqosho lwamazwe amaninzi ashushu [1].Ngokutsho kweSebe lezeMpilo laseThai, kwakukho iimeko ze-142,925 ze-dengue fever kunye nokufa kwe-141 kuchazwe kwilizwe lonke ngo-2015, ngaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu inani lamatyala kunye nokufa kwi-2014 [4].Phezu kwabo nje ubungqina obungokwembali, idengue fever iye yapheliswa okanye yancitshiswa kakhulu yingcongconi iAedes.Ukulandela ulawulo lwe-Aedes aegypti [5], amazinga osulelo anyuke kakhulu kwaye isifo sasasazeka kwihlabathi lonke, ngenxa yenxalenye yamashumi eminyaka yokufudumala kwehlabathi.Ukupheliswa kunye nolawulo lwe-Ae.I-Aedes aegypti inzima noko kuba sisisuko seengcongconi zasekhaya ezikhwelana, zondliwe, ziphumle kwaye zibeke amaqanda kwindawo ehlala abantu nakufutshane nayo emini.Ukongeza, le ngcongconi inamandla okuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwendalo okanye ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ziziganeko zendalo (ezifana nembalela) okanye amanyathelo okulawula abantu, kwaye inokubuyela kumanani ayo okuqala [6, 7].Ngenxa yokuba izitofu zokugonya idengue fever zisandul’ ukwamkelwa yaye akukho nyango lukhethekileyo lonyango lwedengue fever, ukuthintela nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokosulelwa kwedengue kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekulawuleni izinto ezisasaza iingcongconi nasekupheliseni ukudibana kwabantu nezixhobo ezizikhuphayo.
Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali zokulawula iingcongconi ngoku kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo oluhlanganisiweyo lwe-vector.Ezona ndlela zidumileyo zemichiza ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezinetyhefu ephantsi ezisebenza ngokuchasene nemibungu yeengcongconi (izibulali-zinambuzane) kunye neengcongconi zabantu abadala (i-adidocides).Ukulawulwa kwemibungu ngokunciphisa umthombo kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kweekhemikhali zokutshabalalisa imibungu efana ne-organophosphates kunye nokulawula ukukhula kwezinambuzane kubonwa njengento ebalulekileyo.Nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo ezimbi zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene nezitshabalalisi zokwenziwa kunye nokugcinwa kwazo okunamandla kunye nokugcinwa okuntsokothileyo kuhlala kuyinkxalabo enkulu [8, 9].Ulawulo lwe-vector olusebenzayo lwemveli, olufana nolawulo lwabantu abadala, luhlala luyeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokulawula ngexesha loqhambuko lwentsholongwane kuba lunokuphelisa iintsholongwane zezifo ezosulelayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu, kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphila kunye nokuphila ixesha elide labantu be-vector yendawo [3]., 10].Iiklasi ezine zezinambuzane zemichiza: i-organochlorines (ebizwa ngokuba yi-DDT kuphela), i-organophosphates, i-carbamates, kunye ne-pyrethroids zenza isiseko seenkqubo zokulawula i-vector, kunye ne-pyrethroids ithathwa njengeyona klasi iphumelele kakhulu.Zisebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene nee-arthropods ezahlukeneyo kwaye zisebenza kancinci.ubutyhefu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo.Okwangoku, iipyrethroids zokwenziwa zenza uninzi lwezitshabalalisi zorhwebo, zibalelwa malunga ne-25% yentengiso yehlabathi yezitshabalalisi [11, 12].I-Permethrin kunye ne-deltamethrin zi-insecticide ze-pyrethroid ezibanzi eziye zasetyenziswa emhlabeni wonke amashumi eminyaka ukulawula iintlobo zezinambuzane ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo kunye nezonyango [13, 14].Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, i-DDT yakhethwa njengekhemikhali ekhethwayo yenkqubo yesizwe yaseThailand yokulawula iingcongconi kwimpilo yoluntu.Ukulandela ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-DDT kwiindawo ezinemalariya, iThailand ngokuthe ngcembe yaphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-DDT phakathi kwe-1995 kunye ne-2000 kwaye yatshintsha ngeepyrethroids ezimbini: i-permethrin kunye ne-deltamethrin [15, 16].Ezi zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid zaziswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990 ukulawula isifo seengcongconi kunye ne-dengue fever, ngokuyintloko ngonyango lwe-bed net kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-thermal fogs kunye ne-ultra-low-low toxicity sprays [14, 17].Nangona kunjalo, baye balahlekelwa ukusebenza kakuhle ngenxa yokumelana nengcongconi enamandla kunye nokungabikho kokuthotyelwa koluntu ngenxa yeenkxalabo malunga nempilo yoluntu kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo kweekhemikhali zokwenziwa.Oku kubangela imingeni ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yeenkqubo zokulawula i-vector yengozi [14, 18, 19].Ukwenza isicwangciso sisebenze ngakumbi, amanyathelo okuchasa kwangexesha nafanelekileyo ayimfuneko.Iinkqubo zokulawula ezicetyiswayo ziquka ukutshintshwa kwezinto zendalo, ukujikeleza kweekhemikhali zeeklasi ezahlukeneyo, ukongezwa kwee-synergists, kunye nokuxuba iikhemikhali okanye ukusetyenziswa kwangexesha elifanayo kweekhemikhali zeeklasi ezahlukeneyo [14, 20, 21].Ke ngoko, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokufumana kunye nokuphuhlisa i-eco-friendly, enye indlela efanelekileyo kunye nesebenzayo kunye ne-synergist kwaye olu phononongo lujolise ekujonganeni nale mfuno.
Ama-insecticide avela ngokwemvelo, ngakumbi ezo zisekelwe kumacandelo ezityalo, zibonise amandla ekuvavanyeni iindlela zokulawula iingcongconi zangoku kunye nexesha elizayo [22, 23, 24].Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukulawula izinambuzane ezibalulekileyo zengcongconi ngokusebenzisa iimveliso zezityalo, ngokukodwa ii-oyile ezibalulekileyo (EOs), njengababulali abadala.Iipropati ze-adulticidal ngokuchasene neentlobo zengcongconi ezibalulekileyo zifunyenwe kwiioli ezininzi zemifuno ezifana ne-celery, i-cumin, i-zedoaria, i-anise, ipepile yombhobho, i-thyme, i-Schinus terebinthifolia, i-Cymbopogon citratus, i-Cymbopogon schoenanthus, i-Cymbopogon giganteus, i-Chenopodium ambrosicorniptus, i-Econopoid, i-Econopoid, i-Econopoid ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata kunye nePetroslinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].I-ethylene oxide ngoku ayisetyenziswanga yodwa kuphela, kodwa idityaniswe nezinto ezikhutshiweyo zezityalo okanye i-synthetic pesticides ekhoyo, ivelisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo etyhefu.Ukudityaniswa kwezinambuzane zendabuko ezifana ne-organophosphates, i-carbamates kunye ne-pyrethroids ene-ethylene oxide / i-extracts yezityalo zenza ngokubambisana okanye ngokuchasayo kwimiphumo yazo enobuthi kwaye zibonakaliswe ukuba zisebenza kakuhle kwizifo zezifo kunye nezinambuzane [31,32,33,34,35].Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezifundo malunga neziphumo eziyityhefu ezidibeneyo zokudityaniswa kweekhemikhali zephytochemicals kunye okanye ngaphandle kweekhemikhali ezenziweyo ziye zaqhutywa kwizinambuzane zezolimo kunye nezitshabalalisi kunokuba kwiingcongconi ezibalulekileyo kwezonyango.Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi omninzi kwiimpembelelo ze-synergistic zendibaniselwano ye-plant-synthetic insecticide ngokuchasene ne-mosquito vectors igxile kwimpembelelo ye-larvicidal.
Kuphononongo lwangaphambili olwenziwa ngababhali njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yophando eqhubekayo yokuhlola i-intimicides ukusuka kwizityalo zokutya zemveli eThailand, i-ethylene oxides evela kwi-Cyperus rotundus, i-galangal kunye ne-cinnamon ifunyenwe inomsebenzi onokuthi ubhekiselele kwi-Aedes yabantu abadala.iYiphutha [36].Ke ngoko, olu phononongo lujolise ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza kwe-EOs eyedwa kwezi zityalo zonyango ngokuchasene ne-Aedes mosquitoes.i-aegypti, kubandakanywa ne-pyrethroid-resistant kunye neentlobo ezinovakalelo.Umphumo we-synergistic wemixube ye-binary ye-ethylene oxide kunye ne-synthetic pyrethroids esebenza kakuhle kubantu abadala nayo ihlalutyelwe ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane zendabuko kunye nokwandisa ukuxhathisa kwi-mosquito vectors, ngakumbi kwi-Aedes.Aedes yaseYiputa.Eli nqaku lixela ukubonakaliswa kwemichiza yee-oyile ezifanelekileyo ezifanelekileyo kunye namandla azo okuphucula ubutyhefu be-permethrin yokwenziwa ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Aedes.I-aegypti kwiintlobo ze-pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) kunye ne-resistant strains (PMD-R).
I-Rhizomes ye-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kunye ne-bark ye-C. verum (Umfanekiso 1) esetyenziselwa ukukhutshwa kwe-oyile ebalulekileyo yathengwa kubanikezeli bamayeza e-herbal kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand.Ukuchongwa kwenzululwazi kwezi zityalo kwaphunyezwa ngokubonisana noMnu James Franklin Maxwell, i-Herbarium Botanist, iSebe le-Biology, iKholeji yeSayensi, iYunivesithi yaseChiang Mai (CMU), iPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand, kunye nososayensi uWannari Charoensap;kwiSebe lezoKhemesti, kwiKholeji yezoKhemesti, kwiYunivesithi yaseCarnegie Mellon, uNksz. Iisampulu zeVawutsha zesityalo ngasinye zigcinwe kwiSebe leParasitology kwiYunivesithi yaseCarnegie Mellon yeSikolo sezoNyango ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo.
Iisampulu zezityalo zomiswa ngomthunzi ngamnye kangangeentsuku ezi-3-5 kwindawo evulekileyo enomoya osebenzayo kunye neqondo lobushushu elimalunga ne-30 ± 5 °C ukuze kususwe isiqulatho sokufuma phambi kokutsalwa kwee-oyile zendalo ezibalulekileyo (EOs).Itotali ye-250 g yemathiriyeli yesityalo ngasinye esomileyo yacolwa ngoomatshini yaba ngumgubo orhabaxa yaze yasetyenziselwa ukwahlula ii-oyile eziyimfuneko (EOs) ngokuxutywa komphunga.Isixhobo sedistillation sasiquka i-mantle yombane yokufudumeza, i-3000 mL yeflask engqukuva esezantsi, ikholamu yokukhupha, i-condenser, kunye nesixhobo se-ace epholileyo (i-Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., eTokyo, eJapan) .Yongeza i-1600 ml yamanzi adibeneyo kunye ne-10-15 yeglasi yentsimbi kwi-flask kwaye uyifudumeze malunga ne-100 ° C usebenzisa isifudumezi sombane ubuncinane iiyure ezi-3 de i-distillation igqitywe kwaye akukho EO iveliswayo.I-EO layer yahlulwe kwisigaba samanzi ngokusebenzisa i-funnel eyahlulayo, yomiswe phezu kwe-anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) kwaye igcinwe kwibhotile ebomvu evaliweyo kwi-4 ° C kwaze kwaba yilapho ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunye nomsebenzi omdala uhlolwe.
Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zamafutha abalulekileyo aqhutywe ngaxeshanye kunye ne-bioassay yento yabantu abadala.Uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-GC-MS ebandakanya i-Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A i-chromatograph yegesi exhotyiswe nge-quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) kunye ne-MSD 5975C (EI). ).(Agilent Technologies).
Ikholamu yeChromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × ubukhulu befilimu 0.25 µm).Lilonke ixesha lokuqhutywa kwe-GC-MS ibe yimizuzu engama-20.Iimeko zokuhlalutya kukuba i-injector kunye nobushushu bomgca wokudlulisa yi-250 kunye ne-280 ° C, ngokulandelanayo;ukushisa kwesithando somlilo kumiselwe ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-50 ° C ukuya kwi-250 ° C ngesantya se-10 ° C / min, igesi ethwala i-helium;izinga lokuhamba 1.0 ml / min;umthamo wokutofa yi-0.2 µL (1/10% ngokomthamo kwi-CH2Cl2, umlinganiselo wokwahlula 100:1);Inkqubo ye-electron ionization ene-ionization energy ye-70 eV isetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-GC-MS.Uluhlu lokufunyanwa luyi-50-550 ye-atomic mass units (amu) kunye nesantya sokuskena yi-2.91 scans ngesekhondi.Iipesenti ezizalanayo zamacandelo zichazwa njengeepesenti eziqheleke ngokwendawo encopho.Ukuchongwa kwezithako ze-EO kusekelwe kwisalathiso sabo sokugcina (RI).I-RI yabalwa kusetyenziswa i-equation ye-Van den Dool kunye ne-Kratz [37] ye-n-alkanes series (C8-C40) kwaye ithelekiswa nezalathisi zokugcina ezivela kuncwadi [38] kunye nogcino lwethala leencwadi (NIST 2008 kunye ne-Wiley 8NO8).Ubuni beekhompawundi ezibonisiweyo, ezifana nesakhiwo kunye nefomula ye-molecular, yaqinisekiswa ngokuthelekisa kunye neesampuli zokwenyani ezikhoyo.
Imigangatho yokuhlalutya ye-permethrin yokwenziwa kunye ne-piperonyl butoxide (PBO, ulawulo oluhle kwizifundo ze-synergy) zathengwa kwi-Sigma-Aldrich (eSt. Louis, MO, USA).I-World Health Organization (WHO) iikiti zokuvavanya abantu abadala kunye needosi zokuxilonga zephepha le-permethrin-impregnated (0.75%) zathengwa ngokurhweba kwi-WHO Vector Control Centre ePenang, eMalaysia.Zonke ezinye iikhemikhali kunye nee-reagents ezisetyenzisiweyo bezikwibakala lokuhlalutya kwaye zathengwa kumaziko asekuhlaleni kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand.
Iingcongconi ezisetyenziswa njengovavanyo lwezinto eziphilayo kwi-bioassay yabantu abadala yayiziingcongconi ze-Aedes zokukhwelana ngokukhululekileyo.i-aegypti, kuquka i-Muang Chiang Mai strain (MCM-S) kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R).Uxinzelelo lwe-MCM-S lufunyenwe kwiisampuli zasekhaya eziqokelelwe kwindawo ye-Muang Chiang Mai, kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand, kwaye iye yagcinwa kwigumbi le-entomology yeSebe leParasitology, iCMU School of Medicine, ukususela ngo-1995 [39].Uhlobo lwe-PMD-R, oluye lwafunyaniswa lukwazi ukumelana ne-permethrin, lwahlukaniswa kwiingcongconi zasendle eziqokelelwe kwi-Ban Pang Mai Dang, kwiSithili saseMae Tang, kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand, kwaye igcinwe kwiziko elifanayo ukususela ngo-1997 [40]. ].Iintlobo ze-PMD-R zakhuliswa phantsi koxinzelelo olukhethiweyo ukugcina amanqanaba okumelana nokuchaswa kwexesha elithile kwi-0.75% ye-permetrin usebenzisa ikiti yokufumanisa i-WHO kunye nohlengahlengiso oluthile [41].Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-Ae.I-Aedes aegypti yafakwa koloni nganye kwilabhoratri engena-pathogen kwi-25 ± 2 °C kunye ne-80 ± 10% yomswakama onxulumeneyo kunye ne-14: 10 h ukukhanya / i-photoperiod emnyama.Malunga nama-200 ama-larvae agcinwe kwiitreyi zeplastiki (33 cm ubude, 28 cm ububanzi kunye ne-9 cm ukuphakama) ezizaliswe ngamanzi etephu kuxinano lwe-150-200 imibungu ngetreyi nganye kwaye ityiswa kabini yonke imihla ngeebhiskithi zezinja ezihlambulukileyo.Iintshulube zabantu abadala zazigcinwe kwiikheji ezifumileyo kwaye zondliwa ngokuqhubekayo nge-10% yesisombululo se-aqueous sucrose kunye ne-10% yesisombululo se-multivitamin isiraphu.Iingcongconi ezizimazi zihlala zifunxa igazi ukuze zibeke amaqanda.Amabhinqa aneentsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintlanu ubudala angondliwanga gazi anokusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kuvavanyo lovavanyo lwebhayoloji yabantu abadala.
I-dose-mortality response bioassay ye-EO yenziwa kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes ezibhinqileyo ezindala.i-aegypti, i-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R isebenzisa indlela ye-topical modified ngokwe-WHO standard protocol for susceptibility testing [42].I-EO kwisityalo ngasinye ihlanjululwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo nge-solvent efanelekileyo (umz. i-ethanol okanye i-acetone) ukufumana uluhlu oluphumeleleyo lwe-4-6 yogxininiso.Emva kwe-anesthesia kunye ne-carbon dioxide (CO2), iingcongconi zazilinganisa ngamnye.Iingcongconi ezithotyiweyo zaye zagcinwa zingashukumi kwiphepha lokucoca elomileyo kwipleyiti ebandayo yesiko phantsi kwestereomicroscope ukuthintela ukuphinda kusebenze ngexesha lenkqubo.Kunyango ngalunye, i-0.1 μl yesisombululo se-EO isetyenziswe kwipronotum ephezulu yabasetyhini kusetyenziswa i-Hamilton handheld microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Abasetyhini abangamashumi amabini anesihlanu baphathwa ngogxininiso ngalunye, kunye nokufa okuvela kwi-10% ukuya kwi-95% ubuncinane ubuncinane be-4 ukugxininiswa okuhlukeneyo.Iingcongconi ezinyangwa ngesinyibilikisi zazisebenza njengolawulo.Ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kweesampuli zovavanyo, buyisela iphepha lokucoca ngephepha elitsha lokucoca kwi-EO nganye evavanyiweyo.Amanani asetyenziswa kolu vavanyo lwebhayoloji abonakaliswa kwiimicrograms ze-EO ngemiligramu nganye yobunzima bomzimba wesifazane ophilayo.Umsebenzi we-PBO yabantu abadala nawo wavavanywa ngendlela efanayo kwi-EO, kunye ne-PBO esetyenziswa njengolawulo olulungileyo kwimifuniselo ye-synergistic.Iingcongconi ezinyangwayo kuwo onke amaqela zafakwa kwiikomityi zeplastiki kwaye zanikwa i-10% ye-sucrose kunye ne-10% yesiraphu ye-multivitamin.Zonke ii-bioassays zenziwa kwi-25 ± 2 °C kunye ne-80 ± 10% yokufuma okuhambelanayo kwaye ziphinda-phindwe kane ngolawulo.Ukufa ngexesha le-24-iyure yokukhuliswa kwahlolwa kwaye kwaqinisekiswa kukungaphenduli kwengcongconi ekuvuseleleni ngomatshini kwaye emva koko kurekhodwe ngokusekelwe kumyinge wee-replicates ezine.Unyango lovavanyo luphindwe kane kwisampulu nganye yovavanyo kusetyenziswa iibhetshi ezahlukeneyo zeengcongconi.Iziphumo zashwankathelwa kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukubala ipesenti yokufa kwepesenti, eyayisetyenziselwa ukumisela i-24 yeyure ye-dose ebulalayo ngohlalutyo lweprobit.
I-synergistic anticidal effect ye-EO kunye ne-permetrin yavavanywa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokuvavanya ubuthi bendawo [42] njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili.Sebenzisa i-acetone okanye i-ethanol njenge-solvent ukuze ulungiselele i-permethrin kwi-concentration oyifunayo, kunye nomxube webinary ye-EO kunye ne-permetrin (i-EO-permethrin: i-permetrin exutywe ne-EO kwi-concentration ye-LD25).Iikiti zokuvavanya (i-permethrin kunye ne-EO-permethrin) zavavanywa ngokuchasene ne-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R ye-Ae.Aedes yaseYiputa.Nganye kwiingcongconi ezibhinqileyo ezingama-25 zanikwa iidosi ezine zepermetrin ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwayo ekubulaleni abantu abadala, unyango ngalunye luphindaphindwa kane.Ukuchonga i-synergists ye-EO yabaviwa, i-4 kwi-6 i-dose ye-EO-permethrin ilawulwa kwi-mosquito ye-25 yabasetyhini, kunye nesicelo ngasinye siphindwe kane.Unyango lwe-PBO-permetrin (i-permethrin exutywe ne-LD25 yoxinaniso lwe-PBO) nayo yasebenza njengolawulo oluhle.Iidosi ezisetyenziswe kolu vavanyo lwebhayoloji zibonakaliswa kwiinanograms zesampulu yovavanyo ngemiligram nganye yobunzima bomzimba wabasetyhini.Uvavanyo olune lovavanyo lohlobo ngalunye lwengcongconi lwenziwa kwiibhetshi ezikhuliswe ngabanye, kwaye idatha yokufa yadityaniswa kwaye yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa iProbit ukumisela idosi ebulalayo yeeyure ezingama-24.
Izinga lokufa lahlengahlengiswa kusetyenziswa ifomula ye-Abbott [43].Idatha ehlengahlengisiweyo yahlalutywa ngohlalutyo lweProbit regression kusetyenziswa inkqubo yezibalo zekhompyutha SPSS (uguqulelo 19.0).Ixabiso le-Lethal ye-25%, 50%, 90%, 95% kunye ne-99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 kunye ne-LD99, ngokulandelanayo) ibalwe kusetyenziswa i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba elihambelanayo (95% CI).Imilinganiselo yokubaluleka kunye nomahluko phakathi kweesampuli zovavanyo zavavanywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-chi-square okanye uvavanyo lwe-Mann-Whitney U ngaphakathi kovavanyo lwebhayoloji nganye.Iziphumo zathathwa ngokuba zibalulekile ngokwezibalo kwiP< 0.05.I-coefficient yokumelana (RR) iqikelelwa kwinqanaba le-LD50 kusetyenziswa le fomula ilandelayo [12]:
I-RR> I-1 ibonisa ukuchasana, kwaye i-RR ≤ 1 ibonisa uvakalelo.I-synergy ratio (SR) ixabiso lomviwa ngamnye we-synergist libalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo [34, 35, 44]:
Lo mba wahlula iziphumo zibe ngamacandelo amathathu: ixabiso le-SR ye-1±0.05 ithathwa njengengenayo impembelelo ecacileyo, ixabiso le-SR> 1.05 lithathwa njengesiphumo se-synergistic, kunye nexabiso le-SR ye-Oyile yolwelo ekhanyayo ephuzi ingaba ifunyenwe nge-steam distillation ye-rhizomes ye-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kunye nexolo le-C. verum.Izivuno ezibalwe kubunzima obomileyo yi-0.15%, 0.27% (w / w), kunye ne-0.54% (v / v).w) ngokulandelelanayo (Itheyibhile 1).Uphononongo lwe-GC-MS lwemichiza ye-oyile ye-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum ibonise ubukho be-19, i-17 kunye ne-21 iikhompawundi, ezibalelwa kwi-80.22, 86.75 kunye ne-97.24% yazo zonke izinto, ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 2). ).C. i-lucidum rhizome oil compounds ikakhulu iquka i-cyperonene (14.04%), ilandelwa yi-carralene (9.57%), i-α-capsellan (7.97%), kunye ne-α-capsellan (7.53%).Inxalenye yeekhemikhali eziphambili ze-galangal rhizome oil yi-β-bisabolene (18.27%), ilandelwa yi-α-bergamotene (16.28%), i-1,8-cineole (10.17%) kunye ne-piporonol (10.09%).Ngoxa i-cinnamaldehyde (i-64.66%) ichongiwe njengenxalenye ephambili ye-oyile ye-C. verum bark, i-cinnamic acetate (6.61%), i-α-copaene (5.83%) kunye ne-3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) ithathwa njengezithako ezincinci.Izakhiwo zeekhemikhali ze-cyperne, i-β-bisabolene kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde zizona zixhobo eziphambili ze-C. rotundus, A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum, ngokulandelanayo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 2.
Iziphumo ezivela kwii-OOs ezintathu zivavanye umsebenzi wabantu abadala ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Aedes.Iimiyane ze-aegypti ziboniswa kwiThebhile 3. Zonke ii-EO zifunyenwe zineempembelelo ezibulalayo kwiimiyane ze-MCM-S Aedes kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye namanani.Aedes yaseYiputa.I-EO esebenzayo kakhulu yi-C. verum, ilandelwa ngu-A. galanga kunye no-C. rotundus kunye ne-LD50 ixabiso le-3.30, i-7.97 kunye ne-10.05 μg / mg i-MCM-S yabasetyhini ngokulandelanayo, iphakamileyo kancinane kune-3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) kunye ne-9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg / mg PMD -R kubasetyhini.Oku kuhambelana ne-PBO enomphumo ophezulu kancinane wabantu abadala kwi-PMD-R kunobunzima be-MSM-S, kunye namaxabiso e-LD50 ye-4.79 kunye ne-6.30 μg/mg abafazi, ngokulandelanayo (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Inokubalwa ukuba ixabiso le-LD50 yeC. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus kunye ne-PBO ngokumelene ne-PMD-R malunga ne-0.98, 0.99, 0.95 kunye ne-0.76 ngamaxesha aphantsi kunezo zichasene ne-MCM-S, ngokulandelanayo.Ngaloo ndlela, oku kubonisa ukuba ukuchaphazeleka kwi-PBO kunye ne-EO kufana ngokulinganayo phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ze-Aedes.Nangona i-PMD-R yayichaphazeleka ngakumbi kune-MCM-S, uvakalelo lwe-Aedes aegypti lwalungabalulekanga.Ngokwahlukileyo, ezi ntlobo zimbini ze-Aedes zahluke kakhulu kubuntununtunu kwi-permetrin.iegypti (Itheyibhile 4).I-PMD-R ibonise ukuchasana okuphawulekayo kwi-permethrin (ixabiso le-LD50 = 0.44 ng / mg kubasetyhini) kunye nexabiso eliphezulu le-LD50 ye-3.70 xa kuthelekiswa ne-MCM-S (ixabiso le-LD50 = 0.44 ng / mg kubasetyhini) ng / mg kubasetyhini (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Nangona i-PMD-R ingaphantsi kakhulu kwi-permetrin kune-MCM-S, uvakalelo lwayo kwi-PBO kunye ne-C. verum, i-A. galanga, kunye ne-C. rotundus oyile iphezulu kancinci kune-MCM-S.
Njengoko kubonwe kwi-bioassay yabantu abadala be-EO-permethrin indibaniselwano, imixube yokubini ye-permethrin kunye ne-EO (LD25) ibonise nokuba yi-synergy (ixabiso le-SR> 1.05) okanye akukho siphumo (ixabiso le-SR = 1 ± 0.05).Iziphumo zabantu abadala ezintsonkothileyo zomxube we-EO-permethrin kwiingcongconi ze-albino zokulinga.I-Aedes aegypti i-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R iboniswe kwiThebhile 4 kunye ne-Figure 3. Ukongezwa kweoli ye-C. ye-verum kufunyenwe ukunciphisa kancane i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokumelene ne-MCM-S kunye nokwandisa kancane i-LD50 malunga ne-PMD-R ukuya kwi-0.44- I-0 .42 ng / mg kubasetyhini kunye ne-3.70 ukuya kwi-3.85 ng / mg kubasetyhini, ngokulandelanayo.Ngokwahlukileyo, ukongezwa kwe-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga ioli yanciphisa kakhulu i-LD50 ye-permetrin kwi-MCM-S ukusuka kwi-0.44 ukuya kwi-0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kunye ne-0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg abafazi.Ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso e-LD50 ye-MCM-S, ixabiso le-SR yomxube we-EO-permethrin emva kokongezwa kwe-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga ioli yayiyi-6.28 kunye ne-4.00, ngokulandelanayo.Ngokuhambelanayo, i-LD50 ye-permethrin echasene ne-PMD-R yehla kakhulu ukusuka kwi-3.70 ukuya kwi-0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kunye ne-0.003 kunye nokongezwa kwe-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga ioli (U = 0). ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg female.Ixabiso le-SR ye-permethrin edibeneyo ne-C. rotundus ngokumelene ne-PMD-R yayingu-8.81, kanti ixabiso le-SR ye-galangal-permethrin umxube wawuyi-1233.33.Ngokumalunga ne-MCM-S, ixabiso le-LD50 lolawulo oluhle lwe-PBO lwehla ukusuka kwi-0.44 ukuya kwi-0.26 ng / mg (abasetyhini) kunye ne-3.70 ng / mg (abasetyhini) ukuya kwi-0.65 ng / mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kunye ne-PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Amaxabiso e-SR yomxube we-PBO-permethrin kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R zaziyi-1.69 kunye ne-5.69, ngokulandelanayo.Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. ioli ye-galanga kunye ne-PBO iphucula ubuthi be-permethrin kumlinganiselo omkhulu kune-C. ioli ye-verum kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R.
Umsebenzi wabantu abadala (LD50) we-EO, i-PBO, i-permethrin (PE) kunye nokudibanisa kwabo ngokuchasene ne-pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) kunye ne-resistant (PMD-R) ye-Aedes mosquitoes.Aedes yaseYiputa
[45].I-Synthetic pyrethroids isetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela ukulawula phantse zonke ii-arthropods zokubaluleka kwezolimo nakwezonyango.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemiphumo eyingozi yokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane zokwenziwa, ngokukodwa malunga nophuhliso kunye nokuxhathisa ukuxhaphaka kweengcongconi, kunye nefuthe kwimpilo yexesha elide kunye nokusingqongileyo, ngoku kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa. yezilwanyana zokwenziwa zemveli kunye nokuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela [35, 46, 47].Ukongeza ekukhuseleni indalo kunye nempilo yabantu, iingenelo ze-insecticide ze-botanical ziquka ukukhetha okuphezulu, ukufumaneka kwehlabathi jikelele, kunye nokulula kwemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa, okwenza kube nomtsalane ngakumbi kulawulo lweengcongconi [32,48,49].Olu phononongo, ukongeza ekucaciseni iimpawu zemichiza yee-oyile ezisebenzayo ngohlalutyo lwe-GC-MS, likwavavanye amandla e-oyile eyimfuneko yabantu abadala kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukomeleza ubuthi be-permethrin yokwenziwa.I-aegypti kwiintlobo ze-pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) kunye ne-resistant strains (PMD-R).
Iimpawu ze-GC-MS zibonise ukuba i-cypern (i-14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%) kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yayiziinxalenye eziphambili ze-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum oils ngokulandelanayo.Ezi khemikhali zibonise imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yebhayoloji.Ahn et al.[50] ingxelo yokuba i-6-acetoxycyperene, eyodwa kwi-rhizome ye-C. rotundus, isebenza njenge-antitumor compound kwaye inokubangela i-apoptosis exhomekeke kwi-caspase kwiiseli zomhlaza we-ovari.I-β-Bisabolene, ekhutshwe kwi-oyile efunekayo yomthi wemore, ibonisa i-cytotoxicity ethile ngokuchasene neeseli ze-tumor mammary yomntu kunye ne-mouse zombini kwi-vitro kunye ne-vivo [51].I-Cinnamaldehyde, efunyenwe kwiincindi zendalo okanye ezenziwe kwilabhoratri, kuye kwabikwa ukuba ine-insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, kunye nemisebenzi ye-antiangiogenic [52].
Iziphumo ze-bioassay yomsebenzi omdala oxhomekeke kwidosi zibonise amandla amahle e-EOs ezivavanyiweyo kwaye zabonisa ukuba i-Aedes mosquito strains i-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R yayinokuchaphazeleka okufanayo kwi-EO kunye ne-PBO.Aedes yaseYiputa.Ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kwe-EO kunye ne-permetrin kubonise ukuba le yokugqibela inempembelelo enamandla ye-allecidal: ixabiso le-LD50 yi-0.44 kunye ne-3.70 ng / mg kubasetyhini kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelanayo.Ezi ziphumo zixhaswa zizifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba i-pesticides eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, ngokukodwa iimveliso eziphuma kwizityalo, ngokuqhelekileyo zingasebenzi kakuhle kunezokwenziwa kwezinto [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Oku kungenxa yokuba eyokuqala yindibaniselwano entsonkothileyo yezithako ezisebenzayo okanye ezingasebenziyo, ngelixa le yokugqibela iyikhompawundi esulungekileyo enye esebenzayo.Nangona kunjalo, iyantlukwano kunye nobunzima bezithako ezisebenzayo zendalo ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zesenzo zinokuphucula umsebenzi webhayoloji okanye zithintele uphuhliso lokuchasa kubemi ababambeleyo [55, 56, 57].Abaphandi abaninzi baye babika i-anti-mosquito potency ye-C. verum, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. rotundus kunye namacandelo abo afana ne-β-bisabolene, i-cinnamaldehyde kunye ne-1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63 ,64].Nangona kunjalo, ukuphononongwa kweencwadi kubonise ukuba akukho ngxelo yangaphambili yempembelelo yayo ye-synergistic kunye ne-permethrin okanye ezinye ii-insecticides zokwenziwa kwi-Aedes mosquitoes.Aedes yaseYiputa.
Kolu phononongo, umahluko omkhulu kwi-permetrin susceptibility yabonwa phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ze-Aedes.Aedes yaseYiputa.I-MCM-S inomdla kwi-permetrin, kanti i-PMD-R ingaphantsi kakhulu kuyo, kunye nesantya sokumelana ne-8.41.Xa kuthelekiswa novakalelo lwe-MCM-S, i-PMD-R ayinabungozi kangako kwi-permethrin kodwa i-EO, ibonelela ngesiseko sezifundo eziqhubekayo ezijolise ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwe-permetrin ngokuyidibanisa ne-EO.I-synergistic indibaniselwano esekwe kwi-bioassay yeziphumo zabantu abadala ibonise ukuba imixube yokubini ye-EO kunye ne-permetrin yehlise okanye yanda ukufa kwe-Aedes yabantu abadala.Aedes yaseYiputa.Ukongezwa kweoli ye-C. ye-verum yehle kancinci i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokuchasene ne-MCM-S kodwa inyuse kancinci i-LD50 ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R kunye nexabiso le-SR ye-1.05 kunye ne-0.96, ngokulandelanayo.Oku kubonisa ukuba ioli ye-C. verum ayinayo i-synergistic okanye i-antagonistic effect kwi-permetrin xa ivavanywa kwi-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga ioli ibonise umphumo obalulekileyo we-synergistic ngokunciphisa kakhulu ixabiso le-LD50 ye-permethrin kwi-MCM-S okanye i-PMD-R.Xa i-permetrin idityaniswe ne-EO ye-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga, amaxabiso e-SR e-EO-permethrin umxube we-MCM-S yayiyi-6.28 kunye ne-4.00, ngokulandelanayo.Ukongezelela, xa i-permetrin ihlolwe ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R ngokudibanisa ne-C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) okanye i-A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), ixabiso le-SR linyuke kakhulu.Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba zombini i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga yonyusa ubutyhefu be-permetrin ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R Ae.i-egypti kakhulu.Ngokufanayo, i-PBO yafunyaniswa ukuba yonyusa ubuthi be-permethrin kunye namaxabiso e-SR ye-1.69 kunye ne-5.69 kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelanayo.Ekubeni i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga zinemilinganiselo ephezulu ye-SR, zazibhekwa njengezona zihambelanayo zokuphucula i-permethrin toxicity kwi-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R, ngokulandelanayo.
Uphononongo oluninzi lwangaphambili luchaze isiphumo se-synergistic yendibaniselwano yezinambuzane zokwenziwa kunye nezicatshulwa zezityalo ngokuchasene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcongconi.I-larvicidal bioassay ngokuchasene no-Anopheles Stephensi ephononongwe nguKalayanasundaram kunye ne-Das [65] ibonise ukuba i-fenthion, i-organophosphate ebanzi, yayanyaniswa ne-Cleodendron inerme, i-Pedalium murax kunye ne-Parthenium hysterophorus.I-synergy ebalulekileyo yabonwa phakathi kweengcaphuno kunye ne-synergistic effect (SF) ye-1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 kunye ne-2.23, ngokulandelanayo.Kwi-larvicidal screening ye-15 yeentlobo ze-mangrove, i-petroleum ether extract ye-mangrove stilted roots ifunyenwe iphumelele kakhulu kwi-Culex quinquefasciatus enexabiso le-LC50 le-25.7 mg / L [66].Impembelelo ye-synergistic yale catshulwa kunye ne-botanical insecticide pyrethrum nayo yabikwa ukunciphisa i-LC50 yepyrethrum ngokumelene neC.34,35,44].Ukusebenza okudityanisiweyo kwengca yengcambu ye-Solanum citron kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezininzi ezenziweyo (umzekelo, i-fenthion, i-cypermethrin (i-synthetic pyrethroid) kunye ne-timethphos (i-organophosphorus larvicide)) ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Anopheles ziye zavavanywa.Stephensi [54] kunye noC. quinquefasciatus [34].Ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe-cypermethrin kunye ne-yellow fruit petroleum ether extract ibonise umphumo we-synergistic kwi-cypermethrin kuzo zonke izilinganiso.Owona mlinganiselo usebenzayo yayiyi-1: 1 indibaniselwano yokubini kunye ne-LC50 kunye namaxabiso e-SF ye-0.0054 ppm kunye ne-6.83, ngokulandelelanayo, xa kuthelekiswa no-An.UStephen West[54].Ngoxa i-1: i-1 ye-binary mix ye-S. xanthocarpum kunye ne-temephos yayichasene (SF = 0.6406), i-S. xanthocarpum-fenthion indibaniselwano (1: 1) ibonise umsebenzi we-synergistic ngokumelene ne-C. quinquefasciatus kunye ne-SF ye-1.3125 [34]].UTong noBlomquist [35] bafunde iziphumo zesityalo se-ethylene oxide kwityhefu ye-carbaryl (i-wide-spectrum carbamate) kunye ne-permethrin kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes.Aedes yaseYiputa.Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-ethylene oxide evela kwi-agar, i-pepper emnyama, ijuniper, i-helichrysum, i-sandalwood kunye ne-sesame yandisa ubuthi be-carbaryl kwiimiyane ze-Aedes.Amaxabiso e-aegypti larvae SR ahluka ukusuka kwi-1.0 ukuya kwi-7.0.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, akukho nanye yee-EO eyayinetyhefu kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes ezindala.Kweli nqanaba, akukho ziphumo ze-synergistic eziye zaxelwa ngokudibanisa i-Aedes aegypti kunye ne-EO-carbaryl.I-PBO yasetyenziswa njengolawulo olulungileyo ukunyusa ubutyhefu be-carbaryl ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Aedes.Amaxabiso e-SR e-Aedes aegypti larvae kunye nabantu abadala yi-4.9-9.5 kunye ne-2.3, ngokulandelanayo.Kuphela imixube yokubini ye-permethrin kunye ne-EO okanye i-PBO yavavanyelwa umsebenzi we-larvicidal.Umxube we-EO-permethrin waba nefuthe elichasayo, ngelixa umxube we-PBO-permethrin waba nefuthe le-synergistic ngokuchasene ne-Aedes mosquitoes.Imibungu yeAedes aegypti.Nangona kunjalo, imifuniselo yedosi yokuphendula kunye novavanyo lwe-SR kwimixube ye-PBO-permetrin ayikakenziwa.Nangona iziphumo ezimbalwa ziye zaphunyezwa malunga nemiphumo ye-synergistic ye-phytosynthetic indibaniselwano ngokuchasene ne-mosquito vectors, ezi nkcukacha zixhasa iziphumo ezikhoyo, ezivula ithemba lokongeza ama-synergists kungekhona nje ukunciphisa umthamo osetyenzisiweyo, kodwa nokwandisa umphumo wokubulala.Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinambuzane.Ukongezelela, iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonise okokuqala ukuba i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga ioli i-synergistically isebenza ngokuphawulekayo kwi-pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of Aedes mosquitoes xa kuthelekiswa ne-PBO xa idibene ne-permethrin toxicity.Aedes yaseYiputa.Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ezivela kuhlalutyo lwe-synergistic lubonise ukuba i-oyile ye-C. verum inomsebenzi omkhulu wokulwa nabantu abadala ngokumelene neentlobo zombini ze-Aedes.Okumangalisayo kukuba, impembelelo eyityhefu ye-permetrin kwi-Aedes aegypti yayinganelisi.Ukwahluka kwimiphumo eyityhefu kunye nemiphumo ye-synergistic inokuba ngenxa yenxalenye yokuvezwa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba amacandelo e-bioactive kula maoyile.
Nangona iinzame zokuqonda indlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, iindlela ze-synergistic zihlala zingacacanga.Izizathu ezinokuthi zenzeke ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunye nokubakho kwe-synergistic kunokubandakanya iyantlukwano ekubunjweni kweekhemikhali zeemveliso ezivavanyiweyo kunye nokwahluka kokuchaphazeleka kweengcongconi ezinxulumene nobume bokuchasa kunye nophuhliso.Kukho ukungafani phakathi kwezinto eziphambili kunye ezincinci ze-ethylene oxide ezihlolwe kolu cwaningo, kwaye ezinye zezi zixhobo zibonakaliswe ukuba zinefuthe elibi kunye netyhefu ngokuchasene neentlobo zezinambuzane kunye nezifo zezifo [61,62,64,67,68].Nangona kunjalo, iikhompawundi eziphambili ezibonakaliswe kwi-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. i-oyile ye-verum, njenge-cypern, i-β-bisabolene kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde, ayizange ihlolwe kweli phepha kwimisebenzi yabo yokulwa nabantu abadala kunye ne-synergistic ngokumelene ne-Ae, ngokulandelanayo.Aedes yaseYiputa.Ke ngoko, izifundo ezizayo ziyafuneka ukwahlula izithako ezisebenzayo ezikhoyo kwi-oyile nganye ebalulekileyo kwaye zicacise ukusebenza kwazo kwe-insecticidal kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-synergistic ngokuchasene ne-mosquito vector.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umsebenzi we-insecticidal uxhomekeke kwisenzo kunye nokusabela phakathi kwee-poisons kunye ne-insect tissues, ezinokuthi zenziwe lula kwaye zihlulwe zibe zizigaba ezintathu: ukungena kwi-insect body skin kunye ne-membrane ye-organ ekujoliswe kuyo, ukusebenza (= ukusebenzisana nenjongo) kunye ne-detoxification.izinto eziyityhefu [57, 69].Ke ngoko, i-synergism ye-insecticide ekhokelela ekusebenzeni okwandisiweyo kwendibaniselwano enetyhefu ifuna ubuncinci enye yezi ndidi, ezifana nokunyuka kokungena, ukusebenza okukhulu kweekhompawundi eziqokelelweyo, okanye ukunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kwetyhefu yesithako esisebenzayo se-pesticide.Ngokomzekelo, ukunyamezela amandla kulibazisa ukungena kwe-cuticle ngokusebenzisa i-cuticle ejiyileyo kunye nokumelana ne-biochemical, njengokuphucula i-insecticide metabolism ebonwa kwiintlobo zezinambuzane ezixhathisayo [70, 71].Ukusebenza okuphawulekayo kwe-EOs ekunyuseni ubuthi be-permetrin, ngokukodwa ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R, kunokubonisa isisombululo kwingxaki yokumelana ne-insecticide ngokusebenzisana neendlela zokumelana [57, 69, 70, 71].I-Tong kunye ne-Blomquist [35] zixhase iziphumo zolu phononongo ngokubonisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwee-EO kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane zokwenziwa.i-aegypti, kukho ubungqina bomsebenzi wokuthintela ngokuchasene ne-enzymes yokukhupha, kuquka i-cytochrome P450 monooxygenases kunye ne-carboxylesterases, ehambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuphuhliswa kokuchasana ne-pesticides yendabuko.I-PBO ayithethi nje kuphela ukuba yi-inhibitor ye-metabolic ye-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase kodwa iphinde iphucule ukungena kwezinambuzane, njengoko kuboniswe ngokusetyenziswa kwayo njengokulawula okulungileyo kwizifundo ze-synergistic [35, 72].Kuyathakazelisa ukuba i-1,8-cineole, enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunyenwe kwioli ye-galangal, iyaziwa ngemiphumo yayo enetyhefu kwiintlobo zezinambuzane [22, 63, 73] kwaye kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kuneempembelelo ze-synergistic kwiindawo ezininzi zophando lwe-biological. 74]..,75,76,77].Ukongezelela, i-1,8-cineole ngokudibanisa neziyobisi ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya i-curcumin [78], i-5-fluorouracil [79], i-mefenamic acid [80] kunye ne-zidovudine [81] nayo inempembelelo yokukhuthaza i-permeation.i-In vitro.Ngaloo ndlela, indima enokwenzeka ye-1,8-cineole kwisenzo se-synergistic insecticidal asiyona nje into esebenzayo kodwa kunye nesithuthukisi sokungena.Ngenxa ye-synergism enkulu kunye ne-permethrin, ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R, iimpembelelo ze-synergistic yeoli ye-galangal kunye neoli ye-trichosanthes ebonwe kolu cwaningo ingabangela ukusebenzisana kunye neendlela zokumelana, oko kukuthi ukwanda kokungena kwi-chlorine.I-Pyrethroids yandisa ukusebenza kwee-compounds eziqokelelweyo kwaye inqanda i-enzymes ye-detoxifying efana ne-cytochrome P450 monooxygenases kunye ne-carboxylesterases.Nangona kunjalo, le miba ifuna uphando olongezelelweyo ukucacisa indima ethile ye-EO kunye neekhompawundi zayo ezizimeleyo (zodwa okanye ngokudibeneyo) kwiindlela ze-synergistic.
Ngo-1977, amanqanaba akhulayo okumelana ne-permethrin aye axelwa kwiindawo ezinkulu ze-vector eThailand, kwaye kule minyaka ilandelayo ilandelayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-permetrin kwathatyathelwa indawo yezinye iikhemikhali zepyrethroid, ngakumbi ezo zithathelwe indawo yideltamethrin [82].Nangona kunjalo, ukuchasana kwe-vector kwi-deltamethrin kunye nezinye iindidi ze-insecticide zixhaphake kakhulu kulo lonke ilizwe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokuqhubekayo [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Ukuze kuliwe nale ngxaki, kucetyiswa ukuba ujikelezise okanye uphinde usebenzise izibulali-zinambuzane ezilahliweyo ebezisebenza ngaphambili nezingeyotyhefu kangako kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, njengepermethrin.Okwangoku, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-permethrin kuncitshisiwe kwiinkqubo zamva nje zolawulo lweengcongconi zikaRhulumente wesizwe, ukuxhathisa kwe-permetrin kusengafumaneka kwiingcongconi.Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuvezwa kweengcongconi kwiimveliso zokulawula izinambuzane zekhaya, ezibandakanya ikakhulu i-permetrin kunye nezinye iipyrethroids [14, 17].Ke, ukuphinda kubuyiselwe ngempumelelo i-permetrin kufuna uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kwezicwangciso zokunciphisa ukuxhathisa kwe-vector.Nangona akukho nanye yeeoli ezifunekayo ezivavanyiweyo ngamnye kolu phononongo zazisebenza njenge-permethrin, ukusebenza kunye ne-permetrin kubangele iziphumo ezichukumisayo ze-synergistic.Oku kubonisa ukuba ukusebenzisana kwe-EO kunye neendlela zokuxhathisa kubangela ukudibanisa kwe-permetrin kunye ne-EO isebenze ngakumbi kune-insecticide okanye i-EO yodwa, ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R Ae.Aedes yaseYiputa.Izibonelelo zemixube ye-synergistic ekwandiseni ukusebenza kakuhle, nangona ukusetyenziswa kweedosi ezisezantsi zokulawula i-vector, kunokukhokelela ekuphuculweni kokulawulwa kokumelana kunye nokunciphisa iindleko [33, 87].Ukususela kwezi ziphumo, kuyamkholisa ukuqaphela ukuba i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. rotundus EOs yayisebenza ngokuphawulekayo ngakumbi kune-PBO kwi-synergizing permethrin toxicity kuzo zombini iintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R kwaye ziyindlela enokuthi isebenzise i-ergogenic aids.
Ii-EO ezikhethiweyo zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo ze-synergistic ekwandiseni ubutyhefu babantu abadala ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R Ae.i-aegypti, ngakumbi ioli ye-galangal, inexabiso le-SR ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1233.33, ebonisa ukuba i-EO inesithembiso esibanzi njenge-synergist ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwe-permetrin.Oku kunokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso entsha yendalo esebenzayo, enokuthi xa idibene inyuse ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zolawulo lweengcongconi ezisebenza kakhulu.Ikwabonisa amandla e-ethylene oxide njengenye i-synergist yokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo kwi-insecticide endala okanye yendabuko ukujongana neengxaki ezikhoyo zokuxhathisa kwiingcongconi.Ukusebenzisa izityalo ezifumaneka lula kwiinkqubo zokulawula iingcongconi akunciphisi nje kuphela ukuxhomekeka kwizinto ezithengwa kumazwe angaphandle kunye neendleko eziphezulu, kodwa kukwavuselela iinzame zasekhaya zokuqinisa iinkqubo zempilo zikarhulumente.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ngokucacileyo umphumo obalulekileyo we-synergistic oveliswa ngokudibanisa i-ethylene oxide kunye ne-permetrin.Iziphumo zigxininisa amandla e-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist yezityalo ekulawuleni iingcongconi, ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-permetrin ngokuchasene nomiyane, ngakumbi kubantu abachasayo.Uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo kunye nophando luya kufuna i-synergistic bioanalysis ye-galangal kunye ne-alpinia oyile kunye neekhompawundi zabo ezizimeleyo, indibaniselwano ye-insecticide yendalo okanye imvelaphi yokwenziwa ngokuchasene neentlobo ezininzi kunye nezigaba zeengcongconi, kunye nokuvavanywa kobutyhefu kwizinto ezingajoliswanga.Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-ethylene oxide njengenye i-synergist esebenzayo.
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