Kwiprojekthi yangaphambili yokuvavanya izityalo zokulungisa ukutya zasekuhlaleni eThailand, iioyile ezibalulekileyo (ii-EO) zeCyperus rotundus, i-galangal kunye nesinamoni zifunyenwe zinamandla okulwa noomiyane kwi-Aedes aegypti. Kumzamo wokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo zemveli.izibulali-zinambuzanekunye nokuphucula ulawulo lweenkumbi ezixhathisayo, olu phononongo lujolise ekuchongeni ukusebenzisana okunokwenzeka phakathi kweziphumo zokubulala abantu abadala ze-ethylene oxide kunye nobuthi be-permethrin kwiingcongconi ze-Aedes. aegypti, kuquka iintlobo ezixhathisayo kwi-pyrethroid kunye neentlobo ezinobuthathaka.
Ukuvavanya ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nomsebenzi wokubulala we-EO ekhutshwe kwi-rhizomes ze-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kunye negxolo le-C. verum ngokuchasene nohlobo oluchaphazeleka lula lweMuang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) kunye nohlobo oluxhathisayo lwePang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ) I-Ae. Aedes aegypti yabantu abadala esebenzayo. Uvavanyo lwe-bioassay yabantu abadala lomxube we-EO-permethrin lwenziwe nakwizi ngcongconi ze-Aedes ukuze kuqondwe umsebenzi wazo wokubambisana.
Ukuchazwa kweekhemikhali kusetyenziswa indlela yohlalutyo lwe-GC-MS kubonise ukuba iikhompawundi ezingama-48 zichongiwe kwii-EOs ze-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum, ezibalelwa kwi-80.22%, i-86.75% kunye ne-97.24% yeekhompawundi zizonke, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-Cyperene (14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%), kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) zezona zinto ziphambili zeoyile ye-cyperus, ioyile ye-galangal, kunye neoyile ye-balsamic, ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwiimvavanyo zokubulala abantu abadala zebhayoloji, ii-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum EVs zisebenze kakuhle ekubulaleni i-Ae. aegypti, i-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R LD50 values zaziyi-10.05 kunye ne-9.57 μg/mg yabasetyhini, i-7.97 kunye ne-7.94 μg/mg yabasetyhini, kunye ne-3.30 kunye ne-3.22 μg/mg yabasetyhini, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R Ae ekubulaleni abantu abadala. I-aegypti kwezi EOs yayisondele kwi-piperonyl butoxide (amaxabiso e-PBO, i-LD50 = 6.30 kunye ne-4.79 μg/mg yebhinqa, ngokwahlukeneyo), kodwa yayingavakali njenge-permethrin (amaxabiso e-LD50 = 0.44 kunye ne-3.70 ng/mg yebhinqa ngokwahlukeneyo). Nangona kunjalo, ukudibana kwe-bioassays kufumanise ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-EO kunye ne-permethrin. Ukusebenzisana okubalulekileyo ne-permethrin ngokuchasene neentlobo ezimbini zeengcongconi ze-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti yaphawulwa kwi-EM ye-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga. Ukongezwa kweeoyile ze-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kunciphise kakhulu ixabiso le-LD50 le-permethrin kwi-MCM-S ukusuka kwi-0.44 ukuya kwi-0.07 ng/mg kunye ne-0.11 ng/mg kwabasetyhini, ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye namaxabiso e-synergy ratio (SR) angama-6.28 kunye nama-4.00 ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga EOs nazo zinciphise kakhulu ixabiso le-LD50 le-permethrin kwi-PMD-R ukusuka kwi-3.70 ukuya kwi-0.42 ng/mg kunye ne-0.003 ng/mg kwabasetyhini, ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye namaxabiso e-SR angama-8.81 kunye ne-1233.33, ngokwahlukeneyo. .
Isiphumo sokusebenzisana kwendibaniselwano ye-EO-permethrin yokwandisa ubuthi kubantu abadala kwiintlobo ezimbini zeengcongconi ze-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti ibonisa indima ethembisayo ye-ethylene oxide njengentsebenziswano ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kokulwa neengcongconi, ingakumbi apho iikhompawundi zemveli zingasebenzi kakuhle okanye zingafanelekanga.
Ingcongconi i-Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) yeyona nto ibangela i-dengue fever kunye nezinye izifo ezisulelayo ezifana ne-yellow fever, i-chikungunya kunye ne-Zika virus, nto leyo ebangela umngcipheko omkhulu ebantwini [1, 2]. I-dengue virus yeyona ngcongconi ibangela ukopha okukhulu ebantwini, apho kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho amatyala ayi-5-100 yezigidi ngonyaka kwaye abantu abangaphezu kwe-2.5 yeebhiliyoni kwihlabathi liphela basengozini [3]. Ukuqhambuka kwesi sifo sisulelayo kubeka umthwalo omkhulu kubemi, iinkqubo zempilo kunye noqoqosho lwamazwe amaninzi ashushu [1]. Ngokutsho kweSebe lezeMpilo laseThailand, bekukho amatyala ayi-142,925 e-dengue fever kunye nokufa okuyi-141 okubikwe kuzwelonke ngo-2015, ngaphezulu kwenani lamatyala nokufa ngo-2014 [4]. Nangona kukho ubungqina bembali, i-dengue fever iphelisiwe okanye incitshiswe kakhulu yi-Aedes mosquito. Emva kolawulo lwe-Aedes aegypti [5], amazinga osulelo anyuke kakhulu kwaye esi sifo sasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela, ngenxa yeminyaka emininzi yokufudumala kwehlabathi. Ukususwa nokulawulwa kwe-Ae. I-Aedes aegypti inzima kakhulu kuba yintsholongwane yasekhaya ethwala iingcongconi ezidibanayo, zondle, ziphumle kwaye zibeke amaqanda ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekhaya labantu emini. Ukongeza, le ngcongconi inako ukuziqhelanisa notshintsho lwendalo okanye ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ziziganeko zendalo (ezifana nembalela) okanye amanyathelo okulawula abantu, kwaye inokubuyela kwinani layo lokuqala [6, 7]. Ngenxa yokuba imijovo yokulwa nomkhuhlane we-dengue isandula kuvunywa kwaye akukho nyango luthile lomkhuhlane we-dengue, ukuthintela nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokudluliselwa kwe-dengue kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekulawuleni iingcongconi ezithwala iingcongconi kunye nokuphelisa ukudibana kwabantu ne-vectors.
Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali zokulawula iingcongconi ngoku kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo olupheleleyo lwe-vector. Iindlela zekhemikhali ezidumileyo ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezingenabungozi obuphantsi ezisebenza ngokuchasene nezibungu zengcongconi (ii-larvicides) kunye neengcongconi ezindala (ii-adidocides). Ulawulo lwezibungu ngokunciphisa umthombo kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwee-larvicides zeekhemikhali ezifana nee-organophosphates kunye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezinambuzane kuthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo ezimbi zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene nezibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo kunye nokugcinwa kwazo okunzima nokusebenza nzima kusaqhubeka nokuba yingxaki enkulu [8, 9]. Ulawulo lwe-vector esebenzayo yendabuko, njengolawulo lwabantu abadala, luhlala luyindlela efanelekileyo yokulawula ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwentsholongwane kuba lunokuphelisa ii-vectors zezifo ezisulelayo ngokukhawuleza nangomlinganiselo omkhulu, kunye nokunciphisa ubomi kunye nobomi obude be-vectors zasekuhlaleni [3]. , 10]. Iindidi ezine zezibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali: ii-organochlorines (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-DDT kuphela), ii-organophosphates, ii-carbamates, kunye nee-pyrethroids zakha isiseko seenkqubo zolawulo lwe-vector, kunye nee-pyrethroids ezithathwa njengezona klasi ziphumeleleyo. Zisebenza kakhulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo ze-arthropods kwaye azinazo iityhefu kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo. Okwangoku, ii-pyrethroids ezenziweyo zenza uninzi lwezibulala-zinambuzane zorhwebo, zimalunga ne-25% yemarike yehlabathi yezibulala-zinambuzane [11, 12]. I-Permethrin kunye ne-deltamethrin zizinambuzane ze-pyrethroid ezibanzi ezisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela kangangeminyaka emininzi ukulawula iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo nakwezonyango [13, 14]. Kwiminyaka yoo-1950, i-DDT yakhethwa njengekhemikhali ekhethwayo kwinkqubo yolawulo lwezinambuzane yezempilo yoluntu yaseThailand. Emva kokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-DDT kwiindawo ezixhaphakileyo kwi-malaria, iThailand yanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-DDT phakathi kowama-1995 nowama-2000 yaza yathatha indawo yayo ngee-pyrethroids ezimbini: i-permethrin kunye ne-deltamethrin [15, 16]. Ezi zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid zaziswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 ukulawula i-malaria kunye nomkhuhlane we-dengue, ngokuyintloko ngonyango lwe-bed net kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-thermal fogs kunye ne-ultra-low toxicity sprays [14, 17]. Nangona kunjalo, baphulukene nokusebenza kakuhle ngenxa yokumelana kakhulu neengcongconi kunye nokungabikho kokuthobela imithetho yoluntu ngenxa yenkxalabo malunga nempilo yoluntu kunye nempembelelo yeekhemikhali zokwenziwa. Oku kubangela imingeni ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yeenkqubo zokulawula iintsholongwane ezisongelayo [14, 18, 19]. Ukuze icebo lisebenze ngakumbi, ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye amanyathelo okulwa ayimfuneko. Iinkqubo zolawulo ezicetyiswayo ziquka ukutshintshwa kwezinto zendalo, ukujikeleza kweekhemikhali zeendidi ezahlukeneyo, ukongezwa kwee-synergists, kunye nokuxuba iikhemikhali okanye ukusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kweekhemikhali zeendidi ezahlukeneyo [14, 20, 21]. Ke ngoko, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokufumana nokuphuhlisa enye indlela enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, elula nesebenzayo kunye ne-synergist kwaye olu phononongo lujolise ekusombululeni le mfuno.
Izibulali-zinambuzane eziveliswe ngokwendalo, ingakumbi ezo zisekelwe kwizityalo, zibonakalise amandla ekuvavanyweni kwezinye iindlela zokulawula iingcongconi ezikhoyo nezizayo [22, 23, 24]. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukulawula iintsholongwane ezibalulekileyo zeengcongconi ngokusebenzisa iimveliso zezityalo, ingakumbi iioyile ezibalulekileyo (ii-EO), njengezibulali zabantu abadala. Iimpawu zokubulala ezinye iintlobo zeengcongconi ezibalulekileyo zifunyenwe kwiioyile zemifuno ezininzi ezifana neseleri, i-cumin, i-zedoaria, i-anise, ipepile yepipe, i-thyme, i-Schinus terebinthifolia, i-Cymbopogon citratus, i-Cymbopogon schoenanthus, i-Cymbopogon giganteus, i-Chenopodium ambrosioides, i-Cochlospermum planchonii, i-Eucalyptus ter eticornis. , i-Eucalyptus citriodora, i-Cananga odorata kunye ne-Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. I-ethylene oxide ngoku ayisetyenziswa yodwa kuphela, kodwa ikwasetyenziswa kunye nezinto ezikhutshiweyo zezityalo okanye izibulali-zinambuzane ezikhoyo, ezivelisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo etyhefu. Iindidi zezibulali zinambuzane zemveli ezifana ne-organophosphates, ii-carbamates kunye ne-pyrethroids kunye ne-ethylene oxide/izityalo ezikhutshiweyo zisebenza ngokubambisana okanye ngokuchaseneyo kwimiphumo yazo enobuthi kwaye zibonakaliswe zisebenza ngokuchasene nezifo kunye nezinambuzane [31,32,33,34,35]. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezifundo malunga nemiphumo enobuthi yokusebenzisana yendibaniselwano yee-phytochemicals ezineekhemikhali zokwenziwa okanye ezingenazo zenziwe zenziwe kwizinambuzane zezolimo kunye nezinambuzane kunokuba zenziwe kwizinambuzane ezibalulekileyo kwezonyango. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lomsebenzi kwimiphumo yokusebenzisana yendibaniselwano yezibulala zinambuzane ezenziwe ngezityalo ngokuchasene nezinambuzane ezithwala izinambuzane ugxile kwisiphumo sokubulala iintsholongwane.
Kwisifundo sangaphambili esenziwe ngababhali njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yophando eqhubekayo yokuhlola izibulali-zinambuzane ezivela kwizityalo zokutya zemveli eThailand, i-ethylene oxides ezivela kwiCyperus rotundus, galangal kunye nesinamoni zifunyenwe zinomsebenzi onokubakho nxamnye ne-Aedes yabantu abadala. I-Egypt [36]. Ke ngoko, olu phononongo lujolise ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-EOs ezithathwe kwezi zityalo zonyango nxamnye neengcongconi ze-Aedes, kuquka iintlobo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid nezinovakalelo. Isiphumo sokusebenzisana kwengxubevange ye-binary ye-ethylene oxide kunye ne-synthetic pyrethroids esebenza kakuhle kubantu abadala sikwahlalutywe ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zemveli kunye nokwandisa ukumelana neengcongconi, ngakumbi nxamnye ne-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti. Eli nqaku libika ukuchazwa kweekhemikhali kweeoyile ezibalulekileyo ezisebenzayo kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuphucula ubuthi be-permethrin yokwenziwa nxamnye neengcongconi ze-Aedes. I-aegypti kwiintlobo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid (MCM-S) kunye neentlobo ezimelana ne-pyrethroid (PMD-R).
Iirhizomes ze-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kunye negxolo le-C. verum (Umzobo 1) ezisetyenziselwa ukutsalwa kweoyile ebalulekileyo zithengwe kubaboneleli bamayeza ezityalo kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand. Ukuchongwa kwenzululwazi kwezi zityalo kufezekiswe ngokubonisana noMnu. James Franklin Maxwell, iHerbarium Botanist, iSebe leBiology, iKholeji yeSayensi, iYunivesithi yaseChiang Mai (CMU), iPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand, kunye nososayensi uWannari Charoensap; kwiSebe lePharmacy, iKholeji yePharmacy, iYunivesithi yaseCarnegie Mellon, iisampulu zeVawutsha zesityalo ngasinye zigcinwa kwiSebe leParasitology kwiSikolo sezonyango seYunivesithi yaseCarnegie Mellon ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo.
Iisampulu zezityalo zomiswa ngokwahlukeneyo kangangeentsuku ezi-3-5 kwindawo evulekileyo enomoya osebenzayo kunye nobushushu obuphakathi obumalunga nama-30 ± 5 °C ukususa umswakama ngaphambi kokukhupha ii-oyile ezibalulekileyo zendalo (ii-EO). I-250 g iyonke yesityalo ngasinye esomileyo yagaywa ngoomatshini yaba ngumgubo orhabaxa yaza yasetyenziswa ukwahlula ii-oyile ezibalulekileyo (ii-EO) ngokugaywa ngomphunga. Isixhobo sokugaywa sasiquka i-electric heating mantle, iflaski ejikelezayo engama-3000 mL, ikholamu yokukhupha, i-condenser, kunye nesixhobo se-Cool ace (i-Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, iTokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., iTokyo, eJapan). Yongeza amanzi acocekileyo ayi-1600 ml kunye neeglasi ezili-10-15 kwiflaski uze uyifudumeze ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100°C usebenzisa i-heater yombane ubuncinane iiyure ezi-3 de kube kugqityiwe ukugaywa kwaye kungabikho EO iphinda iveliswe. Umaleko we-EO wahlulwe kwisigaba samanzi kusetyenziswa i-separatory funnel, womiswa phezu kwe-anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) waza wagcinwa kwibhotile emdaka evaliweyo kwi-4°C de kube kuhlolwe ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nomsebenzi wabantu abadala.
Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zeoyile ezibalulekileyo kwenziwe ngaxeshanye novavanyo lwebhayoloji lwento yabantu abadala. Uhlalutyo lomgangatho lwenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-GC-MS equlathe i-Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph exhotyiswe ngesixhobo esinye sokuchonga ubunzima obune-quadrupole (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) kunye ne-MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Ikholamu yeChromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × ubukhulu befilimu 0.25 µm). Ixesha elipheleleyo lokusebenza kwe-GC-MS yayiyimizuzu engama-20. Iimeko zohlalutyo zezokuba amaqondo obushushu e-injector kunye ne-transfer line angama-250 kunye nama-280 °C, ngokwahlukeneyo; amaqondo obushushu e-furnace amiselwe ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-50°C ukuya kwi-250°C ngesantya se-10°C/min, igesi ethwalayo yi-helium; izinga lokuhamba yi-1.0 ml/min; umthamo we-injection yi-0.2 µL (1/10% ngevolumu kwi-CH2Cl2, umlinganiselo wokwahlulahlula yi-100:1); Inkqubo ye-ionization ye-electron enegunya le-ionization le-70 eV isetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-GC-MS. Uluhlu lokufumana yi-50–550 atomic mass units (amu) kwaye isantya sokuskena yi-2.91 scans ngomzuzwana. Iipesenti ezihambelanayo zezixhobo zibonakaliswa njengeepesenti eziqhelekileyo ngokwendawo ende. Ukuchongwa kwezithako ze-EO kusekelwe kwi-retention index yazo (RI). I-RI ibalwe kusetyenziswa i-equation kaVan den Dool kunye noKratz [37] kuthotho lwe-n-alkanes (C8-C40) kwaye kuthelekiswa ne-retention indices ezivela kuncwadi [38] kunye needathabheyisi zethala leencwadi (NIST 2008 kunye noWiley 8NO8). Ubume beekhompawundi ezibonisiweyo, ezifana nesakhiwo kunye nefomula yemolekyuli, buqinisekiswe ngokuthelekiswa neesampuli zokwenyani ezikhoyo.
Imigangatho yohlalutyo lwe-permethrin yokwenziwa kunye ne-piperonyl butoxide (i-PBO, ulawulo oluhle kwizifundo ze-synergy) ithengwe kwiSigma-Aldrich (eSt. Louis, MO, e-USA). Iikiti zovavanyo lwabantu abadala ze-World Health Organisation (WHO) kunye needosi zokuxilonga zephepha elifakwe i-permethrin (0.75%) zithengwe ngorhwebo kwiZiko loLawulo lweVector le-WHO ePenang, eMalaysia. Zonke ezinye iikhemikhali kunye nee-reagents ezisetyenzisiweyo zazikumgangatho wohlalutyo kwaye zithengwe kumaziko asekuhlaleni kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand.
Iingcongconi ezisetyenziswa njengezinto eziphilayo zovavanyo kwi-bioassay yabantu abadala zazidibana ngokukhululekileyo ne-laboratory Aedes mosquitoes. aegypti, kuquka uhlobo lweMuang Chiang Mai olusengozini (MCM-S) kunye nohlobo lwePang Mai Dang oluxhathisayo (PMD-R). Uhlobo lwe-MCM-S lufunyenwe kwiisampuli zasekuhlaleni eziqokelelwe kwindawo yaseMuang Chiang Mai, kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand, kwaye lugcinwe kwigumbi le-entomology leSebe leParasitology, kwiSikolo sezonyango saseCMU, ukusukela ngo-1995 [39]. Uhlobo lwe-PMD-R, olufunyenwe lunganyamezeli kwi-permethrin, lwahlulwa kwiingcongconi zasendle ezaziqokelelwe eBan Pang Mai Dang, kwiSithili saseMae Tang, kwiPhondo laseChiang Mai, eThailand, kwaye lugcinwe kwiziko elifanayo ukusukela ngo-1997 [40]. Iintlobo ze-PMD-R zakhuliswa phantsi koxinzelelo olukhethiweyo ukugcina amanqanaba okumelana ngokuchatshazelwa rhoqo kwi-permethrin ye-0.75% kusetyenziswa i-WHO detection kit kunye notshintsho oluthile [41]. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-Ae. I-Aedes aegypti yahluthwa yodwa kwilebhu engenazo iintsholongwane kwi-25 ± 2 °C kunye ne-80 ± 10% yomswakama kunye nexesha lokukhanya/elimnyama leeyure ezili-14:10. Malunga nee-larvae ezingama-200 zagcinwa kwiitreyi zeplastiki (ubude obungama-33 cm, ububanzi obungama-28 cm kunye nokuphakama okungama-9 cm) zizaliswe ngamanzi epompo kubuninzi be-larvae eziyi-150–200 kwitreyi nganye kwaye zondliwa kabini ngemini ngeebhisikithi zezinja ezicociweyo. Ii-larvae ezindala zagcinwa kwiikheyiji ezimanzi kwaye zondliwa rhoqo ngesisombululo se-sucrose samanzi esiyi-10% kunye nesisombululo sesiraphu ye-multivitamin eyi-10%. Iingcongconi ezingamabhinqa zihlala zifunxa igazi ukuze zibeke amaqanda. Iimazi ezineentsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintlanu ubudala ezingakhange zondliwa ngegazi zingasetyenziswa rhoqo kwiimvavanyo zebhayoloji zabantu abadala.
Uvavanyo lwe-bioassay yempendulo yokufa ngedosi lwe-EO lwenziwe kwiingcongconi ezindala ze-Aedes ezibhinqileyo, i-aegypti, i-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R kusetyenziswa indlela yokuthambisa eguqulwe ngokwemigaqo eqhelekileyo ye-WHO yovavanyo lokuthambekela [42]. I-EO evela kwisityalo ngasinye yaxutywa ngokulandelelana ngesinyibilikisi esifanelekileyo (umz. i-ethanol okanye i-acetone) ukuze kufunyanwe uthotho olupheleleyo lwe-4-6 concentrations. Emva kwe-anesthesia nge-carbon dioxide (CO2), iingcongconi zalinganiswa ngokwahlukeneyo. Iingcongconi ezidambiswe i-anesthesia zagcinwa zingashukumi kwiphepha lesihluzo elomileyo kwipleyiti ebandayo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso phantsi kwe-stereomicroscope ukuthintela ukuphinda kusebenze ngexesha lenkqubo. Kunyango ngalunye, i-0.1 μl yesisombululo se-EO yafakwa kwi-pronotum ephezulu yebhinqa kusetyenziswa i-Hamilton handheld microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). Abafazi abangamashumi amabini anesihlanu banyangwa nge-concentration nganye, kunye nokufa okusukela kwi-10% ukuya kwi-95% ubuncinane kwii-concentrations ezi-4 ezahlukeneyo. Iingcongconi eziphathwe nge-solvent zasebenza njengolawulo. Ukuthintela ungcoliseko lweesampuli zovavanyo, tshintsha iphepha lesihluzo ngephepha elitsha lesihluzo kwi-EO nganye evavanyiweyo. Iidosi ezisetyenziswa kwezi ziphumo zebhayoloji zibonakaliswa kwii-microgram ze-EO nge-milligram nganye yobunzima bomzimba womfazi ophilayo. Umsebenzi we-PBO yabantu abadala nawo uvavanyiwe ngendlela efanayo ne-EO, apho i-PBO isetyenziswa njengolawulo oluhle kwiimvavanyo ezisebenzisanayo. Iingcongconi ezinyangiweyo kuzo zonke amaqela zibekwe kwiikomityi zeplastiki zanikwa i-10% ye-sucrose kunye ne-10% yesiraphu ye-multivitamin. Zonke iimvavanyo zebhayoloji zenziwe kwi-25 ± 2 °C kunye ne-80 ± 10% yokufuma kwaye zaphindwa kane ngolawulo. Ukufa ngexesha lokukhulisa iiyure ezingama-24 kuhlolwe kwaye kwaqinisekiswa kukungabikho kwempendulo yengcongconi ekuvuseleleni koomatshini kwaye emva koko kwarekhodwa ngokusekelwe kumyinge wezihlandlo ezine. Unyango lovavanyo luphindwe kane kwisampulu nganye yovavanyo kusetyenziswa amaqela ahlukeneyo eengcongconi. Iziphumo zashwankathelwa kwaye zasetyenziswa ukubala ipesenti yezinga lokufa, eyasetyenziswa ukumisela idosi ebulalayo yeeyure ezingama-24 ngohlalutyo lwe-probit.
Isiphumo sokulwa nokubulala se-EO kunye ne-permethrin sivavanywe kusetyenziswa inkqubo yovavanyo lwetyhefu yasekuhlaleni [42] njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili. Sebenzisa i-acetone okanye i-ethanol njengesinyibilikisi ukulungiselela i-permethrin kuxinzelelo olufunekayo, kunye nomxube we-binary we-EO kunye ne-permethrin (EO-permethrin: i-permethrin exutywe ne-EO kuxinzelelo lwe-LD25). Iikiti zovavanyo (i-permethrin kunye ne-EO-permethrin) zivavanywe ngokuchasene ne-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R strains ze-Ae. Aedes aegypti. Ingcongconi nganye kwezingama-25 ezingamabhinqa yanikwa iidosi ezine ze-permethrin ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwayo ekubulaleni abantu abadala, kunye nonyango ngalunye oluphindaphindwayo izihlandlo ezine. Ukuchonga ii-EO synergists ezikhethiweyo, iidosi ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6 ze-EO-permethrin zanikwa ingcongconi nganye kwezingama-25 ezingamabhinqa, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngakunye okuphindaphindwayo izihlandlo ezine. Unyango lwe-PBO-permethrin (i-permethrin exutywe noxinzelelo lwe-LD25 lwe-PBO) nalo lusebenze njengolawulo oluhle. Iidosi ezisetyenzisiweyo kwezi ziphumo zebhayoloji zibonakaliswa kwiinanograms zesampulu yovavanyo nge-milligram nganye yobunzima bomzimba womfazi ophilayo. Uvavanyo olune lovavanyo lwesifo ngasinye seengcongconi lwenziwe kwiibhetshi ezikhuliswe ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye idatha yokufa yahlanganiswa yaza yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa iProbit ukumisela idosi ebulalayo yeeyure ezingama-24.
Izinga lokufa lilungiswe kusetyenziswa ifomyula ka-Abbott [43]. Idatha elungisiweyo ihlalutywe ngohlalutyo lwe-Probit regression kusetyenziswa inkqubo yezibalo zekhompyutha i-SPSS (inguqulelo 19.0). Amaxabiso abulalayo angama-25%, 50%, 90%, 95% kunye nama-99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 kunye ne-LD99, ngokwahlukeneyo) abalwe kusetyenziswa amaxesha okuzithemba angama-95% ahambelanayo (95% CI). Ukulinganiswa kokubaluleka kunye nomahluko phakathi kweesampuli zovavanyo kuhlolwe kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-chi-square okanye uvavanyo lweMann-Whitney U ngaphakathi kovavanyo ngalunye lwebhayoloji. Iziphumo zithathwe njengezibalulekileyo ngokwezibalo kwi-P.< 0.05. I-resistance coefficient (RR) iqikelelwa kwinqanaba le-LD50 kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo [12]:
I-RR > 1 ibonisa ukumelana, kwaye i-RR ≤ 1 ibonisa uvakalelo. Ixabiso le-synergy ratio (SR) lomviwa ngamnye we-synergist libalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo [34, 35, 44]:
Le nto yahlula iziphumo zibe ziindidi ezintathu: ixabiso le-SR eliyi-1±0.05 lithathwa njengelingenasiphumo sibonakalayo, ixabiso le-SR eliyi->1.05 lithathwa njengelinomphumo we-synergistic, kwaye ixabiso le-SR le-A light ye-oyile yolwelo etyheli ingafunyanwa ngokuhlanjululwa ngomphunga kwee-rhizomes ze-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kunye negxolo le-C. verum. Isivuno esibalwe ngobunzima obomileyo yayiyi-0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), kunye ne-0.54% (v/v). w) ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 1). Uphononongo lwe-GC-MS malunga nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ze-oyile ze-C. rotundus, A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum lubonise ubukho beekhompawundi ezili-19, 17 kunye ne-21, ezibalelwa kwi-80.22, 86.75 kunye ne-97.24% yazo zonke izinto, ngokulandelanayo (Itheyibhile 2). Iikhompawundi zeoyile ye-C. lucidum rhizome ziquka i-cyperonene (14.04%), ilandelwe yi-carralene (9.57%), i-α-capsellan (7.97%), kunye ne-α-capsellan (7.53%). Icandelo eliphambili leekhemikhali leoyile ye-galangal rhizome yi-β-bisabolene (18.27%), ilandelwe yi-α-bergamotene (16.28%), i-1,8-cineole (10.17%) kunye ne-piperonol (10.09%). Ngelixa i-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ichongiwe njengecandelo eliphambili leoyile ye-C. verum bark, i-cinnamic acetate (6.61%), i-α-copaene (5.83%) kunye ne-3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) zazithathwa njengezithako ezincinci. Izakhiwo zeekhemikhali ze-cyperne, i-β-bisabolene kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde zezona zinto ziphambili ze-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum, ngokwahlukeneyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2.
Iziphumo ezivela kwi-OO ezintathu ezivavanye umsebenzi wabantu abadala ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Aedes. Iingcongconi ze-aegypti ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 3. Zonke ii-EO zifunyenwe zinemiphumo ebulalayo kwiingcongconi ze-MCM-S Aedes kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye needosi. I-Aedes aegypti. I-EO esebenzayo kakhulu yi-C. verum, ilandelwa yi-A. galanga kunye ne-C. rotundus ezinamaxabiso e-LD50 angama-3.30, 7.97 kunye ne-10.05 μg/mg eemazi ze-MCM-S ngokulandelelana, aphezulu kancinci kune-3.22 (U = 1 ), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) kunye ne-9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg ye-PMD -R kwabasetyhini. Oku kuhambelana nokuba i-PBO inefuthe eliphezulu kancinci kubantu abadala kwi-PMD-R kune-MSM-S strain, kunye namaxabiso e-LD50 angama-4.79 kunye nama-6.30 μg/mg abasetyhini, ngokulandelelana (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057 ). ). Kungabalwa ukuba amaxabiso e-LD50 e-C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus kunye ne-PBO ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R aphantsi ngokuphindwe ka-0.98, 0.99, 0.95 kunye ne-0.76 kunalawo achasene ne-MCM-S, ngokulandelelana. Ngoko ke, oku kubonisa ukuba ukuthambekela kwi-PBO kunye ne-EO kuyafana phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ze-Aedes. Nangona i-PMD-R yayithambekele ngakumbi kune-MCM-S, ukuthambekela kwe-Aedes aegypti kwakungabalulekanga. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintlobo ezimbini ze-Aedes zahluke kakhulu kubuchule bazo kwi-permethrin. aegypti (Itheyibhile 4). I-PMD-R ibonakalise ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwi-permethrin (ixabiso le-LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg kwabasetyhini) kunye nexabiso le-LD50 eliphezulu le-3.70 xa lithelekiswa ne-MCM-S (ixabiso le-LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg kwabasetyhini) ng/mg kwabasetyhini (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Nangona i-PMD-R ingenamvakalelo kangako kwi-permethrin kune-MCM-S, uvakalelo lwayo kwi-PBO kunye ne-C. verum, i-A. galanga, kunye ne-C. rotundus oils luphezulu kancinci kune-MCM-S.
Njengoko kubonwe kwi-bioassay yabantu abadala yomxube we-EO-permethrin, imixube ye-binary ye-permethrin kunye ne-EO (LD25) ibonise ukusebenzisana (ixabiso le-SR > 1.05) okanye akukho siphumo (ixabiso le-SR = 1 ± 0.05). Iziphumo ezintsonkothileyo zomxube we-EO-permethrin kubantu abadala kwiingcongconi ze-albino zovavanyo. Iintlobo ze-Aedes aegypti ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 4 kunye noMfanekiso 3. Ukongezwa kweoyile ye-C. verum kufunyenwe kunciphisa kancinci i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokuchasene ne-MCM-S kwaye kunyusa kancinci i-LD50 ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R ukuya kwi-0.44–0 .42 ng/mg kwabasetyhini kunye nokusuka kwi-3.70 ukuya kwi-3.85 ng/mg kwabasetyhini, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukongezwa kwee-oyile ze-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga kuye kunciphisa kakhulu i-LD50 ye-permethrin kwi-MCM-S ukusuka kwi-0.44 ukuya kwi-0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kunye ne-0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg yabasetyhini. Ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-LD50 le-MCM-S, ixabiso le-SR lomxube we-EO-permethrin emva kokongezwa kwee-oyile ze-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga beziyi-6.28 kunye ne-4.00, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R yehle kakhulu ukusuka kwi-3.70 ukuya kwi-0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ukuya kwi-0.003 ngokongezwa kwe-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga oils (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg yebhinqa. Ixabiso le-SR le-permethrin elidityaniswe ne-C. rotundus ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R yayiyi-8.81, ngelixa ixabiso le-SR lomxube we-galangal-permethrin yayiyi-1233.33. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-MCM-S, ixabiso le-LD50 le-PBO yokulawula elungileyo lehle ukusuka kwi-0.44 ukuya kwi-0.26 ng/mg (abafazi) kwaye ukusuka kwi-3.70 ng/mg (abafazi) ukuya kwi-0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kunye ne-PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Amaxabiso e-SR omxube we-PBO-permethrin kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R ayeyi-1.69 kunye ne-5.69, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ii-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga oils kunye ne-PBO zonyusa ubuthi be-permethrin kakhulu kune-C. verum oil kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R.
Umsebenzi wabantu abadala (LD50) we-EO, i-PBO, i-permethrin (PE) kunye nokudibanisa kwazo ngokuchasene neentlobo ze-pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) kunye ne-resistant (PMD-R) zeengcongconi ze-Aedes.
[45]. Iipyrethroids zokwenziwa zisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela ukulawula phantse zonke ii-arthropods ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo nakwezonyango. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemiphumo emibi yokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zokwenziwa, ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele ekuphuhlisweni nasekuchaseni ngokubanzi kweengcongconi, kunye nempembelelo kwimpilo yexesha elide nakwindalo esingqongileyo, ngoku kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane zokwenziwa zendabuko kunye nokuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela [35, 46, 47]. Ukongeza ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu, iingenelo zezibulali-zinambuzane zezityalo ziquka ukukhetha okuphezulu, ukufumaneka kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nokulula kokuveliswa nokusetyenziswa, okwenza zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi ekulawuleni iingcongconi [32,48, 49]. Olu phononongo, ukongeza ekucaciseni iimpawu zeekhemikhali zeeoyile ezibalulekileyo ezisebenzayo ngohlalutyo lwe-GC-MS, lukwavavanye amandla eoyile ezibalulekileyo zabantu abadala kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukonyusa ubuthi be-permethrin yokwenziwa kwiintlobo ezibuthathaka kwi-pyrethroid (MCM-S) kunye neentlobo ezichaseneyo (PMD-R).
Ukuchazwa kwe-GC-MS kubonise ukuba i-cypern (14.04%), i-β-bisabolene (18.27%) kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) yayizezona zinto ziphambili ze-C. rotundus, i-A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum oils, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ezi khemikhali zibonakalise imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yebhayoloji. U-Ahn et al. [50] baxele ukuba i-6-acetoxycyperene, ehlukaniswe kwi-rhizome ye-C. rotundus, isebenza njenge-antitumor compound kwaye inokubangela i-caspase-dependent apoptosis kwiiseli zomhlaza wesibeleko. I-β-Bisabolene, ekhutshwe kwi-essential oil yomthi we-myrrh, ibonisa i-cytotoxicity ethile kwiiseli ze-tumor zesisu zabantu kunye neempuku zombini kwi-vitro nakwi-vivo [51]. I-Cinnamaldehyde, efunyenwe kwi-extracts zendalo okanye eyenziwe kwilebhu, ibikwe ukuba ine-insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, kunye ne-antiangiogenic activity [52].
Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-bioassay yomntu omdala oluxhomekeke kwidosi zibonise amandla amahle ee-EO ezivavanyiweyo kwaye zibonise ukuba iintlobo zeengcongconi ze-Aedes i-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R zinobuthathaka obufanayo ne-EO kunye ne-PBO. I-Aedes aegypti. Uthelekiso lokusebenza kwe-EO kunye ne-permethrin lubonise ukuba le yokugqibela inefuthe elinamandla le-allercidal: Amaxabiso e-LD50 yi-0.44 kunye ne-3.70 ng/mg kwabasetyhini kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ezi ziphumo zixhaswa zizifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, ingakumbi iimveliso ezivela kwizityalo, ngokubanzi azisebenzi kakuhle kunezinto ezenziweyo [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Oku kungenxa yokuba le yokuqala yindibaniselwano eyinkimbinkimbi yezithako ezisebenzayo okanye ezingasebenziyo, ngelixa le yokugqibela yikhompawundi esebenzayo enye ecocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukwahluka kunye nobunzima bezithako ezisebenzayo zemvelo ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunokunyusa umsebenzi webhayoloji okanye kuthintele uphuhliso lokumelana kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo [55, 56, 57]. Abaphandi abaninzi baxele ngamandla okulwa nombungu e-C. verum, A. galanga kunye ne-C. rotundus kunye nezinto zazo ezifana ne-β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde kunye ne-1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63, 64]. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lweencwadi lubonise ukuba akukho ngxelo zangaphambili zempembelelo yayo yokusebenzisana ne-permethrin okanye ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo nxamnye nombungu we-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti.
Kolu phononongo, umahluko omkhulu kwindlela enokuchaphazeleka ngayo i-permethrin ubonwe phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ze-Aedes. I-Aedes aegypti. I-MCM-S inovelwano kwi-permethrin, ngelixa i-PMD-R inovelwano oluncinci kuyo, ngesantya sokuxhathisa esiyi-8.41. Xa kuthelekiswa novelwano lwe-MCM-S, i-PMD-R inovelwano oluncinci kwi-permethrin kodwa inovelwano olungakumbi kwi-EO, nto leyo enika isiseko sezifundo ezongezelelweyo ezijolise ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwe-permethrin ngokuyidibanisa ne-EO. Uvavanyo lwe-bioassay olusekelwe kwindibaniselwano olusekelwe kwiziphumo zabantu abadala lubonise ukuba umxube we-binary we-EO kunye ne-permethrin unciphise okanye wandise ukufa kwe-Aedes yabantu abadala. I-Aedes aegypti. Ukongezwa kweoyile ye-C. verum kunciphise kancinci i-LD50 ye-permethrin ngokuchasene ne-MCM-S kodwa kwanyusa kancinci i-LD50 ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R ngamaxabiso e-SR ayi-1.05 kunye ne-0.96, ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba ioyile ye-C. verum ayinayo impembelelo yokusebenzisana okanye yokuchasana kwi-permethrin xa ivavanywa kwi-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iioyile ze-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga zibonise impembelelo ebalulekileyo yokusebenzisana ngokunciphisa kakhulu amaxabiso e-LD50 e-permethrin kwi-MCM-S okanye kwi-PMD-R. Xa i-permethrin yadibaniswa ne-EO ye-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga, amaxabiso e-SR omxube we-EO-permethrin we-MCM-S ayeyi-6.28 kunye ne-4.00, ngokulandelelana. Ukongeza, xa i-permethrin yavavanywa ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R xa idityaniswe ne-C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) okanye i-A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), amaxabiso e-SR anyuke kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zombini i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga zonyusa ubuthi be-permethrin ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R Ae. aegypti kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, i-PBO ifunyenwe inyusa ubuthi be-permethrin ngexabiso le-SR eliyi-1.69 kunye ne-5.69 kwiintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ekubeni i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga zazinamaxabiso aphezulu e-SR, zazithathwa njengezona zinto zingcono zokudibanisa ubuthi be-permethrin kwi-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Izifundo ezininzi zangaphambili zibike ngempembelelo yokusebenzisana kweendibaniselwano zezibulali zinambuzane ezenziwe ngokwenziwa kunye neziqwenga zezityalo ngokuchasene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcongconi. Uvavanyo lwe-bioassay lwe-larvicidal nxamnye ne-Anopheles Stephensi olufundwe nguKalayanasundaram noDas [65] lubonise ukuba i-fenthion, i-organophosphate ebanzi, yayinxulunyaniswa ne-Cleodendron inerme, iPedalium murax kunye neParthenium hysterophorus. Intsebenziswano ebalulekileyo yabonwa phakathi kweziqwenga ezinempembelelo yokusebenzisana (SF) ye-1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 kunye ne-2.23, ngokulandelelana. Kwi-larvicidal screening yeentlobo ezili-15 zeengrove, i-petroleum ether extract yeengcambu ze-mangrove eziqiniweyo yafunyanwa iyasebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene ne-Culex quinquefasciatus enexabiso le-LC50 le-25.7 mg/L [66]. Isiphumo sokusebenzisana kwesi sicatshulwa kunye ne-pyrethrum yezinambuzane zezityalo nayo ibikwe ukuba yehlisa i-LC50 ye-pyrethrum ngokuchasene ne-C. quinquefasciatus larvae ukusuka kwi-0.132 mg/L ukuya kwi-0.107 mg/L, ukongeza, kusetyenziswe ubalo lwe-SF lwe-1.23 kolu phononongo. 34,35,44]. Ukusebenza okudibeneyo kwe-Solanum citron root extract kunye nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo (umz., i-fenthion, i-cypermethrin (i-synthetic pyrethroid) kunye ne-timethphos (i-organophosphorus larvicide)) ngokuchasene neengcongconi ze-Anopheles kuhlolwe. Stephensi [54] kunye no-C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe-cypermethrin kunye ne-yellow fruit petroleum ether extract kubonise isiphumo sokusebenzisana kwi-cypermethrin kuzo zonke iireyithi. Eyona ratio isebenzayo yayiyindibaniselwano ye-1:1 ye-binary kunye ne-LC50 kunye ne-SF values ye-0.0054 ppm kunye ne-6.83, ngokulandelelana, xa kuthelekiswa ne-An. Stephen West[54]. Ngelixa umxube we-binary we-1:1 we-S. xanthocarpum kunye ne-temephos wawuchasene (SF = 0.6406), indibaniselwano ye-S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) ibonise umsebenzi we-synergistic ngokuchasene ne-C. quinquefasciatus ene-SF ye-1.3125 [34]]. UTong kunye noBlomquist [35] bafunde imiphumo ye-ethylene oxide yesityalo kwityhefu ye-carbaryl (i-carbamate ebanzi) kunye ne-permethrin kwi-Aedes mosquitoes. I-Aedes aegypti. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-ethylene oxide evela kwi-agar, ipepile emnyama, i-juniper, i-helichrysum, i-sandalwood kunye ne-sesame yonyusa ityhefu ye-carbaryl kwi-Aedes mosquitoes. Amaxabiso e-SR e-larvae ye-aegypti ayahluka ukusuka kwi-1.0 ukuya kwi-7.0. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, akukho nanye kwi-EOs eyayinobuthi kwi-Aedes ezindala. Kweli nqanaba, akukho miphumo ye-synergistic echazwe ngokudityaniswa kwe-Aedes aegypti kunye ne-EO-carbaryl. I-PBO yasetyenziswa njengolawulo oluhle lokuphucula ubuthi be-carbaryl kwi-Aedes mosquitoes. Amaxabiso e-SR e-Aedes aegypti mosquito kunye nabantu abadala yi-4.9-9.5 kunye ne-2.3, ngokulandelelana. Kuphela yimixube ye-binary ye-permethrin kunye ne-EO okanye i-PBO evavanyiweyo ukuze kubonwe umsebenzi wokubulala ii-larvicidal. Umxube we-EO-permethrin wawunempembelelo yokulwa, ngelixa umxube we-PBO-permethrin wawunempembelelo ye-synergistic kwi-Aedes mosquitoes. Ii-Larvae ze-Aedes aegypti. Nangona kunjalo, iimvavanyo zokuphendula idosi kunye novavanyo lwe-SR kwi-PBO-permethrin mixtures azikakwenziwa. Nangona zimbalwa iziphumo ezifunyenweyo malunga neziphumo zokudibanisa i-phytosynthetic ngokuchasene ne-mot vectors, ezi datha zixhasa iziphumo ezikhoyo, ezivula ithuba lokongeza i-synergists kungekuphela nje ukunciphisa idosi esetyenzisiweyo, kodwa nokwandisa umphumo wokubulala. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinambuzane. Ukongeza, iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonise okokuqala ukuba i-C. rotundus kunye ne-A. galanga oils zisebenzisana zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ngokuchasene neentlobo ze-Aedes mosquitoes ezichaphazeleka yi-pyrethroid kunye ne-pyrethroid xa kuthelekiswa ne-PBO xa zidityaniswe ne-permethrin toxicity. I-Aedes aegypti. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ezivela kuhlalutyo lwe-synergistic zibonise ukuba i-C. verum oil yayinomsebenzi omkhulu wokulwa nabantu abadala ngokuchasene neentlobo zombini ze-Aedes. Okumangalisayo kukuba, isiphumo esinobuthi se-permethrin kwi-Aedes aegypti sasinganelisi. Utshintsho kwiziphumo ezinobuthi kunye neziphumo zokudibanisa zinokubangelwa ngokuyinxenye kukuvezwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba ezinto eziphilayo kwezi oils.
Nangona kukho imizamo yokuqonda indlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, iindlela zokusebenza ngokubambisana azikacaci. Izizathu ezinokubakho zokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisana zinokubandakanya umahluko kwimilo yeekhemikhali zeemveliso ezivavanyiweyo kunye nomahluko ekuchaseni iingcongconi ezinxulumene nesimo sokumelana nophuhliso. Kukho umahluko phakathi kwezinto eziphambili nezincinci ze-ethylene oxide ezivavanyiweyo kolu phononongo, kwaye ezinye zezi zinto zibonakaliswe zineziphumo zokugxotha kunye netyhefu ngokuchasene neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane kunye nezifo ezibangela izifo [61,62,64,67,68]. Nangona kunjalo, iikhompawundi eziphambili ezichazwe kwi-C. rotundus, A. galanga kunye ne-C. verum oils, ezifana ne-cypern, β-bisabolene kunye ne-cinnamaldehyde, azizange zivavanywe kweli phepha ngenxa yemisebenzi yazo yokulwa nabantu abadala kunye nokusebenzisana ngokuchasene ne-Ae, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-Aedes aegypti. Ke ngoko, kufuneka izifundo ezizayo ukuze kwahlulwe izithako ezisebenzayo ezikhoyo kwi-oyile nganye ebalulekileyo kwaye kucaciswe ukusebenza kwazo kokubulala izinambuzane kunye nokusebenzisana ngokubambisana nxamnye nale vector yengcongconi. Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane uxhomekeke kwisenzo kunye nokusabela phakathi kweetyhefu kunye nezicubu zezinambuzane, ezinokwenziwa lula kwaye zahlulwe zibe ngamanqanaba amathathu: ukungena eluswini lomzimba wezinambuzane kunye nee-membranes zelungu ekujoliswe kulo, ukusebenza (= ukusebenzisana nomntu ekujoliswe kuye) kunye nokukhupha ityhefu. izinto ezinobuthi [57, 69]. Ke ngoko, ukusebenzisana kwezinambuzane okubangela ukusebenza okuphezulu kwendibaniselwano yetyhefu kufuna ubuncinane enye yezi ndidi, njengokungena okwandisiweyo, ukusebenza okukhulu kweekhompawundi eziqokelelweyo, okanye ukunciphisa ukususwa kwetyhefu kwisithako esisebenzayo sezinambuzane. Umzekelo, ukunyamezela amandla kulibazisa ukungena kwe-cuticle nge-cuticle etyebileyo kunye nokumelana ne-biochemical, njengokuphuculwa kwe-metabolism yezinambuzane ebonwa kwezinye iintlobo zezinambuzane ezixhathisayo [70, 71]. Ukusebenza okubalulekileyo kwe-EOs ekwandiseni ubuthi be-permethrin, ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R, kunokubonisa isisombululo kwingxaki yokuxhathisa izinambuzane ngokusebenzisana neendlela zokuxhathisa [57, 69, 70, 71]. UTong noBlomquist [35] baxhase iziphumo zolu phononongo ngokubonisa ukusebenzisana okudibeneyo phakathi kwe-EOs kunye nezinambuzane zokwenziwa. i-egypti, kukho ubungqina bomsebenzi wokuthintela ii-enzymes zokususa iintsholongwane, kuquka ii-cytochrome P450 monooxygenases kunye nee-carboxylesterases, ezinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso lokumelana nezibulali-zinambuzane zemveli. I-PBO ayithiwa nje kuphela ukuba ithintela i-metabolism ye-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase kodwa ikwaphucula ukungena kwezibulali-zinambuzane, njengoko kuboniswe kukusetyenziswa kwayo njengolawulo oluhle kwizifundo ze-synergistic [35, 72]. Okunomdla kukuba, i-1,8-cineole, enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezifumaneka kwi-oyile ye-galangal, yaziwa ngemiphumo yayo enobuthi kwiintlobo zezinambuzane [22, 63, 73] kwaye ibikwe ukuba inemiphumo ye-synergistic kwiindawo ezininzi zophando lomsebenzi webhayoloji [74]. , , 75,76,77]. Ukongeza, i-1,8-cineole xa idityaniswe namayeza ahlukeneyo kuquka i-curcumin [78], i-5-fluorouracil [79], i-mefenamic acid [80] kunye ne-zidovudine [81] nayo inefuthe lokukhuthaza ukugqobhoza. kwi-vitro. Ngoko ke, indima enokwenzeka ye-1,8-cineole kwisenzo sokubulala izinambuzane esisebenzisanayo ayisiyonto isebenzayo kuphela kodwa ikwayiyo into ephucula ukungena. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana okukhulu ne-permethrin, ingakumbi ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R, iziphumo zokusebenzisana kweoyile ye-galangal kunye neoyile ye-trichosanthes ezibonwe kolu phononongo zinokubangelwa kukusebenzisana neendlela zokuxhathisa, oko kukuthi ukwanda kokungena kwe-chlorine. Ii-Pyrethroids zonyusa ukusebenza kweekhompawundi eziqokelelweyo kwaye zithintela ii-enzymes ezikhupha ityhefu ezifana ne-cytochrome P450 monooxygenases kunye ne-carboxylesterases. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkalo zifuna uphando olongezelelweyo ukuze kucaciswe indima ethile ye-EO kunye neekhompawundi zayo ezizimeleyo (zodwa okanye ezidibeneyo) kwiinkqubo zokusebenzisana.
Ngo-1977, amanqanaba okwanda kokuxhathisa kwe-permethrin axelwe kwiindawo eziphambili ze-vector eThailand, kwaye kwiminyaka engamashumi alandelayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-permethrin kwathatyathelwa indawo ngamanye amachiza e-pyrethroid, ngakumbi lawo athatyathelwe indawo yi-deltamethrin [82]. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhathisa kwe-vector kwi-deltamethrin nakwezinye iindidi ze-insecticide kuxhaphake kakhulu kulo lonke ilizwe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakhulu nangokuqhubekayo [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Ukulwa nale ngxaki, kucetyiswa ukujikeleza okanye ukusebenzisa kwakhona izibulali-zinambuzane ezilahliweyo ezazisebenza ngaphambili kwaye zingenabungozi kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, ezifana ne-permethrin. Okwangoku, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-permethrin kuye kwancitshiswa kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezinambuzane zikarhulumente kazwelonke zakutshanje, ukuxhathisa kwe-permethrin kusafumaneka kwiindawo zezinambuzane. Oku kusenokubangelwa kukuvezwa kweengcongconi kwiimveliso zolawulo lwezinambuzane zasekhaya zorhwebo, eziquka ikakhulu i-permethrin kunye nezinye ii-pyrethroids [14, 17]. Ke ngoko, ukuphinda usebenzise i-permethrin ngempumelelo kufuna uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamaqhinga okunciphisa ukuxhathisa kwe-vector. Nangona kungekho nanye kwiioyile ezibalulekileyo ezivavanywe ngokwahlukeneyo kolu phononongo eyayisebenza kakuhle njengepermethrin, ukusebenza kunye nepermethrin kubangele iziphumo ezimangalisayo zentsebenziswano. Olu luphawu oluthembisayo lokuba ukusebenzisana kwe-EO neendlela zokuxhathisa kubangela ukuba indibaniselwano ye-permethrin ne-EO isebenze ngakumbi kune-insecticide okanye i-EO yodwa, ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Iingenelo zemixube yentsebenziswano ekwandiseni ukusebenza, nangona kusetyenziswa iidosi eziphantsi zokulawula i-vector, zinokukhokelela ekuphuculweni kolawulo lokuxhathisa kunye neendleko ezincitshisiweyo [33, 87]. Ukusuka kwezi ziphumo, kuyavuyisa ukuqaphela ukuba ii-A. galanga kunye ne-C. rotundus EOs zazisebenza kakhulu kune-PBO ekwandiseni ubuthi be-permethrin kuzo zombini iintlobo ze-MCM-S kunye ne-PMD-R kwaye ziyindlela enokubakho yokuncedisa i-ergogenic yendabuko.
Ii-EO ezikhethiweyo zineziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokubambisana ekwandiseni ubuthi babantu abadala kwi-PMD-R Ae. aegypti, ingakumbi ioyile ye-galangal, inexabiso le-SR elifikelela kwi-1233.33, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-EO inethemba elikhulu njengentsebenziswano ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwe-permethrin. Oku kunokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso yendalo entsha esebenzayo, enokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zokulawula iingcongconi ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Ikwatyhila amandla e-ethylene oxide njengenye indlela yokubambisana ukuphucula ngempumelelo izibulali-zinambuzane ezindala okanye zemveli ukujongana neengxaki ezikhoyo zokuxhathisa kwiingcongconi. Ukusebenzisa izityalo ezifumaneka lula kwiinkqubo zokulawula iingcongconi akunciphisi nje kuphela ukuxhomekeka kwizinto ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe nezibizayo, kodwa kukhuthaza nemizamo yasekuhlaleni yokuqinisa iinkqubo zempilo yoluntu.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ngokucacileyo isiphumo esibalulekileyo sokusebenzisana esiveliswa kukudityaniswa kwe-ethylene oxide kunye ne-permethrin. Iziphumo zibonisa amandla e-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist yezityalo ekulawuleni iingcongconi, okwandisa ukusebenza kwe-permethrin ngokuchasene neengcongconi, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezixhathisayo. Uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo kunye nophando luya kufuna uhlalutyo lwe-bioanalysis oluhambelanayo lwee-oyile ze-galangal kunye ne-alpinia kunye neekhompawundi zazo ezizimeleyo, indibaniselwano yezibulala-zinambuzane zendalo okanye ezenziweyo ngokuchasene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezigaba zeengcongconi, kunye novavanyo lwetyhefu ngokuchasene nezidalwa ezingezizo ezijoliswe kuzo. Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-ethylene oxide njenge-synergist esebenzisekayo.
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Ixesha leposi: Julayi-08-2024