Abantu baya kwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze baphephe ukulunywa ziingcongconi. Batshisa ubulongwe benkomo, amaqokobhe ekhokhonathi, okanye ikofu. Basela i-gin kunye ne-tonics. Batya iibhanana. Bazitshiza nge-mouthwash okanye bazitshize kwisisombululo se-clove/alcohol. Bazomisa nange-Bounce. “Uyazi, laa mashiti anevumba elimnandi owafaka kwi-dryer,” utshilo u-Immo Hansen, PhD, uprofesa kwi-Institute of Applied Biosciences kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Mexico State.
Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela ivavanyiweyo ukuze kubonwe ukuba ingaba ngokwenene ziyabagxotha na oongcongconi. Kodwa oko akuzange kubathintele abantu ekuzameni, ngokutsho kophando oluza kupapashwa kule hlobo nguHansen kunye nogxa wakhe uStacy Rodriguez, ophethe ilebhu kaHansen kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Mexico State. UStacy Rodriguez uphonononga iindlela zokuthintela izifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi. Yena kunye noogxa bakhe baphande abantu abangama-5,000 malunga nendlela abazikhusela ngayo ekulunyweni ziingcongconi. Uninzi lwabantu lusebenzise izinto zemveli zokugxotha oongcongconi.
Abaphandi emva koko bababuza ngamayeza asekhaya esintu. Kulapho ke kungena khona ubulongwe benkomo kunye nephepha lokomisa. Kudliwanondlebe, uHansen noRodriguez babelane ngezinye zeempendulo abazifumeneyo. Iphepha labo lapapashwa kwiphephancwadi eliphononongwe ngoontanga iPeerJ.
Ngaphandle kwamayeza esintu kunye neendlela zokuzikhusela zesintu, kukho ezinye iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo zokuzikhusela kwiingcongconi nezifo ezithwalwa zizo. I-NPR ithethe nabaphandi, uninzi lwabo luchitha ixesha elininzi emahlathini azaliswe ziingcongconi, kwiindawo ezimanzi, nakwiindawo ezishushu.
Iimveliso ezine-DEET zibonakalisiwe zikhuselekile kwaye zisebenza kakuhle. I-DEET sisifinyezo sekhemikhali i-N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, esisithako esisebenzayo kwimithi emininzi yokugxotha izinambuzane. Iphepha lika-2015 elapapashwa kwiJournal of Insect Science lijonge ukusebenza kakuhle kwemithi eyahlukeneyo yokubulala izinambuzane ethengiswayo laza lafumanisa ukuba iimveliso ezine-DEET zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zihlala ixesha elide. URodriguez noHansen babengababhali bophando luka-2015, abaluphinda kwiphepha lika-2017 kwijenali efanayo.
I-DEET yafika kwiishelufu zeevenkile ngo-1957. Kwakukho inkxalabo yokuqala malunga nokhuseleko lwayo, abanye besithi inokubangela iingxaki zemithambo-luvo. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lwakutshanje, olufana nophando lukaJuni 2014 olupapashwe kwijenali iParasites and Vectors, luphawula ukuba "uvavanyo lwezilwanyana, izifundo zokujonga, kunye nezilingo zokungenelela azifumananga bungqina bemiphumo emibi enxulumene nokusetyenziswa okucetyiswayo kwe-DEET."
I-DEET ayisosikhali sodwa. Iimveliso eziqulethe izithako ezisebenzayo i-picaridin kunye ne-IR 3535 zisebenza ngokulinganayo, utshilo uGqr. Dan Strickman weBill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Program (umxhasi we-NPR) kunye nombhali wencwadi ethi Preventing Insect Bites, Stings, and Disease.
IZiko loLawulo nokuThintela izifo libika ukuba izixovuli ezinezithako ezisebenzayo zikhuselekile kwaye ziyasebenza. Ezi zixovuli zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela.
"I-Picaridinisebenza ngakumbi kuneI-DEETkwaye kubonakala ngathi ziyabagxotha oongcongconi,” utshilo. Xa abantu besebenzisa i-DEET, oongcongconi banokuthi bahlale phezu kwabo kodwa bangakulumi. Xa besebenzisa iimveliso ezine-picaridin, oongcongconi babengenalo ithuba lokuba bahlale phantsi. Izinto ezigxothayo ezine-IR 3535 azisebenzi kakuhle, utshilo uStrickman, kodwa azinavumba linamandla njengezinye iimveliso.
Kukwakho ne-petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), ioyile yendalo ephuma kumagqabi kunye namasebe omthi we-eucalyptus anevumba lemon, ekwacetyiswa yi-CDC. I-PMD yinxalenye yeoyile egxotha izinambuzane. Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Mexico State bafumanise ukuba iimveliso ezineoyile ye-eucalyptus yelemon zisebenza kakuhle njengezo zine-DEET, kwaye iziphumo zihlala ixesha elide. “Abanye abantu banesimo sengqondo sokusebenzisa iikhemikhali eluswini lwabo. Bakhetha iimveliso zendalo ezingaphezulu,” utshilo uRodriguez.
Ngowama-2015, kwafunyaniswa into emangalisayo: Ivumba leBombshell leVictoria's Secret lalisebenza kakuhle ekugxotheni iingcongconi. UHansen noRodriguez bathi balifake kwiimveliso zabo zovavanyo njengendlela yokulawula kakuhle kuba babecinga ukuba ivumba lalo leentyatyambo liya kutsala iingcongconi. Kwavela ukuba iingcongconi ziyalithiya ivumba.
Uphononongo lwabo lwamva nje, oluvela ngo-2017, nalo luvelise izinto ezimangalisayo. Le mveliso, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Off Clip-On, inamathela kwimpahla kwaye iqulethe i-metofluthrin yesixovuli sezinambuzane sengingqi, esikwacetyiswa yi-CDC. Esi sixhobo sinxitywayo senzelwe abantu abahlala kwindawo enye, njengabazali ababukele umdlalo we-softball. Umntu onxibe imaski uvula ifeni encinci esebenza ngebhetri evuthela ilifu elincinci lenkungu egxobhayo emoyeni ejikeleze umntu onxibileyo. “Iyasebenza ngokwenene,” utshilo uHansen, wongeza ukuba iyasebenza ekugxobheni izinambuzane njenge-DEET okanye ioyile ye-lemon eucalyptus.
Ayizizo zonke iimveliso ezizisa iziphumo ezithembisayo. Uphononongo luka-2015 lufumanise ukuba ii-patches ze-vitamin B1 azizange zisebenze ekugxotheni iingcongconi. Uphononongo luka-2017 luquke amakhandlela e-citronella phakathi kweemveliso ezingazange zigxothe iingcongconi.
Izifundo zakutshanje zibonise ukuba izacholo kunye neebhanti ezibizwa ngokuba zi-bracelets and bands azibagxothi oongcongconi. Ezi mveliso ziqulethe iioyile ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-citronella kunye ne-lemongrass.
“Ndiye ndalunywa ziingcongconi kwiibracelets endizivavanyileyo,” utshilo uRodriguez. “Bathengisa ezi bracelets kunye neebhandishi njengendlela yokukhusela iZika [intsholongwane ethwalwa ziingcongconi enokubangela iziphene ezinzulu zokuzalwa kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo], kodwa ezi bracelets azisebenzi kwaphela.”
Izixhobo ze-ultrasonic, ezikhupha imisindo abantu abangayivayo kodwa abathengisi bathi bayayithiya iingcongconi, nazo azisebenzi. “Izixhobo ze-sonic esizivavanye azizange zibe nampembelelo,” utshilo uHansen. “Sikhe savavanya ezinye izixhobo ngaphambili. Zazingasebenzi. Akukho bungqina besayensi bokuba iingcongconi ziyagxothwa sisandi.
Iingcali zithi ngokuqhelekileyo kububulumko ukulandela imiyalelo yomenzi. Ukuba abantu baza kuba ngaphandle iyure enye okanye ezimbini, kufuneka basebenzise iimveliso ezinezinga eliphantsi le-DEET (ileyibhile ithi malunga ne-10 ekhulwini) ukuzikhusela. UGqr. Jorge Rey, umlawuli obambeleyo weFlorida Medical Entomology Laboratory eVero Beach, uthe ukuba abantu baza kuba kwiindawo ezinemithi, emahlathini, okanye kwiindawo ezimanzi, kufuneka basebenzise izinga eliphezulu le-DEET — ukusuka kuma-20 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini — kwaye balitshintshe malunga neeyure ezine. “Okukhona izinga liphezulu, kokukhona lihlala ixesha elide,” utshilo uRey.
Kwakhona, landela imiyalelo yomenzi yokulinganisa. “Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba ukuba ilungile xa incinci, ingcono nangakumbi xa ininzi,” utshilo uGqr. William Reisen, uprofesa oqeshwe kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, kwiSikolo sezonyango lwezilwanyana saseDavis. “Akunyanzelekanga ukuba uhlambe ngaloo nto.”
Xa uRay esiya kwiindawo ezizaliswe zizinambuzane, njenge-Everglades National Park yaseFlorida, ukuze enze uphando, unxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela. “Siza kunxiba iibhulukhwe ezinde kunye neehempe ezineemikhono emide,” utshilo. “Ukuba kubi kakhulu, siza kubeka iminqwazi eneenethi ebusweni bethu. Sixhomekeke kwiindawo ezibonakalayo zomzimba wethu ukuze sigxothe iingcongconi.” Oko kunokuthetha izandla zethu, intamo, kunye nobuso. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zicebisa ukuba ungayitshizi ebusweni bakho. Ukuze uphephe ukurhawuzelelwa ngamehlo, faka isixovulelo ezandleni zakho, uze usihlikihle ebusweni bakho.
Ungalibali ngeenyawo zakho. Iingcongconi zinokukhetha ukunuka ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Iingcongconi ezininzi, ingakumbi iingcongconi ze-Aedes ezithwala intsholongwane yeZika, ziyayithanda ivumba leenyawo.
“Ukunxiba iimbadada ayilocebo lilungileyo,” utshilo uRodriguez. Izihlangu kunye neekawusi zibalulekile, kwaye ukufaka ibhulukhwe kwiikawusi okanye izihlangu kuya kunceda ukuthintela iingcongconi ukuba zingangeni ezimpahleni zakho. Kwiindawo ezizaliswe ziingcongconi, unxiba ibhulukhwe ende kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akanxibi ibhulukhwe yeyoga. “I-Spandex ayilungelanga iingcongconi. Ziyaluma kuyo. Ndinxiba ibhulukhwe ende kunye neehempe ezineemikhono emide kwaye ndinxibe i-DEET.”
UStrickman uthe iingcongconi zingaluma nangaliphi na ixesha emini, kodwa ingcongconi i-Aedes aegypti ethwala intsholongwane iZika ikhetha iiyure zasekuseni nezangokuhlwa. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, hlala endlwini enezikrini zeefestile okanye umoya opholileyo ngala maxesha.
Ngenxa yokuba ezi ngcongconi zizalela emanzini amileyo kwizikhongozeli ezifana neembiza zeentyatyambo, amatayara amadala, iibhakethi kunye neengxobo zenkunkuma, abantu kufuneka basuse naziphi na iindawo zamanzi amileyo ezikufutshane nazo. “Amachibi okudada ayamkeleka logama nje engashiywanga,” utshilo uRay. Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza amachibi akhuselekileyo zinokugxotha iingcongconi. Kufuneka kujongwe ngokusondeleyo ukuze kufunyanwe zonke iindawo ezinokuzalela iingcongconi. “Ndizibonile iingcongconi zizalela kwifilimu yamanzi kufutshane nezinki okanye ezantsi kweglasi abantu abazisebenzisayo ukuhlamba amazinyo abo,” utshilo uStrickman. Ukucoca iindawo zamanzi amileyo kunokunciphisa kakhulu inani leengcongconi.
Okukhona bebaninzi abantu abenza olu coceko lulula, kokukhona bembalwa iingcongconi. “Isenokungabi ntle, kodwa inani leengcongconi liya kuncipha kakhulu,” utshilo uStrickman.
UHansen uthe ilebhu yakhe isebenza kwitekhnoloji yokubulala iintsholongwane kwiingcongconi ezingamadoda ngemitha, ize izikhuphele kwindawo ezingqongileyo. Ingcongconi eyindoda idibana nemazi, kwaye imazi ibeka amaqanda, kodwa amaqanda awaqanduseli. Le teknoloji iza kujolisa kwiintlobo ezithile, ezifana ne-Aedes aegypti mosquito, esasaza iZika, umkhuhlane wedengue kunye nezinye izifo.
Iqela lezazinzulu zaseMassachusetts lisebenza kumatshini wokugxotha iingcongconi oza kuhlala eluswini kwaye uhlale iiyure okanye iintsuku, utshilo uGqr. Abrar Karan, ugqirha kwiBrigham and Women's Hospital. Ungomnye wabasunguli beHour72+, isixhobo sokugxotha iingcongconi athi asingeni eluswini okanye singene egazini, kodwa asisebenzi kuphela xa ulusu luphuma ngendlela yendalo.
Kulo nyaka, iHour72+ iphumelele ibhaso elikhulu leDubilier elixabisa i-$75,000 kukhuphiswano lonyaka lweHarvard Business School. UKaran uceba ukuqhuba uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo lweprototype, engekafumaneki kurhwebo, ukuze abone ukuba ingasebenza ixesha elingakanani ngokufanelekileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Matshi-17-2025