Abantu baya kuhamba ubude obungenangqondo ukuze baphephe ukulunywa yingcongconi. Batshisa ubulongwe benkomo, amaqokobhe ekhokhonathi, okanye ikofu. Basela i-gin kunye neetoni. Batya iibhanana. Bazitshiza ngokuhlamba umlomo okanye bazidibanise kwi-clove / isisombululo sotywala. Ziphinde zomise ngeBounce. “Uyazi, la mashiti anevumba elimnandi uwabeke kwindawo yokomisa,” utshilo u-Immo Hansen, PhD, unjingalwazi kwiziko le-Applied Biosciences kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Mexico State.
Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela eye yavavanywa ukuze kubonwe ukuba ziyazigxotha ngokwenene na iingcongconi. Kodwa oko akubayekanga abantu ukuba bazame, ngokophononongo oluza kupapashwa kweli hlotyeni nguHansen kunye nogxa wakhe uStacy Rodriguez, oqhuba ilebhu kaHansen kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Mexico State. UStacy Rodriguez ufunda iindlela zokuthintela izifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi. Yena noogxa bakhe benza uhlolisiso kubantu abangama-5 000 ngendlela abazikhusela ngayo ekulunyweni ziingcongconi. Uninzi lwabantu lwalusebenzisa amayeza esintu okugxotha iingcongconi.
Abaphandi baye bababuza ngamayeza esintu asekhaya. Kulapho kungena khona ubulongwe benkomo nephepha lokomisa. Kudliwano-ndlebe, uHansen noRodriguez basabelana ngezinye zeempendulo abazifumanayo. Iphepha labo lapapashwa kwijenali ephononongwe ngabalingane iPeerJ.
Ngaphandle kwamayeza esintu kunye nokhuselo lwemveli, kukho ezinye iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo zokuzikhusela kwiingcongconi kunye nezifo eziziphetheyo. I-NPR ithethe nabaphandi, uninzi lwabo oluchitha ixesha elininzi kumahlathi azele ziingcongconi, kwimigxobhozo nakwimimandla etshisayo.
Iimveliso eziqukethe i-DEET zibonakaliswe ukuba zikhuselekile kwaye ziyasebenza. I-DEET sisishunqulelo sekhemikhali i-N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, esisithako esisebenzayo kwizinto ezininzi ezigxotha izinambuzane. Iphepha le-2015 elipapashwe kwi-Journal ye-Insect Science lijonge ukusebenza kwezinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo zorhwebo kwaye lafumanisa ukuba iimveliso eziqukethe i-DEET ziyasebenza kwaye zihlala ixesha elide. URodriguez noHansen babengababhali besifundo se-2015, abaphinda baphindaphinda kwiphepha le-2017 kwiphephancwadi elifanayo.
I-DEET yabetha iishelufa zevenkile ngo-1957. Kwakukho iinkxalabo zokuqala malunga nokhuseleko lwayo, abanye becebisa ukuba kunokubangela iingxaki ze-neurological. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje, olufana nophononongo lukaJuni 2014 olupapashwe kwiphephancwadi iParasites kunye neVectors, qaphela ukuba "uvavanyo lwezilwanyana, izifundo zokujonga, kunye nezilingo zongenelelo azifumananga ubungqina beziphumo ezibi kakhulu ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa okucetyiswayo kweDEET."
I-DEET ayisiyiyo kuphela isixhobo. Iimveliso eziqulethe izithako ezisebenzayo ze-picaridin kunye ne-IR 3535 zisebenza ngokulinganayo, utsho uDkt.
Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo abika ukuba izigxothi eziqulethe naziphi na zezi zithako ezisebenzayo zikhuselekile kwaye ziyasebenza. Ezi zigxothi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele.
“I-Picaridinisebenza ngakumbi kuneDEETkwaye ibonakala ngathi igxotha iingcongconi.” Xa abantu besebenzisa i-DEET, iingcongconi zinokuhlala kuzo kodwa zingalumi.Xa besebenzisa iimveliso ezinepicaridin, iingcongconi zazinqabile ukuba zihlale.Izinto zokugxotha ezine-IR 3535 zisebenza kancinci kancinci, utshilo uStrickman, kodwa azinalo ivumba elinamandla lezinye iimveliso.
Kukwakho ne-petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), i-oyile yendalo ephuma kumagqabi anevumba lelamuni kunye namasetyana omthi we-eucalyptus, ekwacetyiswa yi-CDC. I-PMD yinxalenye yeoli egxotha izinambuzane. Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Mexico State bafumanisa ukuba iimveliso eziqulethe ioli ye-lemon eucalyptus zisebenza kanye njengezo ziqulethe i-DEET, kwaye iziphumo zihlala ixesha elide. "Abanye abantu banebala malunga nokusebenzisa imichiza eluswini lwabo. Bakhetha iimveliso zendalo ezingaphezulu," utshilo uRodriguez.
Ngo-2015, kwafunyaniswa into emangalisayo: Ivumba leBombshell yeVictoria's Secret yayisebenza ngokwenene ekugxotheni iingcongconi. UHansen noRodriguez bathi bayongeze kwiimveliso zabo zovavanyo njengolawulo olulungileyo kuba becinga ukuba ivumba layo lentyatyambo liya kutsala iingcongconi. Kuyavela ukuba iingcongconi ziyalicaphukela ivumba.
Uphononongo lwabo lwamva nje, ukusukela ngo-2017, nalo luvelise izinto ezothusayo. Imveliso, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Off Clip-On, incamathela kwimpahla kwaye iqulethe i-metofluthrin egxotha izinambuzane kwingingqi, ekwacetyiswa yi-CDC. Isixhobo esinxitywayo senzelwe abantu abahlala kwindawo enye, njengabazali ababukele umdlalo we-softball. Umntu onxibe imaski uvula ifeni encinci enebhetri evuthela ilifu elincinci lenkungu egxotha emoyeni ejikeleze lowo uyinxibileyo. “Iyasebenza ngokwenene,” utshilo uHansen, esongeza ukuba iyasebenza ekugxotheni izinambuzane njenge-DEET okanye i-oyile ye-lemon eucalyptus.
Ayizizo zonke iimveliso ezizisa iziphumo abazithembisayo. Uphononongo luka-2015 lwafumanisa ukuba iipatches ze-vitamin B1 zazingasebenzi ekugxothweni kweengcongconi. Uphononongo lwe-2017 lubandakanya amakhandlela e-citronella phakathi kweemveliso ezingazange zigxothe iimiyane.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba izinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziintsimbi zokugxotha iingcongconi kunye neebhendi azigxothi iingcongconi. Ezi mveliso ziqulethe i-oyile ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-citronella kunye ne-lemongrass.
“Ndilunywe yingcongconi kwizacholo endizivavanyileyo,” utshilo uRodriguez. “Bayazibhengeza ezi zacholo namabhandeji njengokhuselo kwiZika [intsholongwane esasazwa yingcongconi enokubangela iingxaki ezinzulu zokuzala kumabhinqa akhulelweyo], kodwa ezi zacholo azisebenzi kwaphela.”
Izixhobo ze-Ultrasonic, ezikhupha iithowuni ezingeviwa ngabantu kodwa abathi abathengisi bathi iingcongconi bazithiyile, nazo azisebenzi. “Izixhobo ze-sonic esizivavanyileyo azibanga nasiphumo,” utshilo uHansen. “Sikhe savavanya ezinye izixhobo ngaphambili, bezingasebenzi, akukho bungqina besayensi bokuba iingcongconi ziyagxothwa sisandi.
Iingcali zithi kububulumko ngokubanzi ukulandela imiyalelo yomvelisi. Ukuba abantu baya kuba ngaphandle kweyure okanye ezimbini, kufuneka basebenzise iimveliso eziqulethe i-DEET ephantsi (ileyibhile ithi malunga neepesenti ze-10) ukukhusela. UGqr. Jorge Rey, ongumalathisi obambeleyo weFlorida Medical Entomology Laboratory eVero Beach, wathi ukuba abantu baya kuba kwindawo enemithi, emahlathini, okanye kwimigxobhozo, bafanele basebenzise umlinganiselo ophakamileyo we-DEET—ama-20 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini—baze bayitshintshe malunga neeyure ezine. “Okukhona ugxininiso luphezulu, kokukhona luhlala ixesha elide,” utshilo uRey.
Kwakhona, landela imiyalelo yedosi yomenzi. "Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba ukuba kulungile kwiimali ezincinci, kubhetele ngakumbi kwiimali ezinkulu," utshilo uGqr. William Reisen, unjingalwazi ophumayo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, iDavis School of Veterinary Medicine. "Akufuneki uhlambe emanzini."
Xa uRay esiya kwiindawo ezizaliswe zizinambuzane, njengeFlorida Everglades National Park, ukwenza uphando, unxiba izixhobo zokukhusela. “Siza kunxiba iibhulukhwe ezinde kunye neehempe ezinemikhono emide,” utshilo. Ukuba imbi ngokwenene, siya kubeka iminqwazi eneminatha ebusweni bethu. Oko kusenokuthetha izandla, intamo nobuso. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zicebisa ngokuchasene nokutshiza ebusweni bakho. Ukuze ugweme ukucaphuka kwamehlo, sebenzisa into yokugxotha ezandleni zakho, emva koko uyihlikihle ebusweni bakho.
Musa ukulibala ngeenyawo zakho. Iingcongconi zinokukhetha okukodwa kokunusa. Iingcongconi ezininzi, ngakumbi iingcongconi ze-Aedes ezithwala intsholongwane yeZika, njengevumba leenyawo.
“Ukunxiba iimbadada akuyombono ilungileyo,” utshilo uRodriguez. Izihlangu kunye neekawusi zibalulekile, kwaye ukukhwela ibhulukhwe kwiikawusi okanye izihlangu kuya kunceda ukuthintela iingcongconi ukuba zingangeni kwiimpahla zakho. Kwiindawo ezizaliswe ziingcongconi, unxiba ibhulukhwe ende kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo hayi ibhulukhwe yeyoga. I-Spandex iyakwazi ukumelana neengcongconi. Ziluma kuyo. Ndinxiba ibhulukhwe enemikhono emide kunye neehempe ezinemikhono emide kwaye ndinxibe iDEET.
Iingcongconi zinokuluma nangaliphi na ixesha lemini, kodwa ingcongconi i-Aedes aegypti ethwala intsholongwane yeZika ikhetha iiyure zasekuseni nangokuhlwa, utshilo uStrickman. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, hlala ngaphakathi endlwini enezikrini zefestile okanye i-air conditioning ngala maxesha.
Kuba ezi ngcongconi zizalela emanzini amileyo kwizikhongozeli ezifana neembiza zeentyatyambo, amatayara amadala, iiemele kunye neetoti zokulahla inkunkuma, abantu bafanele basuse nayiphi na indawo enamanzi amileyo ekufutshane nabo. “Amadama okuqubha amkelekile ukuba nje engashiywanga,” utshilo uRay. Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza amadama akhuseleke nazo zinokugxotha iingcongconi. Uphononongo olusondeleyo luyafuneka ukuze kufunyanwe zonke iindawo ezinokuzalela iingcongconi. “Ndikhe ndabona iingcongconi zizalana kwifilimu yamanzi kufutshane neesinki okanye ngaphantsi kweglasi abantu abayisebenzisayo ukuxukuxa amazinyo,” utshilo uStrickman. Ukucoca iindawo ezinamanzi amileyo kunokunciphisa kakhulu inani lengcongconi.
Xa bebaninzi abantu abenza oku kucoca okusisiseko, iingcongconi ziya kuba mbalwa. "Isenokungafezeki, kodwa inani lengcongconi liya kuncitshiswa kakhulu," utshilo uStrickman.
UHansen uthe ilebhu yakhe isebenza kwitekhnoloji yokubulala iingcongconi zamadoda ngemitha kwaye emva koko ikhulule kwindawo. Ingcongconi eyinkunzi idibana nemazi, ibe imazi izalela amaqanda, kodwa amaqanda awaqanduselwa. Itekhnoloji iya kujolisa kwiintlobo ezithile, ezifana ne-Aedes aegypti mosquito, esasaza iZika, i-dengue fever kunye nezinye izifo.
Iqela lezazinzulu zaseMassachusetts lisebenza kwi-mosquito repellent eya kuhlala esikhumbeni kwaye ihlale iiyure okanye iintsuku, utshilo uGqr Abrar Karan, ugqirha waseBrigham kunye neSibhedlele sabasetyhini. Ungomnye wabaqulunqi be-Hour72+, isigxothi esithi asingeni esikhumbeni okanye singene egazini, kodwa sinikezelwa ukuba singasebenzi kuphela ngokuchithwa kwemvelo kwesikhumba.
Kulo nyaka, iHour72+ iphumelele ibhaso elikhulu le-$75,000 yeDubilier kukhuphiswano lonyaka lweSikolo soShishino saseHarvard. I-Karan iceba ukuqhuba uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lweprototype, engekafumaneki ngokurhweba, ukubona ukuba inokusebenza ixesha elingakanani ngokufanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-17-2025