Izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo (PGRs)ziyindlela eneendleko zokwandisa ukhuseleko lwezityalo phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo. Olu phononongo luphande amandla amabiniPGRs, i-thiourea (TU) kunye ne-arginine (Arg), ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwetyuwa kwingqolowa. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-TU kunye ne-Arg, ngakumbi xa zisetyenziswe kunye, zinokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo phantsi koxinzelelo lwetyuwa. Unyango lwabo lwandise kakhulu imisebenzi ye-antioxidant enzymes ngelixa kunciphisa amanqanaba eentlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS), i-malondialdehyde (MDA), kunye nokuvuza kwe-electrolyte (REL) kwizithole zengqolowa. Ukongezelela, olu nyango luye lwanciphisa kakhulu i-Na + kunye ne-Ca2 + i-concentrations kunye ne-Na +/K + ratio, ngelixa inyusa kakhulu i-concentration ye-K +, ngaloo ndlela igcina i-ion-osmotic balance. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, i-TU kunye ne-Arg zonyuse kakhulu umxholo we-chlorophyll, ireyithi ye-photosynthetic enetha, kunye nesantya sokutshintshiselana ngegesi yezithole zengqolowa phantsi koxinzelelo lwetyuwa. I-TU kunye ne-Arg esetyenziswe yodwa okanye ngokudibeneyo inokunyusa ukuqokelelwa kwezinto ezomileyo nge-9.03-47.45%, kwaye ukwanda kwakukhulu xa zisetyenziswa kunye. Ukuqukumbela, olu phononongo lugxininisa ukuba ukugcina i-redox homeostasis kunye ne-ion balance ibalulekile ekuphuculeni ukunyamezela kwezityalo kuxinzelelo lwetyuwa. Ukongeza, i-TU kunye ne-Arg zacetyiswa njengento enokwenzekaizilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo,ngakumbi xa zisetyenziswa kunye, ukomeleza isivuno sengqolowa.
Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwimozulu nakwizenzo zezolimo kwandisa ukuthotywa kwenkqubo yendalo yezolimo1. Esinye sezona ziphumo zinzima kukufakwa kwetyuwa emhlabeni, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lokutya kwihlabathi2. Ukufakwa kwetyuwa ngoku kuchaphazela malunga nama-20% omhlaba olimekayo kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye eli nani linganyuka liye kuma-50% ngo-20503. Uxinzelelo lwetyuwa lwealkali lunokubangela uxinzelelo lweosmotic kwiingcambu zesityalo, oluphazamisa ukulungelelana kwe-ionic kwiplanti4. Iimeko ezinjalo ezimbi zinokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-chlorophyll ngokukhawuleza, ukunciphisa amazinga e-photosynthesis, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic, ekugqibeleni kubangele ukunciphisa isivuno sezityalo5,6. Ngaphezu koko, isiphumo esibi esiqhelekileyo kukunyuka kwesizukulwana se-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS), enokubangela umonakalo oxidative kwii-biomolecules ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-DNA, iiprotheni kunye ne-lipids7.
Ingqolowa (Triticum aestivum) sesinye sezityalo eziziinkozo ezibalulekileyo ehlabathini. Ayisiso kuphela isityalo secereal esilinywa kakhulu kodwa sisityalo esibalulekileyo sorhwebo8. Noko ke, ingqolowa iyayiva ityuwa, nto leyo enokuthi ithintele ukukhula kwayo, iphazamise inkqubo yayo yephysiological and biochemicals, kwaye inciphise kakhulu isivuno sayo. Izicwangciso eziphambili zokunciphisa imiphumo yoxinzelelo lwetyuwa ziquka ukuguqulwa kofuzo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo. Izinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza (GM) kusetyenziso lwe-gene editing kunye nezinye iindlela zokuphuhlisa ingqolowa ekwazi ukumelana netyuwa9,10. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo ziphucula ukunyamezela ityuwa kwingqolowa ngokulawula imisebenzi ye-physiological kunye namanqanaba ezinto ezinxulumene netyuwa, ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa umonakalo wexinzelelo11. Aba balawuli bamkelekile ngokubanzi kwaye basetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuneendlela eziguqukayo. Zinokomeleza ukunyamezela kwezityalo kuxinzelelo olwahlukeneyo lwe-abiotic olufana netyuwa, imbalela kunye nesinyithi esinzima, kwaye zikhuthaze ukuntshula kwembewu, ukufunxa izondlo kunye nokukhula kwenzala, ngaloo ndlela zandise isivuno sesityalo kunye nomgangatho. 12 Izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukukhula kwesityalo nokugcina isivuno kunye nomgangatho ngenxa yokuvumelana kwazo nokusingqongileyo, ukusebenziseka ngokulula, ukonga kweendleko kunye nokusebenza kwazo. 13 Nangona kunjalo, kuba ezi modyuli zineendlela ezifanayo zokwenza, ukusebenzisa enye yazo kuphela akunakusebenza. Ukufumana indibaniselwano yezilawuli zokukhula ezinokuphucula ukunyamezela ityuwa kwingqolowa kubalulekile ekuzaleni ingqolowa phantsi kweemeko ezimbi, ukwandisa izivuno kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya.
Akukho zifundo eziphanda ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe-TU kunye ne-Arg. Akukacaci ukuba le ndibaniselwano intsha inokukhuthaza ukukhula kwengqolowa phantsi koxinzelelo lwetyuwa. Ngoko ke, injongo yolu phononongo yayikukumisela ukuba ngaba aba balawuli babini bokukhula bangakwazi ukusebenzisana nokunciphisa imiphumo emibi yoxinzelelo lwetyuwa kwingqolowa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, senze uvavanyo lwengqolowa lwe-hydroponic lwexesha elifutshane lokuphanda inzuzo yokusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe-TU kunye ne-Arg kwingqolowa phantsi koxinzelelo lwetyuwa, kugxininise kwi-redox kunye ne-ionic balance yezityalo. Sasicinga ukuba ukudibanisa kwe-TU kunye ne-Arg kunokusebenza ngokubambisana ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwetyuwa olubangelwa umonakalo we-oxidative kunye nokulawula ukungalingani kwe-ionic, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukunyamezela ityuwa kwingqolowa.
Umxholo we-MDA weesampuli unqunywe yindlela ye-thiobarbituric acid. Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-0.1 g ye-powder entsha yesampuli, isicatshulwa nge-1 ml ye-10% ye-trichloroacetic acid kwi-10 min, i-centrifuge kwi-10,000 g ye-20 min, kwaye uqokelele i-supernatant. Isicatshulwa sixutywe kunye nomthamo olinganayo we-0.75% ye-thiobarbituric acid kwaye ifakwe kwi-100 ° C kwi-15 min. Emva kokufakwa, i-supernatant yaqokelelwa nge-centrifugation, kwaye ixabiso le-OD kwi-450 nm, 532 nm, kunye ne-600 nm yalinganiswa. Ugxininiso lwe-MDA lubalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ngokufana nonyango lweentsuku ezi-3, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Arg kunye neTu kwakhona kwandise kakhulu imisebenzi ye-enzyme ye-antioxidant yezityalo zengqolowa phantsi konyango lweentsuku ze-6. Ukudibanisa kweTU kunye neArg kwakuseyona nto isebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiintsuku ze-6 emva konyango, imisebenzi ye-enzymes ye-antioxidant emine phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zonyango ibonise ukwehla komgangatho xa kuthelekiswa neentsuku ze-3 emva konyango (Umfanekiso 6).
I-photosynthesis sisiseko sokuqokelelwa kwezinto ezomileyo kwizityalo kwaye zenzeke kwiikloroplasts, ezibuthathaka kakhulu kwityuwa. Uxinzelelo lwetyuwa lunokubangela i-oxidation ye-membrane ye-plasma, ukuphazamiseka kwe-cell osmotic balance, umonakalo kwi-chloroplast ultrastructure36, kubangela ukuchithwa kwe-chlorophyll, ukunciphisa umsebenzi we-enzymes ye-Calvin cycle (kubandakanywa ne-Rubisco), kunye nokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-electron kwi-PS II ukuya kwi-PS I37. Ukongezelela, uxinzelelo lwetyuwa lunokubangela ukuvalwa kwe-stomatal, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ukugxilwa kweqabunga le-CO2 kunye nokuvimbela i-photosynthesis38. Iziphumo zethu ziqinisekisile ukufunyaniswa kwangaphambili ukuba uxinzelelo lwetyuwa lunciphisa ukuziphatha kwe-stomatal kwingqolowa, okubangela ukunciphisa izinga lokuhamba kweqabunga kunye ne-intracellular CO2 i-concentration, ekugqibeleni ikhokelela ekunciphiseni umthamo we-photosynthetic kunye nokunciphisa i-biomass yengqolowa (iFig. 1 kunye ne-3). Ngokucacileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-TU kunye neArg kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photosynthetic yezityalo zengqolowa phantsi koxinzelelo lwetyuwa. Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kwe-photosynthetic kwakubaluleke kakhulu xa i-TU kunye ne-Arg zisetyenziswe ngaxeshanye (umzobo 3). Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuba i-TU kunye ne-Arg zilawula ukuvulwa kwesisu kunye nokuvala, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photosynthetic, exhaswa zizifundo zangaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, uBencarti et al. yafumanisa ukuba phantsi koxinzelelo lwetyuwa, i-TU yandisa kakhulu i-stomatal conductance, i-CO2 ye-assimilation rate, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum ye-PSII photochemistry kwi-Atriplex portulacoides L.39. Nangona kungekho ngxelo ngokuthe ngqo ebonisa ukuba i-Arg inokulawula ukuvulwa kwe-stomatal kunye nokuvala izityalo ezivezwe kuxinzelelo lwetyuwa, uSilveira et al. ibonise ukuba iArg inokukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngerhasi kumagqabi phantsi kweemeko zembalela22.
Isishwankathelo, olu pho nonongo lubonisa ukuba nangona iindlela zabo ezahlukeneyo zokwenza kunye neempawu ze-physicochemical, i-TU kunye ne-Arg inokubonelela ukuchasana ngokulinganayo noxinzelelo lwe-NaCl kwizityalo zengqolowa, ngakumbi xa isetyenziswe kunye. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-TU kunye ne-Arg kunokusebenzisa inkqubo yokukhusela i-enzyme ye-antioxidant yezityalo zengqolowa, ukunciphisa umxholo we-ROS, kunye nokugcina ukuzinza kwe-membrane lipids, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwe i-photosynthesis kunye ne-Na +/K + ibhalansi kwizithole. Nangona kunjalo, esi sifundo sinemida; nangona impembelelo ye-synergistic ye-TU kunye ne-Arg iqinisekisiwe kwaye indlela yayo ye-physiological yachazwa kwinqanaba elithile, indlela ye-molecular eyinkimbinkimbi ihlala ingacacanga. Ngoko ke, uphando olongezelelweyo lwe-synergistic mechanism ye-TU kunye ne-Arg isebenzisa i-transcriptomic, i-metabolomic kunye nezinye iindlela ziyimfuneko.
Iisethi zedatha ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye / okanye ezihlalutywayo ngexesha lokufunda ngoku ziyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelanayo ngesicelo esifanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-19-2025