Ulawulo lwezitshabalalisi nezifo lubalulekile kwimveliso yezolimo, ukukhusela izityalo kwizitshabalalisi nezifo eziyingozi. Iinkqubo zolawulo ezisekelwe kwi-Threshold, ezisebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane kuphela xa ingxinano yezinambuzane nezifo ingaphezu komlinganiselo omiselweyo, inokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwezi nkqubo akucaci kwaye kuyahluka ngokubanzi. Ukuvavanya impembelelo ebanzi yeenkqubo zolawulo olusekwe kwi-threshold kwizitshabalalisi ze-arthropod zolimo, senze uhlalutyo lwemeta lwezifundo ezili-126, kubandakanywa ulingo lwama-466 kwizityalo ezingama-34, sithelekisa iinkqubo ezisekwe kwikhalenda (okt, ngeveki okanye ezingezizo ezodidi) iinkqubo zokulawula izitshabalalisi kunye/okanye ukulawulwa kokungasetyenziswa kwezinambuzane. Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwikhalenda, iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-threshold zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi ngama-44% kunye neendleko ezihambelanayo ngama-40%, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukusebenza kokulawula izinambuzane kunye nezifo okanye isivuno sesityalo sonke. Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-Threshold nazo zandisa izinambuzane eziluncedo kwaye zafumana amanqanaba afanayo olawulo lwezifo ze-arthropod njengeenkqubo ezisekelwe kwikhalenda. Xa kujongwe ububanzi kunye nokungaguquguquki kwezi nzuzo, inkxaso eyongeziweyo yezopolitiko neyemali iyafuneka ukukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwale ndlela yokulawula kwezolimo.
Iirekhodi zichongiwe ngokusebenzisa i-database kunye nolunye uphando lomthombo, luhlolwe ukufaneleka, luvavanyelwe ukufaneleka, kwaye ekugqibeleni luncitshiswe kwizifundo ze-126, ezifakwe kwi-meta-analysis yokugqibela.
Ayizizo zonke izifundo ezixeliweyo iindlela kunye nomahluko; ngoko ke, sibale i-coefficient yentsingiselo yokwahluka ukuqikelela umahluko welogumlinganiselo.25Kwizifundo ezinophambuko oluqhelekileyo olungaziwayo, sisebenzise i-Equation 4 ukuqikelela umlinganiselo welogi kunye ne-Equation 5 ukuqikelela ukutenxa komgangatho ohambelanayo. Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba nokuba uqikelelo lokutenxa komgangatho we-lnRR lulahlekile, lusenokuqukwa kuhlalutyo lwe-meta ngokubala ukutenxa komgangatho ongekhoyo kusetyenziswa i-weighted mean coefficient of umahluko ukusuka kwizifundo ezixela embindini ukutenxa komgangatho.
Kwizifundo ezinomgangatho owaziwayo wokutenxa, ezi fomyula zilandelayo 1 kunye ne-2 zisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela umlinganiselo welogi kunye nomgangatho ohambelanayo we-25.
Kwizifundo ezinomgangatho ongaziwayo, iifomyula ezilandelayo ze-3 kunye ne-4 zisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela umlinganiselo welogi kunye nomgangatho ohambelanayo we-25.
Itheyibhile yoku-1 ibonisa uqikelelo lwenqaku lomlinganiselo, iimpazamo ezisemgangathweni ezinxulumeneyo, amaxesha okuzithemba, kunye namaxabiso e-p kumlinganiselo ngamnye kunye nothelekiso. Iiplani ze-funnel zakhiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubukho be-asymmetry kwimilinganiselo echaphazelekayo (uMzobo owongezelelweyo 1). Amanani abongezelelweyo 2–7 abonisa uqikelelo lwemilinganiselo ekuthethwa ngayo kwisifundo ngasinye.
Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga noyilo lophononongo zinokufumaneka kwisishwankathelo sengxelo yePotfoliyo yeNdalo eqhagamshelwe kweli nqaku.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, asifumananga mahluko ubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwezicelo zezitshabalalisi ezisekelwe kumqobo phakathi kokukhethekileyo kunye nezityalo eziqhelekileyo kwiimethrikhi eziphambili ezifana nolawulo lwezinambuzane kunye nezifo, isivuno, izibonelelo zoqoqosho, kunye nefuthe kwizinambuzane eziluncedo. Esi siphumo asimangalisi xa sicinga ukuba, ngokwembono yebhayoloji, iinkqubo zokufakwa kwezibulali zinambuzane zisekwe kwinqanaba elithile azahlukanga kakhulu phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zezityalo. Umahluko phakathi kwezityalo eziqhelekileyo nezikhethekileyo uvela ikakhulu kuqoqosho kunye/okanye kwimiba yolawulo, endaweni yendalo esingqongileyo. Lo mahluko phakathi kweentlobo zezityalo unokuphembelela izenzo zolawulo lwezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo kunye nezifo kuneziphumo zebhayoloji zokugalelwa kwezibulali zinambuzane. Umzekelo, izityalo ezikhethekileyo zidla ngokuba nexabiso eliphezulu leyunithi ngehektare nganye kwaye ke ngoko zifuna imigangatho engqongqo yobulunga, enokuthi ikhuthaze abalimi ukuba basebenzise imichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi ngothintelo ngenxa yenkxalabo malunga nezitshabalalisi ezingaqhelekanga kunye nezifo. Ngokuchaseneyo, iihektare ezinkulu zezityalo eziqhelekileyo zenza ukuba ukubekwa esweni kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo kufuneke kakhulu emsebenzini, kuthintele ukuba nokwenzeka kokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokufakwa kwezibulali zinambuzane. Ngaloo ndlela, zombini iinkqubo zijongene noxinzelelo olulodwa olunokuthi luququzelele okanye luthintele ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane. Kuba phantse zonke izifundo kuhlalutyo lwethu lwe-meta zaqhutywa kwiindawo apho izithintelo zezitshabalalisi zisusiwe, ayimangalisi into yokuba sibone amaxabiso azinzileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zezityalo.
Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokulawula izitshabalalisi ezisekelwe kumqobo zinokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kunye neendleko ezinxulumene noko, kodwa kuhlala kungacacanga ukuba ngaba abavelisi bezolimo bayazuza kuzo. Izifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kuhlahlelo lwethu lwemeta zahluke kakhulu kwiinkcazo zazo “zemigangatho” yeenkqubo zolawulo lwezitshabalalisi, ukusukela kwiinkqubo zengingqi ukuya kwiinkqubo zekhalenda ezenziwe lula. Ngoko ke, iziphumo ezilungileyo esizinika ingxelo apha zisenokungabonisi ngokupheleleyo amava okwenene abavelisi. Ngaphezu koko, nangona sibhale ugcino lweendleko ezibalulekileyo ngenxa yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, izifundo zokuqala azizange ziqwalasele iindleko zokuhlola intsimi. Ke ngoko, izibonelelo zezoqoqosho zizonke zeenkqubo zolawulo ezisekelwe kumqobo zinokuba ngaphantsi kuneziphumo zohlalutyo lwethu. Nangona kunjalo, zonke izifundo ezinike ingxelo ngeendleko zokuhlola intsimi zibonise ukuncitshiswa kweendleko zemveliso ngenxa yokunciphisa iindleko zezitshabalalisi. Ukubeka iliso okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuhlolwa kwendawo kunokuba ngumngeni kubavelisi abaxakekileyo kunye nabaphathi beefama (i-US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004).
Imida yezoqoqosho idlala indima ephambili kwingqikelelo yolawulo lwezinambuzane ezidityanisiweyo (IPM), kwaye abaphandi baye baxela ixesha elide izibonelelo ezilungileyo zeenkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide. Uphando lwethu lubonise ukuba ulawulo lwezinambuzane ze-arthropod lubalulekile kwiinkqubo ezininzi, njengoko i-94% yophononongo lubonisa ukuhla kwezivuno zezityalo ngaphandle kokufakwa kwezibulali zinambuzane. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngobulumko kwezibulali-zinambuzane kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso lwezolimo oluzinzileyo lwexesha elide. Sifumanise ukuba isicelo esisekwe kwi-threshold silawula ngokufanelekileyo ukonakala kwe-arthropod ngaphandle kokuncama izivuno zezityalo xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zokufakwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezisekwe kwikhalenda. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa okusekwe emgudwini kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ngaphezulu kwama-40%.OkunyeUvavanyo olukhulu lweepateni zokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kwifama yaseFransi kunye nolingo lolawulo lwezifo zezityalo lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kunokuncitshiswa40-50% ngaphandle kokuchaphazela isivuno. Ezi ziphumo ziqaqambisa imfuneko yophuhliso oluthe kratya lwemida emitsha yolawulo lwezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo kunye nokubonelela ngezibonelelo zokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi. Njengoko ubuninzi bokusetyenziswa komhlaba wezolimo busanda, ukusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi kuya kuqhubeka kusongela iinkqubo zendalo, kubandakanywa uvakalelo oluphezulu kunye nexabisoiindawo zokuhlala. Nangona kunjalo, ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zemichiza yezitshabalalisi kunokunciphisa ezi mpembelelo, ngokwandisa uzinzo kunye nobuhlobo bendalo bezolimo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-04-2025