Ukwandisa imveliso yokutya kuyimfuneko ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zabemi behlabathi. Kule meko, izibulali-zinambuzane ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeendlela zolimo zanamhlanje ezijolise ekwandiseni isivuno sezityalo. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo kwezolimo kuye kwabonakala ukuba kubangela ungcoliseko olukhulu lokusingqongileyo kunye neengxaki zempilo yabantu. Izibulali-zinambuzane zinokuqokelelana kwiiseli zomntu kwaye zonakalise imisebenzi yabantu ngokudibana ngqo okanye ukutya ukutya okungcolisiweyo, nto leyo eyimbangela ebalulekileyo yeengxaki zempilo.
Iiparameter ze-cytogenetic ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo zibonise ipateni ehambelanayo ebonisa ukuba i-omethoate ineziphumo ze-genotoxic kunye ne-cytotoxic kwi-anyanisi meristems. Nangona kungekho bungqina bucacileyo beziphumo ze-genotoxic ze-omethoate kwi-anyanisi kwiincwadi ezikhoyo, inani elikhulu lezifundo liphande iziphumo ze-genotoxic ze-omethoate kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezivavanyiweyo. UDolara et al. babonise ukuba i-omethoate ibangele ukwanda okuxhomekeke kwidosi kwinani le-sister chromatid exchanges kwi-human lymphocytes in vitro. Ngokufanayo, u-Arteaga-Gómez et al. babonise ukuba i-omethoate inciphise ukusebenza kweeseli kwi-HaCaT keratinocytes kunye nee-NL-20 human bronchial cells, kwaye umonakalo we-genotoxic uhlolwe kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-comet. Ngokufanayo, uWang et al. babone ubude be-telomere obandayo kunye nokwanda kokuchaphazeleka komhlaza kubasebenzi abachaphazelekileyo yi-omethoate. Ngaphezu koko, ukuxhasa olu phononongo, u-Ekong et al. ibonise ukuba i-omethoate (i-oxygen analogue ye-omethoate) ibangele ukwehla kwe-MI kwi-A. cepa kwaye yabangela i-cell lysis, ukugcinwa kwe-chromosome, ukuqhekeka kwe-chromosome, ukunwebeka kwe-nucleus, ukuwohloka kwe-nucleus, ukuvuthwa kwe-chromosome ngaphambi kwexesha, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-metaphase, ukuxinana kwe-nucleus, ukunamathela kwe-anaphase, kunye nokungaqhelekanga kwe-c-metaphase kunye nee-anaphase bridges. Ukwehla kwamaxabiso e-MI emva konyango lwe-omethoate kunokubangelwa kukuncipha kokwahlukana kweseli okanye ukungaphumeleli kweeseli ukugqiba umjikelo we-mitotic. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukwanda kwe-MN kunye nokungaqhelekanga kwe-chromosome kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-DNA kubonise ukuba ukwehla kwamaxabiso e-MI kwakunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nomonakalo we-DNA. Phakathi kwezinto ezingaqhelekanga ze-chromosome ezifunyenweyo kolu phononongo, ii-chromosomes ezinamathelayo zezona zixhaphakileyo. Oku kungaqhelekanga, okunobungozi kakhulu kwaye akunakuphikiswa, kubangelwa kukunamathela ngokomzimba kweeproteni ze-chromosome okanye ukuphazamiseka kwe-nucleic acid metabolism kwiseli. Ngaphandle koko, kunokubangelwa kukunyibilika kweeproteni ezigubungela i-DNA ye-chromosome, ekugqibeleni okunokukhokelela ekufeni kweseli42. Iichromosomes zasimahla zibonisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba kubekho i-aneuploidy43. Ukongeza, iibhulorho zechromosome zenziwa ngokuqhekeka kunye nokudibana kweechromosomes kunye neechromatids. Ukwakheka kweziqwenga kukhokelela ngqo ekwakhiweni kwe-MN, okuhambelana neziphumo zovavanyo lwe-comet kolu phononongo. Ukusasazwa okungalinganiyo kwe-chromatin kungenxa yokungaphumeleli kokwahlulwa kwe-chromatid kwisigaba se-mitotic esisekupheleni, okukhokelela ekwakhiweni kweechromosomes zasimahla44. Indlela echanekileyo ye-genotoxicity ye-omethoate ayicacanga; nangona kunjalo, njenge-pesticide ye-organophosphorus, inokusebenzisana nezinto zeseli ezifana nee-nucleobases okanye ibangele umonakalo we-DNA ngokuvelisa iintlobo ze-oxygen ezisabelayo (ROS)45. Ke ngoko, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus zinokubangela ukuqokelelwa kwee-free radicals ezisabelayo kakhulu kubandakanya i-O2−, i-H2O2, kunye ne-OH−, ezinokusabela kwiziseko ze-DNA kwizinto eziphilayo, ngaloo ndlela zibangele umonakalo we-DNA ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo. Ezi ROS zikwabonakalisiwe ukuba zonakalisa ii-enzymes kunye nezakhiwo ezibandakanyekayo ekuphindaphindweni nasekulungisweni kwe-DNA. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane ze-organophosphorus zidlula kwinkqubo enzima ye-metabolism emva kokutyiwa ngabantu, zisebenzisana nee-enzymes ezininzi. Bacebisa ukuba olu nxibelelwano luphumela ekubandakanyekeni kwee-enzymes ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-genes ezifaka ezi enzymes kwimiphumo ye-genotoxic ye-omethoate40. UDing et al.46 baxele ukuba abasebenzi abachaphazeleke yi-omethoate babenobude obuphezulu be-telomere, obunxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi we-telomerase kunye ne-genetic polymorphism. Nangona kunjalo, nangona unxibelelwano phakathi kwee-enzymes zokulungisa i-omethoate DNA kunye ne-genetic polymorphism luye lwacaciswa ebantwini, lo mbuzo awukasonjululwa kwizityalo.
Iindlela zokuzikhusela zeeseli kwi-reactive oxygen species (ROS) aziphuculwa kuphela ziinkqubo ze-enzymatic antioxidant kodwa zikwaphuculwa neenkqubo ze-non-enzymatic antioxidant, apho i-free proline ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-non-enzymatic antioxidant kwizityalo. Amanqanaba e-proline afikelela kwi-100 ngaphezulu kwamaxabiso aqhelekileyo abonwe kwizityalo ezixinzelelweyo56. Iziphumo zolu phononongo ziyahambelana neziphumo33 ezibike amanqanaba aphezulu e-proline kwizityalo zengqolowa eziphathwe nge-omethoate. Ngokufanayo, uSrivastava noSingh57 baqaphele ukuba i-organophosphate insecticide malathion yonyusa amanqanaba e-proline kwi-anyanisi (A. cepa) kwaye yonyusa nemisebenzi ye-superoxide dismutase (SOD) kunye ne-catalase (CAT), inciphisa ukuthembeka kwe-membrane kwaye ibangela umonakalo we-DNA. I-Proline yi-amino acid engabalulekanga ebandakanyeka kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kubandakanya ukwakheka kwesakhiwo seproteni, ukumisela umsebenzi weproteni, ukugcinwa kwe-homeostasis ye-redox yeselula, i-singlet oxygen kunye ne-hydroxyl radical scavenging, ukugcinwa kwebhalansi ye-osmotic, kunye nokubonisa iiseli57. Ukongeza, i-proline ikhusela ii-enzymes ze-antioxidant, ngaloo ndlela igcina ukuqina kwesakhiwo se-membranes yeseli58. Ukwanda kwamanqanaba e-proline kwi-anyanisi emva kokuvezwa yi-omethoate kubonisa ukuba umzimba usebenzisa i-proline njenge-superoxide dismutase (SOD) kunye ne-catalase (CAT) ukukhusela kwityhefu ebangelwa yi-insecticide. Nangona kunjalo, njengenkqubo ye-enzyme antioxidant, i-proline ibonakalisiwe ukuba ayanelanga ukukhusela iiseli zeengcambu ze-anyanisi kumonakalo we-insecticide.
Uphononongo lweencwadi lubonise ukuba akukho zifundo malunga nomonakalo owenziwe ziingcambu zezityalo obangelwa zizinambuzane ze-omethoate. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zophando lwangaphambili kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ziyahambelana neziphumo zolu phononongo. U-Çavuşoğlu et al.67 baxele ukuba izibulala-zinambuzane ze-thiamethoxam ezibanzi zibangele umonakalo owenziwe ziingcambu ze-anyanisi ezifana ne-cell necrosis, izicubu zemithambo yegazi ezingacacanga, ukuguquka kweseli, umaleko we-epidermal ongacacanga, kunye nokuma okungaqhelekanga kwe-meristem nuclei. UTütüncü et al.68 babonise ukuba iidosi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zezibulala-zinambuzane ze-methiocarb zibangele i-necrosis, umonakalo weseli ye-epidermal, kunye nokuqina kodonga lweseli ye-cortical kwiingcambu ze-anyanisi. Kolunye uphando, uKalefetoglu Makar36 ufumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-avermectin kwiidosi ze-0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L kunye ne-0.100 ml/L kubangele izicubu eziqhubayo ezingachazwanga, ukuguquka kweseli ye-epidermal kunye nomonakalo wenyukliya othe tyaba kwiingcambu ze-anyanisi. Ingcambu yindawo yokungena kweekhemikhali eziyingozi kwisityalo kwaye ikwayindawo ephambili echaphazeleka kakhulu ziziphumo ezinobungozi. Ngokweziphumo ze-MDA zophando lwethu, uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative lunokukhokelela ekonakaleni kwe-membrane yeseli. Kwelinye icala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inkqubo yeengcambu ikwayindlela yokuqala yokuzikhusela kwiingozi ezinjalo69. Izifundo zibonise ukuba umonakalo obonwe kwiiseli ze-root meristem unokubangelwa yindlela yokuzikhusela yezi seli ezithintela ukufunxwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane. Ukwanda kweeseli ze-epidermal kunye ne-cortical ezibonwe kolu phononongo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yokunciphisa ukufunxwa kweekhemikhali kwisityalo. Oku kwanda kunokubangela ukucinezelwa ngokomzimba kunye nokuguqulwa kweeseli kunye neenuclei. Ukongeza, kucetyiswa ukuba izityalo zinokuqokelela iikhemikhali ezithile ukunciphisa ukungena kwezibulali-zinambuzane kwiiseli. Le nto ingachazwa njengotshintsho oluhambelanayo kwiiseli ze-cortical kunye ne-vascular tissue, apho iiseli zenza iindonga zazo zeseli zibe lukhuni ngezinto ezifana ne-cellulose kunye ne-suberin ukuthintela i-omethoate ukuba ingangeni kwiingcambu.71 Ngaphezu koko, umonakalo wenyukliya othe tyaba unokuba ngumphumo wokucinezelwa kweeseli okanye uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative oluchaphazela i-membrane yenyukliya, okanye unokuba ngumonakalo kwizinto zemfuza ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwe-omethoate.
I-Omethoate sisibulali-zinambuzane esisebenza kakhulu esisetyenziswa kakhulu, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo. Nangona kunjalo, njengakwezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezininzi ze-organophosphate, kusaxhalabile malunga nempembelelo yaso kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Olu phononongo lujolise ekuzaliseni esi sikhewu solwazi ngokuvavanya ngokupheleleyo iziphumo ezibi zezibulali-zinambuzane ze-omethoate kwisityalo esivavanywa rhoqo, i-A. cepa. Kwi-A. cepa, ukuvezwa kwe-omethoate kubangele ukulibaziseka kokukhula, iziphumo ze-genotoxic, ukulahleka kobunyani be-DNA, uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, kunye nomonakalo weeseli kwi-root meristem. Iziphumo zibonise impembelelo embi yezibulali-zinambuzane ze-omethoate kwizidalwa ezingezizo ezijoliswe kuzo. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa imfuneko yokulumka ngakumbi ekusebenziseni izibulali-zinambuzane ze-omethoate, idosi echanekileyo ngakumbi, ulwazi olwandisiweyo phakathi kwabalimi, kunye nemigaqo engqongqo. Ngaphezu koko, ezi ziphumo ziya kubonelela ngendawo ebalulekileyo yokuqala uphando oluphanda imiphumo yezibulali-zinambuzane ze-omethoate kwizilwanyana ezingezizo ezijoliswe kuzo.
Izifundo zovavanyo kunye nezifundo zasentsimini zezityalo kunye namalungu azo (iibhalbhu zetswele), kubandakanya nokuqokelelwa kwezinto zezityalo, zenziwe ngokuhambelana nemigaqo nemigaqo efanelekileyo yesikhungo, yesizwe neyehlabathi.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-04-2025