Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya ukusebenza okuseleyo kokutshiza okukhulu ngaphakathi kwe-pirimiphos-methyl, indibaniselwano yei-deltamethrinkunye ne-clothianidin, kunye ne-clothianidin e-Alibori naseTonga, iindawo ezixhaphakileyo kwi-malaria kumantla eBenin.
Kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu yophando, ukuxhathisa i-deltamethrin kubonwe kuzo zonke iindawo. Ukuxhathisa okanye ukuvela kokuxhathisa okunokwenzeka kubonwe kwi-benzodiazepine. Ukuxhathisa ngokupheleleyo kwi-pirimiphos-methyl kubonwe ngo-2019 nango-2020, ngelixa ukuxhathisa okunokwenzeka kwiyeza elifanayo kubonwe eDjugu, eGogonu, naseKandy ngo-2021. Ukuxhathisa ngokupheleleyo kwi-clothianidin kubonwe kwiintsuku ezi-4-6 emva kokuvezwa. Umsebenzi oseleyo we-pirimiphos-methyl uqhubeke kangangeenyanga ezi-4-5, ngelixa umsebenzi oseleyo we-clothianidin kunye nomxube we-deltamethrin kunye ne-clothianidin uqhubeke kangangeenyanga ezi-8-10. Ukusebenza kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo ezivavanyiweyo bekuphezulu kancinci kwiindonga zesamente kunezo zidongwe zodongwe.
Ngokubanzi, ii-Anopheles gambiae SL zazichaphazeleka ngokupheleleyo yi-clothianidin kodwa zabonisa ukumelana/ukuxhathisa okunokwenzeka kwezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezivavanyiweyo. Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi oseleyo wezibulali-zinambuzane ezisekelwe kwi-clothianidin wawungaphezulu kunowe-pirimiphos-methyl, zibonisa amandla azo okulawula ngokufanelekileyo nangokuzinzileyo ii-vectors ezimelana ne-pyrethroid.
Uvavanyo lwe-WHO malunga nokuchaphazeleka kwetyhubhu kunye ne-cone, kusetyenziswe amaqela asekuhlaleni e-Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) kunye nohlobo lwe-Anophoeles gambiae (Kisumu) oluvela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-IRS, ngokwahlukeneyo.
I-Pyrifos-methyl capsule suspension sisibulali-zinambuzane esichazwe kwangaphambili yi-World Health Organisation kwiinkqubo zokutshiza ngaphakathi. I-Pyrifos-methyl 300 CS sisibulali-zinambuzane se-organophosphorus esinedosi ecetyiswayo ye-1.0 g yesithako esisebenzayo (AI)/m² ukulawula ii-vectors ze-malaria. I-Pyrifos-methyl isebenza kwi-acetylcholinesterase, ibangela ukuqokelelwa kwe-acetylcholine kwi-synaptic cleft xa ii-acetylcholine receptors zivulekile, ngaloo ndlela zithintela ukudluliselwa kwe-nerve impulses kwaye zibangele ukukhubazeka nokufa kwezinambuzane.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezineendlela ezintsha zokusebenza, ezifana ne-clothianidin, kunokunceda ulawulo olusebenzayo noluzinzileyo lwe-pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. Ezi zinambuzane zinokunceda nokulawula ukuxhathisa izibulali-zinambuzane, kuthintele ukuthembela kakhulu kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezine zemveli ezinobuthi be-neurotoxic ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwimpilo yoluntu. Ngaphezu koko, ukudibanisa ezi zinambuzane nezibulali-zinambuzane nezinye iindlela zokusebenza kunokucothisa uphuhliso lokuxhathisa.
Ukuthambekela kwe-Anopheles gambiae complex kwi-clothianidin kwahlolwa kuphela ngo-2021, ngaphambi kokupapashwa kwezikhokelo ze-WHO, kusetyenziswa inkqubo eyenziwe ngcono yiSumitomo Chemical (SCC). Izikhokelo ze-WHO malunga neenkqubo zovavanyo lokuthambekela kwi-insecticide nganye eqinisekisiweyo zapapashwa, zivumela iziko elisebenzisana ne-WHO i-Universiti Sains Malaysia eMalaysia ukuba lilungiselele amaphepha afakwe kwi-insecticide kwiidosi ezahlukeneyo kwaye liwenze afumaneke kumaziko ophando.[31] Kungo-2021 kuphela apho i-WHO yapapasha izikhokelo zovavanyo lokuthambekela kwi-clothianidin.
Iphepha leWhatman lanqunyulwa laba ziingceba eziziisentimitha ezili-12 ububanzi kunye ne-15 ubude, laza laxutywa ne-13.2 mg yesithako esisebenzayo i-clothianidin laza lasetyenziswa ukuvavanya kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokufakelwa.
Imeko yokuba ingcongconi ezifunyenweyo zisengozini kangakanani yamiselwa ngokweekhrayitheriya ze-WHO:
Kufundwe iiparameter ezine: inqanaba lokuchaphazeleka kwenani le-Anopheles gambiae lendawo kwi-nambuzane, isiphumo sokuwa okanye ukufa kwangoko kwimizuzu engama-30, ukufa okulibazisekileyo kunye nokusebenza okuseleyo.
Idatha esetyenzisiweyo kunye/okanye ehlalutyiweyo ngeli xesha lophando iyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelanayo xa kuceliwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Sep-22-2025