1. IiBrassinosteroids zifumaneka kakhulu kubukumkani bezityalo
Ngexesha lokuvela kwezinto, izityalo zenza kancinci kancinci iinethiwekhi zokulawula iihomoni ezilawulayo ukuze ziphendule kwiingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Phakathi kwazo, ii-brassinoids luhlobo lwee-phytosterols ezinomsebenzi wokukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli. Zifumaneka rhoqo kulo lonke ubukumkani bezityalo ukusuka kwizityalo ezisezantsi ukuya kweziphezulu, kwaye kufunyenwe ii-analogues ezininzi ze-brassinoids.
2. Iibrassinoid zendalo zezona "zisitshixo" zilungileyo zokuvula indlela yeebrassinoids zendalo.
Iibrassinoid zendalo zikho ikakhulu kwiintyatyambo nakwimbewu, zilawula uphuhliso lokuzala, ukuvuthwa kwembewu, zikhuthaza ukwanda kwesiqu kunye nokwakheka kweengcambu, kwaye zidlala indima entle ekuchaseni izityalo kuxinzelelo [3, 5]. Iibrassinoid zokuqala ezachongwayo yibrassinolide BL (Umfanekiso 1-1). Nangona kunjalo, umxholo wazo wendalo uphantsi kakhulu kwaye ukukhutshwa kwemizi-mveliso akunakufezekiswa. Oku kubangele uthotho lwezinye iindlela zokwenziwa. Izityalo zibona ukuva kunye nokuphendula kweehomoni ngokusebenzisa umgaqo "wokutshixa kunye nesitshixo", kwaye iibrassinoid zendalo zezona "sitshixo" zibalaseleyo zokuvula ucango lwempendulo yebrassinoid. Zinobuhlobo obuqinileyo nee-receptors kwaye zisebenza ngakumbi kuneebrassinolides ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa. Ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kweebrassinoid zendalo kunokuvakala ngokukhawuleza kwaye kufunxwe zizityalo, kongeza ngempumelelo ukwenziwa okunganelanga kweebrassinoid zendalo ezibangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, okuvumela iiseli ukuba ziphendule ngokukhawuleza, ngomsebenzi ophezulu, akukho ukwaliwa, kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu.
I-14-Hydroxybrassinosteroid (Umfanekiso 2), njenge-analog entsha ye-brassinosteroid kwi-rapeseed pollen, inokukhutshwa kwaye icocwe ngamanani kusetyenziswa izinyibilikisi ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Yi-brassinosteroid yokuqala yendalo ukufezekisa uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso yokukhupha okuluhlaza. . I-14-Hydroxybrassinosteroid ihlelwa njengetyhefu kancinci okanye ityhefu ephantsi kudidi lwetyhefu yezibulala-zinambuzane zaseTshayina. Uvavanyo lwetyhefu lokusingqongileyo lunobungozi obuphantsi kwaye lunokubola ngokulula, kwaye uvavanyo lomngcipheko wempilo yokusingqongileyo luphantsi (RQ<1). Iyingozi ebantwini nakubantu. Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye ne-biosafety, yimveliso yodwa yesongezelelo esisekelwe kwizityalo kweli lizwe efumene "isiqinisekiso semveliso yokutya eluhlaza" sikazwelonke kunye nesiqinisekiso sokufakwa kwezinto eziphilayo eMelika.
3. Indlela yokusebenzisa ibonisa ukuba ii-brassinoid zendalo zinokukhuthaza isivuno esiphezulu kwaye zonyuse ingeniso
(1) Khuthaza ukwahlukahlukana kwamahlumela eentyatyambo kunye nokugcina iintyatyambo neziqhamo
Isivuno kunye nomgangatho wemithi yeziqhamo zinxulumene kakhulu nophuhliso lwezitho zeentyatyambo. Ukutshiza iibrassinoid zendalo ngexesha lesigaba sokwahluka kwamahlumela eentyatyambo kunye nesigaba seziqhamo eziselula, okanye ukongeza inani elithile leebrassinoid zendalo ngexesha lokuvundiswa kwezityalo kunokunyusa kakhulu ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho weentyatyambo zemithi yeziqhamo kwaye kunciphise iintyatyambo ezikhubazekileyo. Kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvundiswa kwezityalo, kwandise izinga lokubekwa kweziqhamo, kwaye kunciphise ukuwa kweentyatyambo neziqhamo, kwaye kusetyenziswe kakhulu ekutyalweni nasekuvelisweni kwemithi yeziqhamo emininzi efana nekiwi, i-citrus, i-apile, kunye ne-jujube.
I-Kiwifruit ngumdiliya oqhelekileyo we-dioecious. Kwimisebenzi yemveliso, i-pollination yokwenziwa kufuneka isetyenziswe ukwandisa i-pollination kunye namazinga okubekwa kweziqhamo. Xa ngaphezulu kwe-2/3 yomthi wonke sele ityatyambile, sebenzisa umgubo we-brassinoids wendalo oxutywe ne-pollen kwi-ratio ye-1/50 ye-pollination ye-artificial point okanye isisombululo samanzi se-brassinoids sendalo esixutywe amaxesha angama-2500 kwi-pollination ye-spray, enokunyusa kakhulu izinga lokubekwa kweziqhamo ze-kiwifruit kwaye ikhuthaze. Umxholo we-vitamin C kunye nezinto ezilandelelanayo kwisiqhamo uphucula kakhulu iipropati zokugcina kunye nokuthuthwa kunye nexabiso lesondlo sesiqhamo se-kiwi. (Umfanekiso 3-4)[6]. Ngexesha lesigaba sesiqhamo esiselula se-kiwifruit, i-agent edibeneyo ye-brassinoids yendalo, i-gibberellin, kunye ne-auxin inokutshizwa kwakhona, enokukhuthaza kakhulu ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhula kweziqhamo eziselula, okubangela ukuba isiqhamo sibe ncinci kwaye sonyuke ngama-20%-30% kubunzima besiqhamo esinye.
Ukuhla kweziqhamo ze-citrus ngokwendalo kuyinto embi kakhulu, kwaye izinga lokubekwa kweziqhamo lidla ngokuba yi-2%-3%. Ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wokudubula nokunyusa izinga lokubekwa kweziqhamo, ukuhla kweziqhamo ngokwendalo kusetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iintyatyambo, i-2/3 yeentyatyambo iphelile, kwaye kwiintsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-7 ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iintyatyambo okwesibini ngokwendalo. Ukutshiza i-brassinoids + i-gibberellic acid kunokunyusa izinga lokubekwa kweziqhamo ze-citrus nge-20% (i-Guangxi Sugar Orange). Iziqhamo ezincinci kunye neziqu zeziqhamo zijika zibe luhlaza kwiintsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iintyatyambo, kwaye izinga leziqhamo eziguqukileyo liphantsi.
(2) Tshintsha umbala, wandise iswekile, kwaye uphucule umgangatho weziqhamo
Incasa yesiqhamo yobuntwana imele umlinganiselo ophezulu weswekile-asidi kwinqanaba lokuvuthwa kunye nobutyebi beevithamini kunye nezinto ezilandelelanayo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokutshintsha kombala wesiqhamo, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-brassinoids yendalo kunye nesichumiso se-potassium foliar esitshizwa izihlandlo ezi-2-3 kumthi wonke kunokukhawulezisa ukufunxwa kwezakhamzimba kunye nokuguqulwa, kuphucule i-photosynthesis, kukhuthaze ukuqokelelwa kweswekile, kwaye kukhuthaze ii-asidi eziphilayo ezifana ne-citric acid kunye ne-malic acid. Ukubola kwe-quasi-degradation kuguqulwa kube ziivithamini, ii-flavonoids kunye nezinye izondlo, kwandisa umlinganiselo weswekile-asidi kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezinto ezinencasa. Ikwanefuthe lokukhuthaza ixolo elithambileyo kunye nokulungisa imo yesiqhamo.
(3) Ukumanzisa nokulungisa imbewu yezityalo zasemasimini ukuze komelezwe ukumelana nokukhula kwemveliso kunye nengeniso.
Umgangatho kunye nesivuno sezityalo zokutya zinxulumene kakhulu neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Iibrassinoids zendalo zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekumelaneni noxinzelelo olufana nobushushu obuphezulu, imbalela, umonakalo wengqele, kunye netyuwa ngexesha lonke lokukhula kwezityalo zokutya. Okokuqala, ukugquma imbewu, ukugquma kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango ngaphambi kokuhlwayela kunokuphucula ukufana kokuvela kwesityalo kunye nokuqinisa izithole (Umfanekiso 9). Okwesibini, ukutshiza iibrassinoids zendalo izihlandlo ezi-1-2 ngexesha lophuhliso lwesityalo olubalulekileyo olufana nokuqhekeka, ukudubula iintyatyambo, kunye nokuzaliswa kweenkozo kunokumelana noxinzelelo oluhlukeneyo lobunzima kunye nokunyusa isivuno sesityalo sokutya. Iibrassinoids zendalo zikhuthazwe kuzwelonke ukulawula ukukhula kwengqolowa kunye nokwandisa isivuno, kubandakanya iindawo zovavanyo ezili-11 kwiindawo eziphambili ezivelisa ingqolowa ezifana neHenan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, kunye neJiangsu, kunye nokwanda kwesivuno okuphakathi kwe-13.28%, apho ukwanda kwesivuno seShanxi kufikelele kwi-22.36%.
(4) Yonyusa ukufunxwa kwezondlo kwaye ikhuthaze imveliso yemifuno
Sebenzisa isisombululo samanzi se-brassinosteroid sendalo esingu-0.0075% esixutywe izihlandlo ezingama-2500 kwaye utshize kumagqabi aphezulu emifuno izihlandlo ezi-1-2 ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokufunxwa kwezityalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezondlo, ukuphucula i-photosynthesis, kunye nokukhuthaza imveliso yemifuno. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwangaphakathi zibonise ukuba emva kweentsuku ezi-6 emva kokutshiza amagqabi, indawo yamagqabi e-pakchoi kwiqela lonyango lwe-brassinosteroid yendalo inyuke ngama-20% xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwamanzi acocekileyo.
(5) Isebenza kakuhle ekuthinteleni ukubanda nokubanda
"Ukubanda kwasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo" luxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwentwasahlobo, oluchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isivuno sezityalo. Futha i-8-15ml ye-brassinoids yendalo + i-potassium dihydrogen phosphate/amino acid foliar nutrition kwiintsuku ezi-2-4 ngaphambi, kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva koko, kunye neentsuku ezili-10-15 emva kokubanda okanye umonakalo wokuqandisa ukonyusa ukumelana kwezityalo kumonakalo wokuqandisa okanye umonakalo wokuqandisa. Izityalo eziqandisiweyo ziqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukubanda kwasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kuya konakalisa ngaphezulu kwe-60% yee-calyces zecherry. Ii-brassinoids zendalo + unyango lwesichumiso se-potassium ephezulu kunokunciphisa kakhulu izinga lomonakalo nge-40% kwaye kuqinisekise ukuvundiswa okuqhelekileyo.
Phantsi kweemeko zokuqandisa, inkqubo yezityalo ezisebenzisa i-photosynthesis yonakele kwaye i-photosynthesis ayinakugqitywa ngokwesiqhelo, nto leyo echaphazela kakhulu ukukhula kwesityalo. Kwiintsuku ezi-2-3 ngaphambi kokuba izithole zetamatato zibe noxinzelelo lokuqandisa, fafaza isityalo sonke ngokuxutywa okuphindwe ka-2000 kwe-brassinosterol yendalo + i-amino acid foliar nutrition ukuze kusebenze imisebenzi ye-peroxidase (POD) kunye ne-catalase (CAT). Susa ii-radicals ezikhululekileyo ze-oxygen kwiitamatato ukukhusela inkqubo ye-photosynthesis yezithole zetamatato ezisebenzisa uxinzelelo lokuqandisa kwaye ukhuthaze ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo emva koxinzelelo.
(6) Ukususa ukhula oluxutyiweyo, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphuculweyo kunye nokukhuselekileyo
Iibrassinoid zendalo zinokukhawulezisa ukugaya ukutya okusisiseko kwezityalo. Kwelinye icala, xa zisetyenziswa kunye neeherbicides, zinokukhuthaza ukufunxwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwamayeza lukhula kwaye zonyuse isiphumo seherbicides; kwelinye icala, xa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeherbicides zibonakala ziyingozi, iibrassicas zendalo kufuneka ziphinde zisetyenziswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo. I-hormone inokuvuselela indlela yokukhupha ukungcola kwizityalo, ikhawulezise ukususwa kwetyhefu kwi-metabolism yeherbicides emzimbeni, kwaye ikhuthaze ukubuyiselwa kwezityalo.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-19-2024