Ngokwethiyori, akukho nto ingathintela ukusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo kwe-RL kwezorhweboisibulali-zinambuzaneKaloku, ihambelana nayo yonke imithetho. Kodwa kukho isizathu esinye esibalulekileyo sokuba oku kungaze kubonakalise indlela esebenza ngayo ishishini: iindleko.
Xa sithatha inkqubo yokubulala iintsholongwane kwisilingo sengqolowa yasebusika i-RL njengomzekelo, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lalimalunga ne-£260 ngehektare. Xa kuthelekiswa, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lenkqubo yokubulala iintsholongwane kwingqolowa kwiJohn Nix Farm Management Guide lingaphantsi kwesiqingatha saloo nto (£116 ngehektare ngo-2024).
Kuyacaca ukuba isivuno sovavanyo esivela kunyango lwe-RL fungicide besiphezulu kunesivuno esiqhelekileyo sorhwebo. Umzekelo, isivuno esiphakathi solawulo (2020-2024) sengqolowa yasebusika ephathwe nge-fungicide kwizilingo ze-RL yayiyi-10.8t/ha, nto leyo ephezulu kakhulu kunesivuno esiphakathi sengqolowa yorhwebo seminyaka emihlanu esiyi-7.3t/ha (ngokusekelwe kwidatha yamva nje yeDefra).
RL: Zininzi izizathu zokuba kubekho isivuno esiphezulu sezityalo ezinyangwa nge-fungicide, kwaye iinkqubo ze-fungicide zezinye zazo. Umzekelo:
Kulula ukuxhalabela iziphumo, kodwa ngaba leyo yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokulinganisa impumelelo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, ingxelo yakutshanje kwi-RL survey ibonisa ukuba abalimi baxhalabile ngakumbi ngezinye iindlela zokulinganisa, ingakumbi inzuzo yesivuno.
Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezidlulileyo (2019-2021), i-AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge yayijolise ekufezekiseni le njongo. Ukuze kufezekiswe inzuzo ephezulu kwindawo nganye yovavanyo lwengingqi, abalimi abathatha inxaxheba baphuhlise iinkqubo zokubulala iintsholongwane zohlobo olunye (olufanelekileyo kwindawo leyo) baza bazilungisa kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni izifo zasekuhlaleni zixhaphake kangakanani. Zonke ezinye izinto ezifakiweyo zalinganiswa.
Ezi protocols zifanelekile kwizifundo ezisekelwe kwiploti (eziphindaphindwayo kathathu). Onke amaxesha okutshiza ayefana (T0, T1, T2 kunye neT3) kwaye imveliso kunye nomthamo kuphela zahlukile kwiinkqubo ezikhuphisanayo; Ayingabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abatshiza ngalo lonke ixesha (abanye baphoswa yi-T0).
Ezi ploti ziquka neendawo 'ezingenazo iifungicide' kunye neendawo 'ezinzima', apho eyokugqibela isekelwe kwinkqubo ye-RL fungicide ukumisela amandla esivuno.
Inkqubo yokutshiza i-RL ivelise i-10.73t/ha, i-1.83t/ha ephezulu kune-plot enganyangwanga. Oku kuqhelekile kuhlobo olukhuliswe (iGraham), olunezinga eliphakathi lokumelana nezifo. Isivuno esiphakathi sesicwangciso sorhwebo yayiyi-10.30t/ha, kwaye ixabiso eliphakathi le-fungicide yayiyi-£82.04.
Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu ifunyenwe ngexabiso le-£79.54 kunye nesivuno se-10.62t/ha - yi-0.11t/ha kuphela engaphantsi kunonyango lwe-RL.
Inkqubo yokutshiza i-RL ivelise i-10.98t/ha, i-3.86t/ha ephezulu kuneploti enganyangwanga, nto leyo edla ngokulindelwa xa kukhuliswa uhlobo olutyheli olunokuchaphazeleka ngumhlwa (Skyfall). Isivuno esiphakathi kwiskimu sorhwebo yayiyi-10.01t/ha kwaye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-fungicide yayiyi-£79.68.
Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu ifunyenwe ngexabiso le-£114.70 kunye nesivuno se-10.76t/ha - yi-0.22t/ha kuphela engaphantsi kunonyango lwe-RL.
Inkqubo yokutshiza i-RL ivelise i-12.07t/ha, i-3.63t/ha ephezulu kune-plot enganyangwanga. Oku kuqhelekile kwi-cultivar ekhuliswayo (KWS Parkin). Isivuno esiphakathi kwi-scheme yorhwebo yayiyi-10.76t/ha kwaye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-fungicide yayiyi-£97.10.
Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu ifunyenwe ngexabiso le-£115.15 kunye nesivuno se-12.04t/ha - yi-0.03t/ha kuphela engaphantsi kunonyango lwe-RL.
Ngokomndilili (kuzo zonke iindawo ezintathu ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla), isivuno sezityalo ezinenzuzo kakhulu besingaphantsi nge-0.12 t/ha kuphela kunesivuno esifunyenwe phantsi kwenkqubo ye-RL fungicide.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi mvavanyo, singagqiba kwelokuba inkqubo ye-RL fungicide ivelisa isivuno esifana nesemisebenzi yezolimo elungileyo.
Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa ukuba zingakanani iziqhamo ezikhuphisanayo ezazisondele kwisivuno esifunyenwe ngonyango lwe-RL fungicide kunye nokuba zingakanani iziqhamo ezikhuphisanayo ezidlule isivuno esifunyenwe ngonyango lwe-RL fungicide.
Umfanekiso 1. Uthelekiso lwemveliso iyonke yengqolowa yasebusika yorhwebo kunye neendleko zefungicide (kubandakanya iindleko zokufaka) kwi-2021 Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge (amachaphaza aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lwefungicide ye-RL kumiselwe kwi-100% (umgca oluhlaza othe tye). Intsingiselo iyonke yedatha nayo ibonisiwe (ijika elingwevu).
Kwiimeko zokhuphiswano ngexesha lokuvuna lika-2020, amanqanaba esifo ayephantsi kwaye ezimbini kwezi ndawo zintathu azizange zifumaneke mpendulo ye-fungicide. Ngo-2020, iindlela ezininzi ze-fungicide zorhwebo zivelise isivuno esiphezulu kuneendlela ze-RL.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenzisiweyo zibonisa ukuba kutheni kunzima ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-fungicide olumele "umgangatho wabalimi" kwiimvavanyo ze-RL. Nokuba ukhetha ixabiso elinye kunokubangela umahluko omkhulu kwisivuno - kwaye oko kungenxa yeentlobo ezimbalwa. Kwiimvavanyo ze-RL, sijongana neentlobo ezininzi, nganye ineengenelo kunye neengxaki zayo.
Ngaphandle kombandela wenzuzo yefungicide, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isivuno sengqolowa esirekhodiweyo kwihlabathi liphela yi-17.96t/ha, nto leyo ephezulu kakhulu kunesivuno esiqhelekileyo se-RL (irekhodi lenziwe eLincolnshire ngo-2022 kusetyenziswa inkqubo esekelwe kwisivuno).
Eyona nto ingcono kukuba, singathanda ukugcina izinga lokwenzeka kwezifo kwizifundo ze-RL liphantsi kangangoko. Kakade ke, izinga losulelo kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe-10% kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana nakuzo zonke izifundo (nangona oku kuya kuba nzima ukukufezekisa).
Silandela lo mgaqo 'wokuphelisa izifo' ukuze sivelise amandla esivuno sazo zonke iintlobo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zendalo ukusuka eCornwall ukuya eAberdeenshire, ngaphandle kweziphumo ezichaphazela izifo.
Ukuze inkqubo yokubulala iintsholongwane ibonelele ngolawulo oluphezulu lwazo zonke izifo kuzo zonke iindawo, kufuneka ibe neenkcukacha ezipheleleyo (kwaye ibize kakhulu).
Oku kuthetha ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezithile (iintlobo ezithile, iindawo kunye namaxesha onyaka) izinto ezithile zenkqubo yokubulala iintsholongwane azifuneki.
Ukuze sicacise le ngongoma, makhe sijonge iimveliso ezisetyenzisiweyo kwinkqubo ye-fungicide ephambili kwizilingo zonyango lwengqolowa yasebusika ye-RL (isityalo sika-2024).
Izimvo: ICyflamid isetyenziselwa ukulawula isikhunta. Izithinteli zesikhunta zibiza kakhulu kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi zinokuba nefuthe elincinci kwisivuno. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimvavanyo isikhunta sinokubangela iingxaki emva kweminyaka embalwa, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuyifaka ukukhusela iintlobo ezisengozini kakhulu. I-Tebucur kunye neComet 200 zisetyenziselwa ukulawula isikhunta. Ngokuphathelele ukukhuselwa kwesikhunta, ukongezwa kwazo akuyi kuphucula isivuno seentlobo ezinexabiso eliphezulu lokumelana nesikhunta.
Okufunekayo: I-Revistar XE (i-fluopyram kunye ne-fluconazole) + i-Arizona + i-Talius/i-Justice (i-proquinazine)
Izimvo: Oku kufana ne-T0 nangaliphi na ixesha lokutshiza. Nangona umxube we-T1 usemgangathweni, uqulethe into yokuthintela ukungunda - kwakhona, oko kunyusa ixabiso, kodwa kungekhona ngobuninzi (kwiimeko ezininzi).
Esi sisitshizi esongezelelweyo esinokusetyenziswa ngabaqhubi bovavanyo. Nangona singasebenzi kakuhle, sinokunceda ukususa i-rust fungus (kusetyenziswa iSunorg Pro) kunye ne-spot fungus (kusetyenziswa iimveliso ze-prothioconazole). I-Arizona ikwayindlela (kodwa ayinakusetyenziswa ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezithathu kunyango olunye).
Izimvo: Iimfuneko ze-T2 ziquka iimveliso ezinamandla (njengoko kulindelekile kwizitshizi zamagqabi eflegi). Nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kwe-Arizona akunakwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwemveliso.
Izimvo: Ixesha le-T3 lijolise kwiintlobo zeFusarium (hayi amabala egqabi lengqolowa). Sisebenzisa iProsaro, nayo ebiza kakhulu. Sikwadibanisa iComet 200 ukususa umhlwa kwiintlobo ezichaphazeleka lula. Kwiindawo apho uxinzelelo lomhlwa luphantsi, njengasemantla eScotland, ukongeza umhlwa kusenokungabi nampembelelo ingako.
Ukunciphisa ubukhali benkqubo ye-RL fungicide kuya kutshintsha uphando ukusuka ekuvavanyeni uhlobo olucocekileyo ukuya ekuvavanyeni uhlobo lwe-x fungicide, nto leyo eya kuphazamisa idatha kwaye yenze ukutolikwa kube nzima kwaye kubize kakhulu.
Indlela yanamhlanje ikwasinceda sicebise iintlobo ezichaphazeleka lula zizifo ezithile. Kukho imizekelo emininzi yeentlobo eziye zaphumelela kwezorhwebo nangona zingakwazi ukumelana nezifo kakuhle (ukuba zilawulwa kakuhle) kodwa zinezinye iimpawu ezixabisekileyo.
Umgaqo wokuthintela izifo ukwathetha ukuba sisebenzisa iidosi eziphezulu. Oku kwandisa iindleko kodwa kwizifundo ezininzi kubangela isivuno esiphantsi. Isiphumo sedosi sibonakala ngokucacileyo kwiindlela zokulawula izifo ezifunyenwe kwiprojekthi yethu yokusebenza kakuhle kwefungicide.
Umfanekiso 2. Ulawulo lwamabala egqabi kunye nezinto ezikhuselayo (zidibene iziphumo zowama-2022–2024), zibonisa ezinye zeefungicides ezisetyenzisiweyo kuvavanyo lwe-RL. Oku kubonisa ukuphucuka okuncinci kolawulo lwezifo oluhambelana nokusuka kwiidosi zeshedyuli eqhelekileyo yorhwebo (idosi yesiqingatha ukuya kwikota ezintathu) ukuya kwiidosi zeshedyuli ye-RL (kufutshane nedosi epheleleyo).
Uphononongo lwakutshanje oluxhaswe yi-AHDB lujonge inkqubo ye-RL fungicide. Esinye sezigqibo zomsebenzi okhokelwa yi-ADAS kukuba, xa zidityaniswe novavanyo lokumelana nesivuno kunye nokumelana nezifo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iifungicide, inkqubo yangoku iseyeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokukhokela ukukhethwa kunye nokulawulwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-23-2024