Kwithiyori, akukho nto inokuthintela usetyenziso olucwangcisiweyo lorhwebo lweRLisibulali zinambuzane. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ihambelana nayo yonke imimiselo. Kodwa kukho isizathu esinye esibalulekileyo sokuba oku kungasoze kubonise ukuziqhelanisa neshishini: ixabiso.
Ukuthatha inkqubo yokubulala umngundo kulingo lwengqolowa yasebusika ye-RL njengomzekelo, i-avareji yeendleko ibimalunga ne-£260 ngehektare nganye. Ngokuthelekisa, i-avareji yeendleko zenkqubo yokubulala umngundo kwingqolowa kwi-John Nix Farm Management Guide ingaphantsi kwesiqingatha (£116 ngehektare nganye ngo-2024).
Kucacile ukuba izivuno zovavanyo ezivela kunyango lwe-RL fungicide zaziphezulu kunezivuno eziqhelekileyo zentengiso. Umzekelo, isivuno esiphakathi solawulo (2020-2024) sengqolowa yasebusika ephathwe ngokubulala umngundo kwizilingo ze-RL yayiyi-10.8t/ha, engaphezulu kakhulu kumndilili weminyaka emihlanu wengqolowa yorhwebo ye-7.3t/ha (ngokusekwe kwidatha yeDefra yamva nje).
RL: Zininzi izizathu zezivuno eziphezulu zezityalo ezinyangwe ngomchiza wokungunda, kwaye iinkqubo zokubulala ukungunda sesinye nje sazo. Umzekelo:
Kulula ukuba uthe phithi sisiphumo, kodwa ngaba leyo yeyona ndlela yokulinganisa impumelelo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, ingxelo yakutsha nje kuphando lwe-RL ibonisa ukuba amafama azixhalabela ngakumbi ezinye iimethrikhi, ngakumbi inzuzo yesityalo.
Amaxesha amaninzi adlulileyo (2019-2021), i-AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge ijolise ekufezekiseni le njongo. Ukufumana eyona nzuzo iphezulu yesivuno kwindawo nganye yovavanyo lwengingqi, amafama athatha inxaxheba aphuhlise iinkqubo zokutshabalalisa umngundo zodidi olunye (ezifanelekileyo ekuhlaleni) kwaye bazihlengahlengisa kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka ngokuxhomekeke kubukho bezifo bengingqi. Onke amanye amagalelo abekwe emgangathweni.
Ezi prothokholi zifanelekile kwizifundo ezisekelwe kwi-randomized ngokupheleleyo (eziphindwe kathathu). Onke amaxesha okutshiza ayefana (T0, T1, T2 kunye ne-T3) kunye nemveliso kuphela kunye nedosi eyahlukileyo kwiinkqubo ezikhuphisanayo; Ayingabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abatshizayo ngalo lonke ixesha (abanye baphose i-T0).
Ezi ziza zikwabandakanya iindawo 'ezingenamchiza wokungunda' kunye neziza 'ezinzima', ezokugqibela ezisekelwe kwinkqubo ye-RL yokutshabalalisa umngundo ukumisela ukubakho kwesivuno.
Inkqubo yesitshizi ye-RL ivelise i-10.73t/ha, 1.83t/ha ngaphezulu kweploti elinganyangwanga. Oku kuqhelekileyo kwiindidi ezikhulileyo (i-Graham), ezinomlinganiselo ophakathi wokumelana nezifo. Umyinge wesivuno sesicwangciso sorhwebo sasiyi-10.30t / ha, kwaye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-fungicide laliyi-£ 82.04.
Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu yafunyanwa ngexabiso le-£ 79.54 kunye nesivuno se-10.62t / ha - kuphela i-0.11t / ha ngaphantsi kwe-RL unyango.
Inkqubo yesitshizi ye-RL ivelise i-10.98t/ha, 3.86t/ha ngaphezulu kweploti enganyangwanga, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo ebeya kulindeleka xa kukhuliswa umhlwa omthubi ochaphazelekileyo (Skyfall). Umyinge wesivuno seskimu sorhwebo sasiyi-10.01t/ha kunye nexabiso eliphakathi komchiza wokungunda laliyi-£79.68.
Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu yafunyanwa ngexabiso le-£ 114.70 kunye nesivuno se-10.76t / ha - kuphela i-0.22t / ha ngaphantsi kwe-RL unyango.
Inkqubo yesitshizi ye-RL ivelise i-12.07t/ha, 3.63t/ha ngaphezulu kweploti elinganyangwanga. Oku kuqhelekile kumhlanganisela okhuliswayo (KWS Parkin). Umyinge wesivuno seskimu sorhwebo sasiyi-10.76t/ha kunye nexabiso eliphakathi komngundo laliyi-£97.10.
Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ephezulu yafunyanwa ngexabiso le-£ 115.15 kunye nesivuno se-12.04t / ha - kuphela i-0.03t / ha ngaphantsi kwonyango lwe-RL.
Ngokwe-avareji (kuzo zonke iziza ezithathu ezikhankanywe ngasentla), izivuno zezona zityalo zinengeniso zazingaphantsi nge-0.12 t/ha kuphela kunezivuno ezifunyenwe phantsi kwenkqubo ye-RL yokungunda.
Ngokusekelwe kolu lingo, sinokugqiba kwelokuba inkqubo ye-RL yokungunda ivelisa isivuno esifana nesenzo esilungileyo sezolimo.
Umzobo 1 ubonisa ukuba zininzi kangakanani izivuno ezikhuphisanayo ezikufutshane nesivuno esifunyenwe ngonyango lwe-RL fungicide kunye nokuba zingakanani izivuno ezikhuphisanayo ezigqithise isivuno esifunyenwe ngonyango lwe-RL fungicide.
Umfanekiso 1. Uthelekiso lwemveliso yengqolowa yasebusika iyonke yorhwebo kunye neendleko zokubulala umngundo (kubandakanywa neendleko zokufaka isicelo) kumngeni we-Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge ka-2021 (amachaphaza abhlowu). Ukubuyiswa ngokubhekiselele kunyango lwe-RL fungicide lubekwe kwi-100% (umgca oluhlaza othe ngqo). Umzila jikelele wedatha uyaboniswa kwakhona (i-gray curve).
Kwiimeko ezikhuphisanayo ngexesha lokuvuna lika-2020, amanqanaba ezifo ebesezantsi kwaye isiza ezibini kwezi zintathu azikhange zifumaneke impendulo yokungunda. Ngo-2020, nangakumbi iirejimeni zorhwebo zomngundo zivelise ngaphezulu kweerejimeni ze-RL.
Uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela ezisetyenziswayo zibonakalisa ukuba kutheni kunzima ukukhetha irejimeni yesichiza sokungunda emele "umgangatho wamafama" kulingo lweRL. Nkqu nokukhetha ixabiso elinye kunokubangela iyantlukwano enkulu kwizivuno – kwaye oko kungenxa yeendidi ezimbalwa nje. Kulingo lwe-RL, sijongana neendidi ezininzi, nganye inezinto zayo ezilungileyo kunye nezingeloncedo.
Ngaphandle komcimbi wenzuzo ye-fungicide, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba isivuno sengqolowa yerekhodi yehlabathi yangoku yi-17.96t/ha, ephezulu kakhulu kune-RL ye-avareji yesivuno (irekhodi yamiselwa e-Lincolnshire ngo-2022 kusetyenziswa inkqubo esekelwe kwisivuno).
Ngokufanelekileyo, singathanda ukugcina izinga lezehlo kwizifundo ze-RL lisezantsi kangangoko. Ngokuqinisekileyo, izinga losulelo kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe-10% kuzo zonke iintlobo kunye nakuzo zonke izifundo (nangona oku kuya kuba nzima ukufezekisa).
Silandela lo mgaqo 'wokupheliswa kwezifo' ukukhupha amandla esivuno azo zonke iindidi kuluhlu lweemeko zokusingqongileyo ukusuka eCornwall ukuya eAberdeenshire, ngaphandle kweziphumo ezichaphazela isifo.
Ukuze inkqubo yokubulala umngundo ibonelele ngolawulo oluphezulu kuzo zonke izifo kuyo yonke imimandla, kufuneka iphelele (kwaye ibize kakhulu).
Oku kuthetha ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezithile (iintlobo ezithile, iindawo kunye namaxesha onyaka) izinto ezithile zenkqubo yokubulala umngundo azifuneki.
Ukubonisa le ngongoma, makhe sijonge kwiimveliso ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo engundoqo yokutshabalalisa umngundo kwi-RL yolingo lonyango lwengqolowa yasebusika (2024 isityalo).
Izimvo: I-Cyflamid isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukungunda. I-mildew inhibitors zibiza kakhulu kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi kunokwenzeka ukuba zibe nefuthe elincinci kwisivuno. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimvavanyo ukungunda kunokubangela iingxaki emva kweminyaka embalwa, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuyifaka ukukhusela ezona ndidi zisengozini. I-Tebucur kunye neComet 200 zisetyenziselwa ukulawula umhlwa. Ngokumalunga nokukhuselwa kokungunda, ukongezwa kwabo akuyi kuphucula izivuno zeentlobo ezinexabiso eliphezulu lokuxhathisa umhlwa.
Kufuneka: I-Revistar XE (i-fluopyram kunye ne-fluconazole) + i-Arizona + Talius/Justice (proquinazine)
Izimvo: Oku kufana ne-T0 nangaliphi na ixesha lokutshiza. Nangona umxube we-T1 umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo, uqulethe i-mold inhibitor - kwakhona, ukwandisa iindleko, kodwa kungekhona ngobuninzi (kwiimeko ezininzi).
Esi sisitshizi esongezelelweyo esinokusetyenziswa ngabaqhubi bovavanyo. Nangona ingasebenzi ngokukodwa, inokunceda ukususa i-rust fungus (usebenzisa i-Sunorg Pro) kunye ne-fungus yendawo (usebenzisa iimveliso zeprothioconazole). I-Arizona nayo inokukhetha (kodwa ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa ngaphezu kwamaxesha amathathu kunyango olulodwa).
Izimvo: Iimfuno ze-T2 ziquka iimveliso ezinamandla (njengoko kulindelekile kwizitshizi zeflegi zamagqabi). Nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kweArizona akunakwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwimveliso.
Izimvo: Ujoliso lwexesha le-T3 kwiintlobo ze-Fusarium (hayi indawo yegqabi lengqolowa). Sisebenzisa iProsaro, ekwabiza kakhulu. Sikwangeza iComet 200 ukususa umhlwa kwiintlobo ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke. Kwiindawo apho uxinzelelo lwe-rust luphantsi, njengakumantla eSkotlani, ukongeza i-rust kungabi nefuthe elikhulu.
Ukunciphisa ubunzulu benkqubo ye-RL yokungunda kungatshintsha uphononongo ukusuka kuvavanyo olusulungekileyo ukuya ekuvavanyeni iindidi zesibulali-mbumbulu x, nto leyo enokubhidanisa idatha kwaye yenze utoliko lubenzima ngakumbi kwaye lubize kakhulu.
Indlela yanamhlanje ikwasinceda ukuba sicebise iintlobo ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke kwizifo ezithile. Mininzi imizekelo yobunzima obufumene impumelelo yorhwebo nangona inesifo esinganyangekiyo (ukuba ilawulwa kakuhle) kodwa inezinye iimpawu ezixabisekileyo.
Umgaqo wokukhutshwa kwesifo ukwathetha ukuba sisebenzisa iidosi eziphezulu. Oku kwandisa iindleko kodwa kwizifundo ezininzi kubangela isivuno esisezantsi. Isiphumo sethamo siboniswa ngokucacileyo kwiigophe zolawulo lwesifo ezifunyenwe kwiprojekthi yethu yobuchule bokubulala umngundo.
Umzobo 2. Ulawulo lwamachaphaza amagqabi kunye nezikhuseli (ezihlanganisiweyo ze-2022-2024 iziphumo), ebonisa ezinye zezinto zokungunda ezisetyenziswe kulingo lwe-RL. Oku kuqaqambisa ukuphucuka okuncinci ngokwentelekiso kulawulo lwezifo olunxulunyaniswa nokusuka kwiidosi zeshedyuli yorhwebo eqhelekileyo (isiqingatha ukuya kwidosi yekota ezintathu) ukuya kwiidosi zeshedyuli ye-RL (kufutshane nedosi epheleleyo).
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lwenkxaso-mali ye-AHDB lujonge inkqubo ye-RL yokungunda. Esinye sezigqibo zomsebenzi okhokelwa yi-ADAS kukuba, kudibene nesivuno kunye nokulinganiswa kokumelana nezifo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-fungicides, inkqubo yangoku ihlala iyindlela efanelekileyo yokukhokela ukukhethwa kunye nokulawula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-23-2024