Umoya ococekileyo, amanzi kunye nomhlaba ophilileyo zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kweendawo ezisebenzisana kwiindawo ezine eziphambili zoMhlaba ukuze kugcinwe ubomi. Nangona kunjalo, iintsalela zezinambuzane ezinobungozi zifumaneka kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo kwaye zihlala zifumaneka emhlabeni, emanzini (eziqinileyo nezilulwelo) kunye nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba kumanqanaba angaphezulu kwemigangatho ye-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ezi ntsalela zezinambuzane zidlula kwi-hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation kunye ne-biodegradation, nto leyo ebangela iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zotshintsho ezifana neekhompawundi zazo ezizalayo. Umzekelo, ama-90% aseMelika ane-biomarker enye yezinambuzane emizimbeni yawo (zombini ikhompawundi engumzali kunye ne-metabolite). Ukubakho kwezinambuzane emzimbeni kunokuba nefuthe kwimpilo yabantu, ngakumbi ngexesha lezigaba zobomi ezibuthathaka ezifana nobuntwana, ubutsha, ukukhulelwa kunye nokwaluphala. Uncwadi lwezenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane sele zineziphumo ezibi kakhulu kwimpilo (umz. ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, umhlaza, iingxaki zokuzala/zokuzalwa, ubuthi be-neurotoxicity, ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo, njl.njl.) kwindalo esingqongileyo (kubandakanya izilwanyana zasendle, izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kunye nempilo yabantu). Ke ngoko, ukuvezwa kwizinambuzane kunye ne-PD zazo kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo, kubandakanya neziphumo kwinkqubo ye-endocrine.
Ingcali ye-EU kwi-endocrine disruptors (emva kwexesha) UGqr. Theo Colborne uchaze izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaphezu kwama-50 zezibulala-zinambuzane njenge-endocrine disruptors (ED), kuquka iikhemikhali ezikwimveliso zasekhaya ezifana neesepha, izibulali-ntsholongwane, iiplastiki kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane. Uphando lubonise ukuba ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiintlobo ezininzi zezibulali-zinambuzane ezifana ne-atrazine kunye ne-2,4-D, i-pet insecticide fipronil, kunye ne-manufacturing-derived dioxins (TCDD). Ezi khemikhali zinokungena emzimbeni, ziphazamise iihomoni kwaye zibangele uphuhliso olubi, izifo, kunye neengxaki zokuzala. Inkqubo ye-endocrine yenziwe ngama-glands (i-thyroid, i-gonads, i-adrenals, kunye ne-pituitary) kunye neehomoni ezizivelisayo (i-thyroxine, i-estrogen, i-testosterone, kunye ne-adrenaline). Ezi glands kunye neehomoni ezifanayo zilawula uphuhliso, ukukhula, ukuzala, kunye nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana, kuquka nabantu. Ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine yingxaki eqhubekayo nekhulayo echaphazela abantu kwihlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yoko, abameli baphikisana ngelithi lo mgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka unyanzelise imithetho engqongqo ekusebenziseni izibulali-zinambuzane kwaye uqinise uphando kwimiphumo yexesha elide yokuvezwa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
Olu phononongo lolunye lwezona zininzi eziqondayo ukuba iimveliso zokuqhekeka kwezibulali-zinambuzane zinobungozi obufanayo okanye zisebenza ngakumbi kuneekhompawundi zazo. Kwihlabathi liphela, i-pyriproxyfen (Pyr) isetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni iingcongconi kwaye yeyona nkunkuma yodwa evunyiweyo yi-World Health Organisation (WHO) yokulawula iingcongconi kwizikhongozeli zamanzi okusela. Nangona kunjalo, phantse zonke ii-TP Pyrs ezisixhenxe zinomsebenzi wokunciphisa i-estrogen egazini, ezintsoni nasesibindini. I-Malathion sisibulali-zinambuzane esidumileyo esithintela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) kwizicwili zemithambo-luvo. Ukuthintelwa kwe-AChE kukhokelela ekuqokeleleni kwe-acetylcholine, i-neurotransmitter yekhemikhali enoxanduva lokusebenza kwengqondo nemisipha. Oku kuqokelelana kweekhemikhali kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo ebukhali efana nokushukuma okukhawulezileyo okungalawulekiyo kwemisipha ethile, ukukhubazeka kokuphefumla, ukuxhuzula, kwaye kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, nangona kunjalo, ukuthintelwa kwe-acetylcholinesterase akucaci, okukhokelela ekusasazekeni kwe-malathion. Oku kuyingozi enkulu kwizilwanyana zasendle nakwimpilo yoluntu. Ngamafutshane, uphando lubonise ukuba ii-TP ezimbini ze-malathion zinemiphumo ephazamisayo kwi-endocrine ekubonakalisweni kwezakhi zofuzo, ukukhutshwa kwehomoni, kunye ne-metabolism ye-glucocorticoid (i-carbohydrate, iproteni, amafutha). Ukonakala ngokukhawuleza kwe-pesticide fenoxaprop-ethyl kubangele ukwenziwa kwee-TP ezimbini ezinobuthi kakhulu ezandisa ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuphindwe ka-5.8–12 kwaye zaba nefuthe elikhulu kumsebenzi we-estrogen. Okokugqibela, i-TF ephambili ye-benalaxil ihlala kwindawo engqongileyo ixesha elide kune-compound engumzali, yi-estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, kwaye iphucula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuphindwe kathathu. Ii-pesticide ezine kolu phononongo zazingezizo zodwa iikhemikhali ezixhalabisayo; ezinye ezininzi zivelisa iimveliso zokuqhekeka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ii-pesticide ezininzi ezithintelweyo, ii-pesticide ezindala nezintsha, kunye neemveliso zekhemikhali zikhupha i-phosphorus enobuthi engcolisa abantu kunye ne-ecosystems.
Isibulali-zinambuzane i-DDT esingavumelekanga kunye ne-metabolite yayo ephambili i-DDE zihlala kwindawo engqongileyo amashumi eminyaka emva kokuba ukusetyenziswa kuphelisiwe, kunye ne-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ifumanisa ubuninzi beekhemikhali ezidlula amanqanaba amkelekileyo. Ngelixa i-DDT kunye ne-DDE zinyibilika kumafutha omzimba kwaye zihlala apho iminyaka, i-DDE ihlala emzimbeni ixesha elide. Uphando olwenziwe yiZiko loLawulo lweZifo (CDC) lufumanise ukuba i-DDE yosulele imizimba yabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-99 ekhulwini. Njengabantu abaphazamisa i-endocrine, ukuvezwa kwi-DDT kwandisa iingozi ezinxulumene nesifo seswekile, ukuyeka ukuya exesheni kwangoko, ukwehla kwenani lesidoda, i-endometriosis, ukungalingani kokuzalwa, i-autism, ukungabikho kwe-vitamin D, i-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, kunye nokutyeba kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zibonise ukuba i-DDE inetyhefu ngakumbi kune-compound engumzali wayo. Le metabolite inokuba nemiphumo yempilo yezizukulwana ezininzi, ibangele ukutyeba kakhulu nesifo seswekile, kwaye inyusa ngokukodwa ukwanda komhlaza wamabele kwizizukulwana ezininzi. Ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane zezizukulwana ezindala, kubandakanya i-organophosphates ezifana ne-malathion, zenziwe ngeekhompawundi ezifanayo ne-arhente yemithambo-luvo yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini (i-Agent Orange), echaphazela kakubi inkqubo yemithambo-luvo. I-Triclosan, isibulali-zinambuzane esithintela iintsholongwane esingavumelekanga ekutyeni okuninzi, sihlala kwindawo esingqongileyo kwaye senza iimveliso zokubola komhlaza ezifana ne-chloroform kunye ne-2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Iikhemikhali "zesizukulwana esilandelayo", kuquka i-glyphosate kunye neonicotinoids, zisebenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziqhekeke ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke azinakwenzeka ukuba ziqokeleleke. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zibonise ukuba amazinga aphantsi ezi khemikhali anetyhefu ngakumbi kuneekhemikhali ezindala kwaye zifuna ubunzima obuncinci ngeekhilogram ezimbalwa. Ke ngoko, iimveliso zokuqhekeka kwezi khemikhali zinokubangela iziphumo ezifanayo okanye ezinzima kakhulu zetyhefu. Izifundo zibonise ukuba i-herbicide glyphosate iguqulwa ibe yi-metabolite enetyhefu ye-AMPA etshintsha ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukongeza, ii-metabolites ezintsha ze-ionic ezifana ne-denitroimidacloprid kunye ne-decyanothiacloprid zinobuthi obuphindwe ka-300 kunye ~200 kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kune-imidacloprid engumzali, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nee-TF zazo zinokunyusa amanqanaba obuthi obuyingozi nobungaphantsi kobunobungozi obubangela iziphumo zexesha elide kubutyebi beentlobo kunye nobuninzi bezinto eziphilayo. Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezibulali-zinambuzane zangaphambili nezangoku zisebenza njengezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwindalo, kwaye abantu banokuchaphazeleka kwezi zinto ngaxeshanye. Rhoqo ezi zinto zingcolisayo zeekhemikhali zisebenza kunye okanye ngokubambisana ukuvelisa iziphumo ezibi kakhulu ezidibeneyo. Intsebenziswano yingxaki eqhelekileyo kwimixube yezibulali-zinambuzane kwaye inokunciphisa iziphumo ezinobungozi kwimpilo yabantu, yezilwanyana nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, uvavanyo lwangoku lomngcipheko kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nolwendalo lunciphisa kakhulu iziphumo ezinobungozi zeentsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane, ii-metabolites kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Ukuqonda impembelelo enokuba nayo kwimpilo yezizukulwana zangoku nezexesha elizayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo izifo ezibangelwa zizibulali-zinambuzane. Isizathu sesifo esibangelwa zizibulali-zinambuzane asiqondwa kakuhle, kuquka ukulibaziseka kwexesha eliqikelelweyo phakathi kokuvezwa ziikhemikhali, iziphumo zempilo, kunye nedatha ye-epidemiological.
Enye indlela yokunciphisa impembelelo yezibulali-zinambuzane ebantwini nakwindalo esingqongileyo kukuthenga, ukukhulisa nokugcina imveliso yendalo. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba xa utshintshela kukutya okungokwemvelo ngokupheleleyo, inqanaba lee-metabolites zezibulali-zinambuzane kumchamo liyehla kakhulu. Ukulima kwendalo kuneenzuzo ezininzi zempilo nokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa isidingo seendlela zokulima ezisebenzisa amakhemikhali amaninzi. Iziphumo eziyingozi zezibulali-zinambuzane zinokuncitshiswa ngokwamkela iindlela zokuvuselela kwendalo kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela zokulawula izibulali-zinambuzane ezingenabungozi kangako. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweendlela ezingezizo izibulali-zinambuzane, zombini iintsapho kunye nabasebenzi bezolimo banokusebenzisa ezi ndlela ukudala imeko-bume ekhuselekileyo nesempilweni.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Sep-06-2023