Umoya ococekileyo, amanzi kunye nomhlaba onempilo zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-ecosystems ezisebenzisana kwiindawo ezine eziphambili zoMhlaba ukugcina ubomi.Nangona kunjalo, iintsalela zezitshabalalisi eziyityhefu zikho kuyo yonke indawo kwi-ecosystem kwaye zihlala zifumaneka emhlabeni, emanzini (kokubini okuqinileyo kunye nolwelo) kunye nomoya ojikelezayo kumanqanaba angaphezulu kwemigangatho ye-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo yase-US (EPA).Ezi ntsalela zezitshabalalisi zingena kwi-hydrolysis, i-photolysis, i-oxidation kunye ne-biodegradation, ekhokelela kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zenguqu eziqhelekileyo njengeekhompawundi zabazali bazo.Ngokomzekelo, i-90% yabantu baseMerika ubuncinane bane-biomarker ye-pesticide emizimbeni yabo (zombini i-compound yomzali kunye ne-metabolite).Ubukho be-pesticides emzimbeni bunokuba nefuthe kwimpilo yabantu, ngakumbi ngexesha lezigaba zobomi ezisengozini ezifana nobuntwaneni, ukufikisa, ukukhulelwa kunye nokuguga.Uncwadi lwezenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane kudala zineziphumo ezibi kakhulu zempilo (umz. ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, umhlaza, iingxaki zokuzala/zokuzala, i-neurotoxicity, ilahleko yeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, njl.njl.) kokusingqongileyo (kuquka izilwanyana zasendle, izinto eziphilayo kunye nempilo yabantu) .Ngaloo ndlela, ukuvezwa kwi-pesticides kunye nee-PD zabo kunokuba nemiphumo emibi yempilo, kubandakanywa nemiphumo kwinkqubo ye-endocrine.
Ingcali ye-EU kwi-endocrine disruptors (emva kwexesha) uGqr Theo Colborne uhlele ngaphezu kwe-50 izithako ezisebenzayo ze-pesticide njenge-endocrine disruptors (ED), kubandakanywa neekhemikhali kwiimveliso zasekhaya ezifana ne-detergents, i-disinfectants, i-plastiki kunye ne-insecticides.Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine kudla kakhulu kwii-pesticides ezininzi ezifana ne-herbicides atrazine kunye ne-2,4-D, i-pet insecticide fipronil, kunye ne-dioxins ephuma kwimveliso (TCDD).Ezi khemikhali zinokungena emzimbeni, ziphazamise amahomoni kwaye zibangele uphuhliso olubi, izifo kunye neengxaki zokuzala.Inkqubo ye-endocrine yenziwe ngamadlala (i-thyroid, i-gonads, i-adrenals, kunye ne-pituitary) kunye neehomoni ezizivelisayo (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, kunye ne-adrenaline).La madlala namadlala ahambisana nawo alawula ukukhula, ukukhula, ukuzala nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana, kuquka abantu.Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Endocrine yingxaki eqhubekayo kwaye ekhulayo echaphazela abantu kwihlabathi liphela.Ngenxa yoko, abameli bathi umgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka unyanzelise imimiselo engqongqo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-pesticide kwaye womeleze uphando kwimiphumo yexesha elide yokuvezwa kwe-pesticide.
Olu phononongo lolunye lwabaninzi abaqaphela ukuba iimveliso zokuchithwa kwezitshabalalisi zinetyhefu okanye zisebenza ngakumbi kuneekhompawundi zabazali bazo.Ehlabathini lonke, i-pyriproxyfen (i-Pyr) isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-mosquito kwaye iyona kuphela i-pesticide evunyiweyo yi-World Health Organization (WHO) yokulawula umiyane kwizikhongozeli zamanzi okusela.Nangona kunjalo, phantse zonke ezisixhenxe ze-TP Pyrs zinomsebenzi wokuphelisa i-estrogen egazini, izintso, kunye nesibindi.I-Malathion yi-insecticide eyaziwayo evimbela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) kwizicubu ze-nervous.Ukuvinjelwa kwe-AChE kukhokelela ekuqokeleleni i-acetylcholine, i-chemical neurotransmitter ejongene nokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nemisipha.Oku kuqokelelwa kweekhemikhali kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo enzima efana neentambo ezingalawulwayo ezikhawulezayo zemisipha ethile, ukukhubazeka kokuphefumula, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye neemeko ezinzima, nangona kunjalo, i-acetylcholinesterase inhibition ayithethi ngokuthe ngqo, ekhokelela ekusasazeni kwe-malathion.Esi sisisongelo esinzulu kwizilwanyana zasendle nakwimpilo yoluntu.Isishwankathelo, uphando lubonise ukuba i-TPs ezimbini ze-malathion zineempembelelo eziphazamisayo ze-endocrine kwi-gene expression, i-hormone secretion, kunye ne-glucocorticoid (i-carbohydrate, iprotheni, i-fat) metabolism.Ukutshatyalaliswa okukhawulezayo kwe-pesticide fenoxaprop-ethyl kubangele ukubunjwa kwee-TP ezimbini ezinobuthi kakhulu eziye zandisa i-gene expression 5.8-12-fold kwaye zaba nefuthe elikhulu kumsebenzi we-estrogen.Ekugqibeleni, i-TF ephambili ye-benalaxil iqhubeka kwindawo ixesha elide kunekhompawundi yomzali, i-estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, kwaye iphucula i-gene expression 3-fold.Izibulali-zinambuzane ezine kolu phononongo yayingeyiyo kuphela imichiza exhalabisayo;abanye abaninzi bavelisa iimveliso eziyingozi.Uninzi lwezibulali-zinambuzane ezivaliweyo, iikhompawundi ezindala nezintsha zokubulala izitshabalalisi, kunye neemveliso zemichiza zikhupha iphosphorous eyityhefu epheleleyo engcolisa abantu kunye ne-ecosystem.
I-DDT ye-pesticide evaliweyo kunye ne-metabolite yayo ephambili i-DDE ihlala kwindawo engqongileyo amashumi eminyaka emva kokuba isetyenzisiwe iphelile, kunye ne-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ibona ukugxilwa kweekhemikhali ezidlula amanqanaba amkelekileyo.Ngelixa i-DDT kunye ne-DDE zinyibilika kumafutha omzimba kwaye zihlala apho iminyaka, i-DDE ihlala emzimbeni ixesha elide.Uphando olwenziwe ngamaZiko oLawulo lweZifo (CDC) lufumene ukuba i-DDE yosulele imizimba ye-99 ekhulwini yabathathi-nxaxheba kuphando.Njengeziphazamisi ze-endocrine, ukuba sesichengeni se-DDT kwandisa imingcipheko eyayanyaniswa nesifo seswekile, ukuyeka ukuya exesheni kwangoko, ukuncipha kwenani lamadlozi, i-endometriosis, iingxaki zokuzalwa, i-autism, ukunqongophala kwevithamin D, i-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, kunye nokutyeba.Nangona kunjalo, uphando lubonise ukuba i-DDE inetyhefu ngakumbi kunekhompawundi yomzali wayo.Le metabolite inokuba neziphumo zempilo ezininzi, ezibangela ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nesifo seswekile, kwaye ngokukodwa kwandisa izehlo zomhlaza wamabele kwizizukulwana ezininzi.Ezinye ii-pesticides zesizukulwana esidala, kuquka i-organophosphates ezifana ne-malathion, zenziwe kwi-compounds efanayo ne-World War II nerve agent (Agent Orange), echaphazela kakubi inkqubo ye-nervous.I-Triclosan, i-antimicrobial pesticide evinjelwe ukutya okuninzi, iqhubeka kwindawo kwaye yenza iimveliso zokuthotywa kwe-carcinogenic ezifana ne-chloroform kunye ne-2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Iikhemikhali "zesizukulwana esilandelayo", kuquka i-glyphosate kunye ne-neonicotinoids, yenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye iphule ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke ayinakwenzeka ukwakha.Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukugxilwa okuphantsi kwezi khemikhali kunetyhefu ngakumbi kuneekhemikhali ezindala kwaye zifuna ubunzima beekhilogram ezininzi.Ke ngoko, iimveliso zokuqhekeka kwezi khemikhali zinokubangela iziphumo ezifanayo okanye ezinzima kakhulu ze-toxicological.Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-glyphosate ye-herbicide iguqulelwa kwi-metabolite ye-AMPA enetyhefu eguqula i-gene expression.Ukongezelela, i-metabolites ye-ionic inoveli efana ne-denitroimidacloprid kunye ne-decyanothiacloprid ngama-300 kunye namaxesha angama-200 anetyhefu kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo kune-imidacloprid yomzali, ngokulandelanayo.
Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nee-TFs zawo anokonyusa amanqanaba etyhefu eyingozi kakhulu nebulalayo ekhokelela kwiziphumo zexesha elide kubutyebi beentlobo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.Izibulali-zinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo ezadlulayo nezangoku zisebenza njengezinye izinto ezingcolisa indalo, kwaye abantu banokuchanabeka kwezi zinto ngaxeshanye.Rhoqo ezi zingcolisi zeekhemikhali zisebenza kunye okanye ngokubambisana ukuvelisa iziphumo ezinzima ezidityanisiweyo.I-Synergy yingxaki eqhelekileyo kwimixube yezitshabalalisi kwaye inokujongela phantsi iziphumo eziyityhefu ebantwini, kwimpilo yezilwanyana kunye nokusingqongileyo.Ngenxa yoko, uvavanyo lwangoku lokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu luyijongela phantsi kakhulu imiphumo eyingozi yeentsalela ze-pesticide, i-metabolites kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo zokusingqongileyo.
Ukuqonda impembelelo ephazamisa i-endocrine ephazamisa izibulali-zinambuzane kunye neemveliso zabo eziqhekezayo ezinokuthi zibe nazo kwimpilo yangoku kunye nesizukulwana esizayo kubalulekile.I-etiology yesifo esibangelwa zizibulali-zinambuzane ayiqondwa kakuhle, kubandakanywa ukulibaziseka kwexesha eliqikelelweyo phakathi kokuvezwa kweekhemikhali, iziphumo zempilo, kunye neenkcukacha ze-epidemiological.
Enye indlela yokunciphisa impembelelo yezibulali-zinambuzane ebantwini nakwimekobume kukuthenga, ukukhulisa nokugcina imveliso ephilayo.Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba xa utshintshela kwi-organic diet, inqanaba le-pesticide metabolites kumchamo lihla kakhulu.Ukulima okuphilayo kuneengenelo ezininzi zempilo kunye nezokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa imfuno yemisebenzi yokulima kakhulu ngemichiza.Iimpembelelo ezinobungozi zezibulali-zinambuzane zinokuncitshiswa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe iindlela ezizihlaziyayo zendalo kunye nokusebenzisa ezona ndlela zincinci zokulawula izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo.Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweendlela ezizezinye ezingezizo izitshabalalisi, omabini amakhaya kunye nabasebenzi boshishino lwezolimo banokuzisebenzisa ezi zenzo ukudala indawo engqongileyo ekhuselekileyo nenempilo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-06-2023