Iingcambu zezityalo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-rhizosphere, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwamanzi kunye nezondlo emhlabeni. Ngaphezu koko, imveliso ye-biomass engaphezulu komhlaba ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiingcambu zezityalo. Ukukhula kweengcambu kunye nokusasazeka emhlabeni kuqinisekisa amandla esityalo okufunxa izondlo namanzi. Ukuphucula iinkqubo zeengcambu zezityalo kuvumela ukuba zifunxe ngcono amanzi, izondlo, kunye neeminerali emhlabeni. Malunga ne-49% yokwanda kwesivuno kubangelwa kukuphuculwa kweendlela zolawulo lwezityalo, kwaye i-51% eseleyo ibangelwa kukuphuculwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Abalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo abanciphisa ukuhlala kunye nokonyusa ubunzima bengqolowa babalulekile ekwandiseni isivuno. Indawo yokuhlala inciphisa ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo kunye ne-photosynthesis, okubangela ukuba isivuno sombona sibe siphantsi. Amanqanaba okuhlala nawo achaphazela kakubi inani le-kernel yendlebe kunye nobunzima bengqolowa, okunciphisa umgangatho wesivuno. Indawo yokuhlala kombona kwenzeka ikakhulu kwi-basal node yesithathu ngexesha lesigaba sokuzaliswa kwengqolowa, njengoko kulapho ii-carbohydrates ezivela kwisiqu zithuthwa ziye endlebeni. Ukukhula kombona ngaphambi kwexesha kunye nokuhlaliswa kombona kunxulumene ngqo nokukhula kweengcambu. Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo yeengcambu yinto ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni isivuno kunye nokunciphisa ukuhlalaumhlaba owomileyoiinkqubo zezolimo.13
Ukufuma okwaneleyo komhlaba kunokunyusa kakhulu uxinano lweengcambu ezomileyo kwindawo nganye. Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli zokufaka isichumiso, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo (ii-PPR) kunokunyusa ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo emhlabeni ziingcambu. Uxinzelelo lweengcambu luphawu lokuhamba kwencindi yeengcambu kunye nokukhupha. Ukukhupha iingcambu kuxhomekeke kubunzulu bayo, ngelixa umsebenzi weengcambu uhluka ngokweemeko zokufuma komhlaba, uhlobo lwesityalo, kunye nexesha lokukhula. Entsimini, kunzima ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo indlela ezisebenza ngayo iingcambu, ngelixa ukukhupha iingcambu kungasetyenziselwa ukuqikelela indlela eziziphatha ngayo iingcambu kunye nokukhupha izondlo kunye namanzi. Ukugcina iingcambu kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi, kubandakanya inani leengcambu, ububanzi beengcambu, kunye necala lokukhula. Umxholo weLignin yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeziqu kwaye unefuthe elikhulu kwizinga lokuhlala kweziqu. I-Ethephon ngumlawuli wokukhula osebenzayo onokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuhlala. I-Ethephon ingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubude beengcambu zombona, ukonyusa amandla oomatshini, kunye nokuphucula ukunamathela kweengcambu. I-Ethephon kunye ne-chlormequat chloride zinokuphucula ngempumelelo ukumelana nokuhlala kunye nokubonisana kwehomoni engapheliyo. I-DA-6 inciphise kakhulu izinga lokuhlala, inani le-panicle, kunye nokuphakama kwesityalo, kunye nokuphucula ukungena kwesiqu. Ngoko ke, ukujongana neengxaki zokuhlala kwezityalo zezolimo kubalulekile ekufumaneni isivuno esizinzileyo nesiphezulu.
Sicinga ukuba kwiindawo ezingomiyo kangako, ukudibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufuya izityalo kunye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufuya umbona kwaye kwandiswe isivuno. Ukuvavanya le ngcamango, olu vavanyo lulinganise imiphumo yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufuya izityalo kunye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo kwiipropati ze-physicochemical zeziqu zombona, imo yeengcambu, ulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli zeebhanti zemithambo yegazi, umxholo wehomoni engapheliyo kwi-root sap, kunye nesivuno. Injongo yolu phononongo kukubonelela ngesiseko sethiyori sokuphucula ukumelana nokufuya umbona kunye nesivuno kwiindawo ezingomiyo kangako. Ukusetyenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo kuluncedo kulawulo lwemveliso yezolimo.
Ukusasazwa kwemvula kunye nobushushu benyanga kwiindawo zovavanyo ngexesha lokulima umbona ka-2021 no-2022.
Ngokusebenzisa le modeli, izinga lokukhula kweengcambu eliphakathi (Ć) ngexesha lokukhula lingabalwa kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo:
Kwinqanaba lokwakheka kwe-panicle, izityalo ezihlanu zikhethwe kwisiza ngasinye, kwaye inkqubo yeengcambu yasuswa embindini wesityalo, umgama phakathi kwemigca uphakathi kwesiqingatha sobubanzi nobude besityalo. Emva kokuhlamba iingcambu, ukufuma komphezulu komiswa ngephepha lesihluzo, kwaye inani leeleya zeengcambu labalwa. Iingcambu ezintsha ze-coltsfoot zomiswa kuma-80°C ukuya kubunzima obungaguqukiyo, emva koko ubunzima bazo obomileyo balinganiswa. Ukujikeleza kwehomoni ye-endogenous kwachongwa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) (Wang et al.).
Impembelelo yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunxa kunye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo kuxinano lweengcambu kubunzulu be-0–100 cm ngo-2022. Imigca ethe nkqo imele impazamo eqhelekileyo ye-mean (SEM) (n = 3). Oonobumba abancinci babonisa umahluko obalulekileyo kwinqanaba lokubaluleka kwe-P ≤ 0.05 (uvavanyo lwe-LSD).
Impembelelo yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunxa kunye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo kuxinano lweengcambu kubunzulu obuyi-0–100 cm ngo-2022. Imigca ethe nkqo imele impazamo eqhelekileyo ye-mean (SEM) (n = 3). Oonobumba abancinci babonisa umahluko obalulekileyo kwinqanaba lokubaluleka kwe-P ≤ 0.05 (uvavanyo lwe-LSD).
Iindlela ezininzi zokunyanga izityalo ezidityaniswe nezilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zichaphazele kakhulu iimpawu zemo yeengcambu eziphuculweyo kwinqanaba lokuqala (Itheyibhile 6). Kwindlela zokunyanga ze-EYD kunye ne-EYR, ububanzi, umthamo, i-angle yokuthambekela, kunye nobunzima obomileyo beengcambu eziphuculweyo zanda, kunye nolawulo lokukhula kwezityalo olujikelezayo oludityaniswe nezilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo zeJindel kunye neYuhuangjin ezibonisa isiphumo esihle kakhulu. Kuyo yomibini iminyaka yophando, ukusetyenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo kwandisa ububanzi, umthamo, i-angle yokuthambekela, kunye nobunzima obomileyo beengcambu eziphuculweyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lolawulo, inani leeleya zeengcambu eziphuculweyo kunyango lwe-EYD, EYR, kunye ne-EYB landa kakhulu ngo-2021. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mahluko abalulekileyo abonwayo phakathi konyango ngo-2022.
Kuzo zonke iindlela zokulungisa izityalo, izinga lokulima (EYD), umlinganiselo wokulima (EYR), isalathisi sokuhlala (EH), i-coefficient yokuhlala (EHC), kunye ne-coefficient yokuhlala (CG) yombona ngo-2021 nango-2022 zaziphezulu kakhulu kunakweminye iminyaka (Itheyibhile 8). Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa izityalo ziphucule kakhulu i-coefficient yokuhlala kunye nesalathisi sokuhlala, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwe-Jindel + Yuhuangjin plant growth regulator kwandisa i-coefficient yokuhlala. Ngo-2016, bekungekho mahluko abalulekileyo kwi-logging index, i-coefficient yokuhlala, kunye ne-coefficient yokuhlala phakathi kweminyaka emibini yokufunda. Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-logging index, i-coefficient yokuhlala, kunye ne-coefficient yokuhlala kunye nezinye iindlela zokulungisa izityalo lunyuke kakhulu kwi-tillage treatments ye-coefficient yokuhlala kunye nesalathisi sokuhlala, nto leyo ebangele ukuba ukusebenza kwe-logging kuphuculwe.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokulima, abalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo banokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo ngokweemfuno zemveliso.,lawula imo yezityalo, kwaye wonyuse umxholo we-lignin, amanqanaba ehomoni yezityalo, kunye nemveliso.Kuyaziwa ukuba abalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo banenzuzo yokuba neendleko zokufaka eziphantsi.Okwangoku, xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lolawulo, unyango lwe-EYD lubonisa umxholo ophezulu we-lignin kwi-internode yesithathu. Umxholo we-lignin unxulumene kakhulu nomsebenzi weempawu ze-hormone ze-endogenous, ezihambelana neziphumo zophando lwangaphambili. Ukumelana okuphuculweyo kokuhlala kubangelwa ikakhulu kukwanda kweumxholoye-lignin, i-cellulose, ii-carbohydrate, kunye nezinto ezichaphazela ukwakheka komzimba ezifana nobukhulu bexolo,inomboloyemixokelelwane yemithambo yegazi, kunye nomlinganiselo wokuqina. Kolu phononongo, kufunyenwe ukuba ubukhulu bexolo kunye nenani lemixokelelwane yemithambo yegazi yombona landa ngonyango lwe-EYD. Kunyango lwe-EYD, imixokelelwane emincinci yemithambo yegazi yayixinene, kwaye imixokelelwane emikhulu yemithambo yegazi yaphuhliswa kakuhle. Imixokelelwane yemithambo yegazi yezityalo nayo ibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamanzi kunye nezondlo.45 Ukuvuleka kwezicubu zemithambo yegazi yombona kunxulumene kakuhle nenani lemixokelelwane yemithambo yegazi.42 Kunyango lwe-EYD, xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lolawulo, i-SLR yehle nge-97%, i-RLR nge-65%, kunye ne-TLR nge-74%.
Iindlela eziphambili zokusebenzisana yayikukukhutshelwa kwe-root sap kunye namanqanaba e-hormone e-endogenous. Kunyango lwe-EYD, izinga lokukhutshelwa kwe-root sap laliphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kunakwezinye iindlela zonyango. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumazinga okukhutshelwa kwe-root sap phakathi konyango lwe-ER kunye ne-EYR, okanye phakathi konyango lwe-YB kunye ne-EYB nakweyiphi na inqanaba lokukhula. Ngaphezu koko, kwiintsuku ezingama-25 kunye ne-125 emva kokutyala, izinga lokukhutshelwa kwe-root sap laliphezulu kakhulu kunyango lwe-YD kunye ne-EYD kunakwezinye iindlela zonyango. Indlela yokulima ichaphazele kakhulu izinga lokukhutshelwa kwe-root sap. I-Rototillage yonyusa kakhulu ukukhutshelwa kwe-root sap, nto leyo eyaphucula kakhulu amandla okufunxa izondlo zeengcambu kunye nesivuno.46Kwinqanaba le-V7 kunye nokuzaliswa kwengqolowa, HAYI−kunye ne-NH4+uthuthoyayiphezulu kakhulu kunyango lwe-EYD kunakwezinye iindlela zonyango. Ukuhanjiswa kwe-ionic kwi-root sap kwakuphezulu kakhulu kunyango lwe-EYD kunakwezinye iindlela zonyango kumanqanaba okukhula ahlukeneyo. Iibhanti zemithambo yegazi yezityalo nazo zibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwamanzi, izondlo kunye ne-photosynthesis.34Izicubu zothutho kunye neebhanti zemithambo yegazi zinxulumene kakuhle nezityalo zombona.38
Ukuphuculwa kwamandla esiqu kunye nokwakheka kweengcambu kwaphucula amandla esityalo okuthutha amanzi, izondlo, kunye ne-photosynthesize, nto leyo eyachaphazela kakuhle isigaba sokuzalisa imbewu. Xa ukufuthwa kwezityalo ngokujikeleza kwadityaniswa nokutshiza kwe-plant growth regulator (PGR) kusetyenziswa i-Kindle + Yuhuanghuang, unyango lwe-EYD kunye ne-EYR lwandisa kakhulu iiparameter zeengcambu. Ngo-2021, inani leeleya zeengcambu landa kakhulu kunyango lwe-EYD, EYR, kunye ne-EYB, kodwa umahluko wawungabalulekanga ngo-2022. Abalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo banokuphucula ukufunxwa kwezondlo zeengcambu ngokuphucula ukwakheka kweengcambu. Ubuninzi beehomoni ezahlukeneyo, endaweni yobuninzi obupheleleyo beehomoni ezithile, bumisela iziphumo zomzimba.
Ukusetyenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo ngexesha lokuhlakula kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokuhlakula, ngokuyintloko ngokunyusa amandla oomatshini besiqu. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweJindel + Yuhuangjin kunye nokulima okujikelezayo kunciphise kakhulu izinga lokuhlakula, ukusasazwa kweengcambu okuphuculweyo kunye nobunzima obomileyo, kunye nokuphuculwa kwesakhiwo sesiqu, umxholo we-lignin, imo yeengcambu ze-buttress, kunye nesivuno sombona. Unyango lwe-EYD lukhuthaze kakhulu ukukhula kweengcambu, ukwanda komxholo we-lignin, kunye namandla oomatshini besiqu, ngelixa kunciphisa kakhulu izinga lokuhlakula. Ngaphezu koko, umxholo we-NO3- kunye ne-NH4+ wawuphezulu kakhulu kunyango lwe-EYD kunakwiindlela zonyango ze-ED kunye ne-YD. Amanqanaba okudluliselwa kwe-Zn, Fe, K, Mg, P, kunye ne-Ca afikelele kumaxabiso awo aphezulu kunyango lwe-EYD kunye ne-EYR. Unyango lwe-EYD lonyuse i-angle yokuthambekela kweengcambu, umthamo wobunzima obomileyo, kunye nobubanzi beengcambu ze-buttress. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lwe-ED kunye ne-YD, amaxabiso e-Ć, cm, kunye ne-Wmax kwi-TRDW, ARD, kunye ne-TRL anyuke kakhulu ngonyango lwe-EYD kunye ne-EYR. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-RLD, i-ARD, kunye ne-RDWD ngonyango lwe-EYD akhuthaza uphuhliso lweengcambu, aphucule ukufuma komhlaba, kwaye aphucule ukufunxwa kwezondlo, ngaloo ndlela aphucula kakhulu ukumelana nokufunxwa kwaye amele indlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wezityalo kwiindawo ezingomiyo kangako. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ezi teknoloji zizixhobo ezithembisayo kubalimi kwiindawo ezingomiyo kangako, ezibavumela ukuba bagcine isivuno esiphezulu sombona ngelixa benciphisa ilahleko yokufunxwa. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kwezityalo kwifama edibeneyo kunye neendlela zabo zokulawula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zombona.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Feb-02-2026